Leds201710 DL

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OCTOBER 2017
LEDsmagazine.com
Office lighting
HCL pleases
workers P. 27
Lighting for
Health
Conference report P. 33
Thermal paths
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Materials cool
LEDs P. 43
Horticultural
SSL for lettuce
LEDs slash cycles P. 7
1710LEDS_C1 1 9/22/17 4:46 PM

1710LEDS_C2 2 9/22/17 3:30 PM
ISSUE 100
2017
October Cover Story
SSL luminaires deliver serious growth
gains for growers in Vermont (see p. 7;
image courtesy of Heliospectra.)
features
24 INTERVIEW
Lumileds reveals the inspiration behind LEDs
designed for plants Maury Wright
columns/departments
27 SPECIAL SECTION:
HUMAN-CENTRIC LIGHTING
Human-centric lighting takes hold in the 3 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
AMA LED street-light guidelines were
commercial workplace Mark Halper among the hot topics at SALC
33 HCL: CONFERENCE
Speakers cover circadian disruption to healthcare 7 NEWS +ANALYSIS
Greenhouse boosts lettuce yield
assessment at new conference Maury Wright with Heliospectra LED luminaires
39 HCL: INDUSTRY INSIGHTS

Human-centric lighting is the next step in LED
UNESCO site Wartburg Castle
gets LED lighting
Osram packs LEDs in module
design and control Charles Knuffke, Legrand with silicone lens for adaptable
beam auto headlamp
43 MANUFACTURING
Understand thermal characterization of high-power
Smart cities: Acuity, Silver Spring, Tvlight,
Bouygues, Citelum, Philips Lighting
LEDs for reliable SSL Nicholas Herrick and Ranjit Lumileds brings Stylist white LED
Pandher, Alpha Assembly Solutions technology to mid-power packages
48
CoeLux harnesses LEDs to
INDUSTRY INSIGHTS deliver California sunlight to a
Lighting controls can no longer be ‘set and forget’ Copenhagen restaurant
with IoT advances Beatrice Witzgall, LumiFi SSL business: Osram,
Digital Lumens, Cree
51 INNOVATION
New book looks to the past to determine the
future of SSL
21 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
ASABE publishes a metric standard
Bob Johnstone for LED-based horticultural lighting
NEMA files legal action that could stymie
56 LAST WORD
TLEDs can prove economical, but aren’t always
California regulations on LED lamps
DOE publishes Gateway report
the best choice on OLED office lighting
Stan Walerczyk, Lighting Wizards
LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2017 1
1710LEDS_1 1 9/22/17 3:22 PM

1710LEDS_2 2 9/22/17 3:22 PM
commentary
AMA LED street-light guidelines were

among the hot topics at SALC
I
’m writing this column after plaints about the 4000K lights. The utility we described after SALC two years back
returning from the IES (Illu- also said it’s tough to discern the difference (http://bit.ly/1ZzgAme). And once installed,
minating Engineering Society) in the two and that it will still install 4000K the controls and wireless connectivity
Street and Area Lighting Confer- lights when a customer requests them. can serve other applications and increase
ence (SALC) in Austin, TX. There The 3000K momentum comes even energy savings. The utility is installing the
were many hot topics, including though many speakers at SALC pointed controls on every new street light and plans
networked controls and IES Rec- out that CCT is not a proper way to eval- to upgrade older LED luminaires installed
ommended Practices for street uate how an LED luminaire may affect before it committed to controls.
lighting. Still, it was CCT, often human physiological systems. And a Alas, an undercurrent of contrarian
relative to the controversial AMA (Ameri- couple of speakers noted that the best thought pervaded many lunchtable discus-
can Medical Association) guidelines, that research on the issue of safety, by Ron Gib- sions and the networking reception. Sev-
dominated (http://bit.ly/2eW91WB). bons of the Virginia Tech Transportation eral lighting vendors told me that you can’t
Ironically, the AMA may win the day Institute, showed that drivers could detect get in the door on a bidding process with-
though its guidelines are no mandate to objects much better under 4100K lighting. out being able to check the box on a con-
the lighting community. The suggestion We reported on some of those tests several trols offer in your product portfolio. But it
that street lights be installed at 3000K CCT years back (http://bit.ly/1saaZU6). still seems that in many projects, controls
or warmer was just that — a suggestion. Yet It was very clear that the IES still regards end up being omitted from the actual con-
it appears many municipalities and utilities the AMA’s guidelines as an inappropriate tract because of cost. The controls under-
are moving toward 3000K, whether based intrusion. The AMA did not have a lighting current seemed to support the research
on citizen preference or on fears that the expert in the committee that established data that has been published by our sister
AMA position could become a legal issue. the guidelines. Moreover, it has rejected organization Strategies Unlimited (http://
Georgia Power, for instance, said it the offer of collaboration by the IES. The bit.ly/2rDik5q). Outdoors and in, there is
swapped from 4000K- to 3000K-CCT lumi- AMA seems to have completely missed the more talk about smart lighting than actual
naires in the middle of its LED conversion fact that public safety on roads and side- investment in it — a disturbing trend, given
program. The change occurred in the third walks is the reason we have street lights. the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT).
quarter of 2016. Later this year, the utility Moving to controls, they were again a We'll have more from SALC next month.
will transition to 3000K for residential secu- prevalent topic as they have been in recent
rity lights, too, even though LEDs in that SALC meetings. Back to Georgia Power, that Maury Wright,
application are replacing cool metal-halide company uses wireless controls as a key cog EDITOR
lamps. Georgia Power said it had some com- in its auto commissioning program that mauryw@pennwell.com
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1710LEDS_3 3 9/22/17 3:22 PM

FEATURED events
| web exclusives Horticultural Lighting Conference USA
October 17, 2017
Denver, CO
Light Middle East
Editorial Digests October 17–19, 2017
Dubai, UAE
LED standards bring product
Hong Kong International Lighting Fair
developers up to speed October 27–30, 2017
http://bit.ly/2y9PE6l Hong Kong
Professional Lighting Design Convention
Packaged LED technology advances November 1–4, 2017
Paris, France
for application-specific needs
LED Specifier Summit Midwest
http://bit.ly/2feSfIk November 14–15, 2017
Chicago, IL
Webcasts LuxLive, co-located with lightspace.london

November 15–16, 2017
The benefits of using rigid London, UK
accessory lenses within Strategies in Light Europe Investor Forum

November 16, 2017
architectural luminaires London, UK
http://bit.ly/2xbxzp3 China International Lighting Expo
November 20–22, 2017
Shanghai, China
Market Research
LED Expo New Delhi
LEDs in lighting applications: Market November 20–December 2, 2017
New Delhi, India
analysis and forecast 2017
ForumLED Europe
http://bit.ly/2sVi3ty
December 13–14, 2017
Lyon, France
For more online exclusive resources, go to: ledsmagazine.com/resources
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/events
ADVERTISERS index
Alpha/Alent ..................................................................................... 37 LUX Live 2017................................................................................. 42
American Bright Optoelectronics ............................................... 10, 54 Masterbond .................................................................................... 49
Citizen Electronics Co. Ltd. .............................................................. 13 Moso Power Supply Techology Co., Ltd. ........................................... 16
Cree, Inc. ...................................................................................... CV4 Nitto, Inc. ........................................................................................ 26
CSA Group ...................................................................................... 45 Opticolor, Inc..................................................................................... 6
Eclipse Lighting, Inc. ....................................................................... 55 Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH .................................................. 2
Eptronics .........................................................................................47 Philips Emergency Lighting .............................................................. 12
Exponation...................................................................................... 52 Sapphire Awards 2018.................................................................... 41
Future Electronics, Inc......................................................... 11, 20, 29 Seoul Semiconductor Co., Ltd, .......................................................... 5
GL-Optic GmbH ............................................................................... 45 Shenzhen Ledfriend Optoelectronics Co., Ltd, ..................................17
Griplock Systems, LLC .................................................................... 40 Shenzhen Sosen Electronics Co., Ltd, ............................................. 23
Guangdong Acevel Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. ......................... CV2 Strategies In Light/The Led Show/Lightspace California 2018 ........ 32
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc............................................................... 9 Strategies Unlimited ....................................................................... 50
IOTA Engineering ............................................................................. 35 Thomas Research Products ............................................................ 19
Lightspace California 2018 ............................................................. 38 Tosaf Compound ............................................................................. 31
Lumileds ....................................................................................... CV3 Universal Lighting Technologies....................................................... 25
Lutron Electrics Co., Inc. ................................................................. 15
This ad index is published as a ser not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
4 OCTOBER 2017 LEDsmagazine.com
1710LEDS_4 4 9/22/17 3:22 PM

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1710LEDS_6 6 9/22/17 3:22 PM

+
news views
HORTICULTURAL LIGHTING
Greenhouse boosts lettuce yield with

Heliospectra LED luminaires
Swedish horticultural LED luminaire spe-
cialist Heliospectra has supplied a green-
house grower of lettuce, herbs, and other
greens located in Vermont, with the green-
house operation realizing a 25% increase
in business attributable to the solid-state
lighting (SSL). Horticultural supplier and
consultant Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Inc.
assisted with the project at grower Green
Mountain Harvest Hydroponics that has
both reduced the length of crop cycles and improved yield. Griffin recommended that the grower install Heliospectra
Green Mountain had been growing greens hydroponically LX60-family LED luminaires in place of existing high-pres-
for some time with notable success in a controlled environ- sure sodium (HPS) lighting on a fixture-per-fixture basis.
ment agriculture (CEA) setting under greenhouse cover. The presumed advantage would be the fact that the LED
Indeed, the grower had already been supplying Whole Foods fixtures deliver energy peaks in the blue, red, and far-red
stores in the northeastern US. Green Mountain is focused spectral regions that encourage chlorophyll absorption and
primarily on growing spring mix, summer crisp lettuce, other growth attributes while still delivering broad spec-
basil, and watercress on a year-round basis. trum white energy. Note, that there remain » page 8
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING AUTOMOTIVE LIGHTING
UNESCO site Wartburg Osram packs LEDs in

Castle gets LED lighting module with silicone
Zumtobel has announced a retrofit to LED-based lighting at Wartburg lens for adaptable
Castle in Germany — the UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage Site that reflects beam auto headlamp
almost 1000 years of German Osram has announced new Smartrix modules that
history. Perched above the integrate LEDs, driver electronics, and a custom
city of Eisenach in the state silicone lens in a compact form factor that enables
of Thuringian, the castle inte- advanced SSL headlamp systems for automobiles.
rior now features SSL for 300 Osram believes that the modular approach will
exhibit areas as well as in the enable auto makers to support features such as adap-
common areas of the venue. tive drive beams in more mainstream models, and
The Wartburg Castle com- the company said it is already working on even more
plex dates to the 12th century capable Smartrix LED modules.
and is where Martin Luther The conjured brand Smartrix, is a combination of
translated the New Testament of the Bible into German and laid the the words smart and matrix. Indeed, the word matrix
foundation for a standardized German language. The site remains the has been used generically and as a brand to describe
top Luther-centric historic venue in the world and is hosting a special the concept of adaptive headlamps that can react
exhibition entitled “Luther and the Germans” tied to the ongoing Year to other autos and to the road topography to selec-
of Martin Luther celebration. » page 12 tively mask or illuminate segments of a » page 8
1710LEDS_7 7 9/22/17 3:19 PM

news+views
from page 7 differing thoughts on light Osram from page 7
recipes, especially for biomass crops, but the headlamp systems. Rather than need-
red/blue combination seems to work well for ing low beams, for instance, an adap-
leafy greens as we covered in a story on hor- tive drive beam can simply ensure the
ticultural lighting science and vertical farms LEDs that might blind the driver of an
(http://bit.ly/2fwtLZB). oncoming car are temporarily masked.
Back to Green Mountain, the grower We first covered the concept of adap-
noticed an immediate improvement in crop tive drive beams back in 2013 when
cycles that were attributed to the LED light- Audi rolled out its Matrix branded sys- Schwabe, CEO
ing, especially in the shorter winter days. tem (http://bit.ly/1qtZK7k). We subse- of the Specialty Lighting
“As soon as the new Heliospectra LEDs quently published feature articles on business unit at Osram.
were installed, Green Mountain recognized the topic including a Developer Forum Osram said the plastic lenses com-
immediate benefits from the optimized light piece on driver design for such a system monly used in matrix-type systems could
spectrum,” said John Farr, managing partner (http://bit.ly/1ZZ4bZ1). not meet the requisite of location much
for Green Mountain. “We typically harvested For some time, it appeared that the US closer to the LED source. The silicone
our summer crisp lettuce at 55 days. With might not allow such headlamp systems optics offer high resistance to heat and
Heliospectra, we now harvest between 42 to be sold, instead sticking with the low- optical radiation, as well as long life; they
and 45 days. The opportunity to accelerate beam requirement. The European market can be mounted directly adjacent to the
harvest and create additional revenue cycles flourished, however, taking advantage of LEDs; and they are less expensive than
significantly scales our business.” the unique properties of LED sources to glass. The placement of the lens near the
Farr said that in the winter the grower improve on a decades-old approach to LEDs enables the needed beam control in
would get “stretchy crops” that took a long forward lighting for autos. Now the US a smaller module, thereby enabling auto
time to grow. Moreover, he said the lettuce has moved to develop standards that will manufacturers to deliver on the evident
leaves would experience yellowing in some pave the way for adaptive drive beam trend of narrow, low-profile headlamps,
areas and that those leaves would have to functionality (http://bit.ly/2wZVZ7s). according to the company.
be removed as waste at harvest. The LED All along, Osram has been near the Osram said headlamps based on the
lighting created a stable schedule through- forefront of matrix technology and was Smartrix LED modules will be on the road
out the year and improved the crop quality most likely involved in that original Audi in commercial vehicles this fall. More-
— meaning more weight and higher value. design, although the company never over, the company said it will deliver a
At the same time, the LEDs eliminated light said so publicly. For example, the com- version with multiple lines of pixels
pollution, which had previously generated pany revealed a new packaged LED com- or optical segments.
complaints from neighbors. ponent late last year in the Oslon Black And, of course, Osram continues to
Peter Armando, sales manager and expert Flat family that integrates multiple indi- work on even more advanced headlamp
grower at Griffin, said the SSL installation is vidually-controllable emitter segments technology. As we have written before,
able to optimize lighting for the crop. He said (http://bit.ly/2j9Ayq0), with a five-seg- the company is partnered on develop-
red and far-red lighting is used to enhance ment model promised for early this year. ment with the Fraunhofer Institute for
flowering and that blue is used to enhance Now the Smartrix technology com- Reliability and Microintegration (IZM),
the foliage. Armando claimed that the lights bines the company’s work in LEDs semiconductor-manufacturer Infineon,
can improve leaf structure by 30%. ◀ with the optics required in a headlamp auto third-party OEM Hella, and auto
design. “By using new materials for the manufacturer Daimler with funding
SMART CITIES lens systems, we have been able to make from the German Federal Ministry of
the Smartrix modules even smaller and Education and Research (BMBF). That
Acuity and Silver Spring team more durable, so our customers have group is focused on a module with more
up on smart street lighting even more freedom in designing their than 1000 individually controllable emit-
Another day, another alliance between headlights,” explained Hans-Joachim ters (http://bit.ly/2f9pQNV). ◀
an LED lighting and an IT networking
company: Acuity Brands and Internet of
Things (IoT) network provider Silver Spring that, when attached to a street light, will for wireless smart utility network — using
Networks have teamed to boost their work with Silver Spring wireless networks the IPv6 Internet Protocol. Silver Spring
smart street lighting capabilities with a to help improve the control and functional- calls its network Starfish, and offers man-
new product and via working as channel ity of street lights. agement software called Streetlight.Vision.
partners for each other. Silver Spring connects street lights and By joining forces, the two companies will
Lighting company Acuity, better known other things such as smart electricity meters help large outdoor lighting customers such
for indoor products and IoT services, said via a mesh topology based on the IEEE as cities and utilities “leverage their smart
it has developed a photocontrol module 802.15.4g standard — also known as Wi-SUN lighting canopy to easily and cost-effec-
1710LEDS_8 8 9/22/17 3:19 PM

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1710LEDS_9 9 9/22/17 3:19 PM

news+views
and maintenance costs.
The Port will equip 1100 new LED street
lights with motion sensors and manage-
ment software from Amsterdam-based
Tvilight. Dutch company Dynniq will over-
see the rollout and the LED light instal-
lation. Dynniq is a technology firm that
specializes in managing infrastructure, traf-
fic, and energy systems.
The Port of Moerdijk is Holland’s fourth
largest port. It sits on the Hollands Diep
Photo credit: Christian Barrette via Flickr. River, which is an estuary of the Rhine and
tively deploy additional smart city appli- DSN photocontrol module, which Sil- Meuse Rivers leading to the North Sea. The
cations over time,” said Trevor Palmer, vice ver Spring described as “an enhanced ver- port serves maritime as well as inland cargo,
president of product management controls sion” of Acuity’s existing photocontroller, and is connected by canal to Antwerp.
for Acuity Brands Lighting. called the DLL Elite. ◀ It made the decision to roll out the sys-
The combination of Starfish and Street- MORE: http://bit.ly/2xCb53x tem across its industrial park — Moerdijk
light.Vision allows cities to remotely control houses chemical companies that connect to
lighting levels via both pre-programming Dutch port taps smart street other chemical clusters in the Netherlands
and on-demand commands. It also lowers lighting, with IoT on the horizon and Belgium via pipelines — following a
the cost of maintenance by remotely mon- The Port of Moerdijk in southern Holland trial in a small portion of the port using LED
itoring each lamp’s performance. (above) is installing smart street light- luminaires from Philips Lighting. A public
The alliance with Acuity calls for inte- ing controls across 2600 hectares of land tender will decide the luminaire provider
gration of Acuity’s newly developed DTL in a bid to slash energy consumption on the bigger rollout.
1710LEDS_10 10 9/22/17 3:19 PM

