Simulacion Aero Enfriador PDF

Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 521
air-cooled heat-exchanger design. In this chapter the primary concern is obtaining a workable (and reasonable) design rather than
an optima) design. However, the importance of optimization in this context should not be overlooked.
Example 12.1
A liquid hydrocarbon stream with a flow rate of 250,000 lb/h is to be cooled from 2S0ºF to lS0ºF in an air-cooled heat exchanger.
The unit will be mounted at grade and there are no space limitations at the site. The design ambient air temperature is 95ºF and the
site elevation is 250 ft above mean sea level. An outlet air temperature of lS0ºF is specified for the purpose of this example. Average
properties of the hydrocarbon and airare given in the table below. A fouling factor of 0.001 h · ft2 · ºF/Btu is required for the
hydrocarbon, which is not corrosive, anda maximum pressure drop of 20 psi is specified for this stream. Inlet pressure will be SO
psia. The maximum allowable air-side pressure drop is 0.5 in. H 20. Designan air-cooled heat exchanger for this service:
Property Hydrocarbon at 200ºF Air at 122.5 ºF*

C» (Btu/lbm · ºF) O.SS 0.241
k (Btu/h · ft · ºF) 0.082 0.0161
µ (lbm/ft · h) 1.21 0.0467
p [lbm/ft"] 49.94 0.0685
Pr 8.12 0.70
"Data are for T = 120°F from Table AS.
Solution
(a) Make initial specifications.
(i) Tubing type
G-fin tubing with carbon steel tubes and aluminum fins is specified based on its excellent durability. It is assumed that the
environment at the plant site is not highly corrosive; otherwise, bimetallic tubing would be a better choice.
(ii) Tube size and layout
One inch OD, 13 BWG tubes with 10 fins per inch, fin height of 0.625 in. and average fin thickness of 0.013 in. are
specified with reference to Table 12.1. The tube layout is triangular (30º) with a tube pitch of 2.5 in.
(iii) Draft type
Since the process fluid temperature is below 3S0ºF, an induced-draft unit will be used. For simplicity, diffusers are not
specified and it is assumed that winterization of the unit is unnecessary.
(iv) Headers
The pressure is low and based on the specified tube-side fouling factor, frequent cleaning is not anticipated. Therefore,
plug-type headers will be used.
(b) Energy balances.
q = (mCp~T)Hc = 250,000 x O.SS x 100 = 13,750,000 Btu/h
For the specified outlet air temperature of lS0ºF, the required mass flow rate of air is:
. q 13,750,000 /
mair = 1 ) = ----- = 1,037,344lbm h
Cp~T air 0.241 X 55
(c) LMTD.
100-55 0
(~T¡n)c¡ = . , , __ , = 75.27 F
( d) LMTD correction factor.

This factor depends on the number of tube rows and tube passes, which have not yet been established. Therefore, in order to
estímate the required heat-transfer surface area, F = 0.9 is assumed.
(e) Estimate Ut»
Based on Table 12.2, a value of 4.5 Btu/h · ft2 · ºF is assumed, which is in the expected range for light hydrocarbon liquid
coolers.
( f) Calcula te heat-transfer area.
13,750,000 = 45, 105 ft2

4.5 X 0.9 X 75.27
522 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
(g) Number of tube rows, tube length, and number of tubes.

The bundle face area required for a given (standard) face velocity is:
111air
A¡ace =---
PsrdVface
Assuming a (standard) face velocity of 600 ft/min from the design guidelines gives:
1,037, 344/60 ft2

A¡ace = 0.0T _ _ _ = 384.2
Thus, the ratio of heat-transfer surface area to bundle face area is:
A/A¡ace = 45, 105/384.2 = 117.4
From Table 12.1, the dosest ratio is 107.2 for four tube rows. Using this value, the required face area is:
2
A¡ace = 45, 105/107.2 = 420.8 ft
Based on the design guidelines, a tube length, L, of three times the bundle width, W, is assumed, giving:
2
A¡ace = 420.8 = WL = 3 W
Thus,
W = 11.84 ft
L= 3 X 11.84 = 36 ft
The number of tubes is found using the value of ATot /L = 5.58 from Table 12.1.
A 45,105
n1 = ----- = ---- = 224.5
(ATor/L) X L 5.58 X 36
Taking the dosest integer divisible by four gives 224 tubes with 56 tubes per row. The corresponding bundle width is the tube
pitch times the number of tubes per row. Allowing 2 in. for side dearances gives:
W = 2.5 X 56 +2 = 142 in.= 11.83 ft
The actual bundle face area and (standard) face velocity are:
2
A¡ace = WL = 11.83 x 36 = 426 ft
_ 111air _ 1,037, 344/60 _ ft/ .

V¡ace std - --- - ------ - 541 mm
' PsrdAface 0.075 X 426
Note: It is assumed that the fan drives will be located above the tube bundle. Therefore, no allowance is made for blade-shaft
Janes in the tube bundle.
(h) Number of tube passes.
The tube-side fluid velocity is:
m;(np/n1) (250, 000/3600)(np/224)
V=-~~=------~-~= 1.73n ft /s
p1r D¡
/4 49.94 X 7í X (0.810/12)2 /4 p
Two, three, or four passes will give a velocity in the range of 3 to 8 ft/s. Since the tube-side pressure drop allowance is fairly
generous, four passes are chosen for the first tria! in order to maximize the heat-transfer coefficient and minimize fouling.
Checking the Reynolds number:
4m;(np/ni) 4 X 250,000 X (4/224)

Re=-~-~=--------= 69 594
1rD;µ 1r(0.81/12) x 1.21 '
The flow is fully turbulent and, hence, the configuration is satisfactory. This completes the preliminary design calculations.
(i) LMTD correction factor.
The correct value of the LMTD correction factor can now be determined using Figure 12.A5:
250 - 150
R = 150 - 95 = 1.82
150 - 95
P=---=0.35
F = 0.99 from chart

(j) Calculate required overall coefficient.

q 13,750,000 2
Ureq=---- (224 x 5.58 x 36) x o.99 x 75_27 = 4.10 Btu/h · ft . ºF
AF(1H1n)c¡
(k) Calculate h;.

D; = 0.81/12 = 0.0675 ft
Re= 69,594 from step (h)

h; = (k/D;) x 0.023Reº8Pr113(µ/µw)º 14
= (0.082/0.0675) X 0.023( 69, 594)º 8(8.12) t/3 (1.0)
h; = 420 Btu/h · ft2 · ºF

(1) Calculate h0•
The maximum air veiocity in the tube bundle is calculated using Equation (12.5). The face veiocity is first converted from
standard conditions to conditions at the average air temperature. The fin thickness is taken as 0.013 in.
V¡ace,ave = V¡ace,std(Pstd!Pave) = 541(0.075/0.0685) = 592 ft/min
PyV¡ace, ave 2.5 X 592

Vmax = --~~-- - --------
Py - D, - 2n¡br 2.5 - 1.0 - 2 x 10 x 0.625 x 0.013
Vmax = 1106.5 ft/min = 66,390 ft/h
o, v-s,»
Re= --- = ---------- = 8115
(1.0/12) X 66,390 X 0.0685
µ 0.0467
Note: The air density should be corrected for the average atmospheric pressure at the elevation of the plant site ( see Appendix
12.C). In the present case, the site elevation (250 ft) is such that the pressure <loes not differ significantly from one atmosphere
and, hence, no correction is needed.
Equation (12.6) is used to calculate the air-side heat-transfer coefficient with Ay0 , /A0 = 21.4 from Table 12.1:
Nu = 0.38Re06Pr113(AToi/A0)-015 = 0.38(8115)º6(O.7)113(21.4)-015
Nu = 47.22
h (kj ) 0.0161 X 47.22 _ /h ft2 0

0 = D, Nu = (1.O/l2) = 9.12 Btu · · F
( m) Calcula te fin efficiency.

Equations (2.27) and (5.12) are used to calculate the fin efficiency. From Table A.l, the thermal conductivity of aluminum is:
=
k 238 x 0.57782 = 137.5 Btu/h·ft·ºF
This value is slightly optimistic because the aluminum alloys used for finning have somewhat lower thermal conductivities
than the pure metal. However, the difference is not large enough to significantly affect the results.
r1 = root tube radius = 0.5 in.
r2 = r 1 + fin height = 0.5 + 0.625 = 1.125 in.
r2c = r2 + r/2 = 1.125 + 0.013/2 = 1.1315 m.
VI= (r2c - r¡ )[1 + 0.35 ln(r2c/r1 )]
= (1.1315 - 0.5)[1 + O.35 ln(l.1315/O.5)]

VI= 0.812 in.= o.O677 ft.
5
0.5 ( 2 X 9.12 )º- _1
m=(2h0/kr) = ( / ) =ll.O7ft
137.5 X 0.013 12
ffiVI = 11.07 X 0.0677 = 0. 7 494
tanh(mV1) tanh(O.7494)
Y/¡= --- = ----- = 0.8471
mVI 0.7494
The extended and prime surface areas per inch of tube length are estimated as follows:
A¡;ns = 2N¡1rVic - r?) = 2 x 101r{ (1.1315)2 - (0.5)2} = 64.735 in.2
Aprime = 21rr1 (L - N¡-r) = 21r x 0.5(1.0 - 10 x 0.013) = 2.733 in.2
64.735
A,- /Ar0 t = ----- == O 96
,ms ' 64.735 + 2.733 - ·
Aprime/ ATot = 1 - 0.96 = 0.04

The weighted efficiency of the finned surface is given by Equation (2.31 ):
1/w = (Apnme/ATot) + r¡¡(A¡;ns/ATot) = 0.04 + 0.8471 x 0.96 = 0.853
(n) Wall temperatures and viscosity correction factors.
The wall temperatures, Tp and Twtd, used to obtain viscosity correction factors are given by Equations (4.38) and (4.39).
However, no viscosity correction is required for the air-side heat-transfer coefficient, so only Tp is needed for the tube-side
correction. In the present case, no viscosity data were given for the tube-side fluid. Therefore, <f,; is assumed to be 1.0 and the
wall temperature is not calculated.
(o) Calcula te the dean overall coefficient.
The dean overall coefficient is given by Equation (12.12) with the fouling factors omitted. The contact resistance is neglected
and Ay0i/A; = 26.3 is obtained from Table 12.1.
[
(AToi/A;) (Ay0¡/L)ln(Dr/D;)
Uc= ~--+~----~+--
h; 27í kiube
1
1/who
]-l
26.3 5.58 ln(l.0/0.81)
= [-
42-0 + -- 27í
_X_2_6__ + -0 .-
8-
1
53_X_9-
. l-
2
]-l
Uc = 5.04 Btu/h-ft2-ºF
Since Uc > Ureq, continue.
(p) Fouling allowance.
The tube-side fouling factor was specified in the problem statement as 0.001 Btu/h · ft2 · ºF. Except in unusual circumstances,
air-side fouling is mínima! and, therefore, RDo is taken as zero. Thus, the total fouling allowance is:
2
RD = RDi(AToi/A;) +RDo/1/w = 0.001 x 26.3 +O= 0.0263 h·ft ·ºF/Btu
( q) Calcula te the design overall coefficient.

UD= (1/Uc + RD)- 1 = (1/5.04 + 0.0263)- 1 = 4.45 Btu/h·ft2 ·ºF
Since UD> Ureq = 4.10 Btu/h · ft2 · ºF, the heat exchanger is thermally workable.
(r) Over-surface and over-design.
Over-surface = Uc/Ureq - 1 = 5.04/4.10- 1 = 23%
Over-design = UD/Ureq - 1 = 4.45/4.10- 1 = 8.5%
Both values are reasonable and, hence, the unit is thermally acceptable.
(s) Tube-side pressure drop.
Equations ( 5.1) to ( 5.4) are used to calcula te the tube-side pressure drop:
f= 0.4137Re-02585 = 0.4137(69,594)- 02585 = 0.02317
G = m(np/ni) = 250,000(4/224) = 1 247 540 lbm/hfr'

(1rD¡ /4) [1r(0.0675)2 /4] ' '
s = 49.94/62.43 = O.SO
f npLG2 0.02317 X 4 X 36 (1,247,540)2

!lP¡ = 7.50 x 10 12D;sef, -7-.5_0_x_l_0_1_
2 _x_o 0_6_7-'-5-'-x-O-'- . o = 12 · 82 psi
. 8-0-x-'-l-
!lPr = 1.334 x 10-13(2np - 1.5)G 2/s = 1.334 x 10- 13 (6.5)(1,247,540)2 /O.SO
!lPr = 1.69 psi

Assuming 5-in. schedule 40 nozzles are used, the flow area per nozzle from Table B.l is 0.1390 fr'. Hence,
Gn = 250,000/0.1390 = 1,798,561 lbm/hft '
D;Gn (5.047 /12) X 1,798,561

Ren = -- = -------- = 625,161
µ. 1.21
2
t:i.Pn = 2.0 x 10- 13c~/s = 2.0 x 10- 13(1,798,561) /o.so= 0.Slpsi
!:i.P; = !:i.P¡ + t:i.P, + t:i.Pn = 12.82 + 1.69 + 0.81 = 15.3 psi
(t) Air-side pressure drop.

Equation (12.10) will be used to calculate the friction factor. The parameters a and Ree¡¡are computed first.
D¡ = D, + 2b = 1.0 +2 x 0.625 = 2.25 in.
a= (Py - D¡) /Dr = (2.5 - 2.25)/1.0 = 0.25
The fin spacing is obtained from Equation (12.2):
/!. = 1/n¡ - r = 1/10 - 0.013 = 0.087 in.
Reeff = Re(/!./b) = 8115(0.087 /0.625) = 1130
4
2e-(a/ )} { 27.2 0.29}
t= { 1 +--
1 +a
0.021 +-+--
Re,,. Reº·2
e11 eff
2e-(
0
/ )} 25 4
{ 27.2 0.29 }
= 1 +---- 0.021 +--+---- 2
{ 1 + 0.25 1130 (1130)º
f = 0.291
The pressure drop across the tube bundle is calculated using Equation (12.Sa). The air mass flux is computed first:
G = pVmax = 0.0685 X 66,390 = 4548 lbm/h-ft '
9.22 x 10- 10¡ N,G 2 9.22 x 10- 10 x 0.291 x 4(4548)2

t:i.P¡ = p = 0.0685
t:i.P¡ = 0.324 in. H2O
This unit will not require louvers, steam coils, fan guards, or hail guards. Endosure losses will be small, and other losses will be
due primarily to the fan casings, plenums, and obstructions such as fan supports and walkways. Therefore, a relatively small
allowance of 10% is made for other air-side losses, giving:
t:i.P 0 = 1.1!:i.P¡ = 1.1 x 0.324 = 0.36 in. H2O
Both tube-side and air-side pressure drops are below the specified maximum values. Therefore, the unit is hydraulically
acceptable.
(u) Fan sizing.
The fans should cover at least 40% of the bundle face area. Assuming a two-fan bay, this condition gives the following relation
for the fan diameter:
2
2 ( 1rD}an/4) 2 0.4A¡ace = 0.4 X 426 = 170.4 ft
D¡an 2 10.4 ft
Therefore, two fans with diameters of 10.5-11.0 ft are required.

