MODULE 10

AVIATION
LEGISLATION

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10.1 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Historical Timeline

 1909
o First cross channel flight by a heavier-than-air machine
o First Aviation fair in Paris
 1910
o First International Air Law code was convened in Paris
 1944
o December 7th
Chicago Convention
52 states signed, pending ratification by 26 states
PICAO was established
 1945
o June 6th
PICAO started functioning
 1947
o March 5th
Remaining 26 states ratified
o April 4th
ICAO was established, replacing PICAO
o October
ICAO linked with the UN as part of ECOSO Council
 2002
o July 15th
EASA established under basic regulation EC n° 1592/2002
 2003
o September 28th
EASA started operating
 2008
o April 8th
Basic regulation EC n° 1592/2002 was replaced by a new regulation EC n° 216/2008

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The Chicago Convention

 Initially signed by 52 states on December 7th 1944

 Currently Signed by 191 States
 Chicago Convention is the Constitution of ICAO and it includes:
o 4 Parts
 Air Navigation
 International Air Transportation
 International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO
 Final Provisions
o 22 Chapters
o 96 Articles
o 19 Annexes

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Chicago Convention Annexes

Annex 1: Personnel Licensing

Annex 2: Rules of the Air

Annex 3: Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Annex 4: Aeronautical Charts

Annex 5: Units of Measurements to be used in the Air and Ground Operations

Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft

Annex 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

Annex 8: Air Worthiness of Aircraft

Annex 9: Facilitation

Annex 10: Aeronautical Telecommunications

Annex 11: Air Traffic Services

Annex 12: Search and Rescue

Annex 13: Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigations

Annex 14: Aerodromes

Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services

Annex 16: Environmental Protection

Annex 17: Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference

Annex 18: The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods in the Air

Annex 19: Safety Management

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The ICAO

 Headquarters; Montreal Canada

 ICAO sets standards for contracting states through SARPS- Standards And Recommended Practices
 Implementation of SARPS is the responsibility of NAA of Contracting States

The European Commission

 All 27 member states of European Union are represented

 Weekly meeting in Brussels
 Decision making process
o EC proposes new laws
o Presented to Council and Parliament
o Parliament adopts, informs their stand to Council
o Council considers Parliamentary stand and takes their independent stand
o Legislation adopted

The EASA

 Headquarters: Köln, Germany

 Central safety regulator and advisory body for civil aviation in EU
 Member states are known as Competent Authorities
 Role of EASA
o Rule making
o Standardization
o Training
o Inspections
o Issuing Type Certificates
o Approval and oversight of aircraft design, production and maintenance organizations
 If organization within EU, local NAA
 If organization outside of EU, EASA
o Data collection, analysis and research to improve aviation safety
 All EASA member states are ICAO contracting states
 EASA is NOT an ICAO contracting state; EASA is not a state/country

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Basic Regulations

 EC no 216/2008 breakdown:
o Text – 40 paragraphs
o 4 Chapters
o 70 Articles
 EU no 965/2012
o Compiled on 5th October 2012
o Technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air operation
o Officially referred to as IR-OPS (implementing rules-operations) but also known as
EASA AIR OPS
o It is operators responsibility to comply with Part-M requirements set by EASA

Article 1 and 3

 Article 1- Scope
- Civil aircraft only; does not apply to Police, Military, Customs and
similar institutions
- Personnel and organizations involved in operation of aircraft
- Design/production/maintenance of aircraft/parts/appliances and their
involved organizations
 Article 3- Definitions
- “Complex motor powered aircraft”
o Aeroplanes
MTOM >5700kg OR
Certified for carrying more than 19 passengers OR
Certified for operation with a minimum of 2 pilots OR
Equipped with a turbojet or more than one turboprop engines
o Helicopters
MTOM >3175kg OR
Certified to carry more than 9 passengers OR
Certified for operation with a minimum of 2 pilots
o Tilt rotor aircraft

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Role of Member States and NAA

TC
STC DOA POA C of A CAMOA MOA MTOA AML
ESTC Noise

EU EASA EASA NAA1 NAA NAA NAA NAA NAA

Non
EU EASA EASA EASA NAA EASA EASA EASA NAA2

TC Type Certificate

STC Supplementary Type Certificate

ESTC Component Type Certificate

DOA Design Organization Approval

POA Production Organization Approval

C of A Certificate of Airworthiness

Noise Noise Certificate

CAMOA Continuing Airworthiness Management Organization Approval

MOA Maintenance Organization Approval

MTOA Maintenance Training Organization Approval

AML Aircraft Maintenance License

NAA1 EASA when requested by member state

NAA2 NAA receiving application

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Implementing Rules

BASIC REGULATION
EC 216/2008

MAINTENANCE & DESIGN &

RELATED ACTIVITIES PRODUCTION
EC 1321/2014 EC 748/2012
CERTIFICATION
SPECIFICATIONS
ANNEX 1 (PART-M)
Continuing
Airworthiness PART-21
Design & Production
Airworthiness
ANNEX 2 (PART-145) code
Maintenance
Organisation Section A
Section B AMC
AMC
GM
ANNEX 3 (PART-66) GM
Certifying Staff

ANNEX 4 (PART-147)
Training Organisation

o Certification Specifications: Certification requirements

E.g. Windshield should withstand bird strikes
o Airworthiness Codes: Standard technical interpretations of requirements
E.g. Windshield should withstand a bird strike when aircraft is flying at a certain speed
o Acceptable Means of Compliance: Alternative means to comply with a requirement
E.g. Ways to increase the strength of the windshield to withstand a bird strike
o Guidance Material: Help to understand basic regulations, implementing rules and
certification specifications
o Section A: Requirements for organizations
o Section B: Procedures for authorities

