Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 6 3 6 7 9 5 5 4 1 2 *

BIOLOGY 0610/32
Paper 3 Extended February/March 2015
1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required.

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You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

DC (LK/FD) 99109/3
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1 Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of a cross-section of a dicotyledonous leaf, as seen using a light
microscope.

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Name tissue A and cell B.

A .......................................................................................................................................

B .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Describe two ways in which tissue A is adapted for maximum photosynthesis.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

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2 .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

(i) Describe where and how carbon dioxide enters a leaf.

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(ii) State the two products of photosynthesis.

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(c) Hydrophytes are plants that grow in water. Fig. 1.2 shows a photograph of Indian lotus,
Nelumbo nucifera, which is a hydrophyte.

Fig. 1.2

Describe and explain two adaptations of hydrophytes to their environment.

adaptation .................................................................................................................................

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explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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adaptation .................................................................................................................................

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explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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[Total: 12]

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2 Coat colour in cattle is inherited in a very similar way to blood groups in humans. The gene for coat
colour has two codominant alleles:

CB which is the allele for brown coat

CW which is the allele for white coat.

Table 2.1 shows the genotypes and phenotypes of different coat colours seen in a herd of cattle.

Table 2.1

genotype phenotype
CBCB brown
CWCW white
CBCW roan

(a) (i) Explain the term codominance.

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(ii) A farmer crossed several roan coloured cows with a roan coloured bull.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the ratio of expected phenotypes among the
offspring.

parental phenotypes roan cow × roan bull

parental genotypes CBCW × CBCW

gametes
........... ........... ........... ...........

offspring genotypes
......................... ......................... ......................... .........................
offspring phenotypes
......................... ......................... ......................... .........................
phenotypic ratio
................................................................................................................. [4]

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(b) A farmer has a herd of cows that produce milk. The farmer wants to improve the milk yield
of the herd by using artificial selection (selective breeding). The farmer buys semen (fluid
containing sperm) to inseminate the cows artificially.

(i) Describe how the farmer could improve the milk yield of the cows using artificial selection.

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(ii) Suggest one useful feature, other than milk yield and coat colour, which a farmer might
wish to develop in a herd of cows.

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...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Milk yield can also be increased by injecting cows with the hormone bovine somatotropin
(BST).

Explain why there may be concerns about the use of this hormone to increase milk yield.

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[Total: 13]

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Question 3 begins on page 8.

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3 Excretion is the process of removing waste products of metabolism from the body.

(a) Name the two main products of metabolism that need to be excreted from the human body.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The kidney is one of the main excretory organs of the body. Its role is to filter the blood. Some
substances leave the blood and are removed from the body in the urine. The concentration of
protein in the blood entering the kidneys in the renal arteries is 83 g dm–3.

State the concentration of protein that you would expect in the urine of a healthy person and
explain your answer.

concentration ............................. g dm–3

explanation ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Dialysis can be used to treat people whose kidneys do not function properly.

Fig. 3.1 shows dialysis treatment.

.H\
movement of blood
movement of dialysis
fluid
movement of dialysis unit
substances in
and out of blood
blood pump
blood from
patient
used dialysis fluid

dialysis membrane

bubble trap fresh dialysis

fluid
blood returns
to patient

Fig. 3.1

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Use Fig. 3.1 to describe the process of dialysis and explain changes that occur in a person’s
blood.

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(d) Some people with kidney failure are given a kidney transplant.

State one advantage and one disadvantage of having a kidney transplant instead of dialysis
treatment.

advantage ..................................................................................................................................

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disadvantage .............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) The liver is another excretory organ of the body. The liver breaks down hormones and drugs,
such as alcohol.

(i) State one function of the liver other than the breakdown of hormones and drugs.

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...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Describe two effects on the body of long-term, excessive consumption of alcohol.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Suggest one social implication of alcohol misuse.

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[Total: 15]

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Question 4 begins on page 12.

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the structure of a typical fish.