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1710LEDS_11 11 9/22/17 3:20 PM

news+views
Schakenraad, program
manager for infrastruc-
ture and maintenance.
The smar t lig ht-
ing announcement at
Moerdijk, which counts
chemicals among its main-
stays, is the second this
summer at a southern Hol-
land chemical facility, fol-
lowing the Chemelot Indus-
A Tvilight spokesperson said the new trial Park’s deployment of smart lighting
smart street lighting system should slash that uses mesh controls from Chess Wise
the lighting electricity bill by up to 80% — (http://bit.ly/2wdEfFY). ◀
in large measure by dynamic dimming — MORE: http://bit.ly/2xnnfwv
compared to the existing fluorescent lights,
which do not benefit from smart controls. PACKAGED LEDS
Tvilight’s CitySense sensors and CityMan-
ager software will also help cut maintenance Lumileds brings Stylist white LED
costs by as much as 50%, through preven- technology to mid-power packages
tative maintenance, the spokesperson said. Lumileds has announced an extension
The smart street lighting system will of its Luxeon Stylist LED technology to a
play a key role in the port’s aim to become range of components that will be supplied
“energy neutral” by 2030, noted Henk in mid-power packages. The Stylist concept
from page 7 The castle is not Zum- castle, but the LED lighting easily could
tobel’s first major project at a UNESCO be driven by existing wiring.
World Heritage Site. For example, we cov- Of course, historic sites also raise the
ered a project at the Aachen Cathedral issue of preserving the exhibits. In the
Treasury where Zumtobel LED products German project, the team added poten-
delivered energy savings and better light- tiometers to each luminaire, enabling
ing for what was once the favored home precise control of light levels to a max-
of Charlemagne (http://bit.ly/1Hhfp5I). imum of 50 lx. The optical accesso-
At Wartburg, Zumtobel Supersystem II ries and luminaire design, meanwhile,
luminaires are delivering improved light- restrict light to just where it’s intended
ing for the exhibit areas that total 1000m2. for an optimum viewing experience.
The SSL product family comprises minia- The wide variety of products in the
turized and modular products that enable Supersystem II family further pro-
many accent and direct lighting effects vided a choice of finishes that could be
and scenes to be installed on low-voltage tailored to match colors and the set-
tracks. For example, the miniature spot- ting for each exhibit area. Moreover,
lights only extend 45 mm below the track the modular system could enable the
and the track extends 30 mm below the curators to change the lighting for new
surface upon which it is mounted. The exhibits in the future.
tracks are available in lengths as short as We’ve covered SSL projects at a num-
26 mm and in larger sizes. ber of other UNESCO sites in both indoor
The LED lighting replaced a 20-year- and outdoor settings. A few years back,
old legacy system, and as we have noted we covered an outdoor project at the
in coverage of other historic sites, the Durham Castle and Cathedral in England
low-power requirements of SSL are (http://bit.ly/1oVQ324). And LED light-
often a critical element of the selection ing of the Moroccan Walls of Rabat was
criteria. There would not have been an another very impressive SSL project at a
option to add more power cables in the UNESCO site (http://bit.ly/1NEAMzd). ◀
1710LEDS_12 12 9/22/17 3:20 PM

1710LEDS_13 13 9/22/17 3:20 PM
news+views
is based on spectral power distribution Denmark that virtually transports diners to mounted underneath employees’ desks,
(SPD) of individual components being tar- the California sunshine. A planar SSL lumi- according to a recent article by Bloomberg
geted specifically to lighting one type of naire looks to be a skylight, but in actual- (https://bloom.bg/2xBR9xN).
retail product optimally. The new Luxeon ity relies on multiple channels of hidden The boxes, called OccupEye and provided
Stylist mid-power packaged LEDs will LED sources along with light-guide optics by British company Cad-Capture, gather
enable the technology to find usage in new to simulate outdoor lighting scenes — occupancy data and tie it into a cloud-con-
SSL product types such as linear fixtures California sunshine in the case of the new nected dashboard system that helps Bar-
with diffuse optics. California Kitchen restaurant. clays decipher how efficiently or waste-
Lumileds first announced Stylist LEDs Such a lighting technique is often referred fully it is using space.
just over a year back when it rolled the to as spatial tuning because it mimics the Lighting companies are promoting space
technology platform out in chip-on-board colors and angles of natural sunlight and the utilization analysis as a key IoT applica-
(COB) LEDs (http://bit.ly/2kZTXhQ). The impact of the atmosphere in changing natu- tion. For example, space management is
COB products target directional light- ral light over the course of a day. a principle component of a smart light-
ing in lamp and luminaire product forms. We have covered the concept of spatial ing system provided by Helvar as part of a
And the concept of a tuned SPD really orig- tuning a handful of times. An interview with 5G smart building trial at the University
LED industry executive Brent York prior to of Oulu in Finland (http://bit.ly/2wtpJ86).
Strategies in Light this year highlights the And smart luminaires from Feilo Sylva-
concept (http://bit.ly/2jsKkIH). Spatial nia are helping Dutch standards body NEN
tuning is a new frontier for lighting design- manage its headquarters space in Delft
ers and specifiers now that we can control (http://bit.ly/2iJoNtB).
the intensity of LED sources and indeed The good news at Barclays for lighting
offer tunable colors. Clever optical design companies is that Cad-Capture’s Occup-
then allows SSL manufacturers to enable Eye system validates the concept of IoT-
the spatial element. linked facilities analysis. But as a high-pro-
CoeLux, based in style-conscious Italy, file user, Barclays also serves as a stark
has been touting its ability to mimic natu- reminder that lighting vendors must com-
ral light for several years. Indeed, our sister pete against IT vendors for IoT business. It’s
publication Lux anointed CoeLux as a top- also why lighting vendors are striking part-
inated with the CrispWhite COB LED that ten must see exhibitor at the LuxLive exhi- nerships with IT firms.
earned the Lumileds development team bition back in 2014 (http://bit.ly/1D2WKee). Lighting vendors are positioning IoT sys-
recognition as the LEDs Magazine Sap- The restaurant lighting was the result of tems for varied uses, many of which are
phire Awards Illumineer of the Year in 2015 collaboration between California and Dan- linked to smartphones. In addition to space
(http://bit.ly/1Dn7EcD). ish architects and designers. Diners can analysis, other applications include indoor
Specifically, Lumileds will offer Styl- experience California sunlight and other positioning, location-specific advertising
ist CrispColor technology in the Lux- scenes. Moreover, CoeLux said the product and promotions, traffic alerts, parking infor-
eon 2835 3V and 3535L HE LED fami- “boosts the feeling of wellbeing and comfort” mation, air and weather reporting, crime
lies. CrispColor reveals richer colors and and that the luminaire creates “the sensa- warnings, and much more. ◀
brighter whites in dry-goods retail — for tion of infinite space.” ◀ MORE: http://bit.ly/2wdhQsf
instance, lighting clothes. MORE: http://bit.ly/2wYpmH8
The company will offer the Stylist Fresh- SMART CITIES
Focus technology in the 2835 3V and the INTERNET OF THINGS
Luxeon 3014 LED families. FreshFocus Street lighting key to ambitious
includes SPD options designed for meats, As lighting companies morph $126M smart city scheme in Dijon
fish, baked goods, and produce in a grocery into IT firms, they face stiff Dijon, famous for zesty mustard, is now
lighting application. ◀ competition — from IT vendors spreading something else with vim and
MORE: http://bit.ly/2xBValE Barclays Plc has deployed a series of heat vigor: smart city technology. The Burgundy
and motion sensors that help analyze office city in eastern France is joining with neigh-
TUNABLE SSL space usage at investment banking facilities boring towns on a €105 million ($126 mil-
in London. It’s the sort of system that light- lion) information technology project
CoeLux harnesses LEDs to ing vendors are offering as part of their push intended to improve operations and save
deliver California sunlight in into the IoT, with one glaring difference: money on street lighting, traffic manage-
a Copenhagen restaurant Barclays does not appear to be housing the ment and public safety, while generating
European upstart CoeLux has enabled sensors within the lighting infrastructure to data for other services across the metropolis.
an LED-lighting project in a California- turn this into a smart building. In an ambitious 12-year project led by the
cuisine-themed restaurant in Copenhagen, Rather, it is deploying black boxes €31.7 billion ($38 billion) construction and
1710LEDS_14 14 9/22/17 3:20 PM

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1710LEDS_15 15 9/22/17 3:20 PM

news+views
倀爀漀最爀愀洀洀愀戀氀攀
䰀䔀䐀䐀䐀爀椀瘀攀爀猀
䔀渀氀椀最栀琀攀渀䐀䘀椀砀琀甀爀攀䐀䐀攀猀椀最渀 Photo credit: Arnaud 25 via Wikimedia.
telecoms conglomerate Bouygues, Dijon Métropole will upgrade

34,000 street lights to LED, which it will connect to a central man-
agement system that will also tie into traffic lights, security cam-
eras, buses, and other assets in an IoT scheme.
The system is expected to cut public lighting costs by 65% using
the Muse control system from Citelum, a subsidiary of €71.2 billion
French state-owned utility giant EDF. Citelum specializes in lighting
management, and in using the lighting infrastructure to underpin
Muse-based urban digital services such as monitoring traffic, park-
ing, air quality, climate, crime, and other things.
“Muse will connect all the city’s actors,” Citelum said of Dijon.
“On the platform, the city’s public services will have access to infor-
mation about all the infrastructures of the municipality, efficiently
plan maintenance interventions, optimize costs management, and
inform their partners on their works progress. Citizens will also
have a tool to contact their city’s public services from their mobile
phone and signal any event on the streets requiring a quick and coor-
dinated management.” ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/2ju23iY
Philips teams with wireless giant

䘀氀攀砀椀戀氀攀䐀☀䐀刀攀氀椀愀戀氀攀 on 4G and 5G light poles
Philips Lighting has teamed with a $5.8 billion provider of communi-
cation towers and other transmission real estate to develop a “smart
street pole” that houses cellular gear for 4G and 5G phone and broad-
Photo credit: Philips.

㨀眀眀眀⸀洀漀猀漀瀀漀眀攀爀⸀挀漀洀 band service while also connecting lighting and other smart city
㨀礀漀礀漀䀀洀漀猀漀瀀漀眀攀爀⸀挀漀洀 operations to those networks.
The alliance between the world’s largest lighting company and
㨀 ⬀㠀㘀㜀㔀㔀㈀㜀㘀㔀㜀㜀　㠀 Boston-based American Tower Company marks the latest exam-
ple of how the lighting industry is pushing hard into information
and communications technology to secure a future that links light-
ing into IoT schemes.
“The companies are developing a collocation-ready, 4G/5G-
LEDsmagazine.com
1710LEDS_16 16 9/22/17 3:20 PM

news+views
enabled LED smart light pole for use in Philips City Touch connected street-light- Westminster, another London borough, has
roadways, streets, and parking lots that ing management system. already been using Starfish.
will improve wireless broadband access The light poles can also house sensors The mesh topology treats street lights as
in dense urban areas while also providing connected to IT networks. That, in turn, nodes in a network, allowing lights to relay
quality, energy-efficient connected LED will support the myriad smart city func- information to each other and thus ease the
lighting,” Philips and American Tower said tions that lighting companies hope to pro- process of remotely powering on/off and
in a joint press release. vide, such as monitoring traffic, parking, adjusting their brightness. It also helps to
Light poles that house cellular trans- air quality, noise, climate, ice, crime, and monitor the performance of each light, cut-
mitters can avoid “adding urban clut- many other things. ◀ ting down on maintenance costs.
ter, changing the city landscape, or affect- MORE: http://bit.ly/2wsViis The control system suits a ser-
ing the aesthetics of a neighborhood,” vice business model. Silver Spring now
the companies noted. London connects another describes Starfish as a “platform as a
While American Tower is known for 28,000 street lights to service,” although it did not reveal its
housing gear for cellular, television, and wireless mesh controls arrangement in London.
radio networks on conventional tow- London is connecting another 28,000 LED The City of London will connect about
ers, it also specializes in finding other street lights to wireless mesh controls based 12,000 LED street lights to Starfish, and
real estate, such as rooftops, on which to on Internet protocols, using a system pro- Barking and Dagenham about 15,500.
place such equipment. The company oper- vided by Silver Spring Networks. The lights could eventually become
ates as an REIT, or real estate investment Silver Spring said London’s financial part of an IoT scheme.
trust. It claims to have around 148,000 district, known as the City of London, as “Silver Spring’s platform was selected to
communications sites. well as the Borough of Barking and Dagen- provide 100% coverage in the dense urban
Philips will take advantage of the cel- ham in the city’s northeast, will now con- setting of the City of London, including
lular connection to remotely monitor trol street lights remotely using the com- streets, lanes, and alleyways where cel-
and control its LED luminaires via the pany’s Starfish mesh network. The City of lular technology is unavailable, and star
1710LEDS_17 17 9/22/17 3:20 PM

operate going forward. The release did
say the company would integrate some
Osram technologies such as the Einstone
indoor-positioning technology into the Dig-
ital Lumens software. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/2y1WU3R
Cree releases tepid

quarterly results
Cree has announced financial results for
Q4 of its 2017 fiscal year (FY), and sales are
down year over year, although the report
foreshadows a potential positive trend
quarter over quarter.
Cree said it earned $359 million (M) for
Photo credit: Colin and Kim Hansen via Wikimedia. Q4 in FY2017. That figure was down 8%
networks could not reach,” a Silver Spring become part of the IoT movement. Indeed, from the same quarter one year back. But
spokesperson said. “The smart street lights back in 2010, we covered the bold claims in fairness, the SSL sector has hit a flat spot
will help the City of London achieve its made by CEO Tom Pincince that the com- in the summer of 2017 that hasn’t been fully
energy savings goals and reduce opera- pany’s technology would push energy con- explained but that is foreseen by most to
tional costs, while also improving service sumption to 90% lower than facilities lit be a temporary lull.
reliability and helping to lay a platform for with legacy sources (http://bit.ly/1u8917q). The recent trend for Cree has been rela-
future IoT applications.” That claim was made relative to facilities tively constant. Back in January, we reported
Another company, Urban Control, is also such as warehouses where workers are not a year-over-year drop in Q2, although that
involved in the installation. The Hoddesdon, present in much of the facility at any given report exceeded analysts’ expectations
England-based company is part of Britain’s moment — meaning sensors could dim or (http://bit.ly/2wgCA2t). And a lot has
DW Windsor Group lighting company. extinguish lighting in much of the facility. In transpired for the company since. Cree
Barking and Dagenham are using the 2011, the company announced some major subsequently canceled its planned dives-
Silver Spring and Urban Control system installations of its connected lighting sys- titure to Infineon of the Wolfspeed RF-
“to drive energy efficiency through remote tems (http://bit.ly/2flI8Oy). and power-semiconductor business unit
dimming and brightening of the new smart Osram has certainly developed its own (http://bit.ly/2mmzmUD). And in May
street lights,” the Silver Spring spokesper- connected lighting platforms including the the company announced that long-time-
son said. “The program is a core aspect of IoT-centric Encelium technology, and the CEO Chuck Swoboda would step down
the Borough’s goal to become the green Simplux platform intended for 10,000-ft 2 and a search for a replacement contin-
energy capital of London, and an import- and smaller spaces. Still, Digital Lumens will ues(http://bit.ly/2whg618).
ant aspect within the selection was Silver bring value via its cloud software expertise Back to the Q4 report, the company did
Spring’s ability to deploy additional IoT ser- and advanced sensor technology. enjoy a 5% increase in earnings relative to
vices in the future.” ◀ Digital Lumens has never really pro- the prior quarter. “We made progress in
MORE: http://bit.ly/2jtu8H8 moted its business as lighting as a ser- Q4, with good results in each business and
vices (LaaS), but the company is among non-GAAP earnings per share that were
SSL BUSINESS the industry leaders in terms of having in the middle of our target range,” stated
customers that pay a monthly fee to uti- Swoboda. “We built a solid foundation for
Osram has acquired connected lize its LightRules management platform. growth in all three businesses over the last
SSL pioneer Digital Lumens Indeed, co-founder Brian Chemel won the year. In the near term, we will have some
Osram has announced the acquisition of Sapphire Illumineer of the Year Award incremental spending to expand capac-
Boston-based Digital Lumens — a company in 2016, largely for the Light Rules work ity and are excited about the opportu-
started in 2008 focused on connected SSL (http://bit.ly/256t5va). And profits from nity for Cree to grow revenue and prof-
systems and the use of autonomous and pro- that software-facing revenue have proba- its in the year ahead.”
grammatic controls to further energy effi- bly exceeded profits from Digital Lumens’ In other recent Cree news, the company
ciency beyond the baseline savings attribut- own luminaire portfolio. announced it had reached a patent settle-
able to efficient LED sources. The Osram announcement did not ment with tactical flashlight maker Emson,
Digital Lumens was one of the first com- reveal terms of the deal, only stating that which sells products using the Bell+ Howell
panies that LEDs Magazine covered relative the acquisition was primarily from ven- brand. Cree said Emson has agreed to exclu-
to networked lighting systems and intelli- ture capital investors. Moreover, it’s not sively buy Cree packaged LEDs for its flash-
gent controls — and what has evolved to completely clear how Digital Lumens will lights as part of the settlement. ◀
1710LEDS_18 18 9/22/17 3:20 PM