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Relationships Between Various Annexes

DESIGN & MANUFACTURING PART-21

AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS PART-M

PART-M SUB
PART F

PART -145
MAINTENANCE
PART-145
APPENDIX 4

PART-66

PART-147

o Part-M sub part F- for small aircrafts

o Part-145 Appendix 4- Local license

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10.2 PART-66 CERTIFYING STAFF- MAINTENANCE

EC no 1321/2014, Annex III

Consists of:

 Section A
 Section B
 6 Appendix

Detailed Discussion of Annex 3, Appendix 1-6

 Appendix I Basic Knowledge Requirements

 Complete module exams conducted at a 147 organization OR an NAA
 Pass all module exams within 10 years prior to the application for AML
 Level 1
- Familiarization with basic elements
- Able to give simple descriptions
- Able to use typical terms
 Level 2
- General knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects
- Give general descriptions
- Application of relevant formulae and physical laws
- Read and understand drawings, schematics, sketches
- Application of knowledge in practical manner
 Level 3
- Detailed knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects
- Give detailed descriptions
- Know theory of subjects and interrelationship with other subjects
- Application of mathematical formulae and physical laws
- Read, understand and draw simple sketches, drawings and schematics
- Apply knowledge in practical manner
- Interpret results from various sources and measurements and deduce
corrective actions

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 Appendix II Basic Examination Standard
 Mainly MCQ‟s with few essay questions
 75 seconds per MCQ and 20 minutes per essay
 Re-exam after 90 days OR after 30 days if training organization provide tailor-made
classes
 Maximum number of consecutive attempts is three, with further three after one year
 No penalty marking (no mark deduction for a wrong answer)
 If failed from any one of the two parts (MCQ or Essay), should only retake failed part
 Appendix III Aircraft Type Training, Examination Standard and OJT
 should be conducted either by Annex 4 Part-147 organization OR an organization directly
approved by NAA (E.g. for one time approvals)
 Theoretical and practical training (only theoretical training for Category C)
 First type course for Category C candidates at Level 3, subsequent courses at Level 1
 Type training should be started and completed within 3 years preceding application
 MCQ questions
 90 seconds per question and 75% as pass mark
 No penalty marking
 Aircraft Type Training levels:
- Level 1
- Familiarization, basic knowledge
- Able to give simple description using common terms
- Identify manuals and tools
- Identify aircraft layout
- Level 2
- General theoretical/practical knowledge of aircraft systems
- Understand fundamentals and apply that knowledge
- Recall all safety precautions to be observed when working
- Able to describe systems
- Perform the procedures for ramp/transit services
- Use of crew reports, minor troubleshooting
- Declare airworthiness as per MEL/CDL
- Use and interpretation of instructions for continued airworthiness,
manuals, IPC

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 - Level 3
- Detailed theoretical/practical knowledge of aircraft systems
- Application of knowledge in practical manner
- Troubleshoot, identify and rectify defects
- Carry out functional checks
 Appendix IV Experience required for extending license
 One year to extend from B1 to B2 and vice versa
 if the full basic course was followed, experience requirement reduces by 50%
 Appendix V Application
 Application for aircraft maintenance license or amendment for any such license should be
made through EASA form 19
 Submitted to:
- EU states: Local NAA
- Non EU states: Any NAA of choice
 Appendix VI Aircraft Maintenance License
 EASA form 26

License Categories

 Category A & B1
 A1 and B1.1- Airplanes Turbine
 A2 and B1.2- Airplanes Piston
 A3 and B1.3- Helicopters Turbine
 A4 and B1.4- Helicopters Piston
 Category B2- Avionics
 Category B3- Piston engine non-pressurized aeroplanes of MTOM < 2000kg
 Category C

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Important Notes

 Eligibility- applicant for aircraft maintenance license shall be at least 18 years of age
 Evidence of qualification- License holder must produce evidence of qualification within 24
hours if requested by authorized personnel
 License validity- valid for 5 years unless holder submits license to competent authority that
issued license to verify data contained in license and competent authority records
 Endorsement with aircraft rating- Category A- no rating is required. For category B1, B2 and
C- type training and OJT for first aircraft type training (for category C person with academic
degree, the first type training should be at category B1 or B2 level).
 Privileges
 Category A
- Issue CRS to minor line defect rectifications
- Must sign own works only
 Category B1
- Issue CRS to all mechanical tasks and minor avionics tasks not requiring
troubleshooting
- Certifying staff at line
- Support staff at base
- All privileges of Category A is automatically included
 Category B2
- Issue CRS to all avionic tasks and minor mechanical tasks
- Certifying staff at line
- Support staff at base
- Privileges of Category A subcategories not included
 Category B3
- Issue CRS to all mechanical tasks and minor avionic tasks
- Non-pressurized aircraft with MTOM <2000kg, piston engines
 Category C
- Certifying staff at base
- Would be referred to as a Category B1 or B2 certifying staff at line (there is no
category C certifying staffs in line maintenance).
- Issue CRS to whole aircraft

