MASONRY COMPETENCIES

A. Apply theories related to masonry materials

TECHNICAL TERMS
Aggregates - are the materials used for making concrete like sand and gravel.
Concrete - is the artificial stone which result from mixing sand, gravel water and cement.
Compression - is the act or process of reducing size or volume through the application of pressure.
Clay - is a sticky earth or soil.
Diameter - the length of straight line from side to side of figure or body (specially circle) through
center.
Gravel - a loose rounder fragments of rocks.
House - is a building intended for human habitation.
Masonry - are art of working on building with bricks, stones and concrete
Modular - is a standard part used in construction.
Oil - is a finishing material that is resistant to water and that gives a shiny natural color.
Silica - is a hard, white mineral.
Water - Transparent, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid, substance of rain, river , etc

Masonry Building Materials include:

1. Concrete Blocks
2. Bricks
3. Cement
4. Aggregate
5. Water

1. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

Concrete hollow blocks are the most widely used masonry materials for all types of construction such
as walls, partition and fences. Concrete blocks are building modules resembling large bricks molded from
concrete (see fig.1)

2. Bricks
Bricks are manufactured from clay and other minerals processed into a workable consistency, molded
to sizes and fined in kiln for stronger, more attractive products (fig.1)
Kinds of Bricks
1. Common Bricks are bricks made from clay such as the ordinary commercial bricks.
2. Face Bricks are bricks made from clay materials used on exposed exterior and interior masonry
walls and other architectural application where the size, color and texture are especially important.
3. Calcium Silicate Bricks are bricks made from clay or non-clay materials used in furnace
construction where resistance to temperature as high as 178 C is required.

3. Cement
Cement is a combination of calcium silicate and aluminate. The most extensively used for common
masonry works is the Portland cement. It is a very strong material used for small and large construction,
including roads and highways.
Types of Cement
Portland cement is made from natural limestone.
Pozzolan cement is amorphous silica that hardens as a silica gel reacts chemically with alkali in the
presence of water.
4. Aggregates
These are inert materials such as sand and gravel. These are fine and coarse aggregates. Aggregates
smaller than 10 millimeter in diameter are classified as fine, while aggregates bigger than 10 millimeters in
diameter
are coarse.
5. Water
 Water intended for mixing should be clean and free from oil, acid. alkali, salts or other organic materials.

B. Apply the basics of masonry

Mixing Proportion of Concrete Mortar

Composition of aggregates

The reason for mixing the right proportion of fine and coarse aggregates is to create a solid mass
through which the cement paste enters the voids of the fine aggregate and fills the void of the coarse
aggregate in turn.

The aggregate proportion consists of sand which is always one half of the volume of gravel. For
example 1:2:4 means 1 bag of cement, 2 parts of sand and 4 parts of gravel is the mixture of class A concrete.
Table 1.3
The table below shows various concrete proportions:

Class of Mixing Cement at 40 kg Sand in cu. Ft. Gravel in cu. ft.

AA 1 1½ 3
A 1 2 4
B 1 2½ 5
C 1 3 6

Table 1.4
Quantity of cement and sand for mortar

Class Mixture Cement 40 kg Sand cu. ft

A 1 2
B 1 3
C 1 4
D 1 5

Mixing Concrete
The mixture of the different aggregate of concrete comes in two forms. The site-job mix and the ready
mixed concrete.
A. Site-Job-Mix-Mixing Concrete
This is done continuously until the aggregate is evenly distributed. The aggregates mixing is done right
on the job site.
B. Ready Mixed Concrete
This is the most preferred concrete mixture because the proportion of the aggregate is automatically
controlled. Thus, producing accurate proportions of the aggregates.

C. Explain the principles of mensuration and lay-out

TECHNICAL TERMS
Calculation is the art or process of calculating.
Dimension is any measurable extent such as length, thickness, and width.
Geometric shapes those which are characterized by straight lines, regular curves and angles.
Graduation is a scale in a measuring tool.
Mensuration is the act or art of measuring.
Perimeter is the bounding line or curve of a plane area.
Scale is a mark for use in measurement.
Standard serves as a measure of reference.
Stock refers to a lumber for a certain furniture job
Substrate means to inscribe a wood on a cutting machine.
A lot of Jobs in Masonry and Carpentry involves construction, mensuration, interpretation of plans and
details and laying-out of Geometric Shapes. This learning activity will help the student to identify and become
familiar with different objects.

VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL

Geometrical Shapes are necessary in the selection of measuring tools. They help the learner to determine the
appropriate tools to be used.

Triangle A three-sided polygon. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees.

Kinds of Triangle according to sides

Equilateral Triangle or Equiangular Triangle A triangle having all three sides of equal length. The angles of
an equilateral triangle all measure 60 degrees.

Isosceles Triangle A triangle having two sides of equal length.

Scalene Triangle A triangle having no sides equal

Quadrilaterals – a polygon having four sides. The sum of the interior angles is equal to 360 degrees.

Rectangle A four-sided polygon having all right angles. The sum of the angles of a rectangle is 360 degrees.

Square A four-sided polygon having equal-length sides meeting at right angles. The sum of the angles of a
square is 360 degrees.

Rhombus – a quadrilateral with four congruent sides in which two pairs of apposite sides are parallel and
whose opposite angles are congruent.

Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite side parallel.

Trapezium – a quadrilateral with no opposite are parallel
Circle A circle is the collection of points in a plane that are all the same distance from a fixed point. The fixed
point is called the center. A line segment joining the center to any point on the circle is called a radius.

Formula for Computing Perimeter, Area and Volume of a Plane and Geometric Figures

Plane Figures are figures which are on a flat surface or plane having length and width.

Perimeter of a plane figure is the sum of all the

width

length

sides or the total distance around. It is measured in linear units. Area of plane figure is the amount of
surface enclosed by the plane figure. It is measured in square units
Solid figures have three dimensions – length, width and height.
The volume of a solid figure is the space occupied by the solid figure. It is measured in cubic units.

A. Calculation of Perimeter and Area

Designation Geometrical Perimeter Area

Figure

S+S+S+S S(s) = S 2
s
SQUARE = 45

w
RECTANGLE 2L + 2 W LW

l
RHOMBUS
4S SH
h s

a 2a + 2 b Bh
PARALLELOGRAM h

b
a+ b+ c 1/2 b h
TRIANGLE a h
c

b
A+b+c+d (a + b ) h
2

c
TRAPEZOID
b

d h 2 ∏r or ∏ D ∏r 2 h

CIRCLE a

VOLUMES

CUBE

a
a

COLUMN

VOLUME = Ah

PYRAMID

V=1/3Ah
Example: Find the volume of the following solids

1. CUBE
a=2.00m

Volume = a3
= (2.00m)(2.00m)(2.00m)
= 8.00 cubic meters b=3.00m

2. COLUMN:RECTANGULAR
a=2.00m

h=4.00m

Volume = abh
= (2.00m)(3.00m)(4.00m)
= (6.00sq. m)(4.00m)
= 24.00 cubic meters

TRIANGULAR
b
a
h

a= 1.00m Volume = ½(ab)(h)

b = 2.00m = ½(1.00m)(2.00m)(3.00m)
c = 3.00m = 3.00 cu.m
CIRCULAR

r
r = 1.00m
h = 5.00m
h

Volume = πr2h
= 3.14(1.00m2)(5.00m)
= 15.70 m3

PYRAMID
 h

a= 4.00m Volume = 1/3 (1/2ab)h

b = 3.00m = 1/3 [(1/2)(4.00m)(3.00m0](9.00m)
h= 9.00m = 18.00 cubic meter
CONE

r = 2.00m
h = 3.00m
Volume = 1/3(πr2)h
= 1/3 (π)(2.00m)2(3.00m)
= 12.56 cubic meters

TWO SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would mean waste of
time, effort and materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read
measurements.
There are two systems of measurements, the English system which originated in England and the
Metric system which originated in France or Systems International (S.I).
The basic unit in the S.I measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided into 100 centimeters, each
centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:
Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m
In the English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest graduation is read 1/16

