Non Medelian2

Non-Mendelian Genetics
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be
able to:
• Distinguished Mendelian from non-
Mendelian modes of inheritance; and
• Describe some cases of non-Mendelian
genetic traits
•A local hospital has sent word to a
family of a possible mix up of some of
the children with other families when
they were born. To rule out any
possible mix up, the hospital obtained
the blood types of every individual in
the family, including the surviving
maternal grandfather and paternal
grandmother. The results were as
follows:
•Father: Type O
•Mother: Type A
•1st child: Type O
•2nd child: Type A
•3rd child: Type B
•Maternal grandfather: Type AB
•Paternal grandmother: Type B
Question
•Based on the results, is there a
possibility that any one of the
children is not a biological offspring
of the couple?
Mendelian Genetics:
Dominant & Recessive Review
One allele is DOMINANT over the other
(because the dominant allele can “mask” the
recessive allele)
genotype: PP genotype: pp genotype: Pp

phenotype: purple phenotype: white phenotype: purple
Review Problem:
Dominant & Recessive
In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over
white flowers (p). Show the cross between two
heterozygous plants.
GENOTYPES: P p
- PP (25%)
Pp (50%) P PP Pp
pp (25%)
- ratio 1:2:1
p Pp pp
PHENOTYPES:
- purple (75%)
white (25%)
- ratio 3:1
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete Dominance
Co-dominance
Multiple Alleles
Incomplete Dominance
a third (new) phenotype
appears in the heterozygous
condition as a BLEND of the
dominant and recessive
phenotypes. Ex - Dominant Red (R) + Recessive
White (r) = Hybrid Pink (Rr)
RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

Problem: Incomplete Dominance
 Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.
 In this case, the phenotypic ratio is the same as the genotypic ratio.
GENOTYPES: R r
- RR (0%)
Rr (50%) r
rr (50%)
Rr rr
- ratio 1:1
r Rr rr
PHENOTYPES:
- pink (50%); white (50%)
- ratio 1:1
Co-dominance
In the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed
equally with NO blending! Represented by using two
DIFFERENT capital letters.
Similar to incomplete dominance, the phenotypic ratio is
the same as the genotypic ratio.
Example:
Dominant Black (B) + Dominant White (W) = Speckled Black and
White Phenotype (BW)
Co-dominance Example:
Speckled Chickens
BB = black feathers
WW = white feathers
BW = black & white speckled feathers
Notice –
NO GRAY!
NO BLEND!
Each feather is
either black or white
Codominance Example:
Rhodedendron
R = allele for red flowers
W = allele for white flowers
Cross a homozygous red
flower with a homozygous
white flower.
Roan cattle
cattle can be
red
(RR – all red hairs)
white
(WW – all white hairs)
roan
(RW – red and white hairs together)
Appaloosa horses
Gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses
(WW). The heterozygous horse (GW) is an Appaloosa
(a white horse with gray spots).
Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse.
W W
G GW GW
W WW WW
Co-dominance Example
Sickle Cell Anemia:
NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of

normal cells each
Problem:
Codominance
Show the cross between an individual with
sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier
but not sick.
GENOTYPES: N S
- NS (50%) S
SS (50%) NS SS
- ratio 1:1
PHENOTYPES: S NS SS
- carrier (50%)
sick (50%)
- ratio 1:1
Multiple Alleles
There are more than two alleles for a
gene, and the relationship of each allele
with respect to others will determine the
number of phenotypes that may be
expressed.
Multiple Alleles: Example
• There are four different types of alleles in
rabbits:
C (Agouti), Cch (Chinchilla),
Ch (Himalayan), c (Albino)
with the following dominance hierarchy:
C> Cch > Ch >c

Multiple Alleles:
Rabbit Fur Colors
Fur colors (determined by 4 alleles):
full, chinchilla, himalayan, albino
The following genotypes will have the
corresponding phenotypes in coat color:
• CC – Agouti • ChCh – Himalayan
• CCch – Agouti • Chc – Himalayan
• CCh – Agouti • cc – Albino
• Cc – Agouti
• CchCch – Chinchilla
• CchCh – Chinchilla
• Cchc – Chinchilla
Multiple Alleles: Example
ABO Blood Typing in Humans
There are three different types of alleles A
(or IA), B (or IB) and O (or i)
Allele A and B are dominant over allele O
(i) (recessive)
Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
Rules for Blood Types:
A and B are co-dominant (Both show)
AA or IAIA = type A
BB or IBIB = type B
AB or IAIB = type AB
A and B are dominant over O (Regular dom/rec)
AO or IAi = type A
BO or IBi = type B
OO or ii = type O
Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
Allele Can Can
(antigen) Donate Receive
Possible on RBC Blood Blood
Phenotype Genotype(s) surface To From
IAi
A IAIA A A, AB A, O
IBi
B IBIB B B, AB B, O
A, B,
AB IAIB AB AB AB, O
A, B,
O ii O AB, O O
Problem:
Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has type
O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
GENOTYPES:
- Ai (50%) i i
Bi (50%) A
- ratio 1:1 Ai Ai
PHENOTYPES:
- type A (50%)
B Bi Bi
type B (50%)
- ratio 1:1
Problem:
Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for
type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A
blood.
GENOTYPES: A i
-AB (25%); Bi (25%);
Ai (25%); ii (25%) B AB Bi
- ratio 1:1:1:1
PHENOTYPES: i Ai ii
-type AB (25%); type B (25%)
type A (25%); type O (25%)
- ratio 1:1:1:1
•Father: Type O
•Mother: Type A
•1st child: Type O
•2nd child: Type A
•3rd child: Type B
•Maternal grandfather: Type AB
•Paternal grandmother: Type B
Question
•Based on the results, is there a
possibility that any one of the
children is not a biological offspring
of the couple?
Answer
• Father: Type O - OO
• Mother: Type A - AO
• 1st child: Type O - OO
• 2nd child: Type A - AO
• 3rd child: Type B – B?
• Maternal grandfather: Type AB - AB
• Paternal grandmother: Type B – BO
• Possible mix-up? Yes, 3rd child.
• Blood types O and AB can only have OO and
AB genotypes, respectively.
• The mother must be AO in order to have an
offspring that is either A or O.
• The paternal grandmother must be BO in
order to have an offspring (father) who is
blood type O.
• The 3rd child could have been the result of a
mix up because the B allele is not present in
either parent.
The End.

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Non-Mendelian Genetics

genotype: PP genotype: pp genotype: Pp

RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

Sickle Cell Anemia:

NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of

with the following dominance hierarchy:

C> Cch > Ch >c

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