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  Exercising privileges- the holder of AML should have at least 6 months maintenance experience
within the last 2 years in order to exercise the privileges of his/her license.
 Experience Requirements
 Categories A, B1.2, B1.4, B3
- 3 years with no technical training
- 2 years with technical training through skilled worker route
- 1 year with Part-147 training
 Categories B1.1, B1.3, B2
- 5 years with no technical training
- 3 years with technical training through skilled worker route
- 2 years with Part-147 training
 Category C
- Large aircraft
- Turbine engines - 3 years of exercising B1.1, B1.3, B2 privileges
- Piston engines - 5 years of exercising B1.2, B1.4, privileges

- Small aircraft
- Turbine engines – 3 years of exercising B1.1, B1.3, B2 privileges
- Academic route
- Degree in an approved technical field
- 3 years of work experience working in maintenance environment
- 6 months of observation of base maintenance
 Differences training- it is the training required in order to cover differences between two
different aircraft type rating of the same manufacturer. Type training shall only be endorsed on a
license after differences training

NOTE:

- A person can be considered as a skilled worker if he/she has not followed EASA Part-147 but
completed a training which is considered relevant by the competent authority.
- Category C applicants must meet either the category B1 or B2 basic knowledge levels.

Experience shall have been acquired within the last 10 years preceding the application for AML from
which at least 1 year of experience shall be recent maintenance.

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 10.3 PART-145 MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS

EC no 1321/2014, Annex II

Consists of:

 Section A
 Section B
 4 Appendix

Detailed Discussion of Annex 2, Appendix 1-4

 Appendix I Authorized Release Certificate- EASA Form 1

 Used only for components and not for aircraft
 Newly manufactured and released to service components
 Aircraft cannot be released using this certificate
 Appendix II Organization Approval Class and Rating System
 Class A
- Approval for line/base maintenance for components while installed on aircraft
- Can remove components to gain access to other components
- Line facility, even if it is located at a main base facility, requires a separate line
maintenance approval
- Type specific
 Class B
- Approval for maintenance of uninstalled engine/APU without removal of
components
- Can remove components to gain access to other components
- Can work on engine/APU at line/base while installed on aircraft as per MOE
- Type specific
 Class C
- Approval for maintenance of all uninstalled components (excluding complete
engines/APU removal)
- Can work on components at line/base while installed on aircraft as per MOE
- Type specific

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  Class D
- Approval for specialized services
- Require separate Class D1 rating if conducting NDT for other 145 organizations
- Part-145 AMO with class rating in category A or B or C can carry out NDT
without need for a D1 rating
- Not type specific
 Appendix III Approval Certificate
 Approval limited to scope of MOE
 Requires compliance to procedures specified in MOE
 Remain valid for unlimited period of time unless surrendered, superseded, suspended or
revoked
 Appendix IV Conditions for the use of staff not qualified to Part 66 in accordance with
145.A.30(J) 1 and 2
 Comply with ICAO Annex I- Personal licensing
 Scope of work limited to national license
 Line maintenance certifying staff and base maintenance support staff should have type
training if B1, B2 or B3 (task training if Category A)
 Should have proper Human Factors and airworthiness regulations training
 Experience requirements are:
- 5 years maintenance experience for line maintenance certifying staff
- 8 years maintenance experience for base maintenance certifying staff
- 3 years maintenance experience if Category A certifying staff

Important Notes

 Terms of Approval
 Shall specify scope of work in MOE
 MOE- Maintenance Organization Exposition means the document or documents that
contain the material specifying the scope of work deemed to constitute approval and
showing how the organization intends to comply with part-145

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 Facility Requirements
 Ensure facilities with adequate space for all planned works- Line, Base, Workshops
 Provide office space for management of planned work
 Appropriate working environment- Dust, temperature, humidity, lighting, noise
 Secure, segregated and controlled storage facilities with restricted access
 Personnel Requirements
 Accountable manager
 Maintenance management structure (Managers are appointed using EASA form 4)
 Quality Assurance Manager (direct access to accountable manager)
 Man hour plan (sufficient staffs)
 Personnel competency controlled (human factors, human performance)
 Qualification of personnel for specialized tasks such as NDT
 Staff outside territory ( with and without Part 66 certification)
 Certifying Staff and Support Staff
 Minimum age limit for certifying staff/support staff is 21
 6 months experience on relevant aircraft in any 2 year period
 Refresher training for the staffs in each 2 year period
 Continuation training programs should be conducted by the organization
 Certification authorization should be issued under responsibility of QA manager, and
should specify the scope and limits of that staff. Staff should receive a copy of
certification authorization
 Equipment, Tools and Materials
 145 organization need not own every tool, but must ensure all tools required are available
when the need arises
 Should have a procedure for the use of alternate tools
 Tools and equipment must be controlled and calibrated
 Records of calibration and traceability to standards used
 Acceptance of components
 Procedure for receiving, inspection, classification and segregation of components
 Verification of eligibility prior to installation
 Procedure for fabrication of restricted range of parts
 Procedure for disposition

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 Maintenance Data
 Use of up to date maintenance data
 Notification of inaccuracies to the author
 Procedure for modification of maintenance instructions
 Procedure for providing work cards
 Production Planning
 Procedure for planning personnel, tools, equipment, materials, data and facilities
 Organizing the shifts
 Planning of maintenance tasks
 Procedure for hand over
 Certification of Maintenance
 procedure for issuing CRS before flight, after completion of any maintenance
 Issue CRS within approved aircraft limitations when all maintenance tasks have not been
completed
 Issue EASA form 1 at the completion of any maintenance on a component while off the
aircraft
 Procedure for notification to the operator of new defects or incomplete work orders
 AOG procedure for component installation without appropriate CRS (with operator
agreement)
 Maintenance Records
 Must maintain records for 3 years
 Must be stored in a safe location with backup storage
 Safety and Quality Policy, Maintenance Procedures and Quality Systems
 Policy must be included in MOE
 Should include independent audits
 Maintenance Organization Exposition
 For major amendments, agency approval is required
 Minor amendments maybe approved through an exposition procedure
 Records of Airworthiness Review Staff
 Organization shall retain the records for at least 3 years after staff ceases employment or
his/her authorization is withdrawn
 Staffs shall be given access to their personal records upon request