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 11 13
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

1 3 5 7 11
1 3
8
4
8
1 8
4 8 8 11
1 4
0 2
To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and 4 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 2 4/16 or 2
¼.
1 Foot + 2 inches + 3 Smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14 3/16
Note: Practice reading the English sytem of measurement and ask your instruction to clarify points which are
still burned on hazy on your point.
In the S.I measurement , the centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. as shown below:

mm mm mm
1 2 345 67 8 910 20 30

1 2 3
cm cm cm
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION

The following learning content deals with the determination of the quantity of materials to be used in tile
work by using the four (4) Basic Operations of mathematics.
In computing the materials to be used, plans are provided with dimensions and details.

unglazed floor tiles

Fig. 1
From figure no.1, determine the quantity of the following materials:
a. 10x20cm glazed wall tiles
b. 20x20 unglazed floor tiles
A. 1.Solve for the wall area
Solution: A= 1.50 x (5.00+3.00)
A= 1.50x8
A= 12 sq.m
2. Solve for the area of the tile
A = 10 cm(20cm)
= .10(.20)
= 0.02 sq m
3. Solve for wall glazed tiles. Divide the wall area by the area of one tile.
Solution:

12 sq.m = 12
.10x.20 .02
= 600 pcs of .10 by .20 glazed tiles.
B. 1. Solve for the floor area
Solution:
A = 5.00(3.00)
= 15.00 sq meters
2. Solve for the area of one tile
A = .20(.20)
= 0.04 sq meter
3. Solve for unglazed tiles. Divide the floor area by the area of one tile.
= Area of the floor
Area of one tile
= 15.00 sq meters
0.04 sq meter
= 375 pcs of .20m(.20m) unglazed tiles

LINEAR MEASUREMENT
In Masonry and Carpentry the most important type of measurement is the Linear Measurement, that is taking
strength measurements of the thickness or depth, width and length.

THICKNE
SS

LENGTH WIDTH

THE PROPER WAYS OF USING LINEAR MEASURING TOOLS ARE SHOWN BELOW:

A. Measuring width using a benca rule See to it that the end of the benca rule is in line with
the base edge before marking
B. A rule and pencil is used for gauging width. This can be done by holding the bencia to the
desired wedge, using the finger as the gauge and the pencil as the markler

C. Measuring and marking width flexible rule.See to it that the hook of the pull push rule is held
at the right end of the stock.

D. Setting divided for a desired radius. This is done for an accurate setting of compass divided
to dimension.
E. Dividing a board into equal parts. This is one of the farthest method of dividing distance of a
Board. It can be done by placing the ruler diagonally to the
desired number of parts.

DIMENSIONS
In taking dimension place the tool in such a way that one end is exactly even on one
end of the limits of the dimensions, and read the dimension on the scale exactly opposite the
limit.
Ways in Taking Dimension
1. Measuring end to end of stock
2. Measuring edge to edge
3. Measuring outside portion of a round object
 4. Measuring inside portion of a object

D. Apply the correct techniques in using tools for masonry and projects.
Uses and Proper handling of Mixing Tools and Equipment
Five Tools that are needed in mixing concrete by hand.
1. Spade or square pointed shovel – a spade or square pointed shovel is preferable to round shovel
because the flat square points can scoop the aggregate at the bottom of the mixing platform.
2. Measuring box – a wooden box which capacity of any numbers of cubic feet is used to measure the
aggregate.
3. Mixing platform – a mixing board of a suitable size for at least one batch should be constructed.
4. Water container – a suitable container for measuring the water needed for the mixture should be at
hand.
5. Wheel barrow – wheel barrow for transporting aggregate should be provided especially for beg jobs.

Safety practices to follow while at work.

