Charts of Connecting

Words and Transition

Signals

ing Words

Coordinating conju.nctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Coordinating
conjunctions are sometimes called the "Fan Boys" conjunctions-For, And, Nor,
But, Or, Yet, So.

for Connects a reason to a result I am a little hungry, for I didn't

eat breakfast this morning.

and Connects equal similar ideas John likes to fish and hunt.

nor Connects two negative sentences She does not eat meat, nor
does she drink milk.

but Connects equal different ideas I like to eat fish but not
to catch them.

or Connects two equal choices Do you prefer coffee or tea?

yet Connects equal contrasting ideas It is sunny yet cold.

so Connects a result to a reason I did not eat breakfast this

morning, so I am a little hungry.

Paired (correlative) conju.nctions

Con-elative conjunctions are always in pairs. Like coordinating conjunctions, they
connect grammatically equal elements. (Please also read the section Parallelism on
pages 179-181.)

291
292 C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

.......
COlljunctiollipait!i >. .....

both ... and Both San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors.

Japanese food is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful

not only ••• but also
to look at.

either •.. or Bring either a raincoat or an umbrella when you visit Seattle.

My grandfather could neither read nor write, but he was a very

neither .•. nor
wise person.

The newlyweds could not decide whether to live with her

whether ... or
parents or to rent an apartment.

Subordinating Words

A subordinating word is the first word in a dependent clause. Cornman subordinat-

ing words include the following.

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses

, ., ..... ,

'- ? I:
after After we ate lunch, we decided to go shopping.

as, just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain.

as long as We waited as long as we could.

as soon as As soon as the front door closed, I looked for my house key.

before I thought I had put it in my coat pocket before we left.

since I have not locked myself out of the house since I was
10 years old.

until Until I was almost 12, my mother pinned the key to my coat.

when When I turned 12, my mother let me keep the key in my

pocket.

whenever I usually put the key in the same place whenever I come
home.

while While I searched for the key, it rained harder and harder.
 Appendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 293

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued)

". :i
where I like to shop where prices are low.

wherever I try to shop wherever there is a sale.

anywhere You can find bargains anywhere you shop.

everywhere I use my credit card everywhere I shop.

.; .; .. :..(
\........
as, just as I love to get flowers(,) as most women do. *

as if You look as if you didn't sleep at all last night.

..
as though She acts as though she doesn't know us.
. , i .;
(ltO\'ll<ia.. ;
< .,;""" .;;;.;

.-
as + adverb + as We will hike as far as we can before it turns dark.

The child sat as close as she could to her mother.

The child sat as close to her mother as she could .
.
;o.

I call my parents as often as I can.

•
as often as

as I can't take evening classes(,) as I work at night. *

because I can't take evening classes because I work at night.

since I can't take evening classes since I work at night.

;0
r (For . . . ;
Ol
so that Many people emigrate so that their'children can have a better life.

in order that Many people emigrate in order that their children can have a
better life.

Result (With what reslllt7)

so + adjective + I was so tired last night that I fell asleep at dinner.
that
so + adverb + She talks so softly that the other students cannot hear her.
that
such a(n) + It was such an easy test that most of the students got A's.
noun + that
so much/many/ He is taking so many classes that he has no time to sleep.
little/few +
noun + that

*This is an exception to the usual rule for commas. Many writers use a comma before as.
C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

Subordinating Conjunctions for Adverb Clauses (continued)

if We will not go hiking if it rains.

unless We will not go hiking unless the weather is pertect.

although I love my brother although we disagree about almost everything.

even though I love my brother even though we disagree about almost everything.

though I love my brother though we disagree about almost everything.

while My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard rock.

whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking.

Subordinating Words for Adjective Clauses

To
who, whom, People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
whose, that
(informal) My parents did not approve of the man whom my sister married.

An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.

To refer to anlimials and t ihilllgS

which My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today.

that Yesterday I received an e-mail that I did not understand.

To refer to
when Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be
together.

where An orphanage is a place where orphans live.

 J\ppendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 295

Subordinating words for noun dauses

whether I can't remember whether I locked the door.

whether or not whether or not I locked the door.

whether ... or not whether I locked the door or not.

if I can't remember if I locked the door.

if ... or not if I locked the door or not.

who, whoever, whom Whoever arrives at the bus station first should buy the
tickets.

which, what, where Do you know where the bus station is?

when, why, how We should ask when the bus arrives.

how much, how many Do not worry about how much they cost.

how long, how often, etc. He didn't care how long he had to wait.

Notice that some subordinating conjunctions can introduce different kinds of

dependent clauses. That can introduce either noun clauses or adjective clauses, and
where can introduce either a noun, an adjective, or an adverb clause. It normally is
not important to know the kind of clause.
I can't remember where I put the house key. (noun clause; direct object of
remember)

It's not in the place where I usually put it. (adjective clause; tells which place)

I always put it where I will see it when I go out the front door. (adverb clause;
tells where I put it)

Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of one
independent clause, but we often use them to connect two independent clauses.
Remember to put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb
if an independent clause follows.
296 A.ppendix rc I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

>
uc
Collj ll tiveA.dverb i
..