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 Privileges of Organization
 Maintain aircraft/components for which it is approved at locations mentioned in MOE
 Arrange maintenance at other locations by external maintenance organizations working
under approval of Quality system of organization (this work scope shall not include base
maintenance check or complete workshop maintenance or engine overhaul)
 Maintain approved aircraft at any location example: AOG
 Issue CRS after maintenance
 Limitations on Organization
 Shall only maintain aircraft/component for which it is approved when all necessary
facilities, tools and personnel are available
 Changes to the Organization
 Shall notify EASA when
- Name of organization changes
- Accountable Manager changes
- Changes in Management Structure
- The main location of organization changes
- Additional locations of organization
- Changes to facilities, tools, materials, procedures, work scope or certifying staff
that could affect approval
 Continued Validity
 Approval remains valid for an unlimited period of time subject to
- Compliance to regulations
- Agency must be granted access to determine continued validity
- Certificate not being surrendered or revoked
 Surrendered or revoked approvals must be returned to EASA
 Findings
 Level 1 Findings:
- Lowers safety standard and seriously hazards flight safety
- Immediate action required
 Level 2 Findings:
- May lower safety standards and possibly hazard flight safety
- Not more than 3 months to take action

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Part-M Sub Part F Maintenance Organization

 Certifying staff: if an aircraft is grounded at a location other than main base where no
appropriate staff is available, organization may issue a one-off certification authorization to:
- One of its employee holding type qualification on aircraft of similar technology
- Any person with not less than 3 years maintenance experience and holding a valid ICAO
AML rated for the aircraft type
(All such cases must be reported to competent authority within 7 days of the issuance of
such certification authorization)
 Certificate of release to service: aircraft certificate of release to service should be issued after
completion of all the maintenance tasks required on the aircraft. And component certificate of
release to service (EASA form 1) should be issued after completion of all the required component
maintenance

Notes: Most of the requirements and procedures for Part-M Sub Part F Maintenance Organization are
same as that of Part-145 Maintenance Organization.

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10.4 AIR OPERATIONS

EU no 965/2012 (IR-Ops/ EASA AIR Ops)

Consists of:

 8 annexes
 10 articles

Timeline

JAR Ops was used for commercial air operation

within European region
Before 2008

- EU Ops replaces JAR Ops

- EU Ops was introduced on 16th July 2008
2008-2012 - EU Ops only covered commercial air
transportation by aeroplanes

- EASA AIR Ops replaces EU Ops

- AIR Ops was introduced as Commission
regulation EU No 965/2012 on 5th October
2012
After 2012
- Covers all the aircrafts except airships, tilt-
rotor aircrafts, tethered balloons, remotely
piloted aircrafts and operations by
design/production organizations related to
introduction or modification of aircraft type

 Commission Regulation EU No 965/2012 and its subsequent amendments lay down technical
requirements and administrative procedures related to air operations

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General Understanding of AIR Ops

 Aeroplanes should be operated in compliance with:

 Certificate of Airworthiness
 Flight Manual
 Operations Manual
 OPS Part 1
 Air Operator Certificate
 Approval for operator to use aircraft for commercial purposes
 Scope of approval is listed on Aircraft Operators Certificate as well as on Certificate of
Airworthiness
 Issued by NAA
 Principal place of business and registered office must be located in the state which issued
AOC

Organization (Operator) Requirements for Air Operations

 Flight should be conducted in accordance with operations manual

 Have the full authority over any flight operated under the terms of its certificate
 Ensure that its aircrafts are equipped (necessary documents, emergency equipments etc) and its
crews are well qualified
 Ensure that all personnel are made aware that they should comply with the laws and regulations
of those states in which operations are conducted
 Establish and maintain dangerous goods training program for those who handle it

Aircraft Maintenance Program

 Operator should not operate an aeroplane unless it is maintained and released to service by an
appropriately approved organization
 Operator should follow requirements given on Part-M in order to comply with continuing
airworthiness requirements of the aeroplane

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MEL/CDL

Systems in
MEL
Systems in
MMEL
All aircraft
systems

 Master Minimum Equipment List- MMEL

 Prepared by manufacturer
 List of systems that can be inoperative without affecting safety of flight
 Minimum Equipment List- MEL
 Prepared by operator and approved by NAA
 More restrictive than MMEL
 If a system outside of MEL is inoperative, operator can still fly with NAA approval only
if that system is within MMEL
 Configuration Deviation List – CDL
 Structural limitation of the airplane
 Part of Aeroplane Flight Manual limitations
 Prepared by manufacturer
 Dispatch requirements when certain panels/fittings missing

Note: all items related to the airworthiness, or required for the safe operation, of the aircraft and not
included in the list are automatically required to be operative.