1. Listen to the instructions and take note of the precautionary tips given by the supervisor.
2. While working, do not engage in house play.
3. Use only tools and equipment that are in good condition.
4. Bend your knees and keep your back upright when lifting heavy objects.
5. Report any accident to the supervisor, no matter how minor it is.
6. Use the right mixing tools for the kind of work you are doing.
7. Handle tools, equipment and materials properly to facilitate work and prevent accidents and serious
injuries.
 Tools, Equipment and Materials:

- Hard hat
- Safety shoes - Mixing platform
- Proper uniform - Fresh water
- Gloves - Concrete cement
- Dust masks - Aggregates (sand and gravel)
- Safety glasses
- Buggy
- Wheel barrow
- Pallet
- Pallet track
- Water container
- Measuring box
- Spade or square pointed shovel
E. Determine the proper mixing in masonry
Procedure in Hand Mixing Concrete
 Procedure:
1. Measure the amount of sand needed for the proportion.
2. Spread the sand evenly on the mixing platform.
3. Uniformly spread the cement needed on top of the sand.
4. With the spade, thoroughly mix the sand and cement. Turn it continuously until the mixture has a
uniform color.
5. Measure the amount of water needed, pour into the mixture and continue turning until the water is well
mixed in.
6. Measure the gravel needed and spread it evenly on the top of the mixture.
7. Turn the mixture until the mortar is uniformly distributed and thoroughly coated with cement and sand.
NOTE: wash hands with vinegar after working with fresh concrete. Failure to do so will make the outer
layer of the skin peel off.

TECHNICAL TERMS
Concrete proportion is the amount of cement, sand, gravel to be mixed.
Curing is the process of keeping the concrete wet or moist for a certain number of days after it has been
poured.
Form Is temporary boarding, sheeting or pan used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete.
Reinforcing bar are the steel rods that are embedded in building materials such as concrete for
reinforcement.
Scaffold is a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or suspended, used for working at
considerable heights above the ground
Watertight means so closely or compactly made as to permit no water to pass.
Water cement ratio is the amount of water used for concrete mixing.
Workability is the plasticity, ease of pouring, and ease of finishing the concrete.

Concrete Works
You will learn the types of concrete, properties of concrete, concrete ratio and proportion and procedures in
pouring concrete, including its principles
 Topic
I. Types of Concrete Works.
 Concreting of
i. Foundation
ii Foundation Wall
iii Column
iv Beam
v Flooring/Pavement
vi Floor slab
II. Types of Concrete
 Plain concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates and water. The conglomeration of theses materials produces a solid mass.
 Reinforced concrete is a concrete with reinforcement embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resting forces.
III. Principles of concrete mixing
 The purpose of concrete mixing is to select an optimum proportion of cement, water and
aggregates to produce a concrete that will meet the following specification:
a. Workability the aggregate particles must be uniformly distributed. The concrete must
easily be molded into desired shape and is easily finished. It must also completely
fill the space it is to occupy.
b. Strength of concrete structure is subjected to compressive tensile flexural and
shearing forces. And the strength of concrete is measured in its ability to resist the
stresses caused by these different forces. Theoretically, a low water cement ratio
produces a high quality Portland cement paste.
 Desirable Properties:
a. Water Tightness
b. Abrasion Resistance
c. Durability
Note: The durability of concrete is its ability to resist the forces of deterioration.
IV. Proportioning concrete mixture
 The correct proportion of the ingredients to produce concrete also provides a balance
between the requirements of.
a. Economy
b. Workability
c. Strength
d. Durability
c. Appearance
 The right proportion of the ingredients for concrete is the most difficult manufacturing step
to control although it is one of the most important aspects in producing high quality
economical concrete.
 Concrete should be in a plastic and workable form. It should neither be too dry nor too wet.
 a. When too dry, concrete is difficult to place in the forms because it resists packing
around the reinforcements and corners of the forms. This is the cause of
honeycombing in concrete.
b. When too wet, segregation of the concrete ingredients cannot be controlled.
V. The water cement ratio- should be established during the first of mixing operation. Adjustment shall be
made from time to time based on the condition of the weather.
VI. Weather condition-When the weather is fair or cloudy, adjustment of water ratio is minimal or not
necessary; but when the temperature increases at noon time, the aggregates are exposed to sunlight.
Additional water is necessary to maintain the established water cement ratio.