The fan static pressure is given by Equation (12.15). Thus, FSP = 0.36 in. H 2O. The induced-draft fans handle air at the
outlet temperature of 150ºF, for which the density is 0.065 lbm/ft ' from Table A.5. Since there are two fans, the volumetric
flow rate per fan is:
. _ 0.5mair _ 0.5(1,037,344/60) _ cf
Vfan - --- - ------- - 132,993 a m
Pair 0.065
Thus, each fan must deliver about 133,000 acfm at a static pressure of 0.36 in. H 2O.
(v) Motor sizing.

From Equation (12.14), the total pressure change across the fans is:
ªfr Pfr Vfr

(t:.PTotal)Jan = FSP + --~
2gc
For a fan diameter of 10.5 ft, the air velocity in the fan ring is (neglecting the clearance between the blades and the housing):
VJan 132,993 .
V¡r = -2-- = 2 = 1536 ft/mm = 25.6 ft/s
nD¡,- 1 4 1r(l0.S) /4
Thus, the velocity pressure is:
_
ªfr_P_¡,_
-V_
fr = _l._0_x_0_._06_5_(_25_._6)_2 = 0_662 lbf/ft2
2gc 2x32.174
ªfrPfr Vfr 2 in.I-12 O

--- = 0.662 lbf/ft X 0.1922 -- 2 = 0.127 in.I-12O
2& lli~ft
The total pressure difference across the fan is:
(t:.PTou,1)¡an = 0.36 + 0.127 = 0.49 in. I-12O

The brake power is calculated using Equation (12.16b ); a fan efficiency of 70% is assumed:
(t:.PTotal)fanVfan 0.49 X 132,993 = 14.7 hp

W¡an = 63421Jfan 6342 X 0.7
The power supplied by the motor is given by Equation (12.17); an efficiency of 95% is assumed for the speed reducer:
· W¡an 14.7
Wmotor = -- = -- = 15.5 hp
1)51 0.95
The next largest standard motor size is 20 hp (Appendix 12.B). This motor size will provide an adequate allowance for operational
flexibility and contingencies. Therefore, each fan will be equipped with a 20 hp motor. This result is preliminary pending actual fan
selection. Final values for fan efficiency and motor size will be based on the fan manufacturer's data. A fan that is well matched with
the service may have a total efficiency as high as 80% to 85%. In that case, 15 hp motors might be sufficient.
The main design parameters for the unit are summarized below.
Design Summary
Number of fan bays: 1

Number of tube bundles per bay: 1
Number of fans per bay: 2
Bundle width and length: 11.8 ft x 37 ft (including headers)
Number of tube rows: 4
Number of tube passes: 4
Number of tubes: 224
Tubing type: G-fin
Tube size: 1 in. 00, 13 BWG, 36 ft long
Tube layout: Equilateral triangular with 2.5-in. pitch
Fins: 10 fpi, 0.625 in. high, 0.013 in. thick
I-leat-transfer surface area: 45,000 fr'
Draft type: Jnduced draft
Fan diameter: 10.5 ft
Motor size: 20 hp
Tube-side nozzles: 5-in. schedule 40
I-leaders: Plug-type box headers
Materials: Carbon steel tubes, aluminum fins, carbon steel headers, tubesheets, pass partitions, and nozzles
12.1 O Computer Software

12.10.1 HEXTRAN
The air-cooled heat-exchanger module (ACE) in I-IEXTRAN is configured in a similar manner to the shell-and-tube exchanger
module. It can operate in either rating mode (1YPE=Old) or design mode (1YPE=New). In design mode the following parameters
can be varied automatically between user-specified limits to meet a given performance specification (usually tube-side outlet
temperature or duty) and pressure drop constraints:
• Area per tube bundle

• Number of tube passes
• Number of tube rows
• Tube length
• Width of tube bundle
• Number of fan bays in parallel
HEXTRAN <loes not have a special thermodynamic package for air. Air is treated as apure component, and methods must be selected
for computing thermodynamic and transport properties. For the latter, the pure component data bank should be used by selecting
the LlBRARY method. The choice of thermodynamic method is not critical. The SRKS method, which is a modified Soave-Redlich-
Kwong cubic equation of state developed by SimSci-Esscor, is suggested here, but any equation-of-state method other than IDEAL
can be used with similar results.
Two different tube pitches must be entered to specify the tube layout in HEXTRAN. The transverse pitch is the center-to-center
distance between adjacent tubes in the same row. The longitudinal pitch is the center-to-center distance between adjacent tube rows.
For an equilateral triangular layout, this is the height of an equilateral triangle with the length of a side equal to the transverse
pitch, i.e.,
longitudinal pitch = 0.5 x (transverse pitch) x tan 60º (12.19)
In general, however, both tube pitches can be independently specified.

Unlike the HTRI program considered in the following subsection, HEXTRAN has no provision for entering data needed to
calculate air-side pressure losses other than the pressure drop across the tube bundle. Also, the only orientation allowed for the tube
bundle is horizontal. Therefore, an A-frame condenser cannot be simulated.
HEXTRAN version 9.2 is used in the following example.
Example 12.2
Use HEXTRAN to rate the air-cooled heat exchanger designed by hand in Example 12.1.
Solution
The English system of units is selected and for convenience, the unit of viscosity is changed from cp to lb/ft · h. Under Components
and Thermodynamics, air is selected from the list of components and a New Method Slate called SETl is defined on the Method
form. The SRKS equation of state is specified as the thermodynamic method and LIBRARY is specified for transport properties.
The flowsheet is constructed in the usual manner. The hydrocarbon feed is defined as a bulk property stream and the flow rate,
temperature, pressure, and physical properties are entered on the appropriate forms. The inlet air is defined (by default) as
a compositional stream and the composition (100% air), flow rate, temperature, and pressure (14.7 psia) are entered on the
appropriate form.
Data for the air-cooled heat exchanger are obtained from Example 12.1 and entered on the appropriate panels as follows: ltems
not listed are either left at the default settings or left unspecified, in which case they are calculated by the program.
(a) Tube side
Tube length: 36 ft Pattern: Staggered

Transverse pitch: 2.5 in. Outside diameter: 1 in.
Longitudinal pitch: 2.165 in. BWG: 13
(b) Air side
Number of tubes/bundle: 224 Flow direction: Counter current

Number of passes/bundle: 4 Hotside: Tube side
Number of rows/bundle: 4
(e) Tube side nozzles

The inside diameter ( 5 .04 7 in.) of inlet and outlet nozzles is entered on this form. The number ( 1) of each type of nozzle is the
default setting.
( d) Fins
Number of fins/length: 10/in. Thickness: 0.013 in.

Height above root: 0.625 in. Area/length: 5.58 ft2/ft
The area/length entry is optional and will be calculated by the program if not given.
(e) Material
The default materials of construction, carbon steel for the tubes and aluminum alloy 1060-Hl4 for the fins, are used.
(f) Film options
The fouling factors, 0.001 h · ft2 · ºF/Btu for the tube side and zero for the air side, are entered here.
(g) Fan
Draft type: Jnduced Efficiency: 57%

Number of fans/bay: 2 Fan diameter: 10.5 ft
The efficiency entered here is the product of the fan static efficiency ( estimated as 60%) and the speed reducer, or drive, effi-
ciency (95%). HEXTRAN uses this value to calculate the power supplied by the fan motors. Although it is not stated in the
program documentation, the static efficiency should be used here because HEXTRAN <loes not indude the velocity pressure in
the calculation of fan power.
(h) Multi-bundle
Number of bundles in series/hay: 1
Number of bundles in parallel/bay: 1
Number of bays in parallel: 1
These are the default settings in the program.
Finally, under Global Options, the Water Decant Option switch is unchecked (OFF). Water decanting is not relevant to this
problem, but if the switch is left in the default ( ON) position, an error results beca use the SRKS method <loes not support this
option.
The input file generated by the HEXTRAN GUI is given below, followed by a summary of results in the form of the Exchanger
Data Sheet and Extended Data Sheet. The data sheets were extracted from the HEXTRAN output file and used to prepare the
following comparison between computer and hand calculations:
Item Hand HEXTRAN

Re¡ 69,594 69,596
Re0 8115 8080
2
h; (Btu/h · ft • ºF) 420 420.1
h0 (Btu/h · ft2 · ºF) 9.12 7.2
2
Uo (Btu/h · ft · ºF) 4.45 4.05
6.P; (psi) 15.3 15.7
6.P0 (in. H2O) 0.36 0.40
Wmotor(hp) 15.5ª 14.8b
Over-design (%) 8.5 o
"Based on fan total efficiency of 70%
bBased on fan static efficiency of 60%
Overall, the two sets of results are in reasonably good agreement, but there are significant differences in the air-side heat-transfer
coefficient (26%) and pressure drop (10% ). Notice that the outlet temperature of the hydrocarbon stream calculated by HEXTRAN
is 150ºF. Thus, in agreement with the hand calculations, the heat exchanger is workable, but the over-design is essentially zero
according to HEXTRAN.
HEXTRAN Input File for Example 12.2
$ GENERATED FROM HEXTRAN KEYWORD EXPORTER

$
$ General Data Section
$
TITLE PROJECT=Ex12-2, PROBLEM=HC-Cooler, SITE=
$
DIME English, AREA=FT2, CONDUCTIVITY=BTUH, DENSITY=LB/FT3, *
ENERGY=BTU, FILM=BTUH, LIQVOLUME=FT3, POWER=HP, *
PRESSURE=PSIA, SURFACE=DYNE, TIME=HR, TEMPERATURE=F, *
UVALUE=BTUH, VAPVOLUME=FT3, VISCOSITY=LBFH, WT=LB, *
XDENSITY=API, STDVAPOR=379.490
$
PRINT ALL, *
RATE=M
$
CALC PGEN=New, WATER=Saturated
$
$ Component Data Section
$
COMPONENT DATA
$
LIBID 1, AIR
$
$
$ Thermodynamic Data Section
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
$
METHODS SET=SETl, KVALUE=SRKS, ENTHALPY(L)=SRKS, ENTHALPY(V)=SRKS, *
ENTROPY(L)=SRKS, ENTROPY(V)=SRKS, DENSITY(L)=API, *
DENSITY(V)=SRKS, VISCOS(L)=LIBRARY, VISCOS(V)=LIBRARY, *
CONDUCT(L)=LIBRARY, CONDUCT(V)=LIBRARY, SURFACE=LIBRARY
$
WATER DECANT=OFF
$
$Stream Data Section
$
STREAM DATA
$
PROP STRM=HC, NAME=HC, TEMP=250.00, PRES=50.000, *
LIQUID(W)=250000.000, LCP(AVG)=0.55, Lcond(AVG)=0.082, *
Lvis(AVG)=l.21, Lden(AVG)=49.94
$
PROP STRM=HCOUT, NAME=HCOUT
$
PROP STRM=AIR, NAME=AIR, TEMP=95.00, PRES=l4.700, *
SET=SETl, RATE(W)=1037344.000, *
COMP(M)= 1, 100, *
NORMALIZE
$
PROP STRM=AIROUT, NAME=AIROUT
$
$ Calculation Type Section
$
SIMULATION
$
TOLERANCE TTRIAL=0.01
$
LIMITS AREA=200.00, 6000.00, SERIES=l, 10, PDAMP=0.00, *
TTRIAL=30
$
CALC TWOPHASE=New, DPSMETHOD=Stream, MINFT=0.80
$
PRINT UNITS, ECONOMICS, STREAM, STANDARD, *
EXTENDED, ZONES
$
ECONOMICS DAYS=350, EXCHANGERATE=l.00, CURRENCY=USDOLLAR
$
UTCOST OIL=3.50, GAS=3.50, ELECTRICITY=0.10, *
WATER=0.03, HPSTEAM=4.10, MPSTEAM=3.90, *
LPSTEAM=3.60, REFRIGERANT=0.00, HEATINGMEDIUM=0.00
$
HXCOST BSIZE=l000.00, BCOST=0.00, LINEAR=50.00, *
EXPONENT=0.60, CONSTANT=0.00, UNIT
$
$ Unit Operations Data
$
UNIT OPERATIONS
$
ACE UID=ACEl
TYPE Old, HOTSIDE=Tubeside, *
FLOW=Countercurrent, *
UESTIMATE=5.00, USCALER=l.00
TUBE FEED=HC, PRODUCT=HCOUT, *
LENGTH=36.00, *
OD=l.000, BWG=l3, *
NUMBER=224, PASS=4, ROWS=4, PATTERN=Staggered, *
PARA=l, SERIES=l, *
TPITCH=2.500, LPITCH=2.165, MATERIAL=l, *
FOUL=0.001, LAYER=0, *
DPSCALER=l.00
$
FINS NUMBER=lü.00, AREA=5.580, HEIGHT=0.625, *
THICKNESS=0.013, BOND=0.000, *
MATERIAL=20
$
AIRS FEED=AIR, PRODUCT=AIROUT, *
PARALLEL=l, *
FOUL=0, LAYER=0, *
DPSCALER=l.00
$
FAN DRAFT=Induced, DIAM=lü.50, NUMBER=2, EFFI=57.00
$
TNOZZ ID=5.047, 5.047 NUMBER=l, 1
$
CALC TWOPHASE=New, *
MINFT=0.80
$
PRINT STANDARD, *
EXTENDED, *
ZONES
$
COST BSIZE=l000.00, BCOST=0.00, LINEAR=50.00, *
CONSTANT=0.00, EXPONENT=0.60, Unit
$
$ End of keyword file ...