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1710LEDS_20 20 9/22/17 3:20 PM

+ funding
programs
ASABE publishes a metric standard
NEMA files legal action
that could stymie
California regulations
on LED lamps
The National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) has announced
that it filed legal action seeking to pre-
empt regulations established by the
California Energy Commission (CEC)
from taking effect. Parts of the CEC reg-
for LED-based horticultural lighting ulatory policy have come under attack
The American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) has announced pub-
lication of the ANSI/ASABE S640 standard entitled “Quantities and Units of Electromagnetic
Radiation for Plants (Photosynthetic Organisms).” The work is the first in an expected three-
prong effort of standards development by ASABE that can forward the proliferation of LED-
based horticultural lighting. Solid-state lighting (SSL) is increasingly important to horticul-
ture in both vertical farms and as
supplemental under-cover applica-
tions in greenhouses, and the stan-
dards effort is intended to provide
a common language for character-
izing LED-based systems relative
to plants.
The standards effort for char-
acterizing LED-based lighting for from many in the SSL industry, high-
humans has been underway for a lighted probably by rules that require
decade or more now. But basic met- 90-CRI light quality along with strin-
rics such as efficacy (lm/W) that gent efficacy levels. The NEMA action
are directly applicable to humans, is broad and would stop the CEC from
since the lumen is based on human enforcing any regulatory action relative
visual sensitivity, have little appli- to general service lamps (GSLs) that is
cability to the effectiveness of light in conflict with policy under develop-
for plant growth. That issue is one ment at the federal level such as by the
we have covered in a number of arti- US Department of Energy (DOE).
cles including a feature last Septem- The NEMA versus CEC conflict was
ber (http://bit.ly/2fwtLZB). foreshadowed in early 2016 when it
Last November, we published a became clear that many in the light-
detailed article about the work of ing sector would oppose new CEC Title
the ASABE that had begun back in 20 regulations, which essentially man-
2015 and that by last year had become a three-part proactive effort on standards develop- dated that only 90-CRI lamps be sold
ment (http://bit.ly/2xsz0SX). As our article described, the first priority was definition of in the state. The industry also disliked
metrics and a new plant biologically active radiation (PBAR) radiometric band that spans the fact that the policy was to apply to
280–800 nm — covering the ultraviolet (UV) region below human visual sensitivity and the small-diameter reflector lamps such as
far-red region above. MR16 products, in addition to A-lamps.
The horticultural sector has for some time used de facto metrics such as photosynthetic We voiced our opinion at the time
photon flux (PPF) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) that are based on the pho- that color quality should be a consumer
tosynthetically active radiation (PAR) band from 400–700 nm. Those metrics remain useful. choice (http://bit.ly/1q5q6Dw). NEMA,
But UV light is now known to impact plant morphology. And the far-red region can impact among others, opposed the CEC regu-
seed germination, flower induction, plant height, and leaf expansion. The new standard will lations from the start and the poten-
add new metrics in those regions. ◀ tial of consumers having to » page 22
MORE: http://bit.ly/2eR0ark
1710LEDS_21 21 9/22/17 3:22 PM

funding programs +
DOE publishes Gateway report NEMA from page 23
buy more-expensive and less-efficient
on OLED office lighting lamps. And the potential of a DOE
conflict was readily apparent (http://
The DOE has published another Gateway report that evaluates the performance of real-world SSL bit.ly/1W22fkV).
projects in general illumination applications. The latest project primarily uses OLED-based light- Now NEMA has taken bold action.
ing, although some LED-based products were used to hit required light levels. The report states The industry association filed a
that the OLED lighting delivers light on vertical surfaces better than LED products and makes declaratory judgement with the
faces and expressions clearly visible, but the OLED products increase lighting power density rel- United States District Court in Sac-
ative to a primarily LED-based installation. ramento, CA seeking to effectively
The latest Gateway report is based on the new offices of accounting firm DeJoy, Knauf & Blood, eliminate the impact of CEC regula-
LLP (often called TeamDKB) located in Rochester, NY. David DeJoy is a founding partner at the tions on GSLs, by declaring the state
firm and is also the founder and CEO of OLEDWorks — a manufacturer of OLED panels. OLED- regulations preempted based on the
Works had pursued OLED panel technology on its own for years and then acquired the Lumiblade Energy Policy and Conservation Act
OLED operation from Philips Lighting in 2015 (EPCA). EPCA can be used by states to
(http://bit.ly/1MWhWSl). seek and sometimes win exceptions to
The TeamDKB office project uses luminaires federal policy, but NEMA asserts that
from a number of lighting manufacturers, but the CEC policy does not fall within the
all of the products installed are based on panels narrowly defined exceptions in lamps
from OLEDWorks. The OLED lighting products for federal preemption.
were installed in what were called visually- NEMA president and CEO Kevin
prominent areas including partners’ offices, Cosgriff issued a lengthy statement
conference rooms, entry corridors and recep- on the legal action: “NEMA has long
tion, and the break room and lounge area. supported national energy efficiency
Amber OLED fixtures were also installed in a standards for certain electrical prod-
Zen/mother’s room and OLED desk lamps are ucts, including light bulbs. NEMA sup-
located on desks in many offices. Recessed and ported congressional energy stan-
pendant linear luminaires and recessed down- dards for light bulbs enacted in 1992,
lights based on LEDs were used in other private 2005, and 2007, and we supported
offices and in the open office space. Congress’ delegation to the Secretary
Some offices feature the Visa Limit OLED pen- of Energy to consider new national
dant (shown) with a zigzag form that directs light energy conservation standards for
where it’s needed. Moreover, the Acuity Winona light bulbs if economically justified
Trilia adds geometric ceiling elements while delivering diffuse light. We discussed Trilia relative and technologically feasible.
to another DOE Gateway report on an office project last year (http://bit.ly/29Rzdix). Visa’s stylish “A critical statutory component of
Petal pendants serve in a lounge area. Other OLED products came from Birot Zhen, OMLED, and the federal energy efficiency regula-
OLED Devices. The lighting design took a layered approach. The LED products installed were tory scheme is that states are prohib-
specified at 3500K CCT and the OLED products at 3000K. The mismatch was intentional with the ited from enacting their own energy
OLED lighting meant to stand out in the manner that 3000K halogen lamps are sometimes used conservation standards for products
for accent lighting. CRI of the OLED products varied from 79 to 91. covered by the federal efficiency pro-
The DOE tested the entire office area for temporal lighting artifacts or flicker based on the IEEE gram both before and after federal
P1789-2015 standard (although that standard remains controversial; http://bit.ly/1hNX4TT). Most energy efficiency standards are effec-
of the installed OLED products include dimming capability based on 0–10V controls, and the DOE tive. Since 1987, Congress has recog-
tested the lights at maximum and minimum light levels. Only one of the OLED products and one nized that such state standards put an
of the LED products had problematic flicker performance. undue burden on manufacturers, who
The report details that the OLED panels have surface luminances as high as 9300 cd/m2. The were being ‘confronted with a grow-
LED products range from 12,000–28,000 cd/m2. ing patchwork of differing state regu-
Efficacy for the OLED products used ranged from 21–58 lm/W compared to 80–90 lm/W for lations that would increasingly com-
the LED products deployed. The lighting power density was calculated to be 0.6 W/ft2 for the com- plicate their design, production and
bined LED and OLED installation. That density is below the 0.82 W/ft2 required by ASHRAE/IES marketing plans.’
90.1-2013. An all-LED installation would be lower. The Gateway report noted that actual power “In late 2013, the U.S. Department of
use will be below the calculated level because there are vacancy sensors in many areas that can Energy (DOE) began a rulemaking to
automatically dim lights and employees are dimming the lights locally for visual comfort. You can determine whether or not standards
read the complete Gateway report on the DOE SSL website (http://bit.ly/2wTd4zC). for light bulbs should be amended
MORE: http://bit.ly/2jiHTbq
1710LEDS_22 22 9/22/17 3:22 PM

funding programs+
and whether new standards for certain unregulated light bulbs ensure that consumers would have better experience with LED
should be adopted. That rulemaking is ongoing. In the course lamps and hasten adoption (http://bit.ly/2dub325). Moreover, the
of that rulemaking, NEMA has supported robust new national CEC proponents said higher-CRI LED lamps can enable humans
energy efficiency standards for LED light bulbs, as well as new to see better even if lumen output is reduced in a tradeoff.
standards for other types of light bulbs. DOE proposed standards Subsequently, scientists from the Lighting Research Center
for LED light bulbs in this rulemaking. (LRC) of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute wrote that CRI should
“While that rulemaking was underway, the California Energy never be used as what they termed a “color patch” to efficacy
Commission (CEC) adopted energy efficiency standards for LED requirements (http://bit.ly/2gyozEC). Those authors suggested
light bulbs that are different from what DOE has been consid- a better lumen definition would solve the problem. And the dis-
ering. At the same time, CEC also proposed energy efficiency agreement will surely continue.
requirements for small diameter directional or reflector lamps Now the industry will wait on a court to decide the fate of the
that DOE has indicated it is regulating. This is exactly the kind CEC policy. The court decision could possibly have even greater
of state regulation that Congress declared is not permissible. impact than just on lamps down the road, because there are
“The 2007 energy law recognized a certain narrow exception many other elements of CEC policy in areas such as controls that
to federal preemption for California in the case of light bulbs. could at some point conflict with federal policy. ◀
None of the California regulations for light bulbs fall within the MORE: http://bit.ly/2gWQAHP
ambit of the narrow exception recognized by Congress.
“NEMA will ask the court to issue a ruling at the earliest COMING NEXT MONTH
possible time.” The International Well Building Institute’s WELL standard is
Our coverage of the CEC policy, meanwhile, escalated over the expected to quantify the role that building design plays in human
course of the past year. First proponents of the CEC policy includ-
health. This article covers a project that achieved the next level of
ing the California Lighting Technology Center (CLTC) wrote an
sustainability (and productivity) in a commercial office example.
article arguing that more-stringent color requirements would
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1710LEDS_23 23 9/22/17 3:22 PM

interview | SAPPHIRE AWARDS
Lumileds reveals the inspiration

behind LEDs designed for plants
MAURY WRIGHT interviews Jennifer Holland relative to the LEDs Magazine Sapphire Award that
Lumileds won for the SunPlus family of packaged LEDs designed for horticultural lighting.
L
EDs Magazine announced the winners output and SPD that match horticultural potential to general lighting or automotive?
in the 2017 Sapphire Awards program needs. We wanted to develop a product line And how do you think it might compare
on March 1, 2017 in Anaheim, CA, at that enabled our customers to design the to other niches such as lighting for health
a Gala that took place coincident with the optimal fixtures for each of and wellbeing?
Strategies in Light tradeshow. Lumileds has the applications within the Holland: While our com-
been well known for its LEDs designed for horticulture segment. Dif- petitors might, Lumileds
general illumination, automotive, and simi- ferent applications call for has never viewed horticul-
lar applications, but on the night of the Gala different specs and require- ture as a niche market. We
the company took honors for the Luxeon ments from the LED. see horticulture as a strong,
SunPlus family of LEDs in the Horticultural LEDs: On a more general important, and growing ver-
Lighting category. You can peruse the full list LED development level, how tical market segment. Both
of Sapphire winners in a feature article that does the Lumileds team pur- horticulture and lighting
we published on the awards (http://bit.ly/2m sue a new product concept? for health and wellbeing are
m5dER). The SunPlus family, meanwhile, won Does it start with the basic developing areas for LEDs
the votes of judges via a broad feature set in performance capacity of an and present opportunity
terms of different spectral power distribu- epitaxial platform and then JENNIFER HOLLAND for growth.
tions (SPDs) tuned to specific plant needs. proceed to what can be accom- LEDs: Getting back to the
We recently had a chance to talk with Jennifer plished with phosphor, optics, and package? specifics of SunPlus, we have been fasci-
Holland, product line director for the SunPlus Holland: We look at market trends, nated with the purple LED since the origi-
Series, about the inspiration behind the prod- industry views, and listen to our customers nal announcement of the family. How, spe-
uct family, how the company delivered such in order to develop the best product possible cifically, did that concept originate? The
wide choices in spectra, and how the LEDs that will fit a need in the market and provide concept seems simple — put phosphor on a
will be utilized in horticultural fixtures. value to our customers. blue chip in a mid-power package — you do
LEDs Magazine: Hi Jennifer, and con- LEDs: How often does a customer, or that every day with mid-power white LEDs.
gratulations on winning an LEDs Magazine maybe several customers, spark the devel- But what special challenges did purple pose
Sapphire Award for your Lumileds SunPlus opment process with a need, idea, or appli- in development and moving the LED to vol-
portfolio of LEDs for horticultural lighting cation? It would seem that you would have to ume manufacturing?
applications. We’ve regularly written that gate that type of development process care- Holland: We have a team of phosphor
LED manufacturers are increasingly devel- fully, or the Lumileds team would be chas- experts based at our facility in Aachen. We
oping packaged LED products that target ing even far more application-specific devel- have the differentiator to be able to draw
specific applications. Still, SunPlus takes opments than the impressive number you from their unique expertise to develop phos-
the concept to a new level in terms of the already support. phor that no one else is capable of develop-
breadth of the portfolio and how closely Holland: We regularly take into account ing. This is not only limited to the horticul-
tied it is to the application. Tell us about the customer feedback. ture market, but can be seen in other product
inspiration behind the concept. How did LEDs: About the horticultural niche, how lines as well such as our Stylist Series.
the decision and strategy evolve to develop important is that application to Lumileds? LEDs: Are there any early success sto-
LEDs with so many SPDs and across mid- Judging from SunPlus, we’d expect the ries you can share in terms of luminaires
and high-power sectors? answer to be that horticulture is pretty sig- using the purple LED? What do you expect
Jennifer Holland: First, we don’t refer nificant to Lumileds. It’s certainly import- it to enable in a luminaire? And how do
to the SunPlus 35 as a mid-power LED, but ant to us in the PennWell LED & Lighting you expect luminaire makers to choose
rather both the 35 and 20 families as LEDs Network and extraordinarily interesting. among the versions with varying amounts
with specific combinations of radiometric Still, how might it compare in volume sales of blue energy?
24 OCTOBER 2017 LEDSMAGAZINE.COM
1710LEDS_24 24 9/22/17 3:23 PM

Holland: Our customers are very are your customers using
savvy and know how to select the PPF binning and data?
and implement the purple Holland: PPF is a
LED that will best fit their metric that is relevant
needs and provide the highest for crops. LEDs that are
crop yield based on the type of binned in lumens are not spe-
crop they are growing. cifically made for horticulture applica-
LEDs: As for the entire SunPlus tions. Lumens are a relevant metric for humans,
family, we don’t remember a single but not for plants. In order to enable our customers to
announcement that crossed the mid- and design the best fixtures possible, we give them the tools to make
high-power LED sectors before from any sure it is relevant and easy for them — such as binning in PPF.
packaged LED manufacturer. And while LEDs: Winning Sapphire is nothing new for Lumileds. Your com-
you might not differentiate the 35 and 20 pany took our first ever Illumineer of the Year award — ironically,
lines by mid- or high-power descriptors, Lumileds’ Luxeon or maybe not, in part because of an application-specific focus in the
the packages resemble LEDs in the general SunPlus families CrispWhite development. What prompted Lumileds to choose Sun-
lighting market described in that manner. bring a mix of Plus for entry and what did it mean to the team to win?
In any case, you could have easily separated monochromatic and Holland: This is a great achievement for the entire team that
the SunPlus announcement into multiple phosphor-converted gets shared across all functions since everyone contributed to make
announcements. Is there anything to read LEDs to horticultural this happen. As a matter of fact, we approached LEDs Magazine and
in to the release of the entire portfolio at one lighting designs. purchased a dozen replica awards to hand out to the various teams,
time? Did these SunPlus LEDs matriculate such as manufacturing, product management, R&D, marketing com-
in a different manner at Lumileds relative to other LED products? munications, etc., at Lumileds who worked on the development and
Holland: We recognized a need early on to develop a complete launch of the Luxeon SunPlus Series. They were very excited about
portfolio to cover all of the major applications in the horticulture the recognition!
segment — greenhouses, vertical farms, and interweaving. By
launching a complete portfolio, we are enabling our customers to
select the best product to fit their specific need.
LEDs: Would you expect to see the 35- and 20-Series LEDs
mixed in one system design, or is it more likely that any given prod-
uct will use one or the other? If the latter is the more likely case, ONE SWITCH
AWAY FROM
would you expect luminaire makers to more easily move between
the families for different fixture designs because of some architec-
tural similarities?
ANYTHING.
Holland: We see both types of fixture designs on the market.
LEDs: And speaking of similarities in the 35 and 20 lines, the phos-
phor-converted lime-green LEDs are the others that really caught our
eye. We know that monochromatic green LED efficiency trails other
colors. Was efficiency the primary reason for the phosphor approach?
Were there other reasons relative to horticulture such as a broader
emission band than what a monochromatic LED would deliver?
Holland: Lime offers several distinct advantages to our custom-
ers. For example, mixing lime with purple generates a white light
that makes it easy to conduct visual inspection on the plants. Lime
is a full-spectrum part which can benefit certain crops. Efficiency,
as has been pointed out, is also a benefit that the Lime LED provides.
LEDs: What about the choice of green spectrum? Does the lime
spectrum offer an advantage in horticulture or does it again come We’re more than ballasts.
down to efficiency? We’re Panasonic.
Holland: Depending on the type of crop, Lime can offer an advan-
tage in terms of crop yield, taste, etc. For more information, visit www.unvlt.com
LEDs: One other innovation that came with the SunPlus introduc- or call 1.800.225.5278.
tion was binning based on PPF (photosynthetic photon flux; http://
bit.ly/2eTORNS). Has that proven important to customers? We keep
hearing that even PPF falls short as a metric for horticultural lighting A member of the Panasonic Group
because two LEDs with vastly different SPDs can have equal PPF. How
1710LEDS_25 25 9/22/17 3:23 PM

