Instructional Technology

FOR MORE, go to http://www.brookespublishing.
com/instructional-technology
Instructional
Technology in
Early Childhood
by
Howard P. Parette, Jr., Ed.D.

Illinois State University
Normal
and
Craig Blum, Ph.D.

Illinois State University
Normal
with invited contributors
Baltimore • London • Sydney
Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

edited by Howard P. Parette Jr., Ed.D., & Craig Blum, Ph.D.
Brookes Publishing | www.brookespublishing.com | 1-800-638-3775
© 2013 | All rights reserved
FOR MORE, go to http://www.brookespublishing.com/instructional-technology
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................. vii

About the Editors ............................................................................................................ ix
Contributors ..................................................................................................................... xi
Foreword Chip Donahue ......................................................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................xvii
1 The 21st Century Role of Technology for Young Children .................................1

Howard P. Parette, Jr., Craig Blum, and Amanda C. Quesenberry
2 Integrating Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms ..................................29

Howard P. Parette, Jr., George R. Peterson-Karlan, and Craig Blum
3 Using Instructional Strategies in Early Childhood Classrooms ......................51

Craig Blum and Howard P. Parette, Jr.
4 CHECK IT: Assessment and Evaluation in Technology-

Supported Early Childhood Classrooms .............................................................73
Hedda Meadan, Craig Blum, and Howard P. Parette, Jr.
5 Technology Problem Solving for Children with Disabilities ............................95

George R. Peterson-Karlan, Howard P. Parette, Jr., and Craig Blum
6 Integrating Technology to Support Emergent Reading...................................123

Karen H. Douglas, Carrie Anna Courtad, April L. Mustian,
and Howard P. Parette, Jr.
7 Integrating Technology to Support Writing ......................................................149

Emily H. Watts, Yojanna Cuenca-Sanchez, and Howard P. Parette, Jr.
8 Technology Integration to Support Social Behavior

and Social Communication..................................................................................177
Amanda C. Quesenberry, April L. Mustian, Christine Clark-Bischke,
and Craig Blum

edited by Howard P. Parette Jr., Ed.D., & Craig Blum, Ph.D. v
00parette.fm.i_xx.indd 5 2/25/13 5:29 PM

vi Contents
9 Integrating Technology to Support Play ............................................................199

Christine Clark-Bischke, Emily H. Watts, and Howard P. Parette, Jr.
10 TECH IT: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Using Instructional

Technology Innovations in Early Childhood ....................................................227
Jason C. Travers and Cori M. More
Index ...............................................................................................................................249


About the Editors
Howard P. Parette, Jr., Ed.D., is Professor and Director of the Special Education
Assistive Technology (SEAT) Center, Department of Special Education, at Illinois
State University, and formerly Kara Peters Endowed Chair in Assistive Technol-
ogy (2003–2011). Having an array of teaching experiences in his early career, in-
cluding work in early intervention settings, he has taught both early childhood
special education and special education courses at four institutions of higher
learning, and was Dean of Graduate Studies and Research at Southeast Missouri
State University (2000–2002). Recognized as University Researcher of the Year in
2009, he is also the founding editor of the online journal, Assistive Technology Out-
comes and Benefits, a collaboration between the SEAT Center and the Assistive
Technology Industry Association (2004 to present). He coauthored many grants
and published hundreds of peer-reviewed articles, with a preponderance of schol-
arship focused on assistive technology issues, and, more recently, on the role of
universal design for learning and readily available technology integration in 21st
century early childhood settings. In addition to teaching assistive technology
courses for special education majors, he developed and teaches a unique course—
Technology for Young Children with Disabilities—designed for early childhood
education majors.
Craig Blum, Ph.D.,HASTAUGHTYOUNGCHILDRENIN,OS!NGELESANDISCURRENTLY!S-

sociate Professor in the Special Education Department at Illinois State University.
He has taught and worked in many different types of settings ranging from adults
with development disabilities, vocational training programs, mental health pro-
grams for young children with behavior disorders, inclusive education programs
with children of all ages, and young children with developmental disability. Dr.
Blum has provided extensive professional development to educators in school-
wide positive behavior support, and worked as part of research and professional
development team on the Making a Difference for Assistive Technology project.
There he worked to demonstrate the usefulness of readily available technology tools
to teach phonological awareness to young children. Dr. Blum has codeveloped and
established the reliability and validity of the Teacher Knowledge and Skills Survey
of Positive Behavior Support. He assisted in providing the foundation for a state-
wide positive behavior support network in Washington State. He is actively in-
volved in the Association for Positive Behavior Support and the work group for
website development. He has obtained federal grant on schoolwide positive be-
havior support and has coauthored numerous federally funded grants. He has
worked on numerous federal and privately funded grants including Making a Dif-