HEXTRAN Output Data for Example 12.2
AIR-COOLED EXCHANGER DATA SHEET

I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I EXCHANGER NAME UNIT ID ACEl I
I SIZE TYPE INDUCED NO. OF BAYS 1 I
I AREA/UNIT-FINNED 44997. FT2 ( 45106. FT2 REQUIRED) -BARE 2111. FT2 I
I HEAT EXCHANGED MMBTU /HR 13. 758, MTD(CORRECTED) 75.4, FT 1.000 I
I TRANSFER RATE FINNED-SERVICE 4.05, BARE-SERVICE 86.27, CLEAN 4.53 I
I BTU/HR-FT2-F (REQUIRED 4.06) (REQUIRED 86.48) I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I PERFORMANCE OF ONE UNIT AIR-SIDE TUBE-SIDE I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I FEED STREAM NUMBER AIR HC I
I FEED STREAM NAME AIR HC I
I TOTAL FLUID LB/HR 1037344. 250000. I
I VAPOR (IN/OUT) LB/HR 1037344./ 1037344. 0./ o. I
I LIQUID LB/HR 0./ o. 250000./ 250000. I
I STEAM LB/HR 0./ o. O./ o. I
I WATER LB/HR 0./ o. 0./ o. I
I NON CONDENSIBLE LB/HR o. o. I
I TEMPERATURE (IN/OUT) DEG F 95.0 / 149.9 250.0 / 150.1 I
I PRESSURE (IN/OUT) PSIA 14.7 / 14.7 so.o/ 34.3 I
I FOULING RESIST FT2-HR-F/BTU 0.00000 (-.00060 REQD) 0.00100 I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I SP. GR., LIQ (60F / 60F H2O) 0.801 / 0.801 I AIR QTY/UNIT I
I VAP (60F / 60F AIR) 0.000 / 0.000 I STO FT3/MIN 230521. I
I DENSITY, LIQUID LB/FT3 49.940 / 49.940 I AIR QTY/FAN I
I VAPOR LB/FT3 0.000 / 0.000 I ACT FT3/MIN 132916. I
I VISCOSITY, LIQUID LB/FT-HR 1.210 / 1.210 I STATIC DP I
I VAPOR LB/FT-HR 0.000 / 0.000 I IN H2O 0.40 I
I THRML COND,LIQ BTU/HR-FT-F 0.0820 / 0.0820 I FACE VELOCITY I
I VAP BTU/HR-FT-F 0.0000 / 0.0000 I FT/SEC 9.5 I
I SPEC.HEAT, LIQUID BTU /LB F 0.5500 / 0.5500 I I
I VAPOR BTU /LB F 0.0000 / 0.0000 I I
I LATENT HEAT BTU /LB 0.00 I I
I PRESSURE DROP (CALC) PSI 15.70 I I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I CONSTRUCTION OF ONE BAY I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I BUNDLE I HEADER I TUBE I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I SIZE 11.8 FT X 36.0 FT I PASSES/BUNDLE 4 I MATERIAL CARB STL I
I BUNDLES IN PARALLEL 1 I NOZZLES I OD 1.000 IN I
I IN SERIES 1 I NO./SIZE INLET 1 / 5.0 IN I THICKNESS 0.095 IN I
I ROWS 4 I NO./SIZE OUTLT 1 / 5.0 IN I NUMBER/BNDL 224 I
I-------------------------I-----------------------------I LENGTH 36.0 FT I
I FAN I FIN I PITCH-TRAN 2.S0IN I
I-------------------------I-----------------------------I -LONG 2.17IN I
I NUMBER/BAY 2 I MATERIAL Al060Hl4 I LAYOUT STAGGER I
I POWER/FAN 14.8 HP I OD 2.25 IN,THICK 0.013 IN I I
I DIAMETER 10.5 FT I NUMBER/IN 10.0 I I
I EFFICIENCY 57.0 PCNT I EFFICIENCY 87.8 PCNT I I
I I TYPE TRANSVERSE I I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
AIR COOLED EXTENDED DATA SHEET

I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I EXCHANGER NAME UNIT ID ACEl I
I AREA/UNIT 44997. FT2 ( 45106. FT2 REQUIRED) I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I PERFORMANCE OF ONE UNIT AIR-SIDE TUBE-SIDE I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I FEED STREAM NUMBER AIR HC I
I FEED STREAM NAME AIR HC I
I WT FRACTION LIQUID (IN/OUT) 0.00 / 0.00 1.00 / 1.00 I
I REYNOLDS NUMBER 8080. 69596. I
I PRANDTL NUMBER 0.698 8 .116 I
I UOPK,LIQUID 0.000 / 0.000 0.000 / 0.000 I
I VAPOR 5.981 / 5.981 0.000 / 0.000 I
I SURFACE TENSION DYNES/CM 0.000 / 0.000 0.000 / 0.000 I
I FILM COEF(SCL) BTU/HR-FT2-F 7.2 (1. 000) 420.1 (l. 000) I
I FOULING LAYER THICKNESS IN 0.000 0.000 I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I THERMAL RESISTANCE I
I UNITS: (FT2-HR-F/BTU) (PERCENT) (ABSOLUTE) I
I SHELL FILM 63.88 0.15783 I
I TUBE FILM 25.35 0.06263 I
I TUBE METAL 0.12 0.00029 I
I TOTAL FOULING 10.65 0.02631 I
I ADJUSTMENT -0.24 -0.00060 I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I PRESSURE DROP AIR-SIDE TUBE-SIDE I
I UNITS: (PSIA ) (PERCENT) (ABSOLUTE) (PERCENT) (ABSOLUTE)I
I WITHOUT NOZZLES 100.00 0.01 94.50 14.84 I
I INLET NOZZLES 0.00 0.00 3.44 0.54 I
I OUTLET NOZZLES 0.00 0.00 2.06 0.32 I
I TOTAL /BUNDLE 0.01 15.70 I
I TOTAL /UNIT 0.01 15.70 I
I DP SCALER 1.00 1.00 I
I----------------------------------------------------------------------------I
12.10.2 HTRI
TheXace module of Xchanger Suite is used for design and rating of air-cooled heat exchangers. The program is similar in structure and
format to the Xist module discussed in previous chapters. As in Xist, the computational method in Xace is fully incremental, and the
same proprietary correlations for tube-side heat transfer and pressure drop are used in both programs. Proprietary correlations are
also used for air-side calculations. The methods for handling tube-side fluid properties are identical in the two programs; the
properties of air are generated automatically by Xace.
Xace can opera te in rating, simulation, or design mode. The rating and simulation modes are the same as in Xist. Two options are
available for design mode, namely, classic design and grid design. In classic design, the only parameters that can be varied are
bundle width, air face velocity and number of tube passes, and the parameter ranges are controlled by the program. In grid design,
transverse and longitudinal tube pitch, tube length, tube diameter, and number of tube rows can also be varied. Furthermore, the
parameter ranges are user-specified.
Xace accounts for air-side pressure losses from a number of factors in addition to the tube bundle, namely, fan rings, plenums,
steam coi!, louvers, fan guard, hail screen, and fan area blockage. The user must supply values for the percent open area in the fan
guard and hail screen, and the percentage of the fan area that is blocked by obstructions if these items are to be included in the
pressure drop calculation. The type of plenum (box or tapered) and fan ring inlet ( straight, flanged, 15° con e, 30º cone, bell) must
always be specified.
Fin geometry can be specified by the user on the appropriate input form. However, Xace has a built-in databank of finned
tubing that is available from selected manufacturers, and the user has the option of selecting the fin geometry from this
databank.
Like Xist, Xace genera tes a tube layout that can be modified by the user. Also, for tube-side condensing, the inclination of the tube
bundle can be specified in the range of 1-89º. A unique feature in Xace is an interface with software from severa! fan manufacturers.
If the user selects one of the available manufacturers, a list of fan models that will meet the requirements of the unit is printed in the
output file. The list includes pertinent information such as fan size, efficiency, speed, and power.
Example 12.3
Use Xace to rate the air-cooled heat exchanger designed by hand in Example 12.1 and compare the results with those obtained
previously by other methods.
Solution
Xace is run in rating mode (the default option) for this problem. Data obtained from Example 12.1 are entered on the
appropriate input forms as indicated below. Items not listed are either left at their default values or left blank to be computed by
the program.
(a) Geometry/Unit
Fan arrangement: Induced
Number of bays in parallel per unit: 1 ( default)
Number of bundles in parallel per bay: 1 ( default)
Number of tube passes per bundle: 4
The number (1) and ID (5.047 in.) ofthe tube-side inlet and outlet nozzles are also given on this form.
(b) Geometry/Fans
Number of fans per bay: 2 ( default)
Fan diameter: 10.5 ft
Total combined fan and drive efficiency: 66.5%
Fan ring type: 15ºcone
The combined fan and drive efficiency of 66.5% is equivalent to the efficiencies assumed in Example 12.1; namely, total fan
efficiency of 70% and drive efficiency of 95%. The type of fan ring entrance was not specified in Example 12.1. A 15º canica!
inlet is chosen because it gives a pressure loss in the mid-range of the values for the available options. The straight entrance has
by far the greatest loss, while the bell-shaped entrance has the least.
( e) Geometry/Optional
The only entry made on this form is the selection of a tapered plenum, which is standard for an induced-draft fan.
( d) Geometry/Bundle
Number of tube rows/tube passes: 4/4
Number of tubes in each odd/even numbered row: 56/56
Tube layout: Staggered ( default)
Tube form: Straight ( default)
Tube length: 36 ft
( e) Geometry/Tube Types/Tube Type 1/ Geometry
Tube type: High Fin Wall thickness: 0.095 in.

Tube material: Carbon Transverse pitch: 2.5 in.
steel (Default)
Tube 00: 1 in. Longitudinal pitch: 2.165 in.
(f) Geometry/Tube Types/Tube Type 1/High Fin
Fin type: Circular fin (Default) Fin base thickness: 0.013 in.
Fin density: 10 fin/in. Material: Aluminum 1060-Hl4
Fin height: 0.625 in.
Note: The fins are tapered from base to tip, but only the average thickness affects the results. If no value is entered for the fin tip
thickness, then the value entered for the base thickness is interpreted as the average thickness.
(g) Process
Tube-Side Fluid (Hot) Air-Side Fluid

Fluid name Hydrocarbon
Phase/air-side flow-rate units All liquid Mass flow rate
Flow rate (1000 lb/h) 250 1037.344
Inlet temperature (ºF) 250 95
Outlet temperature (ºF) 150
lnlet pressure/altitude of unit 50 psia 250 ft
2
Fouling resistance (h · ft · ºF/Btu) 0.001 o
If the altitude of the unit above mean sea leve! is given here, the program accounts for the variation of atmospheric pressure
with altitude in determining the air density.
(h) Hot Fluid Properties
Bulk properties of the hydrocarbon stream are entered by first choosing Program calculated as the Physical Property Input
Option. On the Components panel, HTRI is selected as the Package to be used and <User Defined> is selected from the list of
components. Then on the Liquid Properties subpanel the density ( 49 .94 lbm/ft"}, viscosity (0.5 cp = 1.21 lbm/ft · h ), thermal
conductivity (0.082 Btu/h · ft · ºF) and heat capacity (O.SS Btu/lbm · ºF) are entered ata single reference temperature of200ºF.
This completes the data entry. No input data are required for the properties of air, which are automatically generated by the
program.
The Output Summary for this case is given below along with the tube layout and exchanger drawings produced by Xace. The
output data were used to construct the results comparison shown in the following table. Note that the air-side heat-transfer
coefficient of 7.81 Btu/h · fr' · ºF given in the output file is the effective outside coefficient, i.e., 7/w h0. The weighted efficiency is not
available in the Xace output files, but the fin efficiency computed by the program is given as 79. 7% in the Output Summary. Using
the percentages of fin (96%) and prime ( 4%) surface area calculated in Example 12.1 gives 7/w = O.SOS, from which h0 = 9. 70 Btu/h ·
ft2 · ºF:
Item Hand HEXTRAN Xace

Re; 69,594 69,596 69,623
Re0 8115 8080 8381
2
h; (Btu/h · ft · ºF) 420 420 490
h0 (Btu/h · fr' · ºF) 9.12 7.2 9.70
U0 (Btu/h · ft2 · ºF) 4.45 4.05 4.67
í:l,.P; (psi) 15.3 15.7 16.3
ó,.P0 (in. H2O) 0.36 0.40 0.32
W motor (hp) 15.5ª 14.Sb 14.2ª
Over-design (%) 8.5 o 12.9
"Based on 70% fan total efficiency and 95% drive efficiency, or

combined 66.5% fan and drive efficiency
6
Based on 60% fan static efficiency and 95% drive efficiency, or
equivalent combined efficiency of 57%
Both tube-side and air-side heat-transfer coefficients from HEXTRAN are significantly more conservative than those from Xace. By
contrast, values of the air-side coefficient calculated by hand and by Xace agree quite well, the difference being about 6%. The tube-
side results are consistent with those from examples in previous chapters.
The overall heat-transfer coefficient calculated by hand differs from the Xace value by less than 5%. However, Xace calculated
a higher tube-side heat-transfer coefficient and lower fin efficiency. The difference in fin efficiency is attributed to the correction
applied by Xace that accounts for a non-uniform heat-transfer coefficient (see Section 2.3).
The air-side pressure drop computed by Xace is the lowest (least conservative) of the three values compared here. Note, however,
that no allowance for fan area blockage was induded in the Xace calculation for this example.
Xace Output Summary for Example 12.3
Xace Ver. 7.00 51212013 1 0:22 SN: 14337-877388691 USUnits
Example 12.3
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger induced dra11 countercurrent to crossflow
1 No Data Check Messages.
2 See Rtnrtirne Message Report for Warning Messages.
3 Process Conditions Outside Tubeside
4 Fluid name Hydrocarbon
5 Fluid condition Sens. Gas Sens. Liquid
6 Total flow rate (1 000-lblhr) 1 037.340 250.000
7 Weight fraction vapor, In/Out 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 Temperature, In/Out (Deg F) 95.00 150.09 250.00 150.00
9 Skin temperature, Min/Max (Deg F) 130.30 205.14 137.97 221.22
1 O Pressure, lnleVOutlet (psia) 14.565 14.553 50.000 33.680
11 Pressure drop, Total/Allow (inH2O) l(psi) 0.320 1 0.000 16.320 1 0.000
12 Midpoint velocity (flisec) 18.94 6.94
13 - In/Out (fl/sec) 6.94 6.94
14 Heat transfer safety factor H 1.0000 1.0000
15 Fouling (112-hr-F/Btu) 0.00000 0.00100
16 Exchanger Peñorrnance
17 Outside film coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 7.81 Actual U (Btu/112-hr-F) 4.665
18 Tubeside film coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 489.86 Required U (Btu/112-hr-F) 4.133
19 Clean coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 5.323 Area (112) 44629
20 Hotregime Sens. Liquid Overdesign (%) 12.86
21 Cold regime Sens. Gas Tube Geornetry
22 EMTD (Deg F) 74.5 Tube type High-finned
23 Duty (MM Btulhr) 13.750 Tube OD (inch) 1.0000
24 Unit Geornetry TubelD (inch) 0.8100
25 Bays in parallel per unit 1 Length (11) 36.000
26 Bundles parallel per bay 1 Area ratio(ouVin) H 26.512
27 Extended area (112) 44629 Layout Staggered
28 Bare area (112) 2078.2 Trans pitch (inch) 2.5000
29 Bundle width (11) 11.813 Long pitch (inch) 2.1650
30 Nozzle lnlet Outlet Number ofpasses (--) 4
31 Number (--) 1 1 Number ofrows (--) 4
32 Diameter (inch) 5.0470 5.0470 Tubecount H 224
33 Velocity (fl/sec) 10.01 10.01 Tubecount Odd/Even H 561 56
34 R-V-SQ (lblfl-sec2) 5003.1 5003.1 Material Carbon steel
35 Pressure drop (psi) 0.594 0.378 Fin Geornetry
36 Fan Geornetry Type Circular
37 No/bay H 2 Fins/length (fin/in ch) 1 O.O
38 Fan ring type 15 deg Fin root (inch) 1.0000
39 Diameter (11) 10.500 Height (inch) 0.6250
40 Ratio, F anlbundle fa ce a rea H 0.41 Base thickness (inch) 0.0130
41 Driver power (hp) 14.24 Overfin (inch) 2.2500
42 Tip clearance (inch) 0.6250 Efficiency (%) 79.7
43 Efficiency (%) 66.500 Area ratio (finlbare) (--) 21.475
44 Airside Velocities Actual standard Material Aluminum 1 060 - H1 4
45 Face (flimin) 573.62 542.08 Therrnal Resistance, %
46 Maximum (fl/sec) 18.38 17.37 Air 59.71
47 Flow (1 ooo 113/min) 243.93 230.52 Tube 25.25
48 Velocity pressure (inH2O) 0.129 Fouling 12.37
49 Bundle pressure drop (inH2O) 0.303 Metal 2.68
50 Bundle flow fraction H 1.000 Bond 0.00
51 Bundle 94.78 Airside Pressure Drop, % Louvers 0.00
52 Ground clearance 0.00 Fan guard 0.00 Hail screen 0.00
53 Fan ring 5.22 Fan area blockage 0.00 Steam coil 0.00
Xace Exchanger Drawings for Example 12.3
'l,-----------------------36 --4
ft
'1,-----------18 --4
ft
r
5.833
ft
Xace Tube Layout for Example 12.3
'>-------------------11.813 ft - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----'<
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@~
··················~.·-·~~.•.•.•.•.•.•.•1.·.···································1.•1.•1.•1.·.·············
~ ®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
Outer Wall Transverse Longitudinal Fin Bundle Information