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human-centric lighting | COMMERCIAL SSL
Human-centric lighting takes hold

in the commercial workplace
There’s still no empirical link with productivity, but common sense says that a happier, healthier
employee is a better worker. In a two-part series, MARK HALPER finds offices that are taking to
tunable LEDs to boost the circadian cycle.
C
all it what you will — human-centric FIG. 1. The LED sources
lighting, circadian lighting, light- tested in the LRC study
ing for biology, or choose your own installation were tuned
catchphrase. But whatever you call it, there’s to produce a 0.3 CS
no escaping the claim that properly tuned (circadian stimulus)
lighting can foster desirable conditions in to increase alertness.
human beings throughout a 24-hour period. Subjects reported feeling
And there’s no light source as “tunable” more awake and energized.
as an LED, a light-emitting diode which, by
virtue of its digital nature, can deliver light Nevertheless, common
at made-to-order color temperatures, spec- sense would say that a properly
tral power, color, and brightness. lit workplace might well be a
Simply put, human-centric lighting can more productive workplace.
stimulate people during the morning and The science is still evolv-
Photo credit: Lighting Research Center.
afternoon when alertness is in order, and it ing. And experts disagree on

can relax them at night. It can tune to the which light properties trigger
same levels that the Sun delivers, and thus which reactions. For example,
reinforce the circadian rhythm that millions see what Deborah Burnett of
of years of sunrises and sunsets and 24-hour Benya Burnett Consultancy
periods of day and night have instilled. had to say at the recent Light-
If designers also mix in as much natu- ing for Health and Wellbeing
ral daylight as possible to a palette of LED Conference (p. 36), in regard
hues, the ramifications are enormous. to blue energy as part of the
Common sense says that stimulation and (http://bit.ly/2cL4Fnn), and then in offices spectral power distribution rather than just
thus alertness could buoy learning and pro- (http://bit.ly/2iEsGPI). We found examples relying on CCT.
ductivity. Relaxation could aid sleep. Con- in both settings, particularly in hospitals, But there are plenty of early adopters. So
versely, the wrong light at the wrong time where LEDs tuned at certain times of the day in another two-part series, we’ve rounded up
could ruin those things. Some researchers to stimulating blue frequencies and at oth- several examples where offices are deploy-
believe it contributes to cancer, diabetes, ers to relaxing warmer tones helped patients ing the precepts of HCL (we’ll explore Benya
and other maladies. sleep and heal. Burnett’s spectral power ideas in our next
The principles of tunable human-cen- The office examples seemed to be at an issue). These are a mix of studies and full-on
tric lighting (HCL) could apply anywhere earlier stage of exploration and analysis. deployments, but they are all pioneering
— in schools, offices, hospitals, homes, Whereas in hospitals it’s easier to chart illustrations of HCL in the workplace.
you name it. cause and effect, offices lack the monitor-
••••
A year ago, LEDs Magazine explored the ing equipment that’s typically in place at
subject in a two-part series, looking first a hospital. The upshot is that there is less General Services Administration:
at HCL applications in healthcare settings empirical evidence in an office setting. Thus, A daily dose of light
HCL can be a difficult sell, if, say, a corporate Mariana Figueiro, the director of Rensselaer
MARK HALPER is a contributing editor for buyer wants irrefutable proof that a finely Polytechnic Institute’s Lighting Research
LEDs Magazine, and an energy, technology, and engineered lighting system can boost morale Center (LRC), has long hypothesized that the
business journalist (markhalper@aol.com). and its kindred spirit, productivity. correct circadian light in offices during the
1710LEDS_27 27 9/22/17 3:23 PM

day could help workers sleep better at night There’s a lot of talk about
and could help keep their spirits up. Now she light in the evening and light
knows it does. from your cellphone displays
After a three-year study at five differ- before you go to bed (keep-
ent General Services Administration (GSA) ing you up at night). All of
buildings in the US, the LRC and the GSA this is important. But people
together reported last May that “office are not talking about light
workers who receive a robust dose of cir- during the day. We spend
cadian-effective light in the morning, from 80%, 90% of our time indoors.
electric lighting or daylight, experience bet- We spend at least two-thirds
ter sleep and lower levels of depression and of our day in our offices. And
stress, than those who spend their mornings people are not talking about
in dim or low light levels.” how important the lighting
The study involved 109 participants who is in the offices to help you
wore an LRC-designed electronic pendant sleep better at night.”
Photo credit: Casambi.

called a “daysimeter” to measure light intake One group talking about
including an LRC metric called “CS” for circa- this strategy is the GSA,
dian stimulus. CS ranges from a low of 0.1 to which hosted the study at
a high of 0.7. The 0.7 represents the circadian five locations: the GSA Cen-
stimulation of natural daylight, which is the tral Office in Washington,
ideal light for stoking up. If light were applied DC; the Edith Green-Wen- FIG. 2. Casambi offers Bluetooth control of circadian
in the nighttime hours when the sleep-related dell Wyatt Federal Building lighting via different means such as with this wall unit,
hormone melatonin is produced, then a 0.7 CS in Portland, OR; the Federal or via apps on smartphones, tablets, and other devices
would suppress melatonin by 70%. Center South Building 1202 that offer a wider range of color temperatures. None of
Figueiro and crew found that work- in Seattle, WA; the Wayne the devices requires a gateway.
ers who were exposed in the morning to a N. Aspinall Federal Building
CS of at least 0.3 “exhibited greater circa- and US Courthouse in Grand Junction, CO; light to a 0.3 CS by increasing the quotient of
dian entrainment, were able to fall asleep and the GSA Regional Office Building in DC. short-wavelength blue frequencies (around
more quickly at bedtime, and experienced “We are supporting this type of research 470 nm) at low lux levels, or by jacking up
better-quality sleep than those receiv- so we can learn more about the connections lux levels on white light, or by any in-be-
ing a morning CS of 0.15 or less.” They also between lighting and health,” said Bryan tween variation.
“exhibited greater circadian entrainment,” Steverson, program advisor for the GSA’s In Phase 2 at two federal locations in the
the results stated. Circadian entrainment is office of federal high-performance build- summer and fall of 2016, the LRC mounted
a measure of how strongly the body clock is ings. “The data from this research will help LED panel lights behind workers’ computer
tuned to natural day/night patterns. support our efforts in developing new light- screens, pointing straight at the eyes of about
Participants wore the daysimeter for ing practices that can optimize health bene- 40 participants split between the Federal
seven consecutive days in the winter, and fits for federal employees working in our fed- Highway Administration headquarters in DC
also for seven consecutive days in the sum- eral buildings.” and at the Veterans Administration facility
mer. Results showed that the sleep benefit The 3-year LRC/GSA work served as what in White River Junction, VT (Fig. 1). The LRC
of a CS at 0.3 or higher was even stronger the LRC’s Figueiro described as “Phase 1” took one day of baseline readings without the
during the winter months, when partici- of a three-stage study. Notably, Phase 1 did LED light, and two days of readings with it.
pants receiving a low CS took about 45 min- not involve tuning lights. Rather, it mea-
utes to fall asleep. The stress reduction sured the light that participants received The eyes have it
advantages associated with a 0.3 CS or from existing light sources, which was a Rather than measuring the effect on night-
higher was consistent across winter and combination of natural daylight and con- time sleep, stress, and depression as it
summer months. And while morning doses ventional fluorescent office lights. It did not did in Phase 1, LRC scientists took note
of 0.3 CS or higher were the most beneficial, even entail LED light sources. of any stimulating effects. The hypoth-
the study revealed that an entire day’s worth In research parlance, the GSA study did esis was that a blast of 0.3 CS straight at
— 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. — also improved sleep and not use any “intervention.” the eye should indeed induce alertness.
reduced depression. But with the 0.3 CS level very much in mind, That’s because when light hits the retina’s
the LRC recently completed a short-term non-visual receptors — known as ipRGCs
A day for a night Phase 2 intervening with tunable LEDs. And (for intrinsically photosensitive retinal gan-
“I was not surprised by the results,” Figueiro at the time of this writing, it was expecting to glion cells) — it excites a pigment called
told LEDs Magazine. “It’s something we were soon extend its tunable LED work to Phase 3. melanopsin. Not to be confused with the
expecting. Light during the day matters. The idea is to tune direct doses of LED sleep-related hormone melatonin (and many
1710LEDS_28 28 9/22/17 3:23 PM

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1710LEDS_29 29 9/22/17 3:23 PM

Photo credit: Casambi.
FIG. 3. Tunable lighting at the Registers of Scotland offices is managed via iPad controls from Casambi mounted on the walls.
people do indeed muddle the two together), DC were all under consideration. — then tunable LEDs isn’t a bad way to go.
melanopsin sends signals to the brain that Phase 3 is expected to help further demon- To that end, Finnish controls company
stir up the body’s master clock, establish- strate the potential effectiveness of tuning Casambi has a prescription: wireless Blue-
ing a circadian connection first discovered LEDs for circadian benefit. It should also back tooth controls that adjust color tempera-
by Oxford University neuroscientist Russell up Figueiro’s assertion that healthy lighting tures and can help deliver stimulating blues
Foster and others in the early 1990s. should be delivered in “layers,” in which ambi- at the right time of the day and dial them
The result of Phase 2 and the LEDs: “With ent lighting could, for example, come from ceil- down when required, either in an automatic
the intervention, we showed that subjects ing fixtures while circadian stimulus could pre-programmed manner or in a made-to-
were self-reporting being more alert, less come from low-lux blue frequencies aimed at order way (Fig. 2).
sleepy, and having more energy,” Figue- the retina. While light aimed directly at the eye “The main thing really is the color tem-
iro told LEDs. “We collected the data in the might sound like a turnoff, Figueiro noted that perature control,” said Casambi CEO Timo
winter and we showed that if you’re adding at the low level of 30 lx, the blue still stimulates Pakkala. “One of the phrases that we’ve been
a light that delivers the circadian stimulus but does not cause annoying glare. “If you do using for offices is ‘lighting that’s fit for pur-
of 0.3, you were increasing their subjective the 470 nm you only need 30 lx, so people found pose.’ When people talk about human-cen-
feelings of alertness, and reducing sleepiness it very comfortable,” she said. “You don’t even tric lighting, it’s the color temperature con-
and increasing energy and vitality.” see it as much because you have the ambient trol. It’s definitely happening, but it’s also
The LRC noticed similar results in what light, and the blue light blends in.” very early days. One of the reasons it’s still
Figueiro described as “Phase 2B,” mounting While LED tunability holds tremendous early days is it’s a bit of chicken and egg. You
the same lights for a short period of time ear- potential, Figueiro was also clear that office not only need new light sources, but you also
lier this year at US embassies in Reykjavik designers must embrace daylight. need new controls.”
and Riga. That study was co-funded by the “One of the things we learned is that While gear from Casambi controls lights
GSA and the US Department of State. daylighting design has to be much more at thousands of locations in a multitude of
Now, it’s on to Phase 3, in which the LRC improved to be able to deliver that circa- countries, no more than 10% of those instal-
will apply the LED panel lights for two weeks dian stimulus that we need,” Figueiro said. lations are yet deploying adjustable CCT.
at a time rather than for the two days of “Daylight is the best circadian stimulus. But the percentage is growing. And per-
Phase 2, while also taking a week of non-in- The thing is, it’s not always brought into the haps there’s no more logical place to install it
tervention readings. It will also examine the space the way it should be.” than at a new construction, which provides
effect on sleep, stress, and depression — as a fresh engineering canvas.
••••
in Phase 1 — as well as on alertness. When One such place is the 12-story St. Vincent
LEDs spoke with Figueiro in July, the final Registers of Scotland gets tuned up Plaza building in the middle of Glasgow,
locations had not yet been determined, but If you can’t have natural light beaming on which opened late last year. When govern-
GSA, State Department, and FHA facilities in you all day in the office — and who can ment agency Registers of Scotland took
1710LEDS_30 30 9/22/17 3:23 PM

over the third floor a few months later, it iPad controls permit Registers to alter the and where the interior includes wood pan-
embraced the HCL concept with a Casambi settings. While the agency has indeed played els. There, the amber tones “bring out the
system that controls some 300 LED lights with brightness, it has thus far not fiddled ambience,” Stewart noted. Much of the area
across 17,300 ft2. much with color temperature settings. can also flexibly partition into conference
Registers, which oversees land and prop-
erty deeds, has divided the LED ceiling lights The principles of tunable human-centric
into 8 groups across the open-plan portion
of the space, plus 12 meeting rooms. Each lighting could apply anywhere — in schools,
group and room has its own iPad controls —
they are wall mounted in the open-plan sec- offices, hospitals, homes, you name it.
tion — which can alter brightness and color
temperature, according to Registers facili- “We’ve just been in the building for six rooms, in which case the Casambi system
ties manager Kevin Stewart (Fig. 3). months, and we’re just getting to know the can switch to a cooler CCT.
And according to Casambi UK and Ire- system,” said Registers’ Stewart. “We want The agency has even installed a few
land business manager Stephen Jackson, to go through a whole year to gather data Philips Hue lights that can change colors,
the lights are pre-programmed to change to best inform us.” After that — starting although neither Stewart nor Jackson were
color temperatures throughout the day. around February — Registers will almost aware of any instances of Registers using
They drive the suspended LED ceiling lights certainly tinker more with the CCT. them yet.
from German architectural LED lighting Thus, to the average eye in the office, the LEDs Magazine will endeavor to follow the
provider Lightnet that reside over every CCT generally stays an off-white all day, colorful progress.
desk in the open office. They also control even though the level subtly shifts. One Editor’s note: In Part II, we’ll uncover stellar
spots from two Italian companies, iGuzz- place where it’s programmed to a more uses of natural light and of spectral power dis-
ini and Targetti. relaxing amber tone is the office’s social- tribution at distinctive commercial buildings
Along with the pre-programming, the izing area, where employees eat and relax, in Washington, DC, Seattle, and elsewhere.
1710LEDS_31 31 9/22/17 3:23 PM

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1710LEDS_32 32 9/22/17 3:23 PM

human-centric lighting | CONFERENCE
Speakers cover circadian disruption to

healthcare assessment at new conference
At the LEDs Magazine Lighting for Health and Wellbeing Conference, speakers covered topics ranging
from the perils of shift work and nighttime lighting to the up and down sides of blue spectral energy,
as well as the need for better lighting in healthcare facilities, reports MAURY WRIGHT.
T
his past summer, we held our first oscillators in the liver, adrenal,
one-day immersive Lighting for and heart areas. Rahman said
Health and Wellbeing Conference. it’s not just sleep but also meta-
The program was exciting, the speakers bolic and other systems that are
were passionate, and the field is burgeon- impacted by shift work.
ing with opportunity. But if there was one There are many factors that
phrase uttered more than any other on July can impact these systems, but
27, it was “It’s complicated.” Read on for a Rahman described how light
synopsis of the program and plan to join us has the greatest impact on
at our next event. the 24-hour biological clock.
The conference started with a keynote It can be affected by inten-
presentation by Shadab Rahman, PhD, who sity, duration, pattern, history,
is an instructor in medicine at Harvard Med- and wavelength. For example,
ical School’s Division of Sleep Medicine, and Rahman said exposure to a lit
an associate neuroscientist at Brigham and smartphone is only 30 lx, but
Women’s Hospital Division of Sleep and Cir- its blue-enriched spectrum can
cadian Disorders (Fig. 1). Rahman’s presen- delay the clock by an hour and
tation focused on circadian issues with shift a half, making sleep difficult.
workers and the potential of circadian adap- He said that a 15-second pulse
tation techniques to improve sleep patterns of light can shift the clock by
and boost alertness among shift workers. about an hour. And the impact
Shift work is, of course, unavoidable in of light can even be influenced
our society today. Indeed, Rahman pointed by light patterns a person was FIG. 1. Shadab Rahman of Harvard delivered the
out that many first responders — for exposed to a week or more prior. keynote at the inaugural Lighting for Health and
instance, from fire and police departments Wellbeing Conference.
— and healthcare workers invariably work Focus on wavelength
on shifts and often face the challenges of Rahman has focused much of his work on tor in the longer list of potential maladies.
working at night and sleeping during the wavelength and how it impacts the action So Rahman has done considerable work
day during a series of workdays, and then spectra of non-visual receptors or intrinsi- studying ways to treat circadian misalign-
transitioning to a normal day/night cycle cally photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ment. And we’re not talking treatment for
during a series of off days. Proper rest is a (ipRGCs). We first covered the existence of symptoms such as sleeping pills to help
concern for all shift workers, but the exam- these receptors in an interview we published someone get to sleep, or naps prescribed to
ples noted are certainly occupations where back in 2014 (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G). increase alertness at other times. Rahman
alertness is critical. The long-term impact of shift work is not said, “To treat the underlying cause, you have
Rahman said, “Shift work forces us to work fully understood, although it surely extends to shift the circadian clock appropriately.”
against our body clock.” He described how a beyond sleep issues. Research has suggested Rahman covered three possible avenues
master pacemaker called the SCN (suprachi- it can lead to higher cancer rates, cardiovas- that could help with circadian misalignment
asmatic nucleus) sends out time cues to other cular disorders, depression and other mental among shift workers:
physiological systems, and ultimately keeps health issues, gastrointestinal disorders, and • Complete adaptation
humans entrained to the 24-hour day (Fig. more. Of course, lack of sleep caused by cir- • Partial adaptation
2). Essentially, the SCN controls other slave cadian misalignment could be in part a fac- • No adaptation
1710LEDS_33 33 9/22/17 3:23 PM

