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    1. The document compares human and cat contrast sensitivity at different mean illumination levels. 2. It finds that while cat and human contrast sensitivity both improve with increasing mean illumination, cat sensitivity is generally lower. 3. This may be because the illuminations were photopic for humans but scotopic for cats, whose rod-cone transition occurs at a higher luminance.

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    1. The document compares human and cat contrast sensitivity at different mean illumination levels. 2. It finds that while cat and human contrast sensitivity both improve with increasing mean illumination, cat sensitivity is generally lower. 3. This may be because the illuminations were photopic for humans but scotopic for cats, whose rod-cone transition occurs at a higher luminance.

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    RETINA- 22

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    RETINA- 22

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    1. The document compares human and cat contrast sensitivity at different mean illumination levels. 2. It finds that while cat and human contrast sensitivity both improve with increasing mean illumination, cat sensitivity is generally lower. 3. This may be because the illuminations were photopic for humans but scotopic for cats, whose rod-cone transition occurs at a higher luminance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views1 page

    Minimum: L I I I L I

    Uploaded by

    Akica
    1. The document compares human and cat contrast sensitivity at different mean illumination levels. 2. It finds that while cat and human contrast sensitivity both improve with increasing mean illumination, cat sensitivity is generally lower. 3. This may be because the illuminations were photopic for humans but scotopic for cats, whose rod-cone transition occurs at a higher luminance.

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    284 R. M . SHAPLEY AND C.

    ENROTH-CUGELL

    I I I 1 I I
    retinal ganglion cells with different-sized receptive
    10
    fields to make sense out of the transition from
    square root law to Weber's law (Enroth-Cugell and
    Shapley, 1973b). In essence, the explanation is that
    the channels which respond to low spatial
    frequencies suffer more loss of sensitivity with
    -/
    l I I I
    ecc
    L I
    increase in background than do the channels which
    respond to high spatial frequencies because retinal
    0o 10 ° 50 ° gain controls depend on areal summation of
    background illumination. The channels which are
    FIG. 12. Lowest threshold modulation depth as a function most sensitive to low spatial frequencies, according
    of retinal eccentricity and mean level of illumination. These
    data are all from contrast threshold measurements for sine to this view, sum adaptive signals over a larger area
    grating patterns which subtended 4 deg by 4 deg and were than do the channels most sensitive to high spatial
    drifting at a temporal frequency of 4 Hz. The stimuli were frequencies. A more detailed explanation of this
    presented on a Hewlett - Packard 1310A display with a P 15
    phosphor (dominant wavelength at 510 nm), and were viewed point is offered in the Theory section.
    by the subject through a 2 m m diameter artificial pupil.
    Contrast sensitivity curves were measured at each eccentricity 2.1.4. HUMAN AND FELINE CONTRAST SENSITIVITIES
    and illumination, and the m i n i m u m threshold modulation
    depth (the reciprocal of the peak contrast sensitivity across COMPARED
    spatial frequency) for each condition was denoted m*, which
    Since most of the electrophysiological results on
    is the quantity plotted in the figure. The different symbols
    are for different mean illuminations. E m p t y circles are for retinal adaptation and gain control come from
    10 td; filled circles are for 1 td; circles with dots in the center experiments on animals, it is relevant to compare
    are for 0.1 td. From Koenderink et al. (1978).
    h u m a n p s y c h o p h y s i c a l and cat b e h a v i o r a l
    measurements of contrast sensitivity at different
    mean levels of illumination. Recently, this has
    sensitivity over the scotopic. It seems that the foveal
    become possible because of the results of Pasternak
    photopic contrast sensitivity is especially high when
    and Merigan (1981). Their results show that there
    compared with the photopic (and scotopic) contrast are noticeable differences between the contrast
    sensitivity of the peripheral retina. They also found sensitivities of cat and man. As can be seen in
    that, for a stimulus of a given size and spatial
    Fig. 13, the cat's contrast sensitivity improves with
    frequency, the transition from square root law to mean level in a way analogous to man, but at all
    Weber's law depended on the retinal eccentricity; mean levels the cat's peak contrast sensitivity is
    the transition occurred at lower luminances the lower. This may be because the high mean
    more peripheral was the stimulus.
    luminances were photopic for the human, but all
    mean luminances were probably scotopic for the
    2.1.3. THE CHANNELHYPOTHESIS
    cat. The r o d - c o n e transition in cats is at a much
    There exists a working hypothesis one can use to higher mean luminance than in man, presumably
    interpret Barlow's, Blackwell's, Daitch and because of the much higher rod - cone ratio in the
    Green's, and Koenderink et al.'s, findings about the cat (Lennie et al., 1976). Contrast sensitivity grows
    influence of size or spatial frequency or retinal much more steeply for high spatial frequencies than
    eccentricity on the transition from square root law for low, in cat as in man. However, the acuity of
    to Weber's Law. This hypothesis is that the visual the cat is much worse than that of man, as can be
    system is composed of a set of size or spatial seen in Fig. 13 by the separation between the high
    frequency channels (Campbell and Robson, 1968; spatial frequency cutoffs of the contrast sensitivity
    Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966; Robson, 1975; curves at all mean levels except the lowest.
    Graham, 1980). It is supposed that a test stimulus However, the basic similarities between the
    sifts through the channels and excites only those dependences of feline and h u m a n contrast
    channels which are " t u n e d " to the stimulus. Such sensitivities on mean level of illumination encourage
    an hypothesis can be used in conjunction with us to attempt a synthesis of human psychophysical
    research findings on the adaptation properties of studies of light adaptation with the body of

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