Diameter Thickness Pitch Pitch Height Bundle width 11.813 ft
Name Type (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) Number of tube rows 4
Number of tu bes 224
1 TubeTypel High-finned 1.0000 0.0950 2.5000 2.1650 0.6250 Mínimum wall clearance
Left 0.3750 inch
Right 0.3750 inch
Wall Wall
Number of tu bes per pass
Number Clearance Number Clearance
O Tu be pass # 1: 56
Row of Tubes Tube Type (inch) Row of Tu bes Tube Type (inch)
• Tubepass # 2 56
1 56 TubeTypel 0.3750 3 56 TubeTypel 0.3750 • Tubepass # 3 56
2 56 TubeTypel 1.6250 4 56 TubeTypel 1.6250 O Tubepass # 4 56
Air-cooled propane condensers are quite common in the petrochemical industry. Design of an air-cooled unit for the service of
Example 11.11 is considered in the following example.
Example 12.4
100,000 kg/h (220,460 lb/h) of industrial propane at 1751.3 kPa absolute (254 psia) and 70.79ºC (159.42ºF) are to be condensed.
The composition of the stream on a molar basis is 97% propane, 2% ethane, 0.5% n-butane and 0.5% i-butane. A fouling factor of
0.000176 m 2 · K/W (0.001 h · ft2 · ºF/Btu) anda maximum pressure drop of 17.24 kPa (2.5 psi) are specified for the propane
stream. The design ambient air temperature is 95ºF. Use Xace to design an air-cooled condenser for this service and compare the
result with the water-cooled condenser of Example 11.11.
Solution
To obtain an initial configuration for the unit, Xace is first run in classic design mode with input parameters based on the design
guidelines given in this chapter.
(a) Geometry/Unit
Tube orientation: Fan type: Forced

Horizontal (Default) (Default)
This is the most commonly used configuration for air coolers.

(b)
Number of fans per bay: 2 (3) Fan diameter: 13 ft

Combined efficiency: 65% Fan ring type: Bell
(Default)
Either two or three fans are used per bay, depending on the tube length. The fan diameter is based on a maximum bundle width
of 14 ft.
( c) Geometry/Optional
Free area in hail screen: 80%
A hail screen is specified to protect the tube bundle in a forced-draft unit. It is assumed that a steam coi! will not be required.
( d) Geometry/Bundle
Number of tube rows: 4 Tube length: 42 ( 48, 54, 60) ft
Four runs are made with tube lengths ranging from 42 to 60 ft. Two fans per bay are used for the two shorter Iengths, while
three-fan bays are specified for the longer lengths. Four tube rows constitute a reasonable choice, but other values (3, 5, or 6)
could also be tried. If the number of rows is not specified, Xace genera tes tube bundles with an unusually Iarge number of rows
for this problem.
( e) Geometry/Tube Types/Tube Type 1/ Geometry
Tube type: High Fin Wall thickness: 0.095 in.(13 BWG)

Tube material: Carbon steel (Default) Transverse pitch: 2.5 in.
Tube OD: 1 in.
(f) Geometry/Tube Types/Tube Type 1/High Fin
Fin type: Circular fin (Default) Fin base thickness: 0.012 in.
Fin density: 10 fin/in. Fin height: 0.625 in.
Material: Aluminum 1100-
annealed (Default)
(g) Process
Tube-Side Fluid (Hot) Air-Side Fluid

Fluid name Propane
Phase/air-side flow-rate units Condensing Mass flow rate
Flow rate (1000 Ib/h) 220.46
Inlet temperature (ºF) 159.42 95
Outlet temperature (ºF)
Inlet vapor fraction
Outlet vapor fraction o
Inlet pressure/altitude of unit 254 psia
2
Fouling resistan ce (h · ft • ºF/Btu) 0.001 o
Note that neither the flow rate nor the outlet temperature of the air is specified here.
(h) Hot fluid properties
Since propane is a defined composition stream, User specified grid is chosen as the physical property input option and
VMGThermo is selected as the property package. The Advanced Peng-Robinson method is used to calculate physical properties.
After selecting the components on the Composition tab, Property sets is chosen as the temperature point method on the
Conditions tab. Four pressure levels are specified (254, 253, 252, and 251 psia) to cover the operating pressure range. At each
leve), a temperature range of 95ºF to 160ºF is specified to cover the entire operating range, and the number of points is set at 20.
The Xace Output Summary for the run with 60 ft tu bes is shown below, from which it is seen that five fan bays are used with a total
of 15 fans. The designs for 48 and 54 ft tubes have six bays, while seven bays are used with 42 ft tubes. Although any of these designs
could be taken as a starting point, the result for 60 ft tubes is chosen here because it has the fewest number of bays.
Xace Output Summary for Example 12.4: Design Run with 60 ft Tubes
Xace Ver. 7 .00 5/112013 17:43 SN: 14337-877388691 USUnits
Design-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced draft countercurrent to crossfiow

2 See Runtirne Message Report for Warning Messages.
4 Fluid name Propane
5 Fluid condition Sens.Gas Cond. Vapor
6 Total fiow rate (1 000-lb/hr) 7560.000 220.460
7 Weightfraction vapor, In/Out 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
10 Pressure, lnlet/Outlet (psia) 14.697 14.691 254.00 251.89
11 Pressure drop, Total/Allow (inH2O) 1 (psi) 0.170 1 0.000 2.111 1 5.000
12 Midpoint velocity (fllsec) 13.38 3.16
13 - In/Out (fllsec) 11.88 0.91
14 Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1.0000 1.0000
15 Fouling (112-hr-F/Btu) 0.00000 0.00100
16 Exchanger Performance
17 Outside film coef (Btulfl2-hr-F) 6.88 Actual u (Btu/ft2-hr-F) 3.900
18 Tubeside film coef (Btu/ft2-hr-F) 335.42 Required u (Btu/ft2-hr-F) 3.809
19 Clean coef (Btu/ft2-hr-F) 4.350 Area (112) 441379
20 Hotregime Cond. Vapor Overdesign (%) 2.39
21 Cold regime Sens. Gas Tube Geometry
23 Duty (MM Blu/hr) 31.499 Tube OD (inch) 1.0000
24 Unit Geornetry TubelD (inch) 0.8100
25 Bays in parallel per unil 5 Length (ft) 60.000
26 Bundles parallel per bay 1 Area ratio(outlin) (--) 26.497
28 Bare area (112) 20565 Trans pitch (inch) 2.5000
29 Bundle width (fil 14.000 Long piten (inch) 2.1650
30 Nozzle lnlet Outlet Number of passes (--) 2
31 Number (--) 1 1 Number ofrows (--) 4
32 Diameter (inch) 5.0470 3.0680 Tubecount (--) 266
33 Velocity (fllsec) 40.70 8.47 Tubecount Odd/Even (--) 67 / 66
34 R-V-SQ (lb/ft-sec2) 3588.0 2019.7 Material Carbon steel
35 Pressure drop (psi) 0.426 0.153 Fin Geornetry
36 Fan Geometry Type Circular
37 No/bay (--) 3 Fins/length (finlinch) 10.0
38 Fan ring type Bell Fin root (inch) 1.0000
39 Diameter (fil 13.000 Height (inch) 0.6250
40 Ratio, Fanlbundle face area (--) 0.47 Base thickness (inch) 0.0120
43 Efficiency (%) 65.000 Area ratio (fin/bare) (--) 21.462
44 Airside Velocities Actual Standard Material Aluminum 11 00-annealed
45 Face (fl/min) 419.46 400.00 Thermal Resistance, %
46 Maximum (fllsec) 13.19 12.58 Air 56.69
47 Flow (1 ooo 113/min) 1761.7 1680.0 Tube 30.81
50 Bundle fiow fraction (--) 1.000 Bond 0.00
51 Bundle 97.86 Airside Pressure Drop, % Louvers 0.00
52 Ground clearance 000 Fan guard 0.00 Hail screen 0.77
53 Fan ring 1.37 Fan area blockage 0.00 Steam coi! 0.00
Switching to rating mode, the required additional input data are entered from the results of the design run: number of bays
(5), number of tube passes (2), tubes in odd/even rows (67/66), bundle width (14 ft), and tube-side nozzles ( 6 in. schedule 40
inlet, 3 in. schedule 40 outlet). The mass flow rate of air is then adjusted to give an over-design of about 5%; this is done to
provide a consistent basis for comparing alternate designs. The result is listed as Design 1 in the design summary table shown
below.
We next attempt to obtain a more compact design by reducing the number ofbays from five to four. The inlet nozzle size for this
case is increased to 8 in. in arder to accommodate the higher flow rate per bundle. (Alternatively, two smaller inlet nozzles could be
used for each bundle.) With these changes the tube-side pressure drop is found to be about 2.7 psi, which is slightly higher than the
specified maximum of 2.5 psi. A possible remedy is to increase the number of tubes by decreasing the gap between tubes. The
mínimum gap between fin tips recommended by equipment manufacturers is 1/16 in., which in this case corresponds to a trans-
verse pitch of 2.3125 in. This change increases the number of tubes per bundle from 266 to 286 (72/71 tubes in odd/even rows) and
reduces the pressure drop to 2.37 psi, which is acceptable. The number of fans can also be reduced from 12 to 6 by using two
bundles per bay. The Output Summary for this case, which is designated Design 2, is given below.
Xace Output Summary for Example 12.4: Rating Run for Design 2
Xace Ver. 7.00 51112013 15:21 SN: 14337-877388691 us Units
Rating-Horizontal air-cooled heat exchanger forced dra11 countercurrent to crossflow

2 See Runtime Message Report for Warning Messages.
4 Fluid name Propane
5 Fluid condition Sens. Gas Cond. Vapor
6 Total flow rate (1 000-lblhr) 8650.000 220.460
7 VVeight fraction vapor, In/Out 1 0000 1.0000 1 0000 0.0000
10 Pressure, lnleVOutlet (psia) 14.697 14.683 254.00 251.63
11 Pressure drop, Total/Allow (inH2O) 1 (psi) 0.381 1 0.000 2.374 1 5.000
12 Midpoint velocity (ftisec) 20.63 3.56
13 - In/Out (ftisec) 13.81 1.06
14 Heat transfer safety factor (--) 1.0000 1.0000
15 Fouling (112-hr-F/Btu) 0.00000 0.00100
16 Exchanger Performance
17 Outside film coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 8.17 Actual U (Btu/112-hr-F) 4.333
18 Tubeside film coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 346.63 Required U (Btu/112-hr-F) 4.125
19 Clean coef (Btu/112-hr-F) 4.895 Area (112) 379653
20 Hot regime Cond. Vapor Overdesign (%) 5.04
21 Cold regime Sens. Gas Tube Geometry
23 Duty (MM Btulhr) 31.514 Tube OD (inch) 1.0000
24 Unit Geometry TubelD (inch) 0.81 DO
25 Bays in parallel per unit 2 Length (11) 60.000
26 Bundles parallel per bay 2 Area ratio(ouVin) (--) 26.497
28 Bare area (112) 17689 Trans pitch (inch) 2.3125
29 Bundle width (11) 14.000 Long pitch (inch) 2.0026
30 Nozzle lnlet Outlet Number of passes (--) 2
31 Number (--) 1 1 Number of rows (--) 4
32 Diameter (inch) 7.9810 3.0680 Tubecount (--) 286
33 Velocity (ftisec) 20.34 10.58 Tubecount Odd/Even (--) 72 / 71
34 R-V-SQ (lb/11-sec2) 896.55 3154.7 Material Carbon steel
35 Pressure drop (psi) 0.106 0.238 Fin Geometry
36 Fan Geometry Type Circular
37 Nolbay (--) 3 Finsllength (fin/in ch) 1 O.O
38 Fan ring type Bell Fin roo! (inch) 1.0000
39 Diameter (11) 18.000 Height (inch) 0.6250
40 Ratio, F an/bundle face a rea (--) 0.45 Base thickness (inch) 0.0120
43 Efficiency (%) 65.000 Area ratio (finlbare) (--) 21.462
44 Airside Velocities Actual Standard Material Aluminum 1100-annealed
45 Face (ftimin) 599.93 572.09 Thermal Resistance, %
46 Maximum (ftisec) 20.39 19.44 Air 53.00
47 Flow (1000113/min) 2015.8 1922.2 Tube 33.12
50 Bundle flow fraction (--) 1.000 Bond O.DO
51 Bundle 97.94 Airside Pressure Drop, % Louvers 000
52 Ground clearance O.DO Fan guard O.DO Hail screen 0.70
53 Fan ring 1.36 F an a rea blockage O.DO Steam coil O.DO
The size of the exchanger can be further reduced at the expense of additional fan power by reducing the tube length. With
a length of 54 ft, for example, the total power requirement increases from 236 to 371 hp; this case is designated Design 3. The
number of fans could be halved in this case as well by utilizing bays with two tube bundles. Further reducing the tube length to 50 ft
increases the total fan power to nearly 550 hp. It seems unlikely that this case would be economical unless plot space considerations
restricted the size of the unit. However, economic data are needed to select an optima! design.
The following table compares key attributes of air-cooled and water-cooled units for this service.
Air-Cooled Water-Cooled Condenser