human-centric lighting | COnfEREnCE
SCN
els between 7000 and 10,000 lx can other neuroscientists confirms his findings.
(master pacemaker) enable a nine-hour shift over the Rahman stressed that much more
course of a week. But he added, research is needed on the no-adaptation
Receptor “Unfortunately, a lot of shift work- concept, but he clearly believes it could
ers don’t have seven nights to shift become a viable tool to battle circadian
their clock.” issues. The research on the nurses showed
that the intervention did enable the workers
International Space Station to sleep for slightly longer periods during the
Rahman has been involved on a team day while working at night.
studying the use of dynamic light- Moving on to other presentations, the dis-
ing, entailing tunable correlated cussion of blue-rich light recurred through-
color temperature (CCT) or spectral out the day of the conference. And the pre-
power distribution (SPD) and inten- vailing theme was that blue spectral energy
sity, that was developed to help astro- is neither universally good nor bad for
nauts living on the International humans. It simply depends on when a per-
Space Station (ISS) to adapt to con- son is exposed to the blue-rich light that dic-
stantly shifting schedules. We first tates the impact. Moreover, several speak-
covered the development of the light- ers dismissed completely the notion that
ing system following a presentation the blue emitter or pump used in phos-
Liver Adrenal Heart at Strategies in Light back in 2016 phor-converted white LEDs, is dangerous
(http://bit.ly/1Y8jcbe).
Peripheral organs Members of the research team first SB
(slave oscillators)
tested the system aimed at partial
Sunlight
FIG. 2. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) adaptation on volunteers in the lab
serves as the master clock for circadian and the system is now being further
entrainment and also cues other physiological tested on the ISS. Subjects would be
25%
systems that have local clocks, according to exposed to 6500K-CCT light at a level
Shadab Rahman. of 750 lx to instigate a shift. There is
a moderate 4500K-CCT mode for nor-
In a complete adaptation scenario, scientists mal work. And there is a pre-sleep LED
100–200
would look for a way to invert someone’s sched- mode that delivers just 50 lx at 2700K. lm/W
ule completely. If a work schedule shifts by 12 The goal of the project was the ability to
hours relative to the normal day/night cycle, shift the circadian clock by eight hours. The
then the body clock must shift by 12 hours. Par- lab tests realized an actual five-hour shift.
tial adaptation might be more easily achieved. The team awaits more results from the ISS, 20%
In a partial scenario, a work schedule might although the system seems like it improves
shift by 12 hours, but perhaps the body clock sleep periods and alertness to some extent.
shifts by only eight or ten hours. Fluorescent 60
The final possibility — no adaptation — is Intervention to adaptation lm/W
15%
the most difficult of the concepts to under- The final example of research presented by
stand. Rahman stressed that it doesn’t mean Rahman involved a no-adaptation approach
to do nothing. It implies that we pursue tech- that involved nine nurses tracked for two
niques, or what neuroscientists call inter- months, with them alternating between
ventions, to prevent the clock from shifting. day and night work periods. Basically, the Incandescent 10–15
The general problem that shift workers face workers wore blue-blocker glasses that fil- lm/W
at night is that they aren’t typically exposed tered the light spectrum under 480 nm. The
5%
to a high enough level of light to shift the biggest surprise was that the data indicates
clock by more than an hour. But Rahman lack of blue light exposure didn’t increase
discussed studies of complete adaptation. He sleepiness. Rahman said that result was
400 500 600 700
said a typical room where workers are pres- first challenged by other neuroscientists
ent at night might have a 100-lx ambient level because the prevailing notion has been that FIG. 3. A move to more-energy-efficient
and that figure would translate to a biological blue spectrum increases alertness. Indeed, light sources has also resulted in more
shift of the aforementioned one hour over the he said the data caused a number of medical indoor exposure to bio-active blue light,
course of a seven-day period of night work. journals to refuse to publish the research, as Martin Moore-Ede of Circadian Light
Rahman said exposing workers to lev- but he also noted that more recent work by explained.
1710LEDS_34 34 9/22/17 3:23 PM

human-centric lighting | conference
for the human eye. It was repeatedly pointed cadian Bio-Active Blue Dose, as the percent- the pineal gland. We have written many
out that our eyes get far more blue energy age of blue energy in the total spectrum to times that melatonin is thought to be needed
in brief exposure to the Sun than in pro- which we are exposed (SB) multiplied by the to induce restful sleep, but it is important
longed exposure to artificial light. A group of intensity (I or total visible irradiance). for other reasons. Moore-Ede said cancer
researchers in Europe recently reached the tumors grow 2–3 times faster when mela-
same conclusion, as we reported in a news Serious health risks tonin is suppressed. He suggested that the
story (http://bit.ly/2wXqN8C). High doses of blue light are acceptable and body would fight and even heal small tumors
Martin Moore-Ede, M.D., Ph.D., and CEO even preferred during the normal workday with proper melatonin levels, but the tumors
of Circadian Light, was first to address the as a way to boost alertness and productivity. grow to become problematic without the
issue of blue spectra. Moore-Ede was a pro- But Moore-Ede dug into the details of why hormone present at the proper levels.
fessor at Harvard Medical School and led the blue energy has negative impacts beyond There is also a causal chain that Moore-Ede
team that discovered the SCN back in 1980. lost sleep at night. He cited several organiza- discussed relative to the claimed increase in
But it wasn’t until 2001 that researchers tions, such as the World Health Organization obesity and diabetes among shift workers.
discovered it was exposure to what Moore- and the American Medical Association, that He said after as little as two nights of expo-
Ede calls “bio-active blue light” as the key have published reports associating shift sure to blue light at night, the body develops
to entrainment of the circadian clock. The work and circadian disruption to serious an increased insulin resistance. Moreover,
prior thinking had been that exposure to health issues. But he said we now under- he said circadian disruption also disrupts
white light in general was the key. stand the causal chain of what is happening. the insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
As Fig. 3 depicts and Moore-Ede detailed, For instance, consider the increased Circadian Light is, of course, an entre-
the driver for more efficient lighting has rate of breast, colon, and prostate cancer preneurial company and is selling LED
increased the amount of blue energy that associated with people working at night. lighting on a commercial basis that would
we are exposed to indoors — first with the Moore-Ede directly attributed that hazard presumably eliminate the blue light issue.
move to fluorescent lamps and later to LEDs. to blue light disrupting the circadian clock, The fixtures use a violet emitter and have
And Moore-Ede described a metric, the Cir- thereby suppressing melatonin release by a depleted, almost non-existent amount of
1710LEDS_35 35 9/22/17 3:23 PM

human-centric lighting | COnfEREnCE
energy in the bio-active blue range. to light exposure at night. Zeitzer noted, “The changed their biology and all we really came
The company, however, has completed research all shows that we have the capacity to up with was a very complicated way to piss
some impressive research in its own small respond to this type of light, not that we will teens off.” The message was that changing
sleep center where volunteers have lived and respond to the light.” light does not change behavior, and behav-
worked 24 hours a day in what the company ior is different in each situation. In a hospital,
called a light-controlled facility. The com- Blue sensitivity is not an exact science for instance, nurse behavior could impact a
pany has run studies on volunteers making Zeitzer was moving into a discussion of planned lighting scheme for a patient because
two visits, one with conventional white LED smartphones and tablets and the impact of the nurse needs extra light to read or perform
lights and another with Circadian blue-de- blue light exposure. He said he would worry an examination in a patient room.
pleted luminaires. Moore-Ede showed data more about what someone is doing on such a
suggesting that the blue-depleted lights elim- device at night as opposed to the blue light. If Preventing health issues
inate melatonin suppression and also reverse it is a relaxing experience, the positive impact But not all presentations on the day were
appetite increases that the test documented would outweigh the potential impact of the on non-visual impacts of light. Deborah
under the standard white LED fixtures. blue light in terms of a circadian disruption, Burnett, principal of the Benya Burnett
according to Zeitzer. Consultancy, focused her talk on how qual-
Non-image-forming effects Zeitzer further warned about focusing ity light can impact human health by mak-
Jamie Zeitzer, PhD at Stanford University, just on blue light and on not understanding sure that practitioners in healthcare can
presented a talk entitled “Biological impacts ing fully the interactions between cones properly assess patients (Fig. 5).
of human centric lighting,” and speaking and melanopsin at different times in terms Burnett said the first thing that doctors
late in the program said he learn in medical school is the protocol for
would try and draw a thread assessing a patient. And the eye is ultimately
through many of the differ- the most important tool doctors have, espe-
ent topics discussed during cially to detect skin conditions that are “tells”
the day (Fig. 4). for doctors, even for serious conditions such
He started by introduc- as sepsis or cyanosis. Burnett presented sev-
ing the term NIF (non-im- eral disturbing cases where under poor light-
age-forming) effects. And it ing doctors had missed “tells” that would
seems there is a subtle differ- have indicated a looming drastic situation.
ence between that phrase and Ultimately, Burnett was championing
the more common discussion an algorithm for characterizing the SPD of
of non-visual effects. Zeitzer general lighting products used in health-
said, “There are a tremen- care facilities, which would enable doctors
dous amount of things that the best shot at an accurate assessment.
light does in the human brain The technology emerged many years ago
besides just forming images.” from the lab of Stephen Dain, professor at
As an example, he said if you the University of New South Wales in Sydney,
were exposed to 20,000 lx FIG. 4. Jamie Zeitzer of Stanford University pointed out Australia. The algorithm measures the cya-
indoors you would perceive it that you can change the biological clock with lighting, nosis observation index (COI) of a luminaire
as very bright uncomfortable but you can’t change the behavior of people that and is an indication of sufficient energy in
light; however, if you walk ultimately determines the success of the biological the 660-nm red area of the SPD and the pres-
outside on a nice day into intervention. ence of cyan. These energy bands are often
20,000 lx your perception is not in general lighting products because
that it’s quite nice, so there is also apparently of chronological exposure to light. He said, adding red energy adds to cost and hurts
a gain-setting mechanism in the mix. “We are not at the point where we under- energy efficiency. Burnett said researchers
Zeitzer showed data that suggested the NIF stand enough to make actual recommen- found “this was the most critical factor for
response to changing light levels is dependent dations in terms of exactly the patterns of the human eye to be able to correctly assess
on background or the light to which a person light that are necessary to change a person’s the reflectance of blood and other areas that
has been recently exposed. For example, if you health or behavior.” are important for blood evaluation.”
are exposed to very low light levels, such as The last warning from Zeitzer came rela-
in a lab setting, and then to a brighter light tive to human behavior. He asked the ques- Cyanosis observation index
pulse, his research would show that circadian tion, “Does changing biology change behav- Today, there are few luminaires on the mar-
disruption and melatonin suppression are the ior?” He then related a study focused on a ket in most of the world that garner a pass-
greatest at just over 100 lx. Moreover, he said group of teenagers. People have suggested ing score on the COI metric. Exceptions are
if you are exposed to a lot of light during the that shifting the circadian clock in teens in Australia, Japan, Sweden, and a few other
day, your body may not respond as adversely could provide them more sleep. He said, “We countries where compliance is required for
1710LEDS_36 36 9/22/17 3:23 PM

human-centric lighting | confErEncE
FIG. 5. Deborah Burnett of the Benya Burnett Consultancy argued LEDs ARE THE FUTURE OF LIGHTING.
passionately that lighting manufacturers should deliver products
that meet the requirements of the cyanosis observation index.
YOU NEED AN ASSEMBLY
PROCESS THAT PROVES IT.
luminaires to be used in healthcare settings.
Ultimately, Burnett’s message was targeted at lighting manufac-
turers that need to add products with the required red spectrum.
She said the US faces a crisis with more hospitals closing each year
and more care being outsourced to places such as retail clinics or
what she called a “doc in a box.” All would ideally get lighting that
complies with the COI algorithm.
The proof is in numbers. For instance, in the area of sepsis, the US
has around 500,000 deaths annually related to sepsis and the mor-
tality rate in the US is 40–60%, according to Burnett. She said Aus-
tralia has a mortality rate of 15% and suggested the difference is
the COI lighting that leads to earlier detection because doctors can
accurately assess skin.
As you can see, our first Lighting for Health and Wellbeing Con-
ference was information packed and the field is in its infancy. It will
be a significant profit opportunity for lighting manufacturers. But
it will take diligence. We hope to help. We will soon be planning
our conference for next summer and we will have a similar Euro-
pean event. Watch our website for details (lightingforhealthandwell With LED technology, it’s still a brave new world. The challenge
being.com). Meanwhile, we will have a few lighting for health talks for you is to bring to market a product with the performance,
at Strategies in Light (strategiesinlight.com) in February.
cost efficiency and quality that delivers a compelling value
LINKS proposition to your customers. At Alpha, we can help you
SSL impacts speak and the lighting industry listens achieve this with industry changing innovation, global support
As you can see, we’ve invested a lot of time into delivering the latest and application expertise that have made us the technological
thinking on lighting for health and wellbeing, via the conference as leader in electronic assembly. Our knowledge of die attach
well as the pages of our magazine issues and on our website. In our
coverage, you will find an interesting transition from research (http:// and soldering process solutions in LED applications means a
bit.ly/1q7GM4G) to designed studies (http://bit.ly/2x1T5y8) to more efficient and reliable solution for every bonding event
installations (http://bit.ly/2cL4Fnn) that are showing the potential of
throughout your assembly process. AlphaAssembly.com
well-designed and implemented SSL to influence the human experience
and condition. Look forward to more lighting for health and wellbeing in
our next issue.
LEDsmagazine.com
1710LEDS_37 37 9/22/17 3:23 PM

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1710LEDS_38 38 9/22/17 3:23 PM

industry insights | HUMAN-CENTRIC LIGHTING
Human-centric lighting is the next

step in LED design and control
The key to prioritizing human-centric lighting in commercial projects is understanding the
controllability that it affords, writes CHARLES KNUFFKE .
F
or centuries, architects, designers,
and builders have looked at how to
improve aspects of our work environ-
ment, be it through security, technology,
or functional design. And for the past few
decades we have seen an explosion of inno-
vation in workplace technology from the
personal computer, cell phone, Internet, and
lighting. These advances have helped work-
ers be more efficient.
But what if we could add a new axis of
innovation to the work environment? What
if in addition to improving the tools in our
spaces, we could also improve the pro-
ductivity of workers and at the same time
increase efficiency?
In terms of lighting, we can improve the
workplace experience by thinking about
building design in an entirely new way. There
are emotions associated with buildings, and
many of these emotions are conjured from
the effects of lighting on people (http://bit.
ly/2kSXDlh). A dark, poorly lit space is ster-
ile and cold. The hum and slight flickering of
old fluorescent lamps is corrosive to concen-
tration and therefore performance. The best LED-based human-centric lighting is controllable and tunable across a spectrum of
spaces, where lighting works with the envi- correlated color temperatures (CCTs) to evoke particular human biological responses
ronment, evoke positive emotions of happi- and behavior in well-designed indoor environments.
ness, healthiness, and energy.
The advent of LED lighting has provided eral lighting applications. Light levels were intensity of the light, but also the color qual-
more consistent and positively scalable altered by directly adjusting the fixture’s ity — comprising correlated color tempera-
lighting outcomes. LEDs offer huge energy electrical power circuit. And while there are ture (CCT) and color rendering (http://bit.
savings, flexibility, and reliability, and are LED lamps that can be managed with the ly/2tXQlxc). By controlling both the intensity
now entering nearly every application in the previous generation of controls, the future and the color of the light, the lighting design
built environment. lies in embedding the control capability into can provide an additional improvement in
For more than 50 years, dimming tech- the LED’s driver and using digital protocols occupant satisfaction and productivity.
nology has been available for commercial that communicate to the driver directly.
spaces, although previously it was consid- The new vision on how to maximize the Human-centric lighting at work
ered prohibitively expensive for most gen- value of LED lighting is to not only adjust the Using tunable LEDs in this manner is known
as human-centric lighting (HCL), and it
CHARLES KNUFFKE is the Wattstopper Systems vice president and evangelist at Legrand offers many potential advantages in offices
(https://www.legrand.us/wattstopper.aspx). and workspaces (http://bit.ly/2iEsGPI).
1710LEDS_39 39 9/22/17 3:23 PM

industry insights | HUMAN- CENTRIC LIGHTING
Research is underway into the potential emotional and biological have helped businesses to have happier, healthier employees, HCL
outcomes of lighting that mimics the changes in color temperatures offers an additional opportunity to improve worker outcomes.
found in natural daylight. (see “Speakers cover circadian disruption
to healthcare assessment at new conference” on p. 33 for details on The next steps in lighting control
the latest scientific findings presented at the Lighting for Health and To bring HCL into a building means installing both tunable fixtures
Wellbeing Conference.) and smart lighting controls that can drive intensity and CCT. One
What is known for certain right now is HCL has visual benefits innovative technology that can be implemented into these controls
that increase the value for the occupants in the environments where is a scheduling device (whether local to the room, or as an element
the luminaires are installed. The lighting refines the space, alters of the building’s overall lighting control system) that automatically
how architecture is perceived, and creates tangible ways of providing synchronizes a building’s lighting cycle through astronomical-
more comfortable and customizable atmospheres within buildings. ly-based event times. That means a building can match the exact
Healthcare facilities are using HCL to add cooler CCTs in staff lighting conditions outside the building dependent on the precise
areas to keep employees alert during shifts, while also using warmer latitude and longitude of the location. Of course, this setting can be
CCTs in patient rooms to keep individuals comfortable as they rest overridden or customized. The important takeaway is an intelligent
and recover (http://bit.ly/2cL4Fnn). Schools utilize HCL to both calm HCL system can manage itself in the background, so facilities man-
students and to keep them alert depending on the time of day (http:// agers don’t need to make daily adjustments to allow the system to
bit.ly/2wV7jk8). And in commercial workplaces, the effects of appro- perform and offer the full benefits of quality light.
priate lighting CCT can make the office environment feel more natu- The HCL system is also a standalone system. Rather, it is another
ral and comfortable while improving productivity and retention (see dimension in the broader lighting control system that utilizes occu-
“Human-centric lighting takes hold in the commercial workplace” pancy sensors and photocells to automatically adjust light levels
on p. 27 for examples of commercial HCL projects). and conserve energy.
The effort to keep workers healthy, engaged, and attentive is a For those considering adding HCL as a potential offering, there
cause rooted in very real financial outcomes. And just as ergonomic are a few things to be aware of in the current ecosystem of products.
chairs and keyboards, on-site health centers, and standing desks Enabled fixtures must work with the lighting control system with-
out adding any complexity. Not all manufacturers have made this
available, and users won’t be happy being stuck with an advanced,
HCL-enabled fixture with no way of controlling it, or with systems
that are more complex because of the new color control capabil-
ity. This means providing a light engine and control system that
®
NEW! have been co-developed and created with end users in mind —
that’s critical.
Furthermore, the installation and programming can be com-
plex — and costly — with some types of HCL systems. Custom soft-
ware can be required from the control manufacturer to achieve
CCT results. Also, most contractors you may work with are proba-
bly not as familiar with digital lighting protocols such as DALI (dig-
ital addressable lighting interface) or DMX controls used with tun-
able fixtures.
The future is tunable