edited by Howard P. Parette Jr., Ed.D., & Craig Blum, Ph.D. ix

x About the Editors
ference for Assistive Technology, which focused on implementing a technology

toolkit in an early childhood education center. He has co-authored a book, Effective
RTI Training and Practices. He has coauthored 15 peer-reviewed articles or book
chapters in journals such as Early Childhood Education Journal, Journal of Positive
Behavior Support, Teacher Education and Special Education, Teaching Exceptional Chil-
dren, and Assessment for Effective Intervention. He regularly presents both locally
and nationally at conferences such as the Council for Exceptional Children Expo,
Associate for Positive Behavior Support, and the Assistive Technology Industry
Association.


1
The Role of
Technology for Young
Children in the 21st Century
Howard P. Parette, Jr., Craig Blum, and Amanda C. Quesenberry
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Describe the role of technology in the lives of young children

• Provide a rationale regarding technology integration as a developmentally appro-
priate practice
• Describe barriers to choices regarding integration of technology in the early
childhood curriculum
• Describe elements of instructional technology
• Describe components of universal design for learning
• Identify characteristics and examples of readily available technologies
• Describe components of a classroom toolkit for technology integration
Technology in the Lives of Young Children

While eating breakfast, 3-year-old Sean opens an application (or “app”), Teach Me
Toddler, on his father’s iPad and immediately becomes engaged in practicing let-
ters, numbers, and shapes. A little mouse provides voice prompts to find some-
thing on the screen, and a checkmark appears when Sean makes an appropriate
choice. After breakfast, Sean goes to the family computer and clicks on an icon for
Zac Browser, an engaging browser designed for young children. When the browser
launches, Sean is delighted to see the screen change to an undersea world where
an animated submarine has become his cursor. Guiding the submarine to a games
menu at the bottom of the screen, Sean smiles as his submarine changes to an ani-
mated butterfly, which he then directs to an icon representing a game called ABC
Instruction. After clicking the Play button, an arrow prompts Sean to trace the let-
ters of the alphabet.

1 edited by Howard P. Parette Jr., Ed.D., & Craig Blum, Ph.D.
01parette.001_028.indd 1 1/23/13 10:40 PM

2 Parette, Blum, and Quesenberry
Cherise, a 6-year-old kindergartner, sits at a computer terminal in her public

library. She immediately clicks on the Firefox browser icon on her desktop, which
takes her to the search engine Google. She types in the words Handy Manny and
then clicks on the link that appears at the top of the search results. Because Handy
Manny is used in her classroom at school, Cherise routinely visits this site to play
games and watch Disney videos. She also watches Handy Manny and his friends
on the television channel Disney Junior on weekday mornings before going to
school. Cherise uses her Barbie digital camera to take several photos of the library
so that she can share them during a show-and-tell activity in her classroom the
next day.
Andy, who is 4 years old, and his mother sit in front of a laptop. Andy clicks
on the Skype icon on the desktop using a child’s mouse that his parents purchased
for him. Andy’s mother points to her father’s name in a contact list that appears
and says, “Click on Papa’s name.” Andy makes the selection and then follows his
mother’s prompt to “click on Video Call.” Andy enthusiastically moves the cursor
to a green Video Call button and clicks. A ringtone is heard and then a familiar face
appears on the screen. “Hi, Andy,” his grandfather says, as Andy smiles and reaches
to hug the image on the screen.
Today, young children are growing up in a world where they are surrounded
by a vast array of technologies. From morning to bedtime, young children use
technologies to engage in home and community activities, prepare for school, par-
ticipate in classroom activities, and interact with others in the world around them.
Commercially acquired toys used in play activities are often technology-based,
and children use many types of entertainment media in their homes. Computer
usage by young children is increasingly common, and many families allow their
children to access and engage with web-based interactive games and activities
designed specifically for young children. In addition, mobile phones and other
handheld devices are far more frequently used by families and regularly seen in
television programs and movies, providing powerful models for young children
regarding the role of technology in our lives. In these ways, technology use both
influences and shapes the development of children’s lives.
Technologies as Tools for Learning