Condenser (Plain Tube, Double
Para meter (Design 3) Segmenta! Baffles)
Heat-transfer area (ft2) 341,620 7339
Number of tubes 1144 1428
Tube length (ft) 54 20
Effective mean temperature 21.2 33.2
difference (ºF)
Propane t:i,_p (psi) 2.19 0.51
Propane heat-transfer 346 239
coefficient (Btu/h · ft2 · ºF)
Clearly, the air-cooled condenser requires much more heat-transfer area due to the low air-side heat-transfer coefficient. Also,
notice that the cross-flow arrangement in the air cooler results in a lower mean temperature difference. While the operating cost of
an air cooler tends to be lower than that of a water-cooled unit, the operating cost is still quite significant. These units have sizable
power requirements (about 100-370 hp for the designs in this example), not to mention the maintenance of ali the motors and
drive trains.
Design Summaries for Example 12.4
Item Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Fan bays 5 2 4
Bundles per bay 1 2
Tubes per bundle 266 286 286
Total number of tubes 1330 1144 1144
Tube length, ft 60 60 54
Transverse pitch, in. 2.5 2.3125 2.3125
Number of fans 15 6 12
Fan diameter, ft 13 18 13
Driver power, hp 6.6 39.4 30.9
Total fan power, hp 99 236 371
Air flow rate, 1000 lb/h 7700 8650 9770
2
Heat-transfer area, ft 441,379 379,653 341,620
Tube-side !:J,.P, psi 1.88 2.37 2.19
Air-side !:J,.P, in. H2O 0.177 0.381 0.551
Tube-side inlet nozzles 6 in. sch. 40 8 in. sch. 40 8 in. sch 40
Tube-side outlet nozzles 3 in. sch. 40 3 in. sch. 40 3 in. sch. 40
Over-design, % 5.1 5.0 5.0
Ali designs have 14 ft wide tube bundles with 4 tube rows and 2 passes. The carbon steel tubes
are 1 in. 00, 13 BWG with embedded (G-fin) type 1100 annealed aluminum fins. Fins are
0.625 in. high with a density of 10 fpi. Ali cases employ plug-type box headers and forced-draft
operation. Nozzle specifications are tentative pending mechanical design calculations.
Fan Bay Layout for Design 1

,f-
. . , . r~:·, .
'
~ - ---i - ~ - - - -:•-
'
~ - - - ~ - - - -::-
/
_
:
~ - - - ~ - -:-
1 :
. - - - ~- - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - __ .: - - - . : ' : . - - - - ~- - - -- - -- - .,'_ - - - - - - -'- - -- .
-j-
r
14,104
' --:~::r:~~~~:r--------\_-_-_J_ u~-~~,-r--------·-:.-_-_-_-_-_-_-r-_-_-_·__ ,,,.

1
'
\
," -·· 1'
: 1 /
,
1
l
J _ _i-_-T-:..:-_-.:_:-'.-_--------_t:-..:.-:·_J. :..:-_-.:_:-.,-_--------__r-:-..:.-:-T-..:.: __ \_
1 1 \ f I 1 \ < 1 \
t 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
· ·---¡-------r-----·····;;····· 1 ·····r······-··,:·······,···· ·
' ' , ' ' ' ,
', •. ,.1 .. ,-'' ', -!. '--- .. !,,,--'
,, . r~:, .
' ' ' : 1: '
, • - - - ~ - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - _ _ :_ - - - - _ : ' : _ - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - _ .,'_ - - - - - - - '- - - - • 1
\-\:_~_·.:--::.j'· -··-·-···t--=-·:¡;-¡:--:-·.~):_ .. _ .. _.·i:::.-=-.:t.-=-j· -)-

',,,.j_jj., .' '-,, 1
,, . r~:,.. ..,
' ' ' : 1 : /
J. _;·_-j-.-:..:-_·:}-··-·--·i-:-..:.·::_J .::..:-.J·_--·--·--F·..:.-:-j:·..:.:. _··:-
\ : ... i-··-··-/········\-··-¡ ! ¡·····f-···-··-·\··-····,···-:
, •. 1... '---~. 1.J.-- 1
,, . :~·,
.• ,
1 , , : 1: ,
J. - _:-:j:-..:.-:·~·.:--·--·-·F·..:.·::_J .::..:-_·:..:\.--·--·--.i-:·..:.·:-j:·..:.:. _·,.
'' ' ; / ' 1 ; ••• ; '
' ,
', •.•• 1_.. ,, .L .. L.
~i~~--------------~--------------~~i~
Fan Bay Layout for Design 2
.L .~.·~· , .L
: 1
: 1 \ / 1
,·······! ············ . , ; : 1 ••••••••••••• , •• _/ •••••••••••• !·······, 28.208

+ - t: - +
ft
······•··· ······:···;__- 1 ----------:---'r-------------•------
1 1 :
- .. - - .. ~ - - -,.¡ ... ~-~-----" - .. - - .. 1~ - -
.•.. L___ -~-·~- , _. __ L _

: 1
1 , / : 1 / 1
...... ) / ! 1 •••••••••••••••••• : ••••••••••• ) ••••••• ,
_..,__ -.--- .l--'- ·r-- ,__._
- - - - • - T •• - • - - - - - - •• • 1. - - ~ - - - - - - - • - • • -----------'---'r-------------T·-----
! \ ! \
1
··- .. '. ..
~¡~'k----------------~----------------~¡~
Tube Bundle Layout for Designs 2 and 3
outer Wall Transverse Longitudinal Fin Bundle Information

Diameter Thickness Pitch Pitch Height Bundle width 14.000 ft
Name Type (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) (inch) Number of tube rows 4
Number of tubes 286
1 TubeTypel High-finned 1.0000 0.09S0 2.312S 2.0026 0.62S0 Minimum wall clearance
Left 0.3750 inch
Right 1.187 S inch
Wall Wall
Number of tubes per pass
Number Clearance Number Clearance
O Tubepass # 1: 143
Row of Tu bes Tube Type (inch) Row of Tubes Tube Type (inch)
O Tubepass # 2: 143
1 72 TubeTypel 0.37S0 3 72 TubeTypel 0.37S0
2 71 TubeTypel l.S313 4 71 TubeTypel l.S313
Exchanger Drawing for Design 2 (1 of 2 Bays)
References
[1] Kraus AD, Az.iz A, Welty J. Extended Surtace Heat Transfer. New York: Wiley; 2001.
[2] Hewitt GE, Shires GL, Bott TR. Process Heat Transfer. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1994.
[3] Minton PE. Heat exchanger design. In: McKetta JJ, editor. Heat Transfer Design Methods. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1991.
[4] Bell KJ, Mueller AC. Wolverine Engineering Data Book 11. Wolverine Tube, lnc; 2001. www.wlv.com.
[5] Anonymous. Engineering Data Book. 11th ed. Tulsa, OK: Gas Processors Suppliers Association; 1998.
[6] Mukherjee R. Effectively design air-cooled heat exchangers. Chem. Eng. Prog. 1987;93(No. 2):26-47.
[7] Shipes KV. Air-cooled exchangers in cold climates. Chem. Eng. Prog 1974;70(No. 7):53-8.
[8] Briggs DE, Young EH. Convection heat transfer and pressure drop of air flowing across triangular pitch banks of finned tubes. Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser
1963;59(No. 41 ):1-1 O.
[9] Ganguli A, Tung SS, Taborek J. Parametric study of air-cooled heat exchanger finned tube geometry. AIChE Symp. Ser 1985;81(No. 245):122-8.
[10] Króger DG. Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers. New York: distributed by Begell House, lnc; 1998.
[11] Robinson KK, Briggs DE. Pressure drop of air flowing across triangular pitch banks of finned tubes. Chem. Eng Prog. Symp. Ser 1965;62(No. 64):177-84.
[12] Taborek J. Mean temperature difference. In: Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Vol. 1. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.; 1988.
[13] Roetzel W, Neubert J. Calculation of mean temperature difference in air-cooled cross-flow heat exchangers. J. Heat Transfer 1979;101 :511-3.
Appendix 12.A LMTD Correction Factors for Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
The following notation is used for the charts:

A = heat-transfer surface area in exchanger
C1 = ( mCp) 1 = heat capacity flow rate of tube-side fluid
C2 = (mCp)2 = heat capacity flow rate of cross-flow stream (air)
t:,.Tm = F(t:,.Tin)c¡= mean temperature difference in exchanger
U = overall heat-transfer coefficient
Ali other symbols are explicitly defined on the charts themselves.

When the outlet temperatures ofboth streams are known, the lower charts can be used to obtain the LMTD correction factor in
the usual manner. When the outlet temperatures are unknown but the product UA is known, the upper charts can be used to obtain
e, from which the mean temperature difference, t.Tm, can be found. The exchanger duty is then obtained as q = UAt.Tm, and the
outlet temperatures are computed using the energy balances on the two streams.
The equations from which the charts were constructed are given by Taborek [ 12]. Unfortunately, sorne of the equations contain
errors; therefore, the original sources listed in Ref. [12) should be consulted if the equations are to be used. An alternative
computational method is given in Ref. [13) and is reproduced in Ref. [10). Although approximate, this method is well suited for
computer calculations. Neither the exact nor the approximate method is convenient for hand calculations. Therefore, only the charts
are presented here.
R
_
-e -
_S_ _ (Í )¡ -(Í
1 1)0
1 (Í2}0 - (\)¡
í 1 and í2 are not interchangeable
-------+- NTU2 = AU/C2
0.9
1.2
0.8
1.4
0.7
1.6
0.6
1.8
0.5 2.0
0.4
0.3
0.2 5.0
0.1
0.0 ,.....,--·, 1 f T ¡ • 1 'I 1 '/ -,- 1 -.- j ·,, ·,, 1 • j u j 1 11 1 11

o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
LL
0.6
0.4
0.3 +-~-+-~-+-~--~--'t-~~-~~-~-+-~~+-~- ...•.•....~.....__..

o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
FIGURE 12.A.1 Mean temperature difference relationships for cross flow: three tube rows and one tube pass (Source: Ref [12]).
R
_
-e -
s.__ (Í1); - (Í1)0
1 (\)0-(\)¡
í1 and í2 are not interchangeable
-------.. NTU2 = AU/C2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.6
0.6
~
~él~ 0.5 1 1 1 J \( \ .r\ .1\ )!h"k''vf<, 'k'i~
- NStsl>f' _l--L 1 ~:~
t:..
"'
0.4
, r
JI: .'\: t _, - h -,~ - ,k\'
, .l.".,R
. , -"t~t:":k
- - r~'k-·iq~¿---_
~ 12.5
3.0
0.3
0.2 1 .-t .J: J- W-j~-- -K :K,J\J\~KlCts:Jsr::t:~~t~;m¡ ~:~

0.1
o.o i--=-- 1 1 1 1 1¡ 11 q 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 / 111 1 1

o.o
-
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.0
\-
" !\ \ ~
r--~
. ~ -
::::::::::
'\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ::::-- ------ F:::: ~
- - -
........____
r---
--.... ........____ -1-f""o 1
.~
¡---.._._
0.9 --.... --....
\ r-.
~\
"--,O·T~
~ !'-"- " ~ ~
0.8 ~ ~ ~~~ "'
~
\\
'- ~ ~ ~
"" ""'
·,.:,-
\
i \\ \ 1\ ¡\ \ I'\ i'\ 1\ ¡\
\
0.7 >--
!
- --·- -·--- -- Jj_ \\ f\ \ \ \ [\ Í\
\
\
LL ~ \ \ \\ \ [\ \ !\ o.,,.
0.6 >---~
1
11 : \ \ \ \ \
{+- 1 \ \ \ \ \
0.5 ·- t--- f- -- ~ \ \ \ \ ~\
---
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
0.4 - ~:o
11
\ \ \ \
\ \ \
0.3
- ~o-
1
- - -6-~- -~ ,___f')_
1 1 1 'f
_ ["
o
1
.!.
>-oo
1
1
f-:-'°
(J)
1
>--t-
~
"'- ~f¡7~- -~1 -~
1
(J)
o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
FIGURE 12.A.2 Mean temperature difference relationships far cross flow: tour tube rows and one tube pass (Source: Ref. [12]).
t
(e , , :::: r ,
R=c:-=~-~-
C2 (T1); - (T1)0 _ 1 1 1 1 >)
1 (T2)0- (T2); t
T1 and T2 are not interchangeable
-NTU2 = AU/C2
0.9
<l
~
\-El\::..
1
,--:
t:::
º·'I 1\ t~ :- f-JlJ;:
0.2 1 '1 , · , t ' , 1 ,· ,y,·-- \~-- ~-
'· f l¡,-;¡
- _?,,- I· -- 1:\- h---h.- i''Cl ",I _.::,... 1 "'(f ~t:.'l.-'t-\\'115.o
4.0
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.0 -- ,
\ !"-. l~r-----; r--::::: ~ .:::;;;::: r--.:: r-:;:::-- ~ . ---::,K
' \ \ '\ ~' í\.'-" , ~~~):: ~~· ~ ~,
1
h
<?'°
0.9
' J ' \ [\ '\l
=-T·:_
\
\ \ \ __ J\¡ ' +\ 1
--
0.8
0.7
~--
--· -
' \r ·- l
-\L --X '\\ . ~-1Vt 1 1
LL 1--- --
__ __
,
C---J~- - \1 \ ·-
1
i- -7-
1
__ i_
0.6 ··-
--- --- >--
o
:, .
0.5 -
..
!
o
¡_,,
,_ L--'JJ-··
0.4 ···- - - -- - --- t- ---
'f -r- -ri-· r i_ f f ~ri-r

11
~ -0- ~--~-,f>,- -~ -- :--"-
'f 1 "'11
0.3
1 1
o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
FIGURE 12.A.3 Mean temperature difference relationships for cross flow: three tube rows and three tube passes (Source: Ref. [12]).
-----,
(e
t
1
• (Ío}a l
1
• ...
~(Í1);
_
1.
~
R = C2 = (í1); - (í1)0
e;-
0 t t t
~
(í2)0- (í2)¡ t (Í2); (Í1)0
í 1 and í 2 are not interchangeable
- NTU2 = AU/C2
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.7 1.4
1.6
\-
<l
~¡~- 1
0.6
1.8
,-"" 0.5
¿ 2.0
11
"' 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
u..
0.6
0.5
0.4
(Í2)0 - (Í2);
P=
(í1)i- (í2)i
FIGURE 12.A.4 Mean temperature difference relationships far cross flow: tour tube rows and tour tube passes (Source: Ref. [12]).
t (T2)0
R = C2 = (T1); - (T1)0 ~::~ :'2 :11111111111110