The reality is that tunable light will soon become as common as dim-
ming. The reality is that all light is not created equal. Just as with
other products or technologies, there are varying degrees of quality.
People will begin to encounter HCL more, and they will soon come to
expect it in the spaces where they spend prolonged amounts of time.
That means new construction will soon demand this option in the
design and specification stage. Also, retrofit opportunities must be
available to existing buildings.
Portable Fuse Cutter The end goal for a facility’s lighting, new or old, should be that it
Cut and fuse cable in seconds to prevent fraying fades into the background in such a way that the built environment
feels just as visually comfortable as the lighting in our natural envi-
Portable, easy to use, and affordable
ronments — with abilities to simulate the daily transitions outside
www.griplocksystems.com within the indoor space. And in the moments where manual adjust-
ment is needed, the system can be optimized and altered to suit the
1-866-525-0182 specific task at hand.
1710LEDS_40 40 9/22/17 3:23 PM

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1710LEDS_42 42 9/22/17 3:23 PM

manufacturing | THERMAL & MATERIALS
Understand thermal characterization

of high-power LEDs for reliable SSL
NICHOLAS HERRICK and RANJIT PANDHER detail the thermal path that LEDs used in SSL applications
follow to ambient and contemplate the advantages of a sintered silver approach for die attachment.
D
ie attach materials used in the LED assembly — Dies and packages an active substrate with no dielectric layer,
assembly of LEDs directly influence LEDs are most commonly packaged for ease which as you will see enabled high-sensitiv-
device operating temperatures, and of assembly into SSL products. LED chips ity measurements.
of course we know that heat is the enemy of are adhered to a substrate with a die attach The LEDs used for this experiment were
reliable LED components and finished sol- material. The die attach material forms an based on aluminum gallium indium phos-
id-state lighting (SSL) products. Higher ther- important link in the ther-
Voltage (V)
mally conductive materials, such as sintered mal path of the LED to ambi-
nano-silver, allow an LED to operate at lower ent. In many cases, the die 1.78
temperatures. This impact leads to higher attach material also forms 1.76
luminous flux, efficiency, color stability, and the electrical connections. 1.74
reliability. LED and SSL product developers An LED chip affixed directly 1.72
should fully understand thermal mitiga- to a metal substrate is an 1.70
tion to yield optimal product performance. example of chip-on-board 1.68
Here we will cover research that explains the (COB) architecture and is 1.66
Slope = -0.00171 V/C
thermal characterization process that can common in high-power LED
1.64 R2 = 0.99975
further guide LED packaging decisions. designs. Heat generated at
1.62
LEDs are predominantly cooled via con- the LED junction conducts
1.60
duction through the material stack to the through the stack layers to
1.58
heat sink. The die attach layer is one of many reach the heat sink. These 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
layers in the thermal stack, but it can serve layers include the chip, die Temperature (°C)
as a bottleneck if materials with sufficiently attach layer (Level 1), pack-
high thermal conductivity aren’t used. Typi- age substrate, package attach FIG. 1. Forward voltage versus temperature plot of an
cally, 10–30% of the electrical power an LED layer (Level 2), dielectric, and LED. The slope of the line, measured in V/°C, is the
consumes is radiated as visible light, while metal substrate. K-factor temperature-sensitive parameter. For best
the rest is released as heat. This heat pre- The layered structure of results, LEDs should be calibrated in an oven; however,
dominantly leaves the LED via conduction a single COB LED stack can simplified LED assemblies (such as vertical LEDs on
through the die attach layer stack. be considered one-dimen- active pedestals) can be calibrated on thermoelectric
The most common industry evaluation of sional from the p-n junction heat sinks.
LED thermal behavior is the junction-to-am- through the die attach layer.
bient thermal resistance. In this test, the After heat enters the metal substrate, it can phide (AlGaInP) layers on silicon (Si) sub-
whole LED stack is measured at once, with spread in-plane before it is conducted to the strates. They were 1×1 mm in footprint and
no differentiation between various com- heat sink and then to ambient. Therefore, 225-µm thick. The typical operating current
ponent layers. This method is sensitive to because of the small cross-sectional area of for the LEDs is 350 mA with a forward volt-
variations in the die, package layers, ther- the one-dimensional stack, each layer needs age of 2.4V. The peak wavelength is 624 nm.
mal interface material (TIM), and heat sink. to be highly thermally conductive (or, equiv-
In this article, we outline a method to mea- alently, have low thermal resistance; see Die attach materials
sure the high thermal conductivity of a sin- Table 2). As we will detail shortly, the dielec- In this study, we sought to develop a test
tered-silver die attach layer. tric layer in a typical stack dominates the method to understand the influence of the
total thermal resistance of a packaged LED. die attach layer on the thermal performance
NICHOLAS HERRICK and RANJIT PANDHER For the experiment we will discuss here, we of high-power LEDs. Die attach materials
represent Alpha Assembly Solutions mounted LED chips with a die attach layer vary widely in their thermal performance,
(alphaassembly.com). directly to copper pedestals in what is called price, and intended applications (Table 1).
1710LEDS_43 43 9/22/17 3:23 PM

We compared two die attach materials: a Therefore, sintered silver LED applications Thermal measurements
mid-performance, industry-standard sol- packages must be evaluated in situ, i.e., by The test we performed is based on JEDEC
der alloy (SAC305) and a high-performance attaching an LED die to a substrate. Standard EIA/JESD51-1 “Integrated Circuits
alternative (sintered nano-silver paste). The thickness of the die attach layer, also Thermal Measurement Method Electrical
SAC305 is an electronics industry-stan- referred to as the bond line thickness (BLT), Test Method (Single Semiconductor Device),”
dard, lead-free solder alloy composed of is a key property of an LED assembly. Thicker 1995. Because the forward voltage of a diode
96.5% tin, 3.0% silver, and 0.5% copper. The BLTs relieve thermal stresses, but contrib- varies with the temperature of the p-n junc-
Voltage (V) ute to higher overall thermal tion, it can be used as a temperature sensor.
resistance. We measured the Also, LEDs generate significant heat when
2.3
BLT of our LEDs via a vertical they are operated at high power, so they can
2.2
measuring microscope with also be used as heaters. To use an LED as a
2.1
follow-up cross sectioning to temperature sensor, it should be operated at
2.0 confirm the results. very low current so that there is no internal
1.9 heating. By rapidly switching between high
1.8 No Dielectric Substrate and dielectric and low currents, we can utilize LEDs as test
1.7 Dielectric LED COB substrates are typ- devices to measure the thermal resistance of
1.6 ically made of copper or alu- all the layers in the die attach stack. If the
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
minum. These high-conduc- switch between heating and sensing cur-
Time (s)
tivity metals allow heat to rents happens fast enough, then the sensing
FIG. 2. The graph shows the voltage response of two spread before it enters the TIMcurrent can be used to measure the tempera-
LEDs following current switching from 0.7A to 0.01A. One and the heat sink. However, ture of the previous heating phase.
LED was assembled on a substrate with a dielectric, the most LED substrates have a Using an LED as a temperature sensor
other on an active pedestal. The time t=0 corresponds to dielectric layer between the requires calibration, i.e., we need to deter-
when the current was switched from the heating current die attach pad and the metal mine its temperature sensitive parameter.
to the sensing current. The difference between the two core. This layer has compara- The temperature sensitive parameter of an
substrates shows that the dielectric layer contributes tively high thermal resistance LED, also known as the k-factor, is a linear
significantly to the total thermal resistance of the system, — so much so that the total relationship between the forward voltage of
thereby slowing down the temperature change (see Fig. 5). thermal resistance of the LED the LED and the junction temperature. Fig. 1
stack is overwhelmingly dom- shows a plot of forward voltage as a function
purpose of SAC305 in this experiment was to inated by the thermal resistance of the dielec- of the temperature for a typical LED used in
function as the control as we investigated the tric layer (Table 2). our experiment. The slope of the line is the
unknown in-situ thermal conductivity of sin- In our experiment, we needed to measure k-factor, measured in volts/degree Celsius.
tered nano-silver. the very small thermal resistance of sintered The LEDs in this study had measured k-fac-
The sintered nano-silver paste used here is silver. With the dielectric layer present, the tors of 0.00171 V/°C.
designed for pressure-less die attach assem- thermal resistance of a sintered silver layer
bly and uses typical SMD (surface-mount was only 0.8% of the total thermal resis- LED heating transient
device) manufacturing processes such as tance, making accurate measurement Fig. 2 shows the voltage of an LED when it
printing or dispensing and pick-and-place. impossible. Solder die attach layers comprise rapidly switches from high to low current.
It must, however, be sintered at high tem- only 2.7% of the total thermal resistance In this case, the LED was operating at 0.7A
perature in an oven. when a dielectric is present,
The thermal conductivity of bulk silver is making these measurements Junction temperature (¡C)
429 W/mK, but because of nano-pores the challenging but possible. 70
expected thermal conductivity of sintered Removing the dielectric
nano-silver is lower. Laser-flash thermal gives a direct heat path to the 60
conductivity measurements of bulk sintered metal substrate and vastly
50
silver samples are >200 W/mK. decreases junction-to-ambient
Dielectric
Measuring the thermal conductivity of thermal resistance. Without a 40
sintered nano-silver layers is challenging dielectric, the sintered silver
because of their high thermal conductivity. die attach layer’s contribu- 30 No Dielectric
The microscopic porosity of sintered mate- tion is 8.4% of the total stack 20
rials is highly dependent on sintering con- resistance and solder’s contri- 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Time (s)
ditions, such as pressure, temperature, and bution is 21.3%. This ten-fold
duration. Because of this, measurements increase makes the measure- FIG. 3. The graph depicts the calculated junction
done on a large sample are not representative ment possible with commer- temperatures of two LEDs following current switching
of thin die attach layers in an LED assembly. cial off-the-shelf hardware. from 0.7A to 0.01A. The current change occurred at t=0.
1710LEDS_44 44 9/22/17 3:23 PM

Junction temperature (¡C) FIG. 4. The plots show will have a longer duration and higher ampli-
33 average junction temperature tude transient than a dielectric-less substrate.
32
versus heating power for LEDs A shorter-duration transient is the downside
Sintered Ag Rth = 4.95°C/ W
with bond line thickneses of removing the dielectric and necessitates a
31 SAC305 Rth = 6.22°C/ W
from 25–75 µm. The slope of fast switching and high-resolution power sup-
30 the line is the total thermal ply. The transient duration for LEDs assem-
SAC305 resistance of the LED bled on dielectric substrates was around 50
29
assembly and ms, while LEDs assembled on dielectric-less
28 Sintered Ag
heat sink. substrates were less than 10 ms.
27 In our experiment, we used a source mea-
26
surement unit capable of switching currents
junction temperature of the in under 30 µs. The current and voltage were
25
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 LED during this time (Fig. 3). monitored at 10 kS/s (kilo-samples per sec-
Heating power (W) If the power supply switches ond) during switching. By acquiring the
sufficiently fast, then the volt- electrical data at high speed, we avoided
for long enough to thermally stabilize, then age immediately after the switch will corre- the need to extrapolate voltage data to t=0.
switched to 0.01A. At the moment of switch- spond to the temperature of the LED when it
ing (t=0), there is a transient event in which was operating at the heating current. Junction temperature
the voltage rises quickly because the LED The duration of the transient voltage The junction temperature (Tj ) of an LED is
begins to cool after the current switches. As response is proportional to the total ther- the temperature at the p-n junction where
the LED temperature approaches the heat mal resistance of the LED assembly, while light is generated. It is the chief contributor
sink temperature, the voltage stabilizes at the amplitude is proportional to the highest to the total lifetime of the LED and influ-
the reference voltage. Using the temperature temperature the LED sees during its heating ences the LED’s color, total luminous flux,
sensitive parameter we can calculate the phase. Therefore, a substrate with a dielectric and efficiency.
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The following equation, referred to as the TABLE 2. Calculated thermal resistances (Rth) for each layer of the LED
forward voltage shift method, can be used to assembly used in this experiment. The dielectric layer contributes the most
measure Tj during LED operation: to the total Rth, after which is the die attach layer.
Thermal Layer
V R – VS Layer conductivity thickness
Cross-sectional Thermal resistance,
Tj = + THS area (m2) Rth (K/W)
k (w/m·K) (µm)
Where: LED (Si) 149 175 10-6 1.17
VR is the reference voltage of the LED when
the current is below the self-heating thresh- Die attach layer
10–250 50 10-6 5–0.2
old (measuring current) and the LED is at (see Table 1)
THS temperature. Dielectric
2.4 25–75 10-6 10.4–31.3
VS is the sensing voltage of the LED imme- (optional)
diately after switching from heating to sens-
MCPCB (Cu) 390 1200 10-4 0.03
ing current.
k is the temperature sensitive parameter
in units of volts/degree Celsius. TIM (Indium) 82 200 10-4 0.02
THS is the temperature of the heat sink
in Celsius. verted into light. Heating power, therefore, independent variable and thermal resistance
is defined as: the dependent variable. Using this method,
Thermal resistance calculation we measured the thermal conductivity of the
Ph = PE – Po
The thermal resistance of the LED package die attach material:
can be calculated by knowing the junction Where:
Rth = RS . Th + R Rem
temperature of the LED at several operat- P h is the heating power of the LED,
ing currents: in watts. Where:
PE is the electrical power of the LED, Rth is the total thermal resistance of the
Tj = Rth . Ph + THS
in watts. LED package, which is a function of Th .
Where: P0 is the optical power of the LED mea- R S is the thickness of the die attach
Tj is the junction temperature, which is a sured in an integrating sphere, in watts. layer (BLT).
function of heating power, Ph. Using the equations above, we can plot Th is the scaled thermal resistance of the
Ph is the heating power of the LED (see junction temperature versus heating power die attach layer, measured in (K/W.m).
equation below). (Fig. 4). The slope of the line is the total R REM is the thermal resistance remnant. It
Rth is the thermal resistance of the LED thermal resistance of the LED package, in corresponds to the y-intercept of this linear
assembly, in °C/W (or equivalently, K/W). units of °C/W. equation, meaning it is the theoretical ther-
THS is the temperature of the heat sink, mal resistance of the package if the BLT = 0.
in Celsius. Thermal conductivity In other words, it is the thermal resistance
We are focused on the heating power By assembling LEDs identically except for of all the non-die attach layers.
of the LED versus the electrical power, the bond line thickness (BLT), we formed Once the scaled thermal resistance, RS , is
because some of the electrical power is con- an experiment in which BLT was the known then the thermal conductivity of the
material can be calculated:
TABLE 1. A few of the common die attach materials and their thermal 1
conductivities used in LED assembly. This experiment used SAC305 and k=
A . Rs
sintered silver.
Where:
Die attach material Thermal conductivity (W/m∙K) Application k is the thermal conductivity of the die
attach material, in W/m-K.
SnBi solder 20 Low temperature assembly A is the surface area of the die attach layer.
The thermal resistance remnant R REM
80Au/20Sn 57 High reliability merits additional discussion — it is the total
resistance of all the in-common elements of
SAC305 solder 64 Inexpensive the LEDs tested, including the resistance of
the die, boundary layers of the die attach
Electrical insulator, high thermal material, dielectric (if present), substrate,
Silver-filled epoxy 149
conductivity
TIM, and heat sink. The die attach bound-
Electrical conductor, high thermal ary layers have different resistance prop-
Sintered silver 100–250
conductivity erties than the bulk die attach material
1710LEDS_46 46 9/22/17 3:23 PM