Technologies that have the potential to support children’s learning in instructional
settings are of particular importance to early childhood education professionals.
Discussions about the role of technology in classroom settings are couched in the
current understanding of developmentally appropriate practice (DAP). This term re-
fers to the knowledge held by teachers regarding 1) how children develop and
learn; 2) the strengths, needs, and interests of individual children; and 3) the social
and cultural contexts in which children live (National Association for the Educa-
tion of Young Children [NAEYC], 2009). In 1996, the NAEYC published a position
statement that provided tepid support for the use of technology in DAP. Unfor
tunately, these early perceptions of technology and its role in the lives of young
children were confounded by such diverse issues as violence in the media, the in-
fluence of hours of television viewing, and other concerns that were intermixed
with the instructional uses of technology. Since that time, however, early childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 2 1/23/13 10:40 PM

The Role of Technology for Young Children 3
education professionals have developed both greater awareness and acceptance of

the role of technology in the lives of young children. In 2012, NAEYC and the Fred
Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media at Saint Vincent College
revised its position statement on technology, placing a stronger emphasis on its
role as DAP in early childhood classrooms.
What the Research Says

The position statement from the NAEYC and the Fred Rogers Center (2012), Tech-
nology in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth through Age 8, defined
technology broadly but primarily focused on principles and practices related to
current technologies. The position statement summarized existing research in nu-
merous areas, and key findings concluded that 1) developmentally appropriate
technology can enhance children’s cognitive and social abilities; 2) technology in-
tegration is effective when integrated into the “environment, curriculum, and daily
routines” (p. 8); and 3) technology can help strengthen home–school connections.
For example, during her preschool circle time activity, Mrs. Hearns uses a digi-
tal projector connected to her desktop computer. Because she has Internet access,
Mrs. Hearns is able to use many interactive games and learning activities that are
located on accessible web sites. Children love the engaging games and activities,
and they are particularly attracted to the vivid colors and animation features.
Mr. Bivens, a kindergarten teacher, uses a SMART Board to begin his large-
group activity, which allows him to have children physically interact with teacher-
made learning activities that he has downloaded from the SMART Activity
Exchange. Students attend to how other children are participating in the activities
using the SMART Board and call out words of encouragement to their classmates.
Mr. Bivens has noticed a change in the attending behaviors of his students since he
made the transition to the SMART Board.
Ms. Steele expects her students to transition quietly to the literacy center, sit at
a table, listen to her instructions regarding the use of materials, and place their
products in their respective student bins on a shelf. Because Casey is very distract-
ible and has difficulty with routines, Ms. Steele gives him a laminated task sequence
chart prior to his transition to the literacy center. The chart uses five Boardmaker
symbols to represent the steps in the routine—go to the literacy center, sit, listen,
make a drawing, and put things away. This chart provides structure so that Casey
knows exactly what sequence he is expected to follow. Ms. Steel uses similar task
charts for other activities to help Casey.
These examples call attention to both the presence and potential of technology
in today’s early childhood classrooms. However, many teachers may not be using
technology in the delivery of the early childhood curriculum, and they may not
understand that its use is indeed DAP (Parette, Quesenberry, & Blum, 2010). It
is well known that instruction in early childhood education settings is character-
ized by activities that require children to do certain things to participate in those
activities. It is also well known that technology is a tool that helps people to do
something they could not do using human ability alone—either more effectively
(completing a task) or more efficiently (completing a task faster or in greater quan-
tity). For example, pencil and paper are traditional tools used by young children

01parette.001_028.indd 3 1/23/13 10:40 PM

for writing and a book is a traditional tool for reading. However, they are not the
only ways to accomplish the specific tasks of transcription (i.e., creating text) and
reading. A word processing program provides an alternative to using a pencil to
create text. Interactive books and iPad applications may use voice components in
which works are highlighted from left to right while being pronounced, which
provide powerful and engaging alternatives to reading print. Such technology al-
ternatives are not only used at home by many young children, but they are increas-
ingly preferred by young learners in instructional settings because they are more
engaging and minimize errors made in reading, writing, and communicating with
others. Most children can learn using traditional approaches to instructional deliv-
ery, so using technology to support learning in the classroom is not necessarily a
better approach. However, if technology is part of a young child’s culture and is
a preferred method of learning, consideration must be given to its use to support
instruction. Thus, its use is DAP!
Barriers to Technology Use:

The Disconnect Between What Young Children Prefer
and What Early Childhood Education Professionals Do
Teachers regularly use technologies in their daily lives outside of the classroom, so
it is surprising that there is often hesitation about or resistance to using technology
with young children. Admittedly, numerous issues may present barriers to the use
of technology in the classroom, including cultural influences, generational differ-
ences, classroom budget limitations, attitudes about technology, and lack of knowl-
edge and/or training.
Cultural Influences
Public schools and early childhood education programs are distinct cultural groups
with varying values, behaviors, and characteristics. These programs mirror the
communities within which they reside, and it is not uncommon to encounter resis-
tance to technology use (International Society for Technology in Education, 2009).
This is particularly true if the community has values that have led to a recognized
tradition of delivering the curriculum in ways that are not supported by technol-
ogy. Sometimes these strongly held values among education professionals are dif-
ferent from the technological skills valued in mainstream culture. For example,
early childhood education professionals who work in schools that have yet to em-
brace the use of technology may cling strongly to more traditional approaches to
learning and see little value in the use of technology. To the extent that a teacher
identifies with such cultural values, varying degrees of unwillingness to accept a
greater use of today’s technologies may be anticipated. The NAEYC (1995) has
provided recommendations for the preparation of early childhood education pro-
fessionals to develop skill sets related to culture, language, and diversity. Further,
the NAEYC (2009) expanded understanding of DAP by emphasizing three chal-
lenges to the discipline: 1) increasing achievement and reducing children’s learn-
ing gaps, 2) enhancing educational connections for preschool- and elementary-age
children, and 3) emphasizing teacher knowledge and decision making as critical to
the effectiveness of education. Specific guidance regarding culturally sensitive strat-

01parette.001_028.indd 4 1/23/13 10:40 PM

egies for education professionals have been offered in the literature (e.g., Parette &
Angelo, 1998; Parette, Huer, & VanBiervliet, 2005; Parette & McMahan, 2002).
Generational Differences
Generational differences among early childhood education professionals may im-
pose barriers to technology use with young children, especially for teachers who
developed technology knowledge and skills later in life. Younger teachers from the
Millennial generation (born after 1976; Howe & Strauss, 2000) grew up in a world
in which they were surrounded by technologies and are typically comfortable
using them. A particular challenge for the field is to understand what technologies
and features are used and preferred by today’s families (Parette, Meadan, Doubet,
& Hess, 2010), as well as how these technologies may be effectively integrated into
classroom practices (Schomberg & Donohue, 2012).
Budget Limitations
Typically, teachers have limited classroom budgets for the purchase of consum-
ables and technologies to support their curricula (Judge, 2006). With limited fiscal
resources, programs and schools may tend to purchase only materials that have
been traditionally used in classroom settings or materials that the teacher became
familiar with in his or her preservice preparation. This problem is compounded
by the dynamic and ever-changing array of technology that may be considered by
early childhood programs; if the acquisition of technologies must be delayed until
funds are available, they may become obsolete by the time the purchase can be
made! Therefore, today’s teachers need to be prepared to use a toolkit of free and
inexpensive technologies that can support the curriculum (Hourcade, Parette,
Boeckmann, & Blum, 2010).
Attitudes about Technology

Teachers’ attitudes may also impose barriers to the use of technologies in early
childhood education. Some early childhood education professionals may simply
feel that teaching and delivering the curriculum in traditional ways is preferable
to new ways of doing things. For example, showing and reading aloud from a
book may be preferred to an interactive e-book that has built-in speech. Writing on
a blackboard may be preferred to use of an interactive whiteboard. There may also
be the reality of differences among teachers in their ability to adopt technology-
supported educational practices. Parette and Stoner (2008) observed both early
adopters and late adopters among early childhood education professionals. Early
adopters are interested in using technology, developing new knowledge and skills
regarding its use, and integrating it readily into their classroom practices. Late
adopters tend to be more hesitant about technology use; they may be slow in de-
veloping knowledge and skills about new technology and integrating it into their
classroom practices. It is encouraging that many of today’s teachers have grown
up with technology and are therefore likely to be more receptive to its integration
into the classroom. Additionally, the NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center (2012) posi-
tion statement on technology and interactive media as DAP should provide guid-
ance to teachers and facilitate attitudinal change within the discipline.