C1 (T2)0 - (T2);
1
t (T2);
T 1 and T 2 are not interchangeable
- NTU2 = AU/C2
1.0
0.2 0.3 0.4 Q_5_ 0.8 o.o
,' ,, , 1.0
' ,' ,,
,' , ,,
,, ,,
0.9 , , ,,
,, ,,
,, , ,, 1 .,,11.2
0.8 , ,
,, ,, _,,
0.7 1.4
~ 1.6
l-
1--
<I
~
1
-""'
0.6
1.8
¿: 0.5
11
"" 0.4
0.3
~f<~:r¿t~f:~g~]~;;f9\;~2{:t;J~~
2
º- ·', .,, ']), - , .••_.,. ~- _ ••• - - - - -- - - - ' 1 6'"
5.0
0.1
o.o
o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.0 ..., 1
"'" ".....__--....; f:;: ::3::: ~ ..:::- ~ •... r---; ,...._ t-- -r-- r--.... R_,,
0. 7 ..•
\ \ ~ !"'-- ..•..•....
0.9
\ \ ~~ t'- " !'s.
r-----.:
~ i:::---- k'r-
""' \
\ 1\ "\ ""\ " '

"'
'
\
1
\
\1 \ \ \ " ' \ ' "
[\ \\J\ "'
\ 1\
1\
"!'\' I'\
o
0.8
\ ' ' Í\ \
'
1\ \1\
0.7
\ 1\ 1\ !\ \ ' 1\ , \ I\
1 \ \ \ ' \ ' \
LL
0.6
\ 1 \ \l \ \
\ \i \ 1 \
0.5
\ ~
,, \, 1
o
:, .
'1
o
0.4 :o , ""
c-r r-r-
11 11
- -~- ~g;-6- "' ~ ~
t-a-co-o,- :,.- -N- -~- -9-9
o
0.3
1 1 11 11 11 1 1 1 11 1
o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(T 2)0 - (T 2);
P=
(T1);-(\l;
FIGURE 12.A.5 Mean temperature difference relationships for cross flow: four tube rows, two tube passes, two rows per pass, tube-side fluid mixed
al return header (Source: Ref. [12]).
Appendix 12.B Standard US Motor Sizes
Motor size (hp) Motor size (hp)

0.5 30
0.75 40
1.0 50
1.5 60
2 75
3 100
5 150
7.5 200
10 250
15 300
20 400
25 500
Appendix 12.C Correction of Air Density for Elevation
The variation of pressure with altitud e in the atmosphere depends on the lapse rate, which is the rate of decrease of temperature with
altitude. For an isothermal atmosphere ( zero lapse rate ), the pressure ( and, hence, the density) decreases exponentially with altitude
according to the following equation:
~=~=~[~~~~]
~ ~ IT
(12.C.1)
where
M = molecular weight of air = 29.0

- ft · lbf J
R = gas constant = 1545 lb = 8314-k---
mo 1 e·ºR mo 1 ·K
T = absolute temperature, ºR (K)
= elevation above mean sea leve!, ft (m)
z
P 0, p0
P, p
=
=
pressure and density of air at temperature T and mean sea leve!
pressure and density of air at temperature T and elevation z
Assuming Po is essentially one atmosphere, Equation ( 12.C.1) gives the air density at any elevation in terms of the density, p0, at one
atmosphere.
Example 12.C.1
Estimate the density of dry air at l00ºF andan elevation of 3500 ft.
Solution
Equation (12.C.1) is used with T = l00ºF = 560ºR and z = 3500 ft.
p =
- exp [-M(g/gc)z]
_ = exp [-29(1.0)
------ X 3500]
= 0.8893
Po RT 1545 x 560
From Table A.5, the density of air at l00ºF and 1 atm is Po = 0.0709 lbrn/ft". Hence,
p = 0.0709 X 0.8893 = 0.0631 lbm/fr'

Notations
A Heat-transfer surface area

Acon Contact area between fin and tube wall
A¡ace Tube bundle face area
Afins Surface area of fins
A; 1rD;L = Interna! surface area of tube
Amin Mínimum flow area in tube bank
Ao 1rD,L = Externa) surface area of root tube
Aprime Prime surface area
ATot Total externa) surface area of finned tube
a (PT- D¡)/D, = Parameter in Equation (12.10)
BWG Birmingham wire gage
b Fin height
C1, C2 Heat capacity flow rate of fluid 1 and fluid 2
Cp Heat capacity at constant pressure
D¡ Outer fin diameter
D¡an Fan diameter
D; Interna! diameter of tube
D;,s1 Interna) diameter of sleeve on bimetallic tube
Do Externa) diameter of inner tube in bimetallic tube
Do,sl Externa) diameter of sleeve on bimetallic tube
D, Externa! diameter of root tube
F LMTD correction factor
FSP Fan static pressure
f Friction factor
G Mass flux
Mass flux in nozzle
g Gravitational acceleration
ge Unit conversion factor
h¡ Tube-side heat-transfer coefficient
ho Air-side heat-transfer coefficient
k Thermal conductivity
ksl Thermal conductivity of sleeve on bimetallic tube
kwbe Thermal conductivity of tube wall
L Tube length
e Fin spacing
M Molecular weight of air
m (2hofkr)°"5 = Fin parameter
m Mass flow rate
trlair Mass flow rate of air
nl¡ Mass flow rate of tube-side fluid
N¡ Number of fins
N, Number of tube rows
Nu Nusselt number
n¡ Number of fins per unit length
np Number of tube passes
ni Number of tubes
p Pressure; parameter used to calculated LMTD correction factor
Po Atmospheric pressure at mean sea leve!
Pr Prandtl number
PT Tube pitch
PTotal Sum of static and velocity pressures
q Rate of heat transfer
R Parameter used to calculate LMTD correction factor
R Universal gas constant

Contact resistance
Total fouling allowance
Tube-side fouling factor
Air-side fouling factor
Reynolds number
Re(/i/b) = Effective Reynolds number used in Equation (12.10)
Nozzle Reynolds number
Inner radius of fin
Outer radius of fin
r2 + ,/2 = Corrected fin radius
Specific gravity
T Temperature
u Overall heat-transfer coefficient
Uc Clean overall heat-transfer coefficient
Uo Design overall heat-transfer coefficient
u.¿ Required overall heat-transfer coefficient
V Fluid velocity
V¡ace Air face velocity
V¡ace, ave Air face velocity based on average air temperature
V¡ace, std Air face velocity based on standard conditions (70ºF, 1 atm)
V¡, Velocity of air leaving fan ring
Vmax Maximum velocity of air in tube bundle
w Width of tube bundle
W¡an Fan brake power
Wmotor Power delivered by motor
Wused Power used by motor
Greek Letters
a Kinetic energy correction factor

ªfr Kinetic energy correction factor for air leaving fan ring
iiP¡ Pressure drop due to fluid friction in straight sections of tubes or in flow across tube bundle
JiP¡ Total pressure drop for tube-side fluid
sr, Pressure loss in tube-side nozzles
iiPo Total air-side pressure loss
iiP, Tube-side pressure drop due to tube entrance, exit, and return losses
(iiProtal)fan Change in total pressure between fan entrance and exit
iiT Temperature difference
iiT111 Mean temperature difference in heat exchanger
(iiTin)cf Logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-current flow
'T/f Fin efficiency
'T/fan Total fan efficiency
1Jmotor Motor efficiency
n» Efficiency of speed reducer
'T/w Weighted efficiency of finned surface
µ Viscosity
Fluid viscosity evaluated at average temperature of tube wall
p Fluid density
Pair Density of air
Pave Density of air at average air temperature
Pfr Density of air leaving fan ring
Po Density of ambient air at mean sea leve!
Pstd Density of air at standard conditions (70ºF, 1 atm, 50% relative humidity)
Fin thickness
Viscosity correction factor
Effective height of annular fin
Problems
(12.1) For Example 12.1:
(a) Repeat step (k) using Equation (2.38) to calculate the tube-side heat-transfer coefficient.
(b) Repeat step (1) using Equation (12.1) to calculate the air-side heat-transfer coefficient.
(c) Repeat step (t) using Equation (12.9) to calculate the air-side friction factor.
Compare the results of the above calculations with those obtained in Examples 12.1 through 12.3.
(12.2) Designan air-cooled heat exchanger for the service of Problem 5.6. Use the properties of dry air at one atmosphere pressure
and assume an ambient air temperature of l00ºF for design purposes. The air-side pressure loss should not exceed 0.5 in.
H2O. The unit will be mounted at grade and there are no space limitations at the plant site.
(12.3) Designan air-cooled heat exchanger for the service of Problem 5.11. Use the properties of dry air at one atmosphere pressure
and assume an ambient air temperature of 95ºF for design purposes. The air-side pressure loss should not exceed 0.5 in.
H2O. Assume that the unit will be mounted at grade and that there are no space limitations at the site.
(12.4) Rate the heat exchanger designed in Problem 12.3 using:

(a) HEXTRAN.
(b) Xace.
(12.5) Designan air-cooled heat exchanger for the service of Problem 5.23. The unit will be situated on the US Gulf Coast (a
relatively corrosive environment). Design ambient air temperature is 95ºF and the maximum air-side pressure loss is 0.5 in.
H2O. Assume that the unit will be mounted at grade and that there are no space limitations at the site. Properties of the
hydrocarbon stream are given in Problem 7.20.
(12.6) Rate the heat exchanger designed in Problem 12.5 using:

(a) HEXTRAN.
(b) Xace.
(12.7) A stream consisting of 275,000 lb/h of a hydrocarbon liquid at 200ºF is to be cooled to 130ºF in an air-cooled heat
exchanger. Four induced-draft fan bays are available on the used equipment lot. Each bay contains a single tube bundle
having four rows oftubes with 45 tubes per row arranged fortwo passes. The root tubes are 1-in. 00, 14 BWG and are made
of carbon steel. The tubes contain nine aluminum fins per inch with a height of 0.5 in.andan average thickness of 0.012 in.
The tubes are laid out on 2.25-in. equilateral triangular pitch. Two of the bays each contain 24 ft long tubes and two 7.5 ft
diameter fans equipped with 10 hp motors. The other two bays each contain 16 ft long tubes and two 6 ft diameter fans
equipped with 7.5 hp motors. Design specifications include maximum pressure drops of 10 psi on the tube side and 0.5 in.
H2O on the air side.
Average properties of the hydrocarbon are as follows:
Hydrocarbon Property Value at 165º F

C» (Btu/lbm · ºF) 0.53
k (Btu/h · ft · ºF) O.OSO
µ, (cp) 0.91
3
p (lbm/ft ) 48.5
Use HEXTRAN or other suitable software to determine if the existing heat exchangers are suitable for this service and if so, how
they should be arranged. For the calculations, use dry air at one atmosphere pressure and an ambient air temperature of 9 5° F.
(12.8) (a) For the service of Example 12.1, run each of the following computer programs in design mode.
(i) HEXTRAN
(ii) Xace
(b) Based on the results obtained in part (a), develop a final design for the heat exchanger using each ofthe computer
programs and compare the results with the design obtained by hand in Example 12.1.
(12.9) Use any available software to salve Problem 12.2.

(12.12) Designan air-cooled condenser for the service of Problem 11.26 using Xace. The elevation at the plant site is 1500 ft and
ambient air at a temperature of 98ºF with a relative humidity of 40% should be used for design purposes. The air-side
pressure loss should not exceed 0.5 in. H2O.
( 12.13) Designan air-cooled condenser for the service of Problem 11.28 usingXace. Design conditions are the same as in Problem
12.12.
(12.14) Designan air-cooled condenser for the service of Problem 11.37 usingXace. Design conditions are as specified in Problem
12.12.
(12.15) Designan air-cooled condenser for the service of Problem 11.38 using Xace. The elevation at the plant site is 2500 ft and
ambient air at a temperature of 95ºF with a relative humidity of 40% should be used for design purposes. The air-side
pressure loss should not exceed 0.5 in. H2O.
TABLE A.1 Properties of Metallic Elements
Elementª
200 K
-73ºC
273 K
0ºC
Thermal Conductivity k (W/m · K)b
400 K
127ºC
600 K
327ºC
800 K
527ºC
1000 K
727ºC
1200 K
927ºC p (kg/rn")
Properties at 293 K (20 ºC)
e (J/kg · K) k(W/m · K)
a X 10 6
2
(m /s)
Melting
Temperature (K)
-l=-
'i::I
'i::I
CD
Aluminum
Antimony
237
30.2
236
25.5
240
21.2
232
18.2
220
16.8
2702
6684
896
208
236
24.6
97.5
17.7
933
904 =
c.
Beryllium 301 218 161 126 107 89 73 1850 1750 205 63.3 1550 ><'
Bismuth"
Boron"
9.7
52.5
8.2
31.7 18.7 11.3 8.1 6.3 5.2
9780
2500
124
1047
7.9
28.6
6.51
10.9
545
2573
l=-
Cadmium': 99.3 97.5 94.7 8650 231 97 48.5 594 -t
Cesium
Chromium
36.8
111
36.1
94.8 87.3 80.5 71.3 65.3 62.4
1873
7160
230
440
36
91.4
83.6
29.0
302
2118
=-•••
CD
Cobalt"
Copper
122
413
104
401
84.8
392 383 371 357 342
8862
8933
389
383
100
399
29.0
116.6
1765
1356
3
Q
'i::I
Germanium
Gold
96.8
327
66.7
318
43.2
312
27.3
304
19.8
292
17.4
278
17.4
262
5360
19300 129
61.6
316 126.9
1211
1336 =-
'<
Hafnium 24.4 23.3 22.3 21.3 20.8 20.7 20.9 13280 23.1 2495 S!?.
C")
Indium 89.7 83.7 74.5 7300 82.2 430
.-•••,,
D)
lridium 153 148 144 138 132 126 120 22500 134 147 48.8 2716
!ron 94 83.5 69.4 54.7 43.3 32.6 28.2 7870 452 81.1 22.8 1810
Lead 36.6 35.5 33.8 31.2 11340 129 35.3 24.1 601 Q
Lithium 88.1 79.2 72.1 534 3391 77.4 42.7 454 'i::I
Magnesium 159 157 153 149 146 1740 1017 156 88.2 923 CD
Mangan ese 7.17 7.68 7290 486 7.78 2.2 1517 ::i
Mercury" 28.9 13546 234 ci'
en
Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
143
106
52.6
139
94
53.3
134
80.1
55.2
126
65.5
58.2
118
67.4
61.3
112
71.8
64.4
105
76.1
67.5
10240
8900
8570
251
446
270
138
91
53.6
53.7
22.9
23.2
2883
1726
2741 -
Q
Palladium
Platinum
Potassium
Rhenium
Rhodium
75.5
72.4
104
51
154
75.5
71.5
104
48.6
151
75.5
71.6
52
46.1
146
75.5
73.0
44.2
136
75.5
75.5
44.1
127
75.5
78.6
44.6
121
82.6
45.7
115
12020
21450
860
21100
12450
247
133
741
137
248
75.5
71.4
103
48.1
150
25.4
25.0
161.6
16.6
48.6
1825
2042
337
3453
2233
-
3:
D)
CD
::::!.
D)
cñ
Rubidium 58.9 58.3 1530 348 58.2 109.3 312
Silicon 264 168 98.9 61.9 42.2 31.2 25.7 2330 703 153 93.4 1685
Silver 403 428 420 405 389 374 358 10500 234 427 173.8 1234
Sodium 138 135 971 1206 133 113.6 371
Tantalum 57.5 57.4 57.8 58.6 59.4 60.2 61 16600 138 57.5 25.1 3269
Tinc 73.3 68.2 62.2 5750 227 67.0 51.3 505
Titanium" 24.5 22.4 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7 22 4500 611 22.0 8.0 1953
Tungsten" 197 182 162 139 128 121 115 19300 134 179 69.2 3653
Uranium'' 25.1 27 29.6 34 38.8 43.9 49 19070 113 27.4 12.7 1407
Vanadium 31.5 31.3 32.1 34.2 36.3 38.6 41.2 6100 502 31.4 10.3 2192
Zinc 123 122 116 105 7140 385 121 44.0 693
Zirconium" 25.2 23.2 21.6 20.7 21.6 23.7 25.7 6570 272 22.8 12.8 2125
ªPurity far ali elements exceeds 99%.