GRUVDOILQ

FDXGDOILQ

XSSHU
PDQGLEOH

ORZHU
DQDOILQ PDQGLEOH
SHOYLFILQ SHFWRUDOILQ

Fig 4.1

Fig. 4.2 shows four species of freshwater fish, A, B, C and D.

A B
Haplochromis nyererei Protopterus dolloi

C D
Salmo trutta Polyodon spathula
not drawn to the same scale
Fig. 4.2

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Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Describe one visible feature of each species of fish A, B, C and D, that could be used to distinguish
it from the other three species in Fig. 4.2.

Only use descriptions of the features labelled in Fig. 4.1 in your answers.

Write your answers in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

fish distinguishing feature

[4]

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(b) Pollution is harm done to the environment by release of substances produced by human
activities. Acid rain is one form of pollution that damages many lakes, ponds and rivers.

(i) State one pollutant that causes acid rain.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Fig. 4.3 shows the effect of pH on the mean number of species of fish found in lakes in
New York State, USA.

7
6
mean 5
number 4
of fish
species in 3
the lake 2
1
0
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
pH

Fig. 4.3

Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.3.

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(iii) Explain the effects of acid rain on the environment.

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[Total: 10]
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Question 5 begins on page 16.

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5 Many flowering plants can reproduce sexually and asexually.

(a) (i) Define the term asexual reproduction.

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(ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for flowering plants.

advantage ..........................................................................................................................

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disadvantage .....................................................................................................................

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(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a potato plant, Solanum tuberosum, grown from a tuber. The tubers that potato
plants are grown from are commonly referred to as seed potatoes.

IORZHU

VWHP

GHYHORSLQJ XQGHUJURXQG
WXEHU VWHP
WXEHU \RXQJ
WXEHU

ROGVHHG
URRWV
SRWDWR

Fig. 5.1

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(i) Define the term growth.

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(ii) Potatoes can reproduce asexually by means of tubers. The parent plant produces
underground stems, which eventually form tubers.

With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe how tubers are formed from the underground stems
in potatoes.

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(c) A student conducted an experiment to investigate the percentage change in mass of potato
tuber tissue when placed in different concentrations of sucrose solution. The potato tuber
tissue was cut into cubes of the same size.

Fig. 5.2 shows a graph of the results.

40

30

20

10
percentage
change 0
in mass 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
-10

-20

-30

-40
concentration of sucrose solution / mol dm-3

Fig. 5.2

(i) Use Fig. 5.2 to predict the percentage change in mass of a cube of potato tuber tissue
placed in 1.2 mol dm–3 sucrose solution.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) Explain the results shown in Fig. 5.2 in terms of water potential:
• between sucrose concentrations of 0.0 – 0.4 mol dm–3
• at sucrose concentration 0.4 mol dm–3
• between sucrose concentrations of 0.4 – 1.0 mol dm–3.

between 0.0 – 0.4 mol dm–3 ...............................................................................................

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at 0.4 mol dm–3 ...................................................................................................................

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between 0.4 – 1.0 mol dm–3 ...............................................................................................

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(d) Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Pollen can be transferred to
the stigma by being carried by the wind or by animals.

Fig. 5.3 shows a photograph of a wind-pollinated flowering plant.

Fig. 5.3

(i) State two structural adaptations of a flower for wind-pollination.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State how self-pollination differs from cross-pollination.

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...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest one reason why self-pollination might be advantageous to a population of

plants.

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[Total: 20]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows changes in the global human population between 1910 and 2010.

8000

7000

6000

5000

population 4000
(in millions)
3000

2000

1000

0
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
year

Fig. 6.1

(a) Improved food production has contributed to the increase in the human population.

(i) State and explain two ways in which modern technology has resulted in increased food
production.

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(ii) State one reason, other than food production, why the human population has increased
so rapidly between 1910 and 2010.

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(b) In view of the increasing human population, people are sometimes encouraged to eat less
meat and more fruit and vegetables, to improve the energy efficiency of their food supply.

Explain why eating less meat and more fruit and vegetables is more energy efficient.

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(c) As the human population has increased, forests have been cleared for farming.

Outline the effects of deforestation on the environment.

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[Total: 10]

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