01parette.001_028.indd 5 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Lack of Knowledge and/or Training

Preservice preparation of teachers has traditionally been woefully remiss in devel-
oping competencies related to the integration of technology in the early childhood
curriculum. Most programs rely on a single course, or a module within a course in
the undergraduate curriculum, to develop technology skills (Gronseth et al., 2010).
Often, these skills are not integrated across the curriculum and early childhood
education professionals may enter the field with little or no understanding of how
to use technology in their classrooms. Fortunately, greater interest in the role of
technology in early childhood settings is now present, as reflected in the revised
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center (2012) position statement on technology and
media. In addition, specific pedagogical recommendations for effectively integrat-
ing technology into early childhood education preservice programs are available
(e.g., Blum, Parette, & Travers, 2011; Parette, 2011; Peurling, 2012). However, until
most teachers actually develop knowledge and skills related to technology inte-
gration in classroom settings, they will continue to rely on the expertise of consul-
tants and/or technology specialists and professional development after obtaining
their teaching degrees. For professionals who are already teaching, specific ap-
proaches for developing knowledge and skills include user groups (Parette &
Stoner, 2008), summer institutes (Keengwe & Onchwari, 2009), and webinars
(Schomberg & Donohue, 2012).
This book is designed to address the need for increased knowledge and skills
among all early childhood education professionals. Such skills can ensure more
effective use of technology to support the learning of young children in today’s
classrooms.
Moving Toward an
Understanding of Instructional Technology
Considerable literature advocates the use of instructional technology (IT) to de-
velop important skills to support young children’s learning, particularly in emer-
gent literacy areas. However, there is also emerging evidence for the use of IT to
support the learning of young children in the areas of writing, communication,
social behavior, and play.
What the Research Says

In early childhood classrooms where IT has been used, gains in children’s develop-
mental progress have been reported. In a large-scale study by Penuel et al. (2009),
preschool children who participated in a media-rich curriculum incorporating
public television, video, and games into classroom instruction developed early lit-
eracy skills (letter recognition, letter/sound association, concepts about stories),
and print increased among the 4- and 5-year-olds from economically disadvan-
taged communities. Similarly, Pasnik, Strother, Schindel, Penuel, and Llorente
(2007) reported the positive effects of media on young children’s learning across
numerous studies. In the area of literacy skill development, progress was demon-
strated in letter knowledge, phonological awareness, word recognition, and aural
story comprehension. The use of media supported improved recognition of letters,

01parette.001_028.indd 6 1/23/13 10:40 PM

blending and segmenting of phonemes, recognition of the onset and rhymes in

words, and recognition of nonwords. Pasnik et al. also found that the use of media
in instructional settings increased children’s abilities to recognize printed words.
Finally, studies examined in the report indicated that young children were able to
recall and understand elements of stories better with the help of media.
Although an evidence base exists to support the developmental gains that can
be made by children with the use of technology, much research remains to be con-
ducted regarding the impact of instructional technologies in classroom settings.
From our perspective, the issue is not whether to use instructional technologies
to support instruction. Rather, the key challenge for today’s teachers is how to use
technologies effectively and efficiently to support learning experiences for young
children in the early childhood classroom.
So just what is IT? For the learner, IT can support increased instructional ef-
fectiveness, efficiency, and appeal (Newby, Stepich, Lehman, & Russell, 2006). As
previously noted, technologies are tools that help children do things either more
effectively or more efficiently. With IT, children may learn more effectively or do
something better than they would without the help of technology. The previous
example of using a word processing program to create text is an effective way to
transcribe—that is, it allows a child to generate text that the child might have dif-
ficulty creating with a pencil and paper. Other technologies result in greater effi-
ciency, allowing the same amount of (or more) learning or task completion in a
shorter amount of time. In the example of the word processing program, more text
might be created in a shorter period of time using the word processing program,
particularly for young children who may be developing skills in writing and thus
require more time for handwriting.
Many technologies are simply more appealing and engaging than traditional
materials, which increases the possibility that young children will devote more
time and energy to learning or doing something. For example, interactive web sites
such as Sesame Street (http://www.sesamestreet.org), PBS Kids (http://pbskids
.org), and Starfall (http://www.starfall.com) have activities that include anima-
tion, voices, vivid colors, and other attributes that are far more engaging for most
young children than more traditional educational activities, such as a worksheet.
Similarly, a digital whiteboard and a digital projector allow children to see these
web-based activities in a large-screen format, which is interesting for young learn-
ers, especially those who tend to learn through visual representations.
The use of IT by the early childhood teacher also assumes that careful plan-
ning occurs to connect the curriculum being used to learning standards, instruc-
tional strategies, and assessment of child performance. Thus, IT tools are used to
plan instruction, which includes 1) making decisions about relevant technologies
to be used to support classroom lessons; 2) deciding how the technologies will be
used with specific instructional strategies (e.g., direct instruction, modeling, scaf-
folding); and 3) determining how child learning will be assessed when the tech-
nologies are used (Newby et al., 2006). Other technologies used specifically for
productivity are referred to as information and communication technology (see Table
1.1). However, for purposes of clarity, the term IT will be used throughout this
book to refer to any technology used to plan and deliver the curriculum to young
children. The primary goal of this book—and the task that confronts all teachers—is
to make good decisions regarding specific IT tools to be used to support learning.