"'"' "The expected percent errors in the thermal conductivity values are approximately within ±5% ofthe true values near room ternperature and within about ±10% at other ternperatures.
"'
cFor crystalline materials, the values are given far the polycrystalline materials.
Source: Refs. [1-4].
556 Thermophysical Properties of Materials
TABLEA.2 Properties of Alloys
Properties at 293 K (20 ºC)
Metal Composition (%) p (kg/rn"] e (J/kg · K) k (W/m · K) ax 105 (m2/s)
Aluminum
Duralumin 94-96 Al, 3-5 Cu, trace Mg 2787 833 164 6.676
Silumin 87 Al, 13 Si 2659 871 164 7.099
Copper
Aluminum bronze 95 Cu, 5 Al 8666 410 83 2.330
Bronze 75 Cu, 25 Sn 8666 343 26 0.859
Red brass 85 Cu, 9 Sn, 5 Zn 8714 385 61 1.804
Brass 70 Cu, 30 Zn 8522 385 111 3.412
German silver 62 Cu, 15 Ni, 22 Zn 8618 394 24.9 0.733
Constantan 60 Cu, 40 Ni 8922 410 22.7 0.612
lton
Cast iron -4C 7272 420 52 1.702
Wrought iron 7849 460 59 1.626
Steel
Carbon steel 1 c 7801 473 43 1.172
1.s c 7753 486 36 0.970
Chrome steel 1 Cr 7865 460 61 1.665
5 Cr 7833 460 40 1.110
10 Cr 7785 460 31 0.867
Chrome-nickel steel 15 Cr, 10 Ni 7865 460 19 0.526
20 Cr, 15 Ni 7833 460 15.1 0.415
Nickel steel 10 Ni 7945 460 26 0.720
20Ni 7993 460 19 0.526
40 Ni 8169 460 10 0.279
60 Ni 8378 460 19 0.493
Nickel-chrome steel 80 Ni, 15 Cr 8522 460 17 0.444
60 Ni, 15 Cr 8266 460 12.8 0.333
40 Ni, 15 Cr 8073 460 11.6 0.305
20 Ni, 15 Cr 7865 460 14.0 0.390
Manganese steel 1 Mn 7865 460 so 1.388
5 Mn 7849 460 22 0.637
Silicon steel 1 Si 7769 460 42 1.164
5 Si 7417 460 19 0.555
Stainless steel Type 304 7817 461 14.4 0.387
Type 347 7817 461 14.3 0.387
Tungsten steel lW 7913 448 66 1.858
SW 8073 435 54 1.525
Source: Refs. [l] and [ 2].
TABLE A.3 Properties of Insulations and Building Materials
Substance Temperature (ºC) k (W/m · ºC) p (kg/rn '] e (kJ/kg· ºC) ax 107 (m2/s)
Structural and heat-resistant materials

Asphalt 20-55 0.74-0.76
Brick
Building brick, common 20 0.69 1600 0.84 5.2
Face 1.32 2000
Carborundum brick 600 18.5
1400 11.1
Chrome brick 200 2.32 3000 0.84 9.2
550 2.47 9.8
900 1.99 7.9
Diatomaceous earth, molded and fired 200 0.24
870 0.31
Thermophysical Properties of Materials 557
TABLEA.3 Properties of lnsulations and Building Materials-cont'd
Substance Temperature ( ºC) k (W/m · ºC) p (kg/m3) e (kJ/kg· ºC) ax 107 (m2/s)
Fireclay brick, burnt 2426ºF 500 1.04 2000 0.96 5.4

800 1.07
1100 1.09
Bumt 2642ºF 500 1.28 2300 0.96 5.8
800 1.37
1100 1.40
Missouri 200 1.00 2600 0.96 4.0
600 1.47
1400 1.77
Magnesite 200 3.81 1.13
650 2.77
1200 1.90
Cement, Portland 0.29 1500
Mortar 23 1.16
Concrete, cinder 23 0.76
Stone, 1-2-4 mix 20 1.37 1900-2300 0.88 8.2-6.8
Glass, window 20 0.78 (avg) 2700 0.84 3.4
Borosilicate 30-75 1.09 2200
Plaster, gypsum 20 0.48 1440 0.84 4.0
Metal lath 20 0.47
Wood lath 20 0.28
Stone
Granite 1.73-3.98 2640 0.82 8-18
Limestone 100-300 1.26-1.33 2500 0.90 5.6-5.9
Marble 2.07-2.94 2500-2700 0.80 10-13.6
Sandstone 40 1.83 2160-2300 0.71 11.2-11.9
Wood (across the grain)
Balsa, 8.8 lb/ft3 30 0.055 140
Cypress 30 0.097 460
Fir 23 0.11 420 2.72 0.96
Maple or oak 30 0.166 540 2.4 1.28
Yellow pine 23 0.147 640 2.8 0.82
White pine 30 0.112 430
lnsulating materials
Asbestos
Loosely packed -45 0.149
o 0.154 470-570 0.816 3.3-4
100 0.161
Asbestos-cement boards 20 0.74
Sheets 51 0.166
Felt, 40 laminations/in. 38 0.057
150 0.069
260 0.083
Felt, 20 laminations/in. 38 0.078
150 0.095
260 0.112
Corrugated, 4 plies/in. 38 0.087
93 0.100
150 0.119
Asbestos cement 2.08
Balsam wool, 2.2 lb/ft3 32 0.04 35
Cardboard, corrugated 0.064
Celotex 32 0.048
Corkboard, 1 O lb/ft" 30 0.043 160
Cork, regranulated 32 0.045 45-120 1.88 2-5.3
Ground 32 0.043 150
Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-ce!) o 0.061 320
Felt, hair 30 0.036 130-200
Wool 30 0.052 330
Fiber, insulating board 20 0.048 240
( Continued)
TABLE A.3 Properties of Insulations and Building Materials-cont'd
Substance Temperature ( ºC) k (W/m · ºC) p (kg/rn ") c(kJ/kg· ºC) ax 107 (m2/s)
Glass wool, 1.5 lb/ft" 23 0.038 24 0.7 22.6

lnsulex, dry 32 0.064
Kapok 30 0.035
Magnesia, 85% 38 0.067 270
93 0.071
150 0.074
204 o.oso
Rock wool, 10 lb/ft3 32 0.040 160
Loosely packed 150 0.067 64
260 0.087
Sawdust 23 0.059
Silica aerogel 32 0.024 140
Wood shavings 23 0.059
Source: Refs. [5] and [ 6].
TABLEA.4 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure: SI Units
T
(3 X 103 Cp a X 106 /1 X 106 V X106 g(3/v2 X 10-8
(K) ( ºC) p (kg/m") (1/K) (J/kg · K) k(W/m · K) (m2/s) (N·s/m2) (m2/s) Pr (1/K · m3)
273 o 1.252 3.66 1011 0.0237 19.2 17.456 13.9 0.71 1.85
293 20 1.164 3.41 1012 0.0251 22.0 18.240 15.7 0.71 1.36
313 40 1.092 3.19 1014 0.0265 24.8 19.123 17.6 0.71 1.01
333 60 1.025 3.00 1017 0.0279 27.6 19.907 19.4 0.71 0.782
353 80 0.968 2.83 1019 0.0293 30.6 20.790 21.5 0.71 0.600
373 100 0.916 2.68 1022 0.0307 33.6 21.673 23.6 0.71 0.472
473 200 0.723 2.11 1035 0.0370 49.7 25.693 35.5 0.71 0.164
573 300 0.596 1.75 1047 0.0429 68.9 39.322 49.2 0.71 0.0709
673 400 o.sos 1.49 1059 0.0485 89.4 32.754 64.6 0.72 0.0350
773 500 0.442 1.29 1076 0.0540 113.2 35.794 81.0 0.72 0.0193
1273 1000 0.268 0.79 1139 0.0762 240 48.445 181 0.74 0.00236
Source: Refs. [l] and [ 3].
TABLEA.5 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure: English Units
T (ºF) Cp (Btu/lbm · ºF) k (Btu/h · ft · F) µ (lbm/ft · h) p (lbm/ft 3) Pr
o 0.241 0.0131 0.0387 0.0864 0.71

20 0.241 0.0136 0.0402 0.0828 0.71
40 0.241 0.0141 0.0416 0.0795 0.71
60 0.241 0.0147 0.0428 0.0764 0.70
80 0.241 0.0152 0.0440 0.0735 0.70
100 0.241 0.0156 0.0455 0.0709 0.70
120 0.241 0.0161 0.0467 0.0685 0.70
140 0.242 0.0166 0.0479 0.0662 0.70
160 0.242 0.0171 0.0491 0.0640 0.69
180 0.242 0.0176 0.0503 0.0620 0.69
200 0.242 0.0180 0.0515 0.0601 0.69
250 0.243 0.0192 0.0544 0.0559 0.69
300 0.244 0.0203 0.0573 0.0522 0.69
350 0.245 0.0214 0.0600 0.0490 0.69
400 0.246 0.0225 0.0627 0.0461 0.69
450 0.247 0.0236 0.0653 0.0436 0.68
TABLEA.5 Properties of Dry Air at Atmospheric Pressure: English Units-cont'd
T (ºF) Ci. (Btu/lbm · ºF) k (Btu/h · ft · F) µ, (lbm/ft · h) p (lbm/ft 3) Pr
500 0.248 0.0246 0.0677 0.0413 0.68

600 0.251 0.0266 0.0723 0.0374 0.68
700 0.254 0.0285 0.0767 0.0342 0.68
800 0.257 0.0303 0.0810 0.0315 0.69
900 0.260 0.0320 0.0849 0.0292 0.69
1000 0.263 0.0337 0.0885 0.0272 0.69
Data generated using the PR0/11 process simulator.
TABLEA.6 Properties of Steam at Atmospheric Pressure
T 3
--- (3 X 10 Cp IX X104 µ, X 10
6
V X10 6 g(3/v2 X 10-6
(K) ( ºC) p (kg/rn '] (1/K) (J/kg · K) k(W/m · K) (m2/s) (N · s/m2) (m2/s) Pr (1/K · m3)
373 100 0.5977 2034 0.0249 0.204 12.10 20.2 0.987

380 107 0.5863 2060 0.0246 0.204 12.71 21.6 1.060
400 127 0.5542 2.50 2014 0.0261 0.234 13.44 24.2 1.040 41.86
450 177 0.4902 2.22 1980 0.0299 0.307 15.25 31.1 1.010 22.51
500 227 0.4405 2.00 1985 0.0339 0.387 17.04 38.6 0.996 13.16
550 277 0.4005 1.82 1997 0.0379 0.475 18.84 47.0 0.991 8.08
600 327 0.3652 1.67 2026 0.0422 0.573 20.67 56.6 0.986 5.11
650 377 0.3380 1.54 2056 0.0464 0.666 22.47 66.4 0.995 3.43
700 427 0.3140 1.43 2085 0.0505 0.772 24.26 77.2 1.000 2.35
750 477 0.2931 1.33 2119 0.0549 0.883 26.04 88.8 1.005 1.65
800 527 0.2739 1.25 2152 0.0592 1.001 27.86 102.0 1.010 1.18
850 577 0.2579 1.18 2186 0.0637 1.130 29.69 115.2 1.019 0.872
Source: Refs. 111 and 12].
TABLEA.? Properties of Liquid Water at Saturation Pressure: SI Units
T
--- (3 X 104 IX X106 µ, X 106 V X 106 g(3/v2 X 10-9
(K) ( ºC) p (kg/m
3
) (1/K) Cp (J/kg · K) k (W/m · K) (m2/s) (N · s/rn ") (m2/s) Pr (1/K · m3)
273 o 999.9 -0.7 4226 0.558 0.131 1794 1.789 13.7

278 5 1000 4206 0.568 0.135 1535 1.535 11.4
283 10 999.7 0.95 4195 0.577 0.137 1296 1.300 9.5 0.551
288 15 999.1 4187 0.585 0.141 1136 1.146 8.1
293 20 998.2 2.1 4182 0.597 0.143 993 1.006 7.0 2.035
298 25 997.1 4178 0.606 0.146 880.6 0.884 6.1
303 30 995.7 3.0 4176 0.615 0.149 792.4 0.805 5.4 4.540
308 35 994.1 4175 0.624 0.150 719.8 0.725 4.8
313 40 992.2 3.9 4175 0.633 0.151 658.0 0.658 4.3 8.833
318 45 990.2 4176 0.640 0.155 605.1 0.611 3.9
323 50 988.1 4.6 4178 0.647 0.157 555.1 0.556 3.55 14.59
348 75 974.9 4190 0.671 0.164 376.6 0.366 2.23
373 100 958.4 7.5 4211 0.682 0.169 277.5 0.294 1.75 85.09
393 120 943.5 8.5 4232 0.685 0.171 235.4 0.244 1.43 140.0
413 140 926.3 9.7 4257 0.684 0.172 201.0 0.212 1.23 211.7
433 160 907.6 10.8 4285 0.680 0.173 171.6 0.191 1.10 290.3
453 180 886.6 12.1 4396 0.673 0.172 152.0 0.173 1.01 396.5
473 200 862.8 13.5 4501 0.665 0.170 139.3 0.160 0.95 517.2
493 220 837.0 15.2 4605 0.652 0.167 124.5 0.149 0.90 671.4
513 240 809.0 17.2 4731 0.634 0.162 113.8 0.141 0.86 848.5
533 260 779.0 20.0 4982 0.613 0.156 104.9 0.135 0.86 1076
553 280 750.0 23.8 5234 0.588 0.147 98.07 0.131 0.89 1360
573 300 712.5 29.5 5694 0.564 0.132 92.18 0.128 0.98 1766
Source: Reís. [l] and [3].