Absolute thermal resistance (K/W) assurance that our measurements of sin-

FIG. 5. Thermal resistance
7.5
tered silver are also accurate. The results are
of LEDs assembled with
encouraging because they accurately mea-
SAC305: y = 16227x + 4.505 SAC305 or sintered silver
7.0 sure the thermal conductivity of SAC305 at
Sintered Ag: y = 4834x + 3.933 are plotted here. Each point
6.5
61.6 W/mK, which is known to be 64 W/mK.
SAC305 on the graph represents the
Our results are within 10% of the published
6.0 Rth of an LED plotted against
value. We can therefore state with confi-
its bond line thickness.
5.5
dence that the bulk, in-situ thermal conduc-
The slope of each fitted
tivity of Alpha sintered silver paste is within
5.0 Sintered Ag
line is the scaled thermal
10% of 206.8 W/mK.
resistance of that die attach
4.5 material. The y-intercept of
Conclusion
4.0
each line corresponds to the
The die attach layer is an essential heat con-
remnant thermal resistance
3.5 duction layer in an LED assembly and its
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 for that die attach material.
performance strongly depends on thermal
Bond line thickness (10-6m) conductivity. While JESD51-1 is the standard
for determining the total thermal resistance
because, in the case of sintered silver, the material makes imper- of an LED assembly, we adapted it to measure the bulk thermal
fect physical contact with the adjacent surfaces or, in the case of conductivity of high-performance sintered silver. By assembling
solder, there exists an alloy gradient at the interface. However, by test samples without dielectric and using sufficient power switch-
varying only the BLT of a die attach material we can discount all ing, we measured the thermal conductivity of our sintered silver
the other resistance layers, thereby measuring the bulk conductiv- material and compared it to SAC305. Sintered silver die attach
ity of the material in situ. materials offer excellent thermal performance improvements ver-
sus SAC305 solder.
Results
Twenty-seven LEDs were assembled with sintered silver covering a BLT
range of 10–160 µm. These were sintered for 1.5 hours at 225°C. Twenty
LEDs were assembled with SAC305 preforms to achieve a BLT range of
18–133 µm. These were reflowed in vacuum to minimize voiding. Two
wirebonds were used on each LED. Voids were measured and only sam-
ples with percentages less than 10% were used in the study. For testing,
each LED was mounted to a thermoelectric cooler set to 25°C with a
layer of indium to act as a TIM.
For every measurement, the LED was required to thermally sta-
bilize to within 0.02°C of the set temperature for at least 10 seconds.
Each LED was powered via constant current at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7A
and the junction temperature was measured. The optical power of
every LED was measured in an integrating sphere to calculate each
sample’s thermal power at each current.
Junction temperature measurements gave a scaled Rth of 4834 K/
Wm for sintered silver samples (Fig. 5). This corresponds to a ther-
mal conductivity of 206.8 W/mK. LEDs assembled with SAC305
showed a scaled Rth of 16,227 K/Wm and corresponding 61.6 W/mK
thermal conductivity.
The y-intercepts of the fitted lines in Fig. 5 indicate that sintered
silver has slightly lower interfacial resistance than SAC305. This is
likely due to interfacial inter-metallic compounds and voids in SAC305
(despite significant efforts to minimize them). The unavoidable exis-
tence of voids in solder assemblies (even when using preforms and
reflowing in vacuum), versus near void-less sintered silver perfor-
mance, is a significant drawback.
The purpose of this experiment was to measure the thermal con-
ductivity of sintered silver in-situ. In order to verify the accuracy
of the method, we also measured SAC305. Therefore, if our mea-
surement results for SAC305 were accurate, then we have some
1710LEDS_47 47 9/22/17 3:23 PM

industry insights | SSL CONTROLS
Lighting controls can no longer be

‘set and forget’ with IoT advances
The days of convoluted programming for lighting scenes have ended. With the advent of IoT, lighting
designers must embrace flexible wireless lighting schemes with intuitive interfaces and controls,
advises BEATRICE WITZGALL.
A
s far back as I can remem- abled lighting controls? We live
ber, lighting controls were in a society where all consum-
always the responsibility of ers have come to expect the
IT experts. Lighting designers and best and most technologically-
end users were dependent on their advanced options to simplify
skills to program our lighting vision. their lives. Are clients not ask-
Any change to a lighting scene or ing for it, or do we ignore their
a setting required the secure pass- requests, since we don’t know of
word and the inevitable and expen- better alternatives? With that in
sive onsite visit by a tech-IT inte- mind, there are many new pos-
grator. For all users and designers, sibilities and features available
the hours of the final light setting for lighting control that we’d
were precious and we often found never thought about (http://bit.
ourselves having a long wait. Once ly/2kRkT3o). Why do we still
they arrived, they’d settle into their accept a static light-scene but-
IT closets with their laptops, click- ton in a world of personalization
ing on keys and making changes for and flexibility as the Holy Grail
us, sometimes even with a walk- of controls?
ie-talkie as the control logic wasn’t These days there is a lot of
inside the space where you pro- talk about wireless systems
Photo credit: LumiFi.
grammed. Each change of a set- and the IoT. So, it begs the ques-
ting required deciphering control tion: What are IoT-based light-
zones, symbols, and minutes in the ing controls? The power and
laptop to identify the correspond- the possibilities are in wire-
ing setting. From an end user’s or less controls. Wireless con-
designer’s standpoint, lighting FIG. 1. Lighting scene options are opened up to the end user trol means when the LED, its
scene setting has been a challeng- with a familiar graphical user interface (GUI). driver, and communication
ing and arduous process. It is nei- chip are integrated into one
ther intuitive nor easily accessible. No one face) just like you’d find on an iPhone or any unit and the intelligence and controls are
ever wanted to repeat this complicated and Apple product. Steve Jobs and Apple’s intu- software-based.
pricy process. The goal became to set it once itive GUIs left their mark, rendering pro- Nowadays, many companies pitch a wire-
and then forget about it. grammers a thing of the past and empow- less solution, but in fact most are hybrid
Now, this complex process is a thing of the ering users to take control (Fig. 1). Why solutions where the backbone is still wired
past. You can forget those old DOS PC ter- is lighting still stuck in a multiple-de- and they offer a mobile app as an extension
minals that were only understood by pro- cade-old technology? of their system. Some others promote wire-
grammers. With the advent of the Internet Is it due to the established distribution less proprietary hardware with a mobile
of Things (IoT) and controls, anyone can and sales structures of a handful of com- app. The hardware is not integrated with
get an intuitive GUI (graphical user inter- panies that keep a firm grip on the mar- the actual lighting fixture; it still requires
ket? Is it because the lighting industry still additional control gear and hence is not a
BEATRICE WITZGALL is CEO of LumiFi thinks users are not ready to embrace all true integrated system. It doesn’t tap into
(lumifi.com). the possibilities that come with IoT-en- the new possibilities of an IoT-based system,
48 OCTOBER 2017 LEDSMAGAZINE.COM
1710LEDS_48 48 9/22/17 3:30 PM

industry insights | SSL CONTROLS
which allows personalization, flexibility, and

IoT enabled lighting hardware LumiFi ecosystem and IT infrastructure
dynamic lighting capabilities.
An integrated system means that the hard-
Mobile Web
ware manufacturer adds a wireless chip with app admin
firmware (the software that runs the wireless
chip) onto its LED or driver (http://bit.ly/2w Various third-party manufacturers
with different types, quality,
TAchX). No additional control gear is needed Access code
and price points
other than the software that replaces the leg-
acy lighting control system. It simplifies the
Location-based
whole setup and technology, offers an open Bluetooth ZigBee software Web API
platform approach, and reduces not only controller and cloud
hardware requirements but also infrastruc- HTTP JenNet-IP
ture and labor efforts.
Let’s be honest: Significant progress can- FIG. 2. An integrated command system that is compatible with various smart
not be made based on legacy technology. lighting products and communications protocols will provides users with intuitive
Can you imagine a “selfie culture” with the lighting controls.
lengthy chemical processing of traditional
film? Or can you imagine not being able to take a phone call in as the lighting community to seriously consider new systems and
another country while you are running errands, because your land- specify them into a project? Progress and innovation can only be
line phone still had you chained to one physical location with its done with knowledge and an open mind to try something different.
cable like a dog leash? Now, we will be able to set and reset, modify, and personalize as
Why is it so hard for lighting technology providers to embrace many times as we want with ease and convenience. We can take con-
that lighting controls have now changed? Hardware gets replaced trol of our lighting and put a customized experience into the plan
by software everywhere. Why hold on to your old closet full of hard- as a priority.
ware when the dimmer, wireless communication chip, and soft-
ware integrated together can all replace that and make the hard-
ware obsolete?
Is the lack of understanding a result of being unaware of alterna- APPROVED for Critical
tive options, or is there inherent mistrust in innovation that causes
us to still hang onto the conventional?
Bonding Applications by
Lighting has so much more potential than as a one-time pro-
grammed scene switch at the door that we set once and forget. Light-
ing should be dynamic and transformative not only for space but also
for the humans within. Why don’t we try to engage with lighting in EP30-2 EPOXY ADHESIVE
new forms and ways?
Let’s stop ignoring controls and instead enhance them with an
interface that we can easily engage with. Let’s start to design light-
ing with the human in mind: transformative, fun, and interac-
tive. Let’s connect people with lighting and create more meaning-
ful experiences.
The power of true integrated lighting controls is in a future
where software replaces closets full of hardware, and where the
software can evolve into being flexible and intelligent and can be
easily updated over the air. We are no longer in a time where we TESTED BY LIGO* FOR:
need to send an expensive expert installer to modify a light set-  Low outgassing rates
ting on a piece of hardware; it’s a time where we just send a soft-
 Vacuum serviceability
ware update to add new functions and features. Tesla reinvented
 Advanced optical assemblies
the automotive industry with software-driven vehicles; why is the
* The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
lighting industry still hesitant to follow where every other indus-
try has already gone?
Embrace new possibilities and technology and don’t hide behind
legacy structures just because that’s all you know.
The question is, how do we switch and find these new technolo- Hackensack NJ 07601, USA ∙ +1.201.343.8983 ∙ main@masterbond.com
gies? It may be just too convenient to call up our established dealer
www.masterbond.com
to have him do what he always has done. Isn’t it our responsibility
1710LEDS_49 49 9/22/17 3:30 PM

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HORTICULTURAL LIGHTING: MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECAST 2017
Horticultural lighting is one of the most exciting applications in which LED

technologies can make a significant impact. Incumbent lighting technologies,
including high pressure sodium, metal halide and fluorescent to name a few,
are beginning to be replaced with LED. While energy efficiency continues to be
the major factor behind the adoption of LED technologies in the horticultural
illumination market, additional benefits, including their low heat, tunability and
controllability, will all accelerate their acceptance into the growing horticulture
market. Strategies Unlimited has forecasted that the horticultural lighting market
will grow more than 180% in the next five years, with LED comprising the majority
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QUESTIONS? Please contact:

USA West Coast & Asia USA Northeast & Canada USA Southeast & Europe
Tim Carli Katrina Frazer Sabrina Straub Leslie Brown
Sales Director Business Solutions Manager Business Solutions Manager Business Solutions Associate
510.701.0512 603.891.9186 603.770.6569 785.766.5770
tcarli@pennwell.com katrinaf@pennwell.com sabrina.straub@luxreview.com leslieb@pennwell.com
1710LEDS_50 50 9/22/17 3:30 PM

innovation | LED TECHNOLOGY
New book looks to the past to

determine the future of SSL
After sharing his work about LED pioneer Shuji Nakamura, journalist BOB JOHNSTONE followed the
path carved through new technology terrain by other LED innovators in his new book, L.E.D.:
A History of the Future of Lighting — where he chronicles the origins of the light-emitting diode,
its evolution, and the applications it promises to enable, illustrated in this excerpt.
T
he ability to foresee the future, espe- ment in a trade journal for a new, fourth-gen- iously exited the field. In 1992 a working
cially when crucial parts of that eration light emitting diode, a device that group at the company investigating “uncon-
future remain to be invented, is rare. emitted bright amber light. This was of ventional light sources” had concluded that
Ton Begemann acquired the oracular abil- interest because one of Philips best-selling LEDs were not suited for general illumina-
ity through serving as a science attaché at products also emitted bright tion. But in the interim the
the Dutch embassy in Washington during amber light: high-pressure efficiency of LEDs had dou-
the 1970s. One of his reports, on American sodium-vapor street lamps. bled, then doubled again. It
doubts about the prospects for fast-breeder Begemann saw that street was time for another look.
nuclear reactors, caused an uproar in his lights based on LEDs would Begemann began his pre-
native Holland. “There were seventeen consume much less energy sentation with a cautionary
questions in parliament and headlines in than sodium-vapor lights. tale. Imaging had long been
the newspapers,” Begemann said, chuck- He also recognized that light dominated by Kodak. But the
ling as he recalled the furore he had inad- emitting diodes would have recent advent of digital cam-
vertently caused. “So I decided, Well, this is another advantage over con- eras meant that the writing
the end of my career as a diplomat.” On his ventional sources. LEDs were was on the wall for the ven-
return to Holland in 1975, he was offered directional, shining only erable US firm. Light emit-
a job with Philips Lighting in Eindhoven, where pointed, in this case, ting diodes, he asserted, rep-
Holland. In 1990, losing money and stung downwards. To achieve the required illumi- resented the same kind of existential threat
by criticisms that it had become staid and nation at street level, you would not need to in the lighting market. Admittedly, LEDs
hidebound, Philips brought in new manage- produce so much light. Begemann ordered were as yet not capable of producing white
ment. The incoming team included Einar some of the new bright orange LEDs. Tech- light. But that was not the issue, Begemann
Kloster, a canny Norwegian, who took over nicians in Philips’ lab soldered couple of argued, he fully expected that they would
as CEO Philips Lighting. One of Kloster’s first hundred devices onto a circuit board then eventually acquire this capacity. In the long
actions was to appoint Begemann as his res- hooked it up to an electric current. The tiny term LEDs had the potential to radically
ident soothsayer. Though lighting had not lights shone brightly. Not nearly enough to change illumination. For the moment, the
changed much in the past hundred years, compete with sodium, but doubtless they important thing was to get cracking with
complacency was dangerous because it left would get brighter. the amber, then continue with the white
the business vulnerable to unexpected inno- In 1993, seeking to share his findings when it became available. “LED lighting is
vation. “Ton,” Kloster instructed Begemann, with colleagues, Begemann staged a stra- something we need to look at,” he concluded.
“you are going to sit in the office next to me tegic directions workshop. He understood His story fell on deaf ears. “They didn’t
and look at what is going to happen with that LED lighting was not going to be an really believe it,” Begemann told me.
lighting technologies.” easy sell. Only a few years previously, believ- “Nobody said, Yes — that is something.” For-
In his new role one of the first items that ing the technology to be a dead-end, Philips tunately, he still enjoyed the backing of his
caught Begemann’s eye was an advertise- had disbanded its LED group and ignomin- boss. Kloster had been disturbed by the pre-
sentation and its implications for the future
Republished from May 2017 edition of L.E.D.: A History of the Future of Lighting by BOB of Philips Lighting. It was imperative to find
JOHNSTONE (shown). Excerpt from Chapter One, “Only One Girl To Dance With.” Copyright May out how much brighter amber LEDs would
2017; published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (available at: http://amzn. become. The best ones were made by Hewl-
to/2x5R1p5). No revisions have been made to the original published text. ett Packard. As it happened, one of Kloster’s
1710LEDS_51 51 9/22/17 3:30 PM

close friends, a fellow Philips board member trade show. Would he mind dropping in on aligned with HP’s corporate strategy.
called Frank Carubba, had formerly been a Philips in Holland on his way home? Reluc- In 1970 Bill Hewlett committed his com-
senior manager at Hewlett Packard. It was tantly, Haitz agreed. pany to building a handheld scientific calcu-
arranged that in January 1994 Begemann lator, an electronic slide-rule that would fit
••••
would travel to San Jose in Silicon Valley in a shirt pocket. Since production was lim-
to meet with executives at HP’s Optoelec- The visible light emitting diode was ited by how many displays HP could make, the
tronics Division, the source of the best lit- invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, a company poured resources into the research,
tle orange lights. researcher then working for GE. It glowed development, and manufacturing of LEDs.
The visit did not go well. Begemann a dull red. The tiny size of the device made The calculator turned out to be a huge hit
wanted to discuss the role that LEDs might the LED ideal for its first application, as an commercially. “This was a big deal for HP,”
play in lighting. But the HP guys sim- on/off indicator. With the advent of digital Haitz recalled. “After that, Hewlett was so
ply didn’t get what he was talking about. watches and calculators, LEDs were pressed proud we had helped the company to get such
Though frustrated, Begemann stubbornly into service as displays, to provide alphanu- a big success that we were the fair-haired
persisted. Back in Eindhoven, he kept pes- meric read-outs. Hewlett Packard got into boys for a long time to come.” HP continued
tering Hewlett Packard to send some- LEDs because, as a maker of test and mea- to innovate in the materials from which LEDs
one over to Holland so that he could show suring kit, read-outs were vital to its core are fabricated. In 1979 Haitz hired George Cra-
them what he meant. Eventually, in March business. The conventional display device ford, a former student of Holonyak’s who had
1994, keen to get the pesky Dutchman off was the Nixie tube. Nixies were cumber- made the first yellow LED. The potential for
his back, the division manager capitulated. some, power hungry, hard to read, prone LEDs to play a role in general illumination
Roland Haitz, the number-one technology to breakdown and — worse — an anach- had been clear to Holonyak more or less from
guy, not just of the optoelectronics division ronistic embarrassment at a time when the day one. “We believe there is a strong possi-
but of HP’s entire Semiconductor Products rest of the electronics in HP’s products had bility of developing [the LED] as a practical
Group, happened to be in Japan. Haitz was shrunk to low-power transistors and chips. white source,” he told an interviewer back in
scheduled fly to his native Germany for a The capability of LEDs was thus closely 1963. Holonyak and Craford continued bandy
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1710LEDS_52 52 9/22/17 3:30 PM