01parette.001_028.indd 7 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Table 1.1. Technologies used to support the early childhood curriculum

Technology category Examples
Instructional technology Media technologies, such as computers, digital projector,
Smart Board, iPad, iPod, digital audio and video
recording devices
Instructional process technologies, such as direct instruc-
tion, exploratory play and guided discovery, modeling,
prompting, scaffolding
Information and communication E-mail, computers, copiers, word processing and graphics
technology software, Microsoft PowerPoint, mobile phones, text
messaging, blogs, wikis, Internet
Assistive technology Foam pencil grips, visual schedules, graphic organizers,
electronic communication systems, wheelchairs, hearing
devices, text-to-speech software, talking word proces-
sors, seating and positioning systems
The process of making decisions about how to use IT evolves as the array of
available technologies becomes increasingly versatile, requiring more thoughtful
decisions about their use in the curriculum. IT is typically used in large- and small-
group settings in the early childhood classroom; however, there may be instances
when IT is used for individual children (e.g., if a single child has access to a com-
puter game or activity during free play) or in a small-group activity. Most chil-
dren will derive some benefit from the use of IT because it may help them to learn
more effectively or efficiently. It is true that traditional learning approaches still
result in learning; however, such traditional activities may not be as interesting
and engaging.
Assistive Technology
Although most typically developing young children can learn more effectively or
efficiently using IT in classroom settings, children with disabilities need additional
supports to participate in activities. Some children may have difficulty hearing,
seeing, moving and manipulating objects, following routines, adhering to social
rules, and/or communicating with others. Children with these disabilities may
not have access to the learning opportunities of typically developing children and
therefore need additional assistive technology supports. For example, Mrs. Hearns
presents a Microsoft PowerPoint lesson on beginning sounds to her preschool
class during opening circle time. Students are shown a picture of a ball and asked
what the beginning sound is. When the children raise their hands, Mrs. Hearns
calls on Tiffiny, who says /b/. She presents another slide, on which the children see
a picture of a cat. She calls on Trevor, who is nonverbal and uses a four-message
communication device. Trevor presses a button on his device, which pronounces
the sound /k/.
Mr. Bivens uses his SMART Board routinely for Clicker 6 lessons presented in
his kindergarten classroom. Children come to the SMART Board and touch but-
tons that are presented in learning grids to make selections. When it is Shanika’s
turn, she uses a powered wheelchair to come to the SMART Board. Because she
has limited strength in her hands, Shanika grips a foam-wrapped stick that she
uses to make contact with the SMART Board screen to make her selection.

