Moving Boundary Work: 5 KG of Saturated Water Vapor in Cylinder Is Heated at Constant Pressure (300 Kpa)

Moving Boundary Work
1. 5 kg of saturated water vapor in cylinder is heated at constant pressure (300 KPa)

until its temperature rises to a specified value (200 oC). Find the boundary work
during the process.
GIVEN:
P1= 300 KPa P2= 300 KPa
v1= vg@300KPa= 0.60582 m3/kg v2= 0.71643 m3/kg
m= 5kg T2= 200 oC
SOLUTION:
2
Wb= ∫1 PdV = P (V2 – V1) = P x m x (v2 – v1)
= (300 KPa) (5 kg) (0.71643 m3/kg - 0.60582 m3/kg)

1 KJ
= (165.92 KPa. m3) (1 KPa.m^3)
= 165.92 KJ
1. A hydraulic cylinder has a piston of cross sectional area 4in2 and a fluid pressure
of 750 psi. If the piston is moved 3 in, how much work is done?
Given: Sol’n:
W = ∫F dx = ∫ P Adx = PA Δx
= (750 lbf/in2) (4 in2) (3 in)
= 9000 lbf ∙ in
= 750 lbf ∙ ft
Boundary Work for Constant Volume

1. Three moles of monoatomic gas at 47oC and at pressure 2 x 105 Pa, undergoes
isochoric process so that pressure increases 3 x 105 Pa. The change in internal
energy of the gas is… Universal gas constant (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
Given:
T1 = 47oC + 273 = 320 K
P1 = 2 x 105 Pa
P2 = 3 x 105 Pa
R = 8.315 J/mol.K
Number of moles (n) = 3
Wanted: The change in internal energy of the gas.
Solution :
In the isochoric process, the volume is kept constant so that no work is done by the gas
(W = 0).
The first law of thermodynamics :
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = Q-0
ΔU = Q
ΔU = internal energy, Q = heat
Internal energy of gas :
ΔU = 3/2 n R ΔT = 3/2 n R (T2 – T1)
Gay-Lussac‘s law (constant volume) :
The change in internal energy of gas :

ΔU = 3/2 n R (T2 – T1) = 3/2 (3)(8.315)(480-320)
ΔU = 3/2 (24.945)(160) = 3/2 (3991.2)
ΔU = 5986.8 Joule
2. 0.2 moles of monatomic gases at 27oC are in a closed container. The heat is added
to the gas so that temperature of gas becomes 400 K is… Universal gas constant (R)
= 8.315 J/mol.K
Given:
Number of moles (n) = 0.2 mol
Initial temperature (T1) = 27oC + 273 = 300 K
Final temperature (T2) = 400 K
Universal constant gas (R) = 8.315 J/mol.K
Wanted : Heat is added (Q)
Solution :
In isochoric process, volume is kept constant so that no work is done by the gas (W = 0).
The first law of thermodynamics :
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = Q-0
ΔU = Q
ΔU = internal energy, Q = heat
The internal energy of gas :
ΔU = 3/2 n R ΔT = 3/2 n R (T2 – T1)
ΔU = 3/2 (0.2)(8.315)(400-300)
ΔU = 3/2 (0.2)(8.315)(100)
ΔU = 249.45 Joule
Boundary Work for Constant Presure

1. 5 kg of saturated water vapor in cylinder is heated at constant pressure (300 KPa)
until its temperature rises to a specified value (200 oC). Find the boundary work
during the process.
GIVEN:
P1= 300 KPa P2= 300 KPa
v1= vg@300KPa= 0.60582 m3/kg v2= 0.71643 m3/kg
m= 5kg T2= 200 oC
SOLUTION:
2
Wb= ∫1 PdV = P (V2 – V1) = P x m x (v2 – v1)
= (300 KPa) (5 kg) (0.71643 m3/kg - 0.60582 m3/kg)

1 KJ
= (165.92 KPa. m3) (1 KPa.m^3)
= 165.92 KJ
2. PV diagram below shows an ideal gas undergoes an isobaric process. Calculate the
work is done by the gas in the process AB.
Known :
Pressure (P) = 5 x 105 N/m2
Initial volume (V1) = 2 m3
Final volume (V2) = 6 m3
Work (W) = ?
Solution :
W = P (V2 – V1)
W = (5 x 105) (6 – 2) = (5 x 105) (4)
W = 20 x 105 = 2 x 106 Joule
W = 2000 kJ
Isothermal Compression of Ideal Gas

1. Suppose we have 3 moles of an ideal polyatomic gas initially with a volume of 2 m3,
and a temperature of 273 K. This gas is compressed isothermally to 1/2 its initial
volume. How much heat must be added to the system during this compression?
Solution:
Uabs =0
Q = -Won
𝑣𝑓 𝑣𝑓 𝑑𝑉
= +∫𝑣𝑖 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑛𝑅𝑡 ∫𝑣𝑖 𝑉
𝑉𝑓
= nRT ln( 𝑉𝑖 )
2𝑚3
= -nRT ln(1𝑚3)
= -nRT ln(2)
= - 4.7 kJ
2. If a system does 1000 J of external work on its surroundings and 300 J of heat flows
into the system from the surroundings, does the internal energy of the system increase
or decrease? By how much?
Solution:
Given:
W = + 1000 J
Q = + 300 J
DU = ? J
First Law of Thermodynamics
DU = Q - W
DU = (300 - 1000) J
DU = - 700 J
Polytropic process
1. Helium gas expands from 350 K, 125 kPa and 0.25 m^3 to 100 kPa in a polytropic
process with n = 1.667. How much work does it give out?
Solution:
PVn = constant = P1(V1)n = P2(V2)2