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Documents

 Aeroplane Flight Manual

 Contains limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered airworthy
 Associated with Certificate of Airworthiness
 Produced by aircraft designer/manufacturer
 Operations Manual
 Contains procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in the
execution of their duties
 Produced by operator and approved by NAA

Leasing

 Dry Leasing
 Operated under AOC of lessee- aircraft operator
 Wet Leasing
 Operated under AOC of lessor- aircraft owner

Note: EU operators cannot dry/wet lease from aircraft owners outside of EU unless approved by
competent authority

Aircraft Placarding (Marking)

 Placards and Markings on the aircraft give safety and maintenance related data and instructions
 It is either decided by the designer or authority (operator puts the placard and markings upon
request from authority)
 Details about all the placards and marking on aircraft can be found on chapter 11 of AMM

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Documents to be Carried Onboard

 Certificate of Registration
 Certificate of Airworthiness – C of A
 Original/copy of Noise Certificate
 Original/copy of Air Operators Certificate – AOC
 Aircraft Radio License
 Original/copy of Third Party Liability Insurance Certificate
 Operations Manual
 Aeroplane Flight Manual unless it has been incorporated into Operations Manual
 Flight Plan
 Technical Log Book
 Filed Flight Plan
 Notice to Airman – NOTAM
 Meteorological Information
 Mass and Balance documentation
 Notice of special category passengers
 Current maps and charts
 Cargo/passenger manifest
 Forms to comply with reporting requirements

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10.5A- CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT PARTS AND APPLIANCES (EASA)

Certification Specification

 Used to demonstrate compliance with basic regulations and its implementing rules
(requirements for certification)
 It includes:
- Airworthiness Codes – standard technical interpretations of airworthiness
requirements
- Acceptable Means of Compliance – alternate means of satisfying a requirement
- Guidance Material – help in understanding basic regulations, implementing rules
and CS
 CS-25: Certification specifications for large aircrafts

General Understanding of Part-21

 Lays down common technical requirements and administrative procedures for the airworthiness
and environmental certification of products, parts and appliances
 Part-21 overview:
 Subpart B- Type and restricted type certificate
 Subpart E- Supplemental type certificate
 Subpart G- Production organization approval (POA)
 Subpart H- Airworthiness certificate
 Subpart I- Noise certificate
 Subpart J- Design organization approval (DOA)
 Subpart M- Repairs
 Subpart P- Permit to fly
 Subpart B- Type Certificates and Restricted Type Certificate
 Once the aircraft design satisfies CS, regulatory bodies will inspect and issue a type
certificate
 For a given aircraft, there would be more than one type certificate, issued by different
regulatory bodies
 Type Certificates/Restricted Type Certificates are valid for unlimited period of times
unless:
- Organization fails to comply with Part 21
- Certificate surrendered or revoked

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 Subpart E- Supplemental Type Certificates
 Approval for major modifications that is a sufficient change from original design
 Service Bulletin not included
 Any organization with design organization approval can apply for supplemental type
certificates (need not be original design organization of that aircraft type)
 Subpart H- Certificate of Airworthiness
 Issued to aircraft which conform to a type certificate, by competent authorities (NAA)
 Restricted certificates of airworthiness is issued to aircraft which conform to restricted
type certificate
 In EASA states, issued for an unlimited duration subjected to:
- Compliance continuing airworthiness requirements
- Aircraft remaining on the same register
- Type/restricted type certificate being invalidated
 Outside EU region, duration is limited (generally 1 year)
 Subpart P- Permit to Fly
 Competent authority (NAA) issue permit to fly when a certificate of airworthiness is
temporary invalid, but the aircraft is nevertheless capable of performing a safe flight
 Permit to fly is very restrictive and issued for a limited duration
 Certificate of airworthiness may become invalid:
- If the aircraft design/manufacturer doesn‟t exist anymore
- Systems not fully restored after an accident/damage
 Subpart I- Noise Certificate
 Issued by NAA
 Issued for an unlimited duration subjected to:
- Compliance with type, design, environmental protection and continuing
airworthiness requirements
- Aircraft remaining on the same register
- Type/restricted type certificate being invalidated
- Certificate not being surrendered or revoked
- Noise characteristics not changed significantly

27
 AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURER

EC 748/2012

DESIGN PRODUCTION

CS-25 Part 21 G

Part 21 J

AICRAFT OPERATOR

EU 965/2012

LICENSING OPERATIONS

MAINTENANCE
Part- FCL AIR OPS

Part M

Part 145

Part 66

Part 147

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10.5B- NATIONAL STANDARDS

 Certificate of Registration
 When aircraft is registered in Sri Lanka, DGCA issues Certificate of Registration and a
unique registration mark to identify nationality
 To be eligible, age of large aircrafts (>5700kg) should not exceed 15 years
 Certificate of Registration must be kept onboard every aircraft
 Valid for 1 year unless approved by DGCA for longer periods
 Becomes void when:
- Ownership changes
- Destruction of registered aircraft
- False information submitted
 Certificate of Airworthiness (ICAO Annex 8)
 Issued if the aircraft meets type certificate requirements
 Valid for 1 year or less (renewed at the end of validity)
 All aircraft engaged in operation within Sri Lanka must have Certificate of Airworthiness
issued by their respective NAA
 Certificate will get suspended when:
- Unapproved modifications/repair have been carried out
- Life expired components continue to remain on the aircraft
- Aircraft suffers major damages
 Automatically validated when above deficiencies are removed and certified by an AME
 Noise Certification (ICAO Annex 16)
 Part of aircraft registration process and valid for an unlimited period of time
 New application is required when noise characteristics has changed
 Weight and Balance Report
 Type Certificate holders specify weight and balance parameters of aircraft
 Current Weight and Balance Certificate must be approved by a 145 organization
 Transport category aircraft must be reweighed every 5 years OR after major
modifications/maintenance which might change the weight of the aircraft significantly
 Small aircraft and helicopters must be reweighed every 8 years
 Radio Station License
 Aircraft can carry radio transmitting apparatus only if licensed by authorities of state
which aircraft is registered to (issued by Telecommunication Authority of Sri Lanka)