01parette.001_028.indd 8 1/23/13 10:40 PM

In the earlier vignette regarding Ms. Steele’s classroom, it was noted that there
were certain expectations of children’s performance in scheduled activities. Casey
is very distractible and has difficulty with routines in the classroom, so Ms. Steele
gives him a sheet of paper prior to his arrival in the literacy center. The paper has
five Boardmaker symbols representing the steps in the routine—go to the literacy
center, sit, listen, make a drawing, and put things away. This sheet provides struc-
ture so Casey knows exactly what sequence he is expected to follow. Ms. Steele
uses similar sheets for other activities to help Casey.
Generally, assistive technology (AT) is “any tool that helps a child with a dis-
ability do things he or she could not do without the tool at some expected level of
performance” (Parette, Peterson-Karlan, Wojcik, & Bardi, 2007, p. 22). Whether it is
putting away learning materials, completing a painting, or identifying beginning
sounds, performance is expected of children in completing any classroom task.
Thus, when AT is provided to help a child do something that is expected, it be-
comes compensatory. AT is individually matched to and uniquely required for a
child to participate in the curriculum or classroom and make educational progress.
In the preceding examples, children with disabilities were expected to participate
in planned classroom activities, and they needed AT to accomplish the expected
tasks. Making decisions about children with disabilities is a problem-solving pro-
cess that will be discussed in greater depth in Chapter 5.
Universal Design for Learning and

Technology in the Early Childhood Classroom
IT integration hinges on several principles (NAEYC, 2008):
1. The technologies should align well with the curriculum.
2. The choice of technology should be based on how well each tool serves class-
room learning and teaching needs.
3. Teachers must ensure opportunities for all children to participate and learn in
the technology-rich environment.
To serve the needs of all young children in a technology-supported curricu-
lum, a framework known as universal design for learning (UDL) can be helpful
(Division for Early Childhood, 2009). Early childhood curricula that employ UDL
principles are proactive and designed to provide young children with multiple
means of engagement, action and expression, and representation (Rose & Meyer,
2006). With UDL, teachers use an array of strategies and materials that ensure
active participation of all children. Varying strategies and materials are used in
assessments, goals, curricula content, the classroom environment, instructional
methods and materials, and interactions with children (Division for Early Child-
hood, 2007). Technology use affords teachers the opportunity to create accessible
classroom settings.
A UDL framework can also help teachers understand why today’s technolo-
gies are preferable to traditional educational approaches. Before technology be-
came a central part of everyday life, educators primarily used traditional materials
to develop and deliver content, with little flexibility for change. For example, read-
ing materials were in print format only. Teachers read the text to children and

01parette.001_028.indd 9 1/23/13 10:40 PM

showed pictures in books, followed by oral questioning to assess children’s un-

derstanding, regardless of whether the children were auditory or visual learners.
Children frequently used consumables such as worksheets and line drawings (for
coloring), which allowed for only a single use and little (if any) ability to make
changes. Flexible adaptation was typically restricted to enlarging materials using a
photocopier (and sometimes was restricted to black-and-white printing). Sharing
materials among teachers, professionals, and families required a physical transfer
of print materials.
Today’s technologies present strikingly different learning opportunities. They
are flexible, digital, shared, dynamic, and interactive, and the use of such tech-
nologies aligns with UDL principles. In today’s classroom, reading materials are
available both digitally and on paper. Print-based books now have digital audio
components or companion materials that can be delivered via computer; other
books are entirely electronic and can be delivered via laptops, tablets, or e-book
readers. Young children can interact with the physical book and/or the virtual ver-
sion. In the virtual form, children can have a word or a passage spoken by the device
as they read along. Support materials can be created and delivered either in paper
form, often using color printers; in digital file formats by teachers, using school net-
works or flash drives to install them on the students’ desktops, laptops, or iPads;
or via e-mail and web sites, which can also be used to share materials with chil-
dren’s families. Support materials can be shared among educational professionals
on Internet activity sites (examples of these sites are discussed later in the chapter).
Finally, the computer-delivered media (unlike linear paper-based media) can
react dynamically to a child’s response, permitting branching or other nonlinear
interactions. The use of UDL principles that incorporate technology enables teach-
ers to provide multiple means of engagement (i.e., how the technology stimulates
young children’s interest and motivation for learning), representation (i.e., how
the technology allows young children to present information and content), and
expression (i.e., how the technology differentiates the manner in which young chil-
dren can express what they know). Classroom activities designed using technol-
ogy and these UDL principles support the developmental learning needs of young
learners from a variety of cultural, linguistic, and economic backgrounds, as well
as those who have disabilities.
Cultural Supports Young children from varying cultural backgrounds may

have preferences for individual or collaborative learning activities (Parette et al.,
2005). Some ethnic groups come from collectivist cultures, in which conforming
and contributing to the group may be a strongly held value by families of young
children. Technologies that allow multiple children to participate, interact, con-
tribute, and collaborate in classroom activities may be preferred for these children.
For example, interactive whiteboards allow multiple users to participate in an ac-
tivity. Many iPad applications can, by design, be both viewed and used by several
children to create a product or play a game.
Linguistic Supports Numerous technologies are now available that provide

content and voice in various languages that allow UDL principles to be applied in
learning activities. For example, the standard version of Clicker 6 enables educa-
tion professionals and children to use French, Spanish, or English for activities