TABLEA.8 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water: English Units
Absolute pressure Specific volume

Heat of the Latent heat of Total heat of
Vacuum Temperature liquid evaporation steam Water Steam
(psi) (in. Hg) (in. Hg) ( ºF) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (Btu/lb) (ft3/lb) (ft3/lb)
0.08859 0.02 29.90 32.018 0.0003 1075.5 1075.5 0.016022 3302.4

0.10 0.20 29.72 35.023 3.026 1073.8 1076.8 0.016020 2945.5
0.15 0.31 29.61 45.453 13.498 1067.9 1081.4 0.016020 2004.7
0.20 0.41 29.51 53.160 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3
0.25 0.51 29.41 59.323 27.382 1060.1 1087.4 0.016032 1235.5
0.30 0.61 29.31 64.484 32.541 1057.1 1089.7 0.016040 1039.7
0.35 0.71 29.21 68.939 36.992 1054.6 1091.6 0.016048 898.6
0.40 0.81 29.11 72.869 40.917 1052.4 1093.3 0.016056 792.1
0.45 0.92 29.00 76.387 44.430 1050.5 1094.9 0.016063 708.8
O.SO 1.02 28.90 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5
0.60 1.22 28.70 85.218 53.245 1045.5 1098.7 0.016085 540.1
0.70 1.43 28.49 90.09 58.10 1042.7 1100.8 0.016099 466.94
o.so 1.63 28.29 94.38 62.39 1040.3 1102.6 0.016112 411.69
0.90 1.83 28.09 98.24 66.24 1038.1 1104.3 0.016124 368.43
1.0 2.04 27.88 101.74 69.73 1036.1 1105.8 0.016136 333.60
1.2 2.44 27.48 107.91 75.90 1032.6 1108.5 0.016158 280.96
1.4 2.85 27.07 113.26 81.23 1029.5 1110.7 0.016178 243.02
1.6 3.26 26.66 117.98 85.95 1026.8 1112.7 0.016196 214.33
1.8 3.66 26.26 122.22 90.18 1024.3 1114.5 0.016213 191.85
2.0 4.07 25.85 126.07 94.03 1022.1 1116.2 0.016230 173.76
2.2 4.48 25.44 129.61 97.57 1020.1 1117.6 0.016245 158.87
2.4 4.89 25.03 132.88 100.84 1018.2 1119.0 0.016260 146.40
2.6 5.29 24.63 135.93 103.88 1016.4 1120.3 0.016274 135.80
2.8 5.70 24.22 138.78 106.73 1014.7 1121.5 0.016287 126.67
3.0 6.11 23.81 141.47 109.42 1013.2 1122.6 0.016300 118.73
3.5 7.13 22.79 147.56 115.51 1009.6 1125.1 0.016331 102.74
4.0 8.14 21.78 152.96 120.92 1006.4 1127.3 0.016358 90.64
4.5 9.16 20.76 157.82 125.77 1003.5 1129.3 0.016384 83.03
5.0 10.18 19.74 162.24 130.20 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407 73.532
5.5 11.20 18.72 166.29 134.26 998.5 1132. 7 0.016430 67.249
6.0 12.22 17.70 170.05 138.03 996.2 1134.2 0.016451 61.984
6.5 13.23 16.69 173.56 141.54 994.1 1135.6 0.016472 57.506
7.0 14.25 15.67 176.84 144.83 992.1 1136.9 0.016491 53.650
7.5 15.27 14.65 179.93 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.016510 50.294
8.0 16.29 13.63 182.86 150.87 988.5 1139.3 0.016527 47.345
8.5 17.31 12.61 185.63 153.65 986.8 1140.4 0.016545 44.733
9.0 18.32 11.60 188.27 156.30 985.1 1141.4 0.016561 42.402
9.5 19.34 10.58 190.80 158.84 983.6 1142.4 0.016577 40.310
10.0 20.36 9.56 193.21 161.26 982.1 1143.3 0.016592 38.420
11.0 22.40 7.52 197.75 165.82 979.3 1145.1 0.016622 35.142
12.0 24.43 5.49 201.96 170.05 976.6 1146.7 0.016650 32.394
13.0 26.47 3.45 205.88 174.00 974.2 1148.2 0.016676 30.057
14.0 28.50 1.42 209.56 177.71 971.9 1149.6 0.016702 28.043
Pressure (psi) Specific volume
Temperature Heat of the Latent heat of Total heat of Water Steam

Absolute Gage ( ºF) liquid (Btu/lb) evaporation (Btu/lb) steam (Btu/lb) (ft3/lb) (ft3/lb)
14.696 O.O 212.00 180.17 970.3 1150.3 0.016719 26.799

15.0 0.3 213.03 181.21 969.7 1150.9 0.016726 26.290
16.0 1.3 216.32 184.52 967.6 1152.1 0.016749 24.750
17.0 2.3 219.44 187.66 965.6 1153.2 0.016771 23.385
18.0 3.3 222.41 190.66 963.7 1154.3 0.016793 22.168
19.0 4.3 225.24 193.52 961.8 1155.3 0.016814 21.074
20.0 5.3 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.087
21.0 6.3 230.57 198.90 958.4 1157.3 0.016854 19.190
22.0 7.3 233.07 201.44 956.7 1158.1 0.016873 18.373
23.0 8.3 235.49 203.88 955.1 1159.0 0.016891 17.624
24.0 9.3 237.82 206.24 953.6 1159.8 0.016909 16.936
25.0 10.3 240.07 208.52 952.1 1160.6 0.016927 16.301
TABLEA.8 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water: English Units-cont'd
Pressure (psi) Specific volume
Temperature Heat of the Latent heat of Total heat of Water Steam

Absolute Gage ( ºF) liquid ( Btu/lb) evaporation (Btu/lb) steam ( Btu/lb) (ft3/lb) (ft3/lb)
26.0 11.3 242.25 210.7 950.6 1161.4 0.016944 15.7138

27.0 12.3 244.36 212.9 949.2 1162.1 0.016961 15.1684
28.0 13.3 246.41 214.9 947.9 1162.8 0.016977 14.6607
29.0 14.3 248.40 217.0 946.5 1163.5 0.016993 14.1869
30.0 15.3 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.7436
31.0 16.3 252.22 220.8 943.9 1164.8 0.017024 13.3280
32.0 17.3 254.05 222.7 942.7 1165.4 0.017039 12.9376
33.0 18.3 255.84 224.5 941.5 1166.0 0.017054 12.5700
34.0 19.3 257.58 226.3 940.3 1166.6 0.017069 12.2234
35.0 20.3 259.29 228.0 939.1 1167.1 0.017083 11.8959
36.0 21.3 260.95 229.7 938.0 1167.7 0.017097 11.5860
37.0 22.3 262.58 231.4 936.9 1168.2 0.017111 11.2923
38.0 23.3 264.17 233.0 935.8 1168.8 0.017124 11.0136
39.0 24.3 265.72 234.6 934.7 1169.3 0.017138 10.7487
40.0 25.3 267.25 236.1 933.6 1169.8 0.017151 10.4965
41.0 26.3 268.74 237.7 932.6 1170.2 0.017164 10.2563
42.0 27.3 270.21 239.2 931.5 1170.7 0.017177 10.0272
43.0 28.3 271.65 240.6 930.5 1171.2 0.017189 9.8083
44.0 29.3 273.06 242.1 929.5 1171.6 0.017202 9.5991
45.0 30.3 274.44 243.5 928.6 1172.0 0.017214 9.3988
46.0 31.3 275.80 244.9 927.6 1172.5 0.017226 9.2070
47.0 32.3 277.14 246.2 926.6 1172.9 0.017238 9.0231
48.0 33.3 278.45 247.6 925.7 1173.3 0.017250 8.8465
49.0 34.3 279.74 248.9 924.8 1173.7 0.017262 8.6770
so.o 35.3 281.02 250.2 923.9 1174.1 0.017274 8.5140
51.0 36.3 282.27 251.5 923.0 1174.5 0.017285 8.3571
52.0 37.3 283.50 252.8 922.1 1174.9 0.017296 8.2061
53.0 38.3 284.71 254.0 921.2 1175.2 0.017307 8.0606
54.0 39.3 285.90 255.2 920.4 1175.6 0.017319 7.9203
55.0 40.3 287.08 256.4 919.5 1175.9 0.017329 7.7850
56.0 41.3 288.24 257.6 918.7 1176.3 0.017340 7.6543
57.0 42.3 289.38 258.8 917.8 1176.6 0.017351 7.5280
SS.O 43.3 290.50 259.9 917.0 1177.0 0.017362 7.4059
59.0 44.3 291.62 261.1 916.2 1177.3 0.017372 7.2879
60.0 45.3 292.71 262.2 915.4 1177.6 0.017383 7.1736
61.0 46.3 293.79 263.3 914.6 1177.9 0.017393 7.0630
62.0 47.3 294.86 264.4 913.8 1178.2 0.017403 6.9558
63.0 48.3 295.91 265.5 913.0 1178.6 0.017413 6.8519
64.0 49.3 296.95 266.6 912.3 1178.9 0.017423 6. 7511
65.0 50.3 297.98 267.6 911.5 1179.1 0.017433 6.6533
66.0 51.3 298.99 268.7 910.8 1179.4 0.017443 6.5584
67.0 52.3 299.99 269.7 910.0 1179.7 0.017453 6.4662
68.0 53.3 300.99 270.7 909.3 1180.0 0.017463 6.3767
69.0 54.3 301.96 271.7 908.5 1180.3 0.017472 6.2896
70.0 55.3 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.2050
71.0 56.3 303.89 273.7 907.1 1180.8 0.017491 6.1226
72.0 57.3 304.83 274.7 906.4 1181.1 0.017501 6.0425
73.0 58.3 305.77 275.7 905.7 1181.4 0.017510 5.9645
74.0 59.3 306.69 276.6 905.0 1181.6 0.017519 5.8885
75.0 60.3 307.61 277.6 904.3 1181.9 0.017529 5.8144
76.0 61.3 308.51 278.5 903.6 1182.1 0.017538 5.7423
77.0 62.3 309.41 279.4 902.9 1182.4 0.017547 5.6720
78.0 63.3 310.29 280.3 902.3 1182.6 0.017556 5.6034
79.0 64.3 311.17 281.3 901.6 1182.8 0.017565 5.5364
SO.O 65.3 312.04 282.1 900.9 1183.1 0.017573 5.4711
81.0 66.3 312.90 283.0 900.3 1183.3 0.017582 5.4074
82.0 67.3 313.75 283.9 899.6 1183.5 0.017591 5.3451
83.0 68.3 314.60 284.8 899.0 1183.8 0.017600 5.2843
84.0 69.3 315.43 285.7 898.3 1184.0 0.017608 5.2249
SS.O 70.3 316.26 286.5 897.7 1184.2 0.017617 5.1669
( Continued)

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Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 521

Property Hydrocarbon at 200ºF Air at 122.5 ºF*

"Data are for T = 120°F from Table AS.

( d) LMTD correction factor.

13,750,000 = 45, 105 ft2

(g) Number of tube rows, tube length, and number of tubes.

1,037, 344/60 ft2

A/A¡ace = 45, 105/384.2 = 117.4

_ 111air _ 1,037, 344/60 _ ft/ .

4m;(np/ni) 4 X 250,000 X (4/224)

F = 0.99 from chart

(j) Calculate required overall coefficient.

(k) Calculate h;.

Re= 69,594 from step (h)

= (0.082/0.0675) X 0.023( 69, 594)º 8(8.12) t/3 (1.0)

h; = 420 Btu/h · ft2 · ºF

V¡ace,ave = V¡ace,std(Pstd!Pave) = 541(0.075/0.0685) = 592 ft/min

PyV¡ace, ave 2.5 X 592

Vmax = 1106.5 ft/min = 66,390 ft/h

h (kj ) 0.0161 X 47.22 _ /h ft2 0

( m) Calcula te fin efficiency.

r1 = root tube radius = 0.5 in.

r2 = r 1 + fin height = 0.5 + 0.625 = 1.125 in.

r2c = r2 + r/2 = 1.125 + 0.013/2 = 1.1315 m.

VI= (r2c - r¡ )[1 + 0.35 ln(r2c/r1 )]

= (1.1315 - 0.5)[1 + O.35 ln(l.1315/O.5)]

ffiVI = 11.07 X 0.0677 = 0. 7 494

Aprime = 21rr1 (L - N¡-r) = 21r x 0.5(1.0 - 10 x 0.013) = 2.733 in.2

Aprime/ ATot = 1 - 0.96 = 0.04

( q) Calcula te the design overall coefficient.

f= 0.4137Re-02585 = 0.4137(69,594)- 02585 = 0.02317

G = m(np/ni) = 250,000(4/224) = 1 247 540 lbm/hfr'

f npLG2 0.02317 X 4 X 36 (1,247,540)2

!lPr = 1.334 x 10-13(2np - 1.5)G 2/s = 1.334 x 10- 13 (6.5)(1,247,540)2 /O.SO

!lPr = 1.69 psi

D;Gn (5.047 /12) X 1,798,561

!:i.P; = !:i.P¡ + t:i.P, + t:i.Pn = 12.82 + 1.69 + 0.81 = 15.3 psi

(t) Air-side pressure drop.

a= (Py - D¡) /Dr = (2.5 - 2.25)/1.0 = 0.25

The fin spacing is obtained from Equation (12.2):

/!. = 1/n¡ - r = 1/10 - 0.013 = 0.087 in.

Reeff = Re(/!./b) = 8115(0.087 /0.625) = 1130

G = pVmax = 0.0685 X 66,390 = 4548 lbm/h-ft '

9.22 x 10- 10¡ N,G 2 9.22 x 10- 10 x 0.291 x 4(4548)2

t:i.P¡ = 0.324 in. H2O

t:i.P 0 = 1.1!:i.P¡ = 1.1 x 0.324 = 0.36 in. H2O

Therefore, two fans with diameters of 10.5-11.0 ft are required.

(v) Motor sizing.

ªfr Pfr Vfr

Thus, the velocity pressure is:

ªfrPfr Vfr 2 in.I-12 O

(t:.PTou,1)¡an = 0.36 + 0.127 = 0.49 in. I-12O

(t:.PTotal)fanVfan 0.49 X 132,993 = 14.7 hp

Number of fan bays: 1

12.1 O Computer Software

• Area per tube bundle

In general, however, both tube pitches can be independently specified.

(a) Tube side

Tube length: 36 ft Pattern: Staggered

0.3 +-~-+-~-+-~--~--'t---~-+-~~+-~- ...•.•....~.....__..