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Building Components

Advance Building Technology

02 – overview & substructure

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

M Arch I Year 1 I 2018 / wswi

Building Components

DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION

•  The need to design construction details

•  Design requirements

•  Design Objectives / Principles

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DESIGNING CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Requires
•  Aesthetic sense / creativity. Meticulous in detailing to
achieve the design intensions. Good in drawings and
specifications
•  Training
•  Experience
•  Understanding of basic principles in construction and
materials [knowledge on properties behaviour and
combination of materials]
•  Understanding of problems / limitations in the
manufacture and assembly of materials
•  Understand the implications on cost [initial and running]

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DESIGNING CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

What you need to know when detailing & specifying materials
•  Resources - what are the options available
•  Economics - how much it cost for the materials & its installation
•  Research Development and patents
•  Standardisation - any standard size that need to follow
•  Certification and compliance - to British Standards [BS] / Malaysian
Standards [MS], SIRIM, Bomba requirements, etc

•  Quality Control- during manufacturing / fabrication / installation

•  Selection of products - from the options available
•  Specification - knowing how to specify

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Constructing building evolves similar process in a

factory in which the building is;

- designed by consultants,
- produced by contractors and
- paid by the client.

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

3 main physical elements in buildings;

•  structural
- foundation, column, beam, shear wall, etc

•  Exterior Envelope
- external walls, roofs, windows, external doors

•  Interior Dividers
- internal walls, partitions, internal doors, etc

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

structural - basic structural elements

•  Linear - post and beam system, I.e. skeletal grid

•  Planar - bearing wall - load bearing plane

•  shell / skeleton / balloon -- diagrid

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Loads - various nature
• Static Loads - relatively constant
- Dead load - fixed
- Live load - variable

• Dynamic Loads - sudden and changeable

- Wind - pressure or suction
- Seismic - sudden earth movement

All these loads become forces that push the building down to the ground.
•  Uniform load are distributed onto a wide area e.g slab
•  Point load are concentrated onto a small area e.g. beam

Stresses
•  Tension - pulling apart

•  Compression - pushing together

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SUBSTRUCTURE TO SUPERSTRUCTURE 

2 basic parts of a building

•  Substructure - is the lower portion of the building

- the foundation of an erected structure
- usually located below ground level, which transmits the load
of the superstructure to the supporting soil
I.e. substructure is in direct contact with the ground

•  Superstructure
- the part of a building above its foundations or ground level
-serves the purpose of its intended use

A part of superstructure located between ground and floor level

is known as plinth

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SUBSTRUCTURE TO SUPERSTRUCTURE 

components of a building

•  Foundations substructure
•  Structures for floors and roofs Structure
•  External Walls
•  Roofs
•  External Doors, windows and
other openings Envelope
•  Internal walls
•  Internal Doors, windows and
other openings
•  Vertical transportations; stairs,
lifts, etc
•  Building finishes interiors
superstructure

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SUBSTRUCTURE

Basic functions of foundation is to transmit the loads[dead, live&

others] to subsoil on which it rests so that;

I- settlements are within permissible limits without causing

cracks or structural failures to superstructure
Ii- soil does not fail in shear. I.e. settlement is slight and uniform

signs of failures in foundation is quite difficult to be detected

early because it remains in the ground

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SUBSTRUCTURE

Various types of foundations;

•  Strip foundations

•  Raft foundations

•  Pile foundations

•  others

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SUBSTRUCTURE

Choice of foundations depends on;

•  Loading of buildings

•  Soil conditions I.e. bearing capacity

•  Site accessibility

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SUBSTRUCTURE
Strip foundations - for light loadings
•  the most common type used for domestic and low rise buildings
•  created by excavating a trench until clay is reached.
•  The bottom of the trench is covered with at least 150mm of
concrete.
•  On sloping site, one or more steps may be built into the
concrete with forms that guide the depth. Once the footings are
complete, walls are built up to finished ground level, either in
brick and block and the trench are backfilled up to finished
ground level.

There are three types of strip foundation

•  - traditional shallow strip, as described above,
•  wide strip, used when the load of the structure is high relative
to the weight bearing capacity of the subsoil and
•  deep strip (also known as trench-fill foundations). have
narrower trenches

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SUBSTRUCTURE
Raft foundations

•  Used for light loading buildings or average loadings on soil with low
bearing capacities
•  covers the entire area of structures that support
superstructure/building
•  used on soft compressible subsoil such as soft clay or peat.
•  Helps to eliminate differential settlement between different
parts of buildings.
•  Also commonly used for buildings with basement
•  well reinforced to resist the effect of ground movement
•  constructed with an apron edge so that it doesn’t slide.

e.g. Sime Derby Park at Jalan Binjai, KL.

Architect: Hajeedar & Associates Sdn
C&S Engineers: Perunding Hashim & Neh

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SUBSTRUCTURE

Pile foundations
used to support buildings
•  Heavy buildings or tall structures
•  In shrinkable clays, infill or waste tips, slopes and
sites with a high water table in a poorly drained
region.
•  a substitute where conventional foundations would
need to be so deep that they would be uneconomical.
•  a basic pile foundation is a series of stilts or columns,
which rest on a solid, load bearing layer below subsoil
•  The piles may either be precast, or cast in situ, ie: on
the site.

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DEEP BASEMENTS

Types of basement walls

•  Concrete walls
•  Diaphragm walls - precast or cast in situ
•  Contiguous piles

Main problems with construction of deep basement walls

-  shoring during excavation and ground water built up
-  Draining ground water away from basement walls
-  Waterproofing the basement

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Pile driving using hammer

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Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)

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Diaphragm excavation

grab used for excavation Diaphragm wall reinforcement & concreting

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