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10.6 CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS

 The airworthiness of the aircraft ranges from the initial airworthiness- initial approval of a new
aircraft design to continuing airworthiness- ensuring aircrafts on-going safety standards
 It is the responsibility of NAA to oversee the continued safety standard of the aircrafts registered
in that country
 Initial airworthiness is assured by the type certificate

Part-21 Provisions Related to Continuing Airworthiness

 The type design should consist of approved airworthiness limitations section of the instructions
for continued airworthiness as defined by the applicable airworthiness code
 The holder of type certificate should provide at least one set of complete instructions for
continued airworthiness
 Changes to the instructions for continued airworthiness should be made available to all known
operators

Detailed Understanding of Part-M

 Subpart B- Accountability
 The owner is responsible for the continuing airworthiness of the aircraft
 When the aircraft is leased, the responsibility of the owner is transferred to lessee
 Owner/lessee can subcontract the tasks associated with continuing airworthiness to an
approved CAMO
 Small aircraft‟s maintenances are required to be carried out by a Part-M subpart F
approved organization
 Large Commercial aircraft‟s maintenances are required to be carried out by a Part-145
approved organization
 Operator is ultimately accountable for the airworthiness of its aircraft
 Subpart C- Continuing airworthiness
 The aircrafts‟ continuing airworthiness can be assured by:
- Pre-flight inspections
- Rectification of defects and damages to an approved standard
- Dispatching the aircraft in accordance with the limits on MEL and CDL
- Completing the maintenance tasks in accordance with the approved maintenance
program

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 - Reliability program- analysis of the effectiveness of the approved maintenance
program
- Accomplishment of any applicable Airworthiness Directives (AD) or Service
Bulletins (SB)
- Establishment of embodiment policy for non mandatory modification/inspection
- Maintenance check flights when necessary
 Maintenance programs- the maintenance programs and subsequent amendments should
be approved by authority and it should comply with the instructions for continuing
airworthiness issued by TC/STC holder
 Damages should be assessed and any modifications and repair to be carried should be
approved by the agency or approved part-21 design organization
 Record system- after completion of any maintenance, CRS should be entered into aircraft
log book- continuing airworthiness records. This entry should be made as soon as
possible but in no event more than 30 days after maintenance is done
 The aircrafts continuing airworthiness records should contain:
- Status of ADs
- Status of modifications/repairs
- Status of compliance with maintenance program
- Status of service life limited components
- Mass and balance reports
- List of deferred maintenance

Note: Airworthiness Directive (AD) - Continuing airworthiness requirements established by the agency

Service Bulletin (SB) - Issued by the manufacturer to advice aircraft operators of the introduction
of design changes or modifications, and how they should be accomplished

 Subpart D- Maintenance standards

 Maintenance should be performed by qualified personnel
 Should follow maintenance data at all times

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 Subpart E- Components
 No component is acceptable without EASA form 1 or equivalent
 Organization should ensure that particular component is eligible to be fitted when
different modification and/or airworthiness directives configuration maybe applicable
 Materials/components used on aircraft should be those which are approved by
manufacturer and should have appropriate traceability
 Component is unserviceable when:
- Service life expires
- Non compliance with ADs
- Absence of necessary documentations to trace eligibility
- Evidence of defects or malfunctions
- Involvement in an incident or accident
 All unserviceable components should be labeled and stored in secure locations
 Unsalvageable components (unserviceable components which cannot be turned into
serviceable components) must not be permitted to re-enter the supply systems (e.g. Life
expired or non-repairable defects)
 Subpart G- CAMO
 Organization to produce continuing airworthiness management exposition (CAME) must
specify the scope of work and it should comply with Part-M subpart G requirements
 CAME must be approved by the authority
 Compliance monitoring should include a feedback system to the accountable manager to
ensure necessary corrective action
 All the EU based operators are required to have CAMO (can outsource) in order to get
AOC
 Subpart I- Airworthiness review
 Only applicable to European organizations because their C of A is issued for an unlimited
period. (for non EU countries, C of A is not issued for an unlimited period, therefore
airworthiness review is not applicable)
 Non EU countries can apply for Subpart G and Subpart F approval but without Subpart I
privileges

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10.7A- MAINTENANCE PROGRAMMES, CHECKS AND DOCUMENTS

Maintenance Program

 Aircraft Maintenance Programme

 Includes scheduled maintenance tasks, associated procedures and standard maintenance
practices
 Aircraft Maintenance Schedule
 Transcribed into task cards and are used to control the maintenance at the hangar, line
and workshop
 Contains how and when to do inspections/tests/maintenance tasks
 Prepared by Operator, approved by NAA
 Development of Maintenance Programme
 Industry Steering Committee (ISC) is formed during type certification process
 ISC contains members of NAA‟s, manufacturers and operators
 ISC analyses different systems, structures and other aspects of the aircraft, using
Maintenance Steering Group (MSG) concept, to determine types and frequencies of the
maintenance tasks
 ISC then prepares a draft of Maintenance Review Board Report (MRBR) and presents it
to Maintenance Review Board (MRB) for approval
 MRB consists of members of interested NAA‟s
 Once MRB approves the draft and releases the final MRBR, manufacturer prepares
Maintenance Planning Document (MPD) based on MRBR and other important tasks
 When the aircraft is released to market, operator customizes the manufacturers‟ MPD to
prepare Operator Maintenance Program (OMP)
 OMP (also known as Aircraft Maintenance Programme) should be approved by the NAA
 Maintenance Schedules are prepared based on OMP