V2 = V1 (P1/P2)1/n = 0.25 × (125/100)0.6 = 0.2852 m3
Work = (P2V2 – P1V1)/(1-n) = (100× 0.2852 – 125× 0.25)/(1 – 1.667)
= 4.09 kJ
2. Air goes through a polytropic process from 325 K, 125 kPa to 500 K, 300 kPa. Find
the specific work in the process.
Solution:
Pvn = Const = P1(v1)n = P2(v2)2

Pv = RT hence v1 = RT/P = 0.287 × 325/125 = 0.7462 m3/kg
v1 = RT/P = 0.287 × 500/300 = 0.47833 m3/kg
n = ln(P2/P1) / ln(v1/v2) = ln 2.4 / ln 1.56 = 1.969
Work = (P2v2 – P1v1)/(1-n) = R(T2-T1)/(1-n) = 0.287(500 – 325)/(1-1.969)
= -51.8 kJ/kg.
Epansion of Gas Against a Spring

1. An unstretched spring is attached to a
horizontal, frictionless piston. Energy
is added to the gas inside the cylinder
until the presure in the cylinder is 400
kPa. Determine the work done by the
gas on the piston. Use Patm = 75 kPa.
Given:
P2 = 400 kPa
Patm = 75 kPa
Dpiston = 0.050 m
K = 1 Kn/m
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
Where x2 is the displacement of the spring in the final state;
4. P1 = 75 kPa
5.
6. ; Apiston 1.96E-03 m2 ,Fatm = 0.1473 Kn
7. ;
8. ; F2 = 0.6381 Kn
9.
10. ; X2 = 0. 6381 m
* Finally, substitute back into Eqn 3 to evaluate the work done by the gas in the cylinder
on its surroundings during this process:
W = 0. 29758 KJ
2. A piston-cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and 25oC. The cross
sectional area of the piston is is 0.1 m2. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing
part of it to evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the piston
reaches a linear spring whose spring constant is 100 kN/m. More heat is transferred
until the piston rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final pressure and temperature
and (b) the work done during the process. Also show the process on a P-V diagram.
*We can use the approximation that the specific volume of the compressed liquid at 250 kPa
and 25oC is the same as the specific volume of the saturated liquid at 25oC, which is
0.001003 m3/kg from Table A-4.
Initial volume, V1 = m v1 = (50 kg) (0.001003 m3/kg) = 0.05015 m3.
P2 equals P1 = 250 kPa.
In the second step, the pressure is the sum of this 250 kPa due to the piston weight and
atmospheric pressure plus the pressure of the spring. From problem 4 we saw that the spring
pressure is given by the following equation.
Solution:
V  V1
k
F k ( x  xe ) A  k V  V1
Pspring   
A A A A2
V  V2
k
F k ( x  xe ) A  P  k V  V2
P  P12  Pspring  P12   P12   P12  1 2
A A A A2
Given:
k = 100 kN/m,
x3 – xe = 20 cm = 0.2 m,
A = 0.1 m2
Vi = 0.2 m3
P=?
k ( x3  xe ) 100 kN 0.2 m 1 kPa  m 2
P3  P12   250 kPa   450 kPa
A m 0.1 m 2 kN
V3 = 0.2 m3 + (0.1 m2)(0.2 m) = 0.22 m3
P
v3 = V3/m = 0.22 m3 / 50 kg = 0.0044 m3/kg
P3
*At the final pressure of 450 kPa, the specific volumes
of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor are 0.001088 P1=P2
m3/kg and 0.41392 m3/kg, respectively. (Table A-5,
page 916). Thus the final temperature must be the
saturation temperature at 450 kPa. Table A-5 gives V
T3 = 147.90oC . V1 V2 V3
V  V2
P  P12  k
A2
Because of this linear relationship, the work for the second step, from (P2, V2) to (P3, V3) is
given by the formula for the area of a trapezoid. (P2 + P3) (V3 – V1)/2. Adding the work for
both steps in this process gives the following result for the work.
W = P1-2 (V2 – V1) + (P2 + P3) (V3 – V2)/2
We now know the values for all the pressures and volumes in this equation so we can
compute the work.
 (250 kPa  450 kPa)(0.22 m 3  0.2 m 3 )  1 kJ
W  (250 kPa)(0.2 m  0.05015 m ) 
3 3

 kPa  m
3
 2
W = 44.5 kJ
*Here, the positive sign for work indicates that there is a work output.

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Moving Boundary Work

1. 5 kg of saturated water vapor in cylinder is heated at constant pressure (300 KPa)

= (300 KPa) (5 kg) (0.71643 m3/kg - 0.60582 m3/kg)

Boundary Work for Constant Volume

The change in internal energy of gas :

Boundary Work for Constant Presure

= (300 KPa) (5 kg) (0.71643 m3/kg - 0.60582 m3/kg)

Isothermal Compression of Ideal Gas

PVn = constant = P1(V1)n = P2(V2)2

Pvn = Const = P1(v1)n = P2(v2)2

Epansion of Gas Against a Spring

6. ; Apiston 1.96E-03 m2 ,Fatm = 0.1473 Kn

P2 equals P1 = 250 kPa.

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