....
··T.... yc > .......

also Community colleges offer preparation for many jobs; also, they prepare students
to transfer to four-year colleges or universities.
besides ; besides,
furthermore ; furthermore,
in addition ; in addition,
moreover ; moreover,

To add an
. )"' ........ • >.
....
however The cost of attending a community college is low; however, many students need
financial aid.
nevertheless ; nevertheless,
nonetheless ; nonetheless,
still ; still,
..
... ..... >.>
in contrast Most community colleges do not have dormitories; in contrast, most four-year
colleges do.
on the other hand ; on the other hand,

• . . . """ ...; ..

as a result Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; as a result, most
schools provide separate classes for each group.
consequently ; consequently,
therefore ; therefore,
thus ; thus,

.""-'... ... .., ....."".......

",

meanwhile Police kept people away from the scene of the accident; meanwhile, ambulance
workers tried to pull victims out of the wreck.

afterward The workers put five injured people into an ambulance; afterward, they found another
victim.
then ; then,
subsequently ; subsequently,

To give an example
for example Colors can have different meanings; for example, white is the color of weddings in
some cultures and of funerals in others.
for instance ; for instance,

To showshnilarities
similarly Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people; similarly, Mexico's weather is sunny and its
people hospitable.
likewise ; likewise,
 A.ppendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals 297

Conjunctive Adverb Examples

To indicate "the first statement is not true; the second statement is true"
instead The medicine did not make him feel better; instead, it made him feel worse.
on the contrary ; on the contrary,
rather ; rather,

instead (meaning They had planned to go to Hawaii on their honeymoon; instead, they went
"as a substitute") to Mexico.

To give another possibility. . .

alternatively You can live in a dorm on campus; on the other hand, you can rent a room with a
on the other hand family off campus.
; alternatively,

otherwise Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of Incomplete.
(meaning "if not")

To add an explanation
in other words Some cultures are matriarchal; in other words, the mothers are the nead of the family.
that is ; that is,

To make a stronger statement

indeed Mangoes are a very common fruit; indeed, people eat more mangoes than any other
fruit in the world.
in fact ; in fact,

Transition Signals

Transition Signals Coordinating Subordinating Others: Adject1ves,

and Conjunctive Conjunctions Conjunctions Prepositions, Verbs
A.dverbs and Paired
Conjunctions
To Ustideas in order of time
first, ... before the first (reason, cause,
first of all, ... after step, etc.)
second, o •• until the second o ••

third, •• 0 when the third •• 0

next, o •• while another •• 0

then '0' as soon as the last .0.

after that, .. . since the final ...

meanwhile, ...
in the meantime, •• 0

finally, ...
last, ...
last of all, o ••

subsequently, ...
298A.ppeli11dh" C I Charts of Connecting Words and Transition Signals

.......""............
..:

first, the first ... (reason,

first of all, cause, step, etc.)
first and foremost, an additional .
second, ... the second .
more important, . another ...
most important, . a more important
more significantly, (reason, cause,
most significantly, step, etc.)
above all, . the most important
most of all, . the most significant .
the best/the worst .

similar or equal idea

also, ... and another . .. (reason,
besides, ... cause, step, etc.)
furthermore, . both ... and a second ...
in addition, . not only ... but also an additional
moreover, a final ...
too as well as
as well

To add an opposite idea

however, ... but although despite
on the other hand, yet even though in spite of
nevertheless, ... though
nonetheless,
still, ...

explain or ...estateanid.ea
in other words, ...
in particular, ...
(more) specifically,
that is, ...

a stronger statement
indeed, .
in fact, .

To give another possibilitlJ

alternatively, ... or
on the other hand, either ... or
otherwise, ... whether .. , or

To give an example
for example, such as
for instance, an example of
to exemplify

To express an opinion
according to . to believe (that)
in my opinion, . to feel (that)
in my view, ... to think (that)
 lIim
iii'
I·il
i,l
Appendix C I Charts of Connecting Words and Tt"anslt1on Signals 299 ii"

--------------------------------;'".

igtve .'"H",..,'" . .
for this reason, ... for because as a result of
because of
due to
..... . . . .• ......•
•• 1[:." ..... '•••.. ..............

accordingly, ... so the cause of

as a consequence, ... the reason for
to cause
as a result, ... to result (in)
consequently, ... to have an effect on
for these reasons, ... to affect
hence, ...
therefore, " .
thus, ...

....... ....
all in all, ...
in brief, ...
in short, ...
to conclude, ...
to summarize, ...
in conclusion, ...
in summary, ...
for these reasons, ...
.

....,,"'+ ..... ...

likewise, ... and alike, like, just like
similarly, ... both ... and as, just as
also not only ... but also as well
neither ... nor as well as
compared with or to
in comparison with or to
to be similar (to)
too

To. show differences

however, " . instead of
in contrast, ...
instead, ...
on the contrary, ...
on the other hand, ...
rather, ...