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Types of MSG Analysis

 MSG 2
 Process oriented approach OR bottom-up approach
 Analysis is done at the lowest manageable level
 Involves monitoring systems at their component level to detect failure conditions
 Hard Time
- Failure preventive process
- Known deterioration is reduced to an acceptable level by maintenance actions
- Carried out at specified time intervals (check intervals)
- Removed items are subjected to, overhaul, restoration or scrapping
- Done on critical components (direct adverse effect on safety) and components
that have hidden functions that cannot be tested in-situ
Example: motors, pumps
 On-condition
- Failure preventive process
- Inspections and tests are carried out at specified check intervals to determine
serviceability and remaining life of components
- On failing inspection/test, component are removed for overhaul/restoration
- No strip checks
Example: flap/slat drive components
 Condition Monitoring
- Not a failure preventive process
- Information on items gained by operational experience
- No specific life
- Has no direct adverse effect on safety of flight
- Has no functions hidden from crew
- Is considered fit until fail
- Accept failures if system is relatively unimportant or is safe guarded by
redundancy
Example: Navigation and communication LRU

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  MSG 3
 Task oriented approach OR top-down approach OR consequence of failure approach
 Analysis done at the highest manageable level
 Looks at potential effects of a failure, cost of failure and maintenance actions
 Predetermined inspections/maintenance tasks are recommended to avoid in-service
failures
 Airframe Systems Tasks
- Lubrication, Servicing, Inspection, Operational checks, Functional checks,
Visual checks, Restoration, Discard
 Structural Tasks
- Structurally Significant Items that carry flight/ground/pressure loads whose
failure could affect safety of flight are identified
- Inspection techniques used are:
o General visual inspection
o Detailed visual inspection
o Special visual inspection
- Sources of structural deterioration are:
o Environmental deterioration
o Accidental damage
o Fatigue damage
 Zonal tasks
- Aircraft is divided into zones
- All zones are visually inspected for (equipment/structures/wires) security of
installation and general condition
- Visual inspections as far as possible with removal of relevant access

Note: Maintenance programs made using MSG logic tasks should contain a Reliability Program
prepared by operator

Maintenance Intervals

 It is the frequency of conducting maintenance checks. It can be: Transit checks, 24/48 hours
check, Hourly limit check, Operating cycle limit check or Letter check

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Certification Maintenance Requirements – CMR

 Required maintenance tasks, established during design certification as an operating

limitation of Type Certificate
 One star CMR – CMR*
- Tasks and intervals are mandatory
- Shall not be changed without approval of Authority of Type Certificate holder
 Two star CMR – CMR**
- Tasks and intervals are mandatory
- Shall not be changes without approval of state registry authority

Maintenance Documents

 Airworthiness Directives (AD)

 Issued by regulators of manufacturers
 Other NAAs or Agencies can issue their own AD covering the same equipment
 Mandatory to follow if applicable to operators aircraft, engines, items of equipment
 Usually, but not always, followed by a Service Bulletin provided by manufacturer
 Specify applicability and compliance thresholds
 Service Bulletins (SB)
 Issued by manufacturers to advice about modifications/design changes
 Non-mandatory unless made mandatory by regulatory authority
 Normal SB‟s are in white
 Alert SB‟s are in blue
- Require urgent attention affecting safety
- Are considered mandatory by most manufacturers
 Campaign Wires
 Also known as All Operators Transmission (AOT)
 Sends extremely urgent information
 Transmitted through telex
 Service Information Letters (SIL)
 Sends non-urgent technical information

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  Repair Design Approval Sheet (RAS)
 Used to provide approval of structural repair scheme form approved design organization
 Part of the repair design documentation
 Operations Engineering Bulletin (OEB)
 Advice operators of revised/new:
- Significant technical information
- Flight crew procedures
- Limitations for safe flight

Modification and Repairs

 Repairs must be designed by Part 21 subpart J approved design organizations

 Once the repair is been designed, approval will be granted when it is shown that the changed
product still meets the certification specification (CS) standards
 Repairs are classified as Major or Minor by:
- Agency OR
- Appropriately approved design organization under procedure agreed with agency
 Major Repairs
- Can only be designed by TC or STC holder
- Has to be approved by either Agency OR TC/STC holder under procedure agreed
with agency
 Minor Repairs
- Can be designed by any approved design organization (not necessarily TC/STC holder),
under a procedure agreed with the agency, through the use of its own resources or
through an arrangement with TC/STC holder
- Can be approved by appropriately approved design organization under procedure agreed
with agency

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Manuals

 Contain information and recommendations necessary for maintenance/overhaul/repair of

aircraft/components
 Provided by manufacturer
 Must conform to Part M and standardized to ATA 100 (now iSpec 2200, by Airlines for America)
- 00-00-00 : Chapter/System-Section/Subsystem-Subject/Unit
- Each Subject/Unit divided into page groups:
BLOCK OF PAGE NUMBERS SUBJECT
001-100 Description and operation
101-200 Fault isolation
201-300 Maintenance practices
301-400 Servicing
401-500 Removal/installation
501-600 Adjustment/test
601-700 Inspection/test
701-800 Cleaning/painting
801-900 Repairs

 Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM)