Origin of Haitz’s Law
around the notion light emitting diodes as oratory. It was a revelation for Haitz who
the shape of lighting things to come. But until that point, as Begemann recalled In early ‘99 Roland Haitz started to consider
most people simply laughed this off. So long with a chuckle, had known nothing about how much energy would be saved by
as LEDs could only glow dull red they would lighting. Haitz himself described his tour converting incandescent lamps to LEDs
continue to be a niche market. LEDs were as an introduction to a completely differ- based on two decades’ worth of historical
merely light to be seen, not light to see by, ent world. “I learned so much on that day data he had in his files. “I’m somewhat of a
which is what Ton Begemann was proposing. about what counts in lighting,” he told me. pack rat,” Haitz told me. “I dug through my
Then, beginning in the mid eight- In return, Begemann badgered Haitz for old reports, which went back to 1971 or so.
ies, new light-emitting compounds were answers to his questions: The efficiency of We used to have an annual review with the
investigated. For the first time an unfa- HP’s amber LEDs had doubled twice in top brass at HP, when I had to present our
miliar adjective began to be applied to recent months. How much improvement accomplishments and performance targets
describe the output of LEDs. At long last in their output could be expected by the for the next five years. So I had a lot of
the tiny lights were becoming bright. Ser- year 2000? In his role as chief technologist information about how many LEDs we’d sold
endipitously, a new application popped Haitz was, like Begemann, accustomed to in a year, what was the average selling price,
up for which bright red LEDs were a per- peering into the future. HP’s customers in and the efficiency at that time. I basically
fect fit. In 1985, to reduce read-end colli- the automotive industry were always eager plotted a historical collection of points of
sions — one of the most common forms to learn what was in the product pipeline. what was the most powerful LED you could
of road accident — the US National High- LEDs like the ones that had
way Traffic Safety Administration required caught Begemann’s eye were
that thenceforth all automobiles must be based on technology Hewl-
equipped with a third brake light. This ett Packard had commercial-
would be mounted at eye-level in the center ized two years previously and
of the rear windshield. By the early 1990s developed three years before
it was clear that bright red LEDs would that. Between what Haitz
prevail in the brake light market. Armed knew was in HP’s labs back
with its new bright orange lights, Hewl- in Silicon Valley and what
ett Packard was eyeing a related niche — Philips had acquired there
automotive turn-signals. Then, in Decem- was thus a five-year gap. In
ber 1993, came a bombshell. An obscure, addition to which, he was able
previously unknown Japanese firm named extrapolate product develop-
Nichia announced that it had achieved ment five years hence. Though Haitz kept buy commercially in that year. Then I also
what many of the biggest names in the his cards close to his chest — Philips had dug into what was the cost per lumen.”
electronics industry had been trying to yet to sign a non-disclosure agreement Haitz was not a big believer in numerical
make for the past two decades: namely, a with HP — some hasty, back-of-the-en- analysis by spreadsheets. For him, a
bright blue LED. Overnight, the game had velope calculations left both parties in no simple formula was a far better tool for
changed. With red, green, and blue LEDs, doubt by the end of the day that the future understanding. The result was what came
it would now be possible to make white of LEDs lay in the lighting business. to be known as Haitz’s Law. In graphical
light — as just a few months earlier, with On the plane home to California Haitz terms, it plotted two lines, price and
remarkable prescience, Ton Begemann had wrote up his impressions in a trip report. performance, versus time; the former
anticipated. Roland Haitz told his boss that LEDs would clearly be in lighting and light- headed straight down, the latter straight
HP urgently needed to set up a blue LED ing was a huge market. If Hewlett Packard up. Haitz’s Law states that every decade
development program. Haitz himself took wanted to remain a major player in the LED the price per lumen falls by a factor of
off for Japan to meet with Nichia. Which is business, the company had no choice but ten, while the amount of lumens output
where he was when the request for him to to participate. But HP could not go it alone by an LED increases by a factor of twenty.
visit Philips Lighting arrived. because it didn’t understand the market. “If Extrapolating the lines, Haitz estimated
we are not tied up with a lighting company, that by the middle of the next decade,
•••• that is, around 2005, LEDs would begin
we will make mistake after mistake, and we
“It was the most nerve-wracking trip I are going to get our ass kicked,” Haitz con- to become competitive with conventional
ever did,” was how Haitz remembered his cluded, with characteristic brusqueness. light sources. He also worked out what the
late-evening drive through the Ruhr from “We have to find a partner.” There were potential energy savings of LEDs would be.
Hanover to Holland. After a horrendous three possibilities: Osram-Sylvania, GE, and The numbers turned out to be huge. “I was
three hours negotiating heavy traffic amid Philips. Osram already had its own internal shocked by how big they were,” Haitz said.
torrential rain, he finally reached Eind- LED business; GE was no longer interested “And that’s what convinced me: Dammit —
hoven. Next morning Ton Begemann gave in making investments in lighting technol- we have to do something!” ◀
him a guided tour of Philips Lighting’s lab- ogy. “So there was really only one girl to
1710LEDS_53 53 9/22/17 3:30 PM

dance with, and that was Philips.” “I got two guys from HP and two guys from their work. Begemann made sure that all his
LEDs as light to see by required a leap of the Philips Lighting and they spent half a year colleagues in top management at Philips
imagination. Their output compared to that locked up in our lab here in Holland,” Bege- Lighting attended. Three prototype LED
of conventional lamps was still puny. HP’s mann recalled. Such a tight deadline was very streetlights were set up in a warehouse-like
top brass took a lot of persuading that there different from the leisurely way that develop- building in Eindhoven. Inside it was like a
would be value in teaming up with Philips ment programs were usually run at Philips. movie set, complete with props, in this case
Lighting. But Haitz persevered; eventually, he “This was a project where we were exposed traffic signals and lines painted on the floor to
succeeded in winning them over. For his part, to Bay Area dynamics and the semiconduc- simulate an actual street. “We tried to make it
Begemann reported back to Philips that Haitz tor world, where things are three times faster as real as possible,” Kock said. For maximum
had told him that by 2000 it would be possible if not more,” recalled Berry Kock, one of the effect, the curtains were tightly drawn to
to make LED street-lights that were as good as two Philips representatives. Team members make it very dark inside. The element of sur-
the most efficient conventional products. Most were under strict instructions not to discuss prise worked in their favour. “Everyone was
of his colleagues still thought he was crazy. their work with anyone. The benchmark had completely flabbergasted that we were doing
But his boss gave him the go-ahead to set up been defined: the efficiency of high-pressure such a thing with LEDs which were thought
a feasibility study with HP, to be followed by sodium lights was about one hundred lumens to be tiny lights on your stereo set,” Kock told
a demonstration project. The two compa- per watt. LEDs could only manage half as me. “It was definitely a moment when people
nies initiated their cooperation in late 1994. many lumens, but by directing the light more noticed something which they did not believe
It was decided to focus initially on the develop- efficiently in a much tighter beam, the team would ever exist.”
ment of a prototype street-light based on HP’s showed it was possible to match the perfor- Gerard Harbers, then an optical designer
amber LEDs because that market was already mance of conventional products. from Philips Research, would never forget the
accustomed to orange-colored illumination. By October 1995, they were ready to unveil thrill of seeing LED streetlights for the first
PRODUCT SHOWCASE
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1710LEDS_54 54 9/22/17 3:30 PM

PRODUCT showcase
time. “It made a huge impression on me,” Harbers said. “Here you
were in this big space and there’s this single lamp which illuminates ECLIPSE LIGHTING
the whole space, the whole street. It showed, for the first time, real
solid-state lighting. And I think that everyone who saw the demo got Astro Enhanced with Gravura
that same feeling: this will be big, this will be huge — if you can do Graphics
this already now, what will the future bring?”
We’ve taken our top performing Astro series and
For Philips and Hewlett Packard the next step was to form a lim-
dressed it up with our exclusive Gravura Graphic fin-
ited 50:50 joint venture based in Amsterdam. This was announced
ishes which are
in late 1996, with minimum fanfare, so as not to alert the compe-
available with over
tition. It was a small operation, mustering about thirty engineers.
50 unique options
The aim was to take LED component technology from HP, couple it
including wood,
with applications and assembly expertise from Philips, and target
stone and carbon
sections of the lighting market. The first niche chosen was red and
fiber. Standard
amber traffic signals. This was seen as an initial stepping stone, to
LED light engines
get the company started and pave the way for more complex appli-
include 186LPW chips and additional options & acces-
cations like street lights.
sories include color tuning, RGBW, Wi-Fi, DMX, ZigBee,
In 1999, encouraged by the results from this first niche market,
Bluetooth or Dali drivers. Suitable for indoor or outdoor
Philips led by Ton Begemann initiated a push to scale up the joint
locations, the Astro can go where traditional vandal
venture. It was decided to locate the new firm, named Lumileds, in
fixtures cannot with your choice of
San Jose, where most of the technical expertise resided. Also, to make
wall, surface, or pendant mount.
it as much like a startup as possible, complete with stock options for
employees. This was an unprecedented move for the Dutch company,
but it was done for a good reason: namely, to avoid its stuffy cor- Tel: (847) 260-0333
porate culture stifling the entrepreneurial spirit. For Hewlett Pack- Fax: (847) 260-0344
ard the idea of forming an independent joint venture was not such a Email: quotes@eclipselightinginc.com
stretch. It helped that HP was then undergoing a wrenching corpo- Web: www.eclipselightinginc.com
rate restructure. In 1999 the firm split itself in two, with the original
company retaining the computer-related businesses and a new entity
called Agilent formed to retain the test and measurement businesses.
Among the latter was the semiconductor products group, which con-
tained the optoelectronics division. Eventually most of the division
— around three hundred individuals — left to join Lumileds.
In the joint venture there were, inevitably, clashes of culture. The
Dutch were accustomed to calling a spade a spade: their bluntness
could upset the milder-mannered Silicon Valley folk. There was
also a gulf between the worlds of lighting and semiconductors. The
Philips people were top-down in their approach, accustomed to
thinking in terms of system solutions, how lighting could be used in
offices and retail spaces to create a better atmosphere; or, if it was
street lights, how illumination could make roads safer for drivers.
The HP folk were by contrast bottom-up. They saw things in terms
of nuts and bolts, what increased light output would mean for pack-
age design, how thermal performance would need to be improved.
In higher-level discussions the components guys would sometimes
struggle to comprehend the issues. Nonetheless, the US-Dutch rela-
tionship worked remarkably well.
In 2005, when Agilent decided to sell off its semiconductor oper-
ations, Philips acquired the US firm’s share of the company. In that
List Your
year Lumileds employed 1,760 people and earned $83 million profit
on sales of $324 million. It was, Begemann boasted, the best invest-
Company Now!
ment Philips had ever made. “We paid $80 million for the original
fifty percent, then five years later, Philips acquired the remaining
fifty percent for eleven times that value [$950 million]. If you tell
somebody in the financial world that you will multiply the value
of your investment by a factor of eleven, you’re a hero!”
1710LEDS_55 55 9/22/17 3:30 PM

last word
TLEDs can prove economical, but

aren’t always the best choice
STAN WALERCZYK, principal at Lighting Wizards, offers advice on LED-based
fluorescent replacement products and discusses what is quickly becoming a
commodity market.
A
lthough Ethan Biery from Lutron Philips InstantFit TLEDs with EasySmart are TLEDs with 340°–360° distribution.
provided some good information technology, which are Type A, can dim wire- If Type A TLEDs are not a good fit for a
in a recent LEDs Magazine fea- lessly with existing fixed BF (ballast factor) project, it’s probably best to go with LED
ture article entitled “Tackle TLED tradeoffs ballasts (http://philips.to/2f0ygtu). lightbars or LED troffer kits.
to manage retrofit expectations” (http:// Other manufacturers are developing sim- Since parabolic and perforated metal bas-
bit.ly/2x8jxY3), there is much more that ilar products as well as tunable (dimming ket troffers have such low fixture efficiency
lighting designers and specifiers need to and Kelvin changing) ones with existing and other problems, it is usually better to
understand about the LED retrofit tubes fixed BF ballasts. retrofit them with LED troffer kits, espe-
intended for usage in fluorescent fixtures. Although Ethan Biery stated that Type cially ones which can be installed in about
I addressed the topic in a presentation at C TLEDs do not have a safety issue, it is five minutes, instead of using TLEDs.
the 2016 US Department of Energy (DOE) my understanding that the new Non-dimmable and dimmable
Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Technology ANSI G6.6 T-LED Fit System will troffers and troffer kits are more
Development Workshop (http://bit.ly/2w require specialized lamp hold- efficacious than TLEDs out of
3GR4s). Here I will provide some of the infor- ers for both Type B and C TLEDs the fixture and have really come
mation from the prior presentation and (http://bit.ly/2gDA A9V). That down in price. There are several
share some personal experience that can requirement will increase parts good ones that only cost $45–
benefit participants in the SSL sector. and labor costs. $60. Some Chinese companies
Type A TLEDs are generally considered Many TLEDs have 120° beam are quoting as low as $15. This is
the most popular and least expensive. These distribution, which is usually a STAN WALERCZYK an example of how LED lighting
TLEDs often cost around $8 these days and wide enough angle for good light- is becoming a commodity market
sometimes less than $5. With such products ing quality. Furthermore, the energy sav- faster than most people expected. Tunable
that work with the existing ballast, labor ings may be more than expected compared fixture pricing will probably also drop soon.
is fast and low cost. Some rebates cover all to 360° linear fluorescent lamps in typical Falling prices are good for consumers but
the parts, labor, and recycling costs. Plus, lensed troffers and similar fixtures. In a typ- tough on manufacturers. It is amazing that
TLEDs used with existing ballasts do not ical enclosed fixture, about 10% of the light many lighting companies are having a chal-
trigger California’s Title 24, which can save is lost with every bounce into a reflective lenge growing and being profitable while
a lot of hassle and money. Since these TLEDs surface or another lamp. Plus, if a light ray some non-lighting companies, including
do not require high voltage to start and the hits a lens at too low of an angle, it bounces NuWave (alsetled.com) and Dyson (http://
ballasts operate at cooler temperatures than off with about 10% loss instead of going bit.ly/2j07Ood), have recently gotten into
with fluorescent lamps, ballasts may last through. With fluorescent lamps, there may commercial lighting.
considerably longer. After existing ballasts be an average of three bounces from each Dimming can be quite desirable for some
die, many Type A TLEDs can also be wired light ray. So a 100-lm/W high-performance specific applications, but power consump-
directly to line voltage. fluorescent T8 and ballast may really pro- tion is getting so low with LED products that
Type B TLEDs are usually not recom- vide less than 80 lm/W out of the fixture, and dimming and controls are often not cost-ef-
mended because wiring to line voltage that may even be less with thermal losses. fective paths to saving energy. That has not
increases labor costs and there may be safety Most light rays from a 120° TLED can get out stopped certain individuals, manufacturers,
concerns. Type C is also not recommended of the fixture without any bounces or losses. energy codes, and organizations from push-
because of extra parts and labor costs. For suspended indirect/direct fixtures, there ing dimming and controls to save energy.
1710LEDS_56 56 9/22/17 3:30 PM

LUXEON SunPlus Series
LEDs created with one market

in mind: Horticulture.
The future of horticulture LED lighting is here: LUXEON SunPlus Series from Lumileds. Delivering lighting that’s consistent,
sustainable and precise, these industry-leading LEDs are the only light engines binned and tested based on photosynthetic photon
flux—ensuring proper light absorption for a variety of plants and crops. If you’re ready to enter the expanding horticulture market,
make sure you do it with the only purpose-built LEDs up to the task: the LUXEON SunPlus Series. For more information, contact
your Lumileds sales representative or visit us online.
See more. lumileds.com/horticulture
LUMILEDS ILLUMINATION LEDs

LUXEON HIGH POWER LEDs • LUXEON MID POWER LEDs • LUXEON CoB LEDs • LUXEON COLOR LEDs • LUXEON UV LEDs • MATRIX PLATFORM
©2016 Lumileds Holding B.V. All Rights Reserved.
1710LEDS_C3 3 9/22/17 3:30 PM

GAME CHANGING IS GREAT.
BOTTOM LINE
CHANGING IS BETTER.
You can’t change your bottom line by using the same LEDs that everyone else is using. Cree’s Extreme
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1710LEDS_C4 4 9/22/17 3:30 PM

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39 HCL: INDUSTRY INSIGHTS

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