 All basic information on operation and maintenance of aircraft and on-board equipment
 Component Maintenance Manual (CMM)
 All components built by aircraft manufacturer
 Gives shop maintenance procedures
 Vendor Manual (VM)
 Written by manufacturer of components and systems built by outside vendors
 Structural Repair Manual (SRM)
 Information for performing simple structural repairs
 More complex repairs require specialized facilities of the airframe manufacturer
 Illustrated Parts Catalogue (IPC)
 Lists and locations of all parts
 Information on part numbers, vendors and interchangeability

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MEL/MMEL/CDL

 MMEL- Prepared by manufacturer/TC holder and approved by regulator

 MEL- Prepared by operator and approved by regulator of operator
- Part of Operations Manual
- Operational procedures are annotated with an (O)
- Maintenance procedures are annotated with an (M)
- Rectification intervals determines how long an inoperative system or component may
remain in that condition
 Dispatch Deviation Guide- Produced by manufacturer/TC holder
- Contains dispatch maintenance requirements to allow operation in accordance with the
MEL
- Maintenance procedures associated with maintenance tasks on MEL
- Sometimes maintenance documents are included in MEL as a combined document
 CDL- Produced by manufacturer/TC holder and approved by authority
- Describes dispatch requirements with certain panels of fitting missing
- Part of the aircraft flight manual

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10.7B- ETOPS

 ETOPS – Extended Range Twin Engine Operations

 Operations conducted over a route that contains a point further than one hour’s flying
time at the normal one engine inoperative cruise speed
 Provide
- Very high level of safety
- Facilitating use of twin jets on routes which were previously restricted to 4 or 3
engine aircraft
 ETOPS Entry Point – EEP
- First point on the route located at 1 hour flying time at declared one engine speed
in still air
 ETOPS Exit Point – EXP
- Last point on the route located at 1 hour flying time at declared one engine speed
in still air
 ETOPS segment
- Extends between EEP and EXP
 ETOPS Maintenance Programs
 Maintenance documentation should highlight ETOPS tasks
 MEL should develop an ETOPS critical criteria
 Operator should develop an ETOPS Manual according to maintenance requirements and
get NAA approval
 Split maintenance philosophy:
- prevent identical maintenance action being applied during same maintenance
visit, to multiple similar elements in any ETOPS critical system OR
- Different team must work on each system OR
- Duplicate inspection
 Programs:
- Oil consumption program
- Engine condition monitoring
- Reliability program

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  Component control
- Some critical systems are modified and components suitable for ETOPS are
installed
- Non- ETOPS components must not be installed on an ETOPS aircraft
o To avoid this, some operators install ETOPS components on all same
type aircrafts of operator even if aircraft is non-ETOPS
 ETOPS Significant Systems/Components are:
- Those if failed
o Would cause diversion of flight
o Impede safety of aircraft/passengers
o Significantly increase crew workload during diversion
o Whose functioning is required for ETOPS functioning with optimum
redundancy
- Those required as per MEL (ER) Operations
 ETOPS Verification Flight
 All defects must be Identified, Rectified, Verified and Certified before next ETOPS flight
 Required if:
- Defects reported on ETOPS significant system which cannot be reproduced
- System defects that cannot be tested 100% while on ground
- Defect being intermittent – not being possible to confirm if maintenance action
rectified the original defect
o Intermittent defect affecting airworthiness
o Maintenance done on multiple ETOPS significant components
o Major component change in engine fuel/oil system
o Release from „A Check‟ and it‟s multiples
 Minimum flight time for ETOPS verification must be 60 minutes and it may be:
- A non-ETOPS flight
- First 60 minutes of an ETOPS flight (all suspected systems/components must be
tested and confirmed serviceable within first 60 minutes)
- A non-revenue flight (test flight)

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  ETOPS Proving Flight (validation flight)
 When ETOPS approval has been suspended
 Required when:
- Performance of a „C Check‟
- Inflight shut down of an engine
- Engine change
- Engine removal and reinstallation to facilitate maintenance
- Drop in fixed Crew Oxygen System pressure for reasons other than
o Pre-flight testing AND/OR
o Confirmed in-flight use
 Minimum flight time of a proving flight must equal to authorized ETOPS diversion time
 Must be a non-ETOPS flight (revenue/non-revenue)

All Weather Operations – AWOPS

 AWOPS or low visibility operations approvals allow aircraft to make low visibility take-offs and
landings
 AWOPS approval is given by NAA to aircraft holding appropriate equipment, additional training,
procedures and maintenance
 Aeroplane Operations Manual must contain a list of systems required to be fully serviceable in
order to qualify the aircraft for Category II and III operations
 Placards must be applied on equipment and installations to warn maintenance personnel to the
need to fit only controlled equipment

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All Weather Operations Categories

Category I Decision height 400ft to 200ft

Runway Visual Range not less than 800m
Use ILS
Category II Decision height 200ft to 100ft
Runway Visual Range not less than 300m
Use ILS
Category III A Decision height less than 100ft
Runway Visual Range not less than 175m
Use ILS
Category III B Decision height less than 50ft
Runway Visual Range between 175m - 50m
Use ILS
Category III C Decision height 0ft
Runway Visual Range 0m
Zero visibility landing
Zero visibility guidance to taxi

 AWOPS as per CAASL

 Category II and III approvals must be included in AOC
 Detailed procedures of conducting Category II and III must be in Operations Manual
 Category II and III approval not given to single pilot aircraft
 Category III C approvals are not granted by CAASL
 Aerodrome operator must obtain CAASL approval for Category II and III

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