01parette.001_028.indd 10 1/23/13 10:40 PM

created using the software. It also has numerous additional language editions
(e.g., Russian, Farsi, Chinese) that may be purchased to provide voices in these
languages. Inexpensive e-book apps developed for the iPad (e.g., Grimm’s Red
Riding Hood, Grimm’s Rapunzel, Scott’s Submarine) allow young learners from
different linguistic backgrounds to interact with non-English text. TumbleBooks,
which are popular animated books available on the Internet (http://www.tumble
books.com), have a growing number of titles available in both Spanish and French.
Publicly accessible software programs, such as VoiceThread, allow children to up-
load and engage with text, audio, and video in their native languages. Free and
inexpensive iPad apps, such as Educreations and Doodlecast for Kids, allow chil-
dren to record their own drawings and/or text, voices, and video.
Economic Background Supports In many classrooms, young children from

low socioeconomic backgrounds may be present. Although there may be limited
technology available in these children’s homes, the number of computers, smart-
phones, and other technologies has increased among lower income families re-
cently. Also, the increased availability of computers in public libraries has resulted
in greater access to free software and web-based games and activities that support
learning.
Readily Available Technology

Use in Early Childhood Classrooms
Given that IT use in early childhood education classrooms is developmentally ap-
propriate, the question arises regarding both the affordability and accessibility of
these technologies. Budgets are tight in many early childhood settings, so ease of
use and access are important factors for teachers who are considering whether
or not to use technology in their classrooms.
One solution is the use of a technology toolkit, which is a collection of readily
available technologies (both hardware and software) that can be easily accessed to
provide meaningful classroom learning experiences. Certain core technologies in
the toolkit must be present in order to employ other technologies. Two or more
technologies working together create a system that allows students to realize a
technology’s potential. For example, a computer and software installed on the
hard drive work together with a digital projector to deliver a presentation. A com-
puter with Internet connectivity works with a web site containing learning activi-
ties to enable children to interact and participate.
School systems and programs must provide and support a toolkit of tech-
nologies needed for teachers to effectively use technology in classrooms (Blum,
Parette, & Travers, 2011). For example, a software program may be free, low cost,
or downloadable, but without a computer to support its use (because a computer
was not provided to the classroom), the software program is not readily available.
Similarly, if a computer is available, the teacher must be able to access external
resources (e.g., free and downloadable software, web sites, activity exchanges)
without the burden of administrative privileges being required (often controlled
by school or program information technology personnel).
Key toolkit technologies that should be considered for the classroom are a
computer, Internet access, child’s mouse, digital projector and/or digital whiteboard

01parette.001_028.indd 11 1/23/13 10:40 PM

(e.g., SMART Board), printer, flatbed scanner,

digital camera, iPad/iPod, and Intellikeys key-
board. At a minimum, a computer with con-
nectivity to the Internet and some means of
projection are essential.
Computers with Internet Access

Teachers generally recognize the importance
of computers in today’s classrooms. Of particu-
lar importance are computer models that have
built-in touchscreen capability. Touchscreens
enable a young child to make direct selections
Figure 1.1. Internet sites provide access to readily
by reaching out and touching the screen (i.e.,
available classroom activities and downloadable soft- interactivity). Being able to interact with ma-
ware, such as Tux Paint. (Reprinted by permission.)
nipulatives or learning materials has long been
recognized as DAP for young children, particu-
larly for sensory-motor learners. Computers also have built in accessibility features
designed to provide compensatory supports to young children with disabilities
who may have difficulties such as tracking an onscreen cursor, perceiving print, or
using a standard mouse.
Many web sites with readily accessible teacher-made and other high-quality
child activities to support learning are accessible to classrooms that have computers
with connectivity (see Appendix A). Free and inexpensive software with specific
educational applications can also be downloaded (e.g., Tux Paint; see Figure 1.1).
Child’s Mouse
If direct access to a computer screen is not possible, many children will need to
interface with the computer using a mouse (flexibility and interactivity). From a
developmentally appropriate perspective, many young children will not be able
to coordinate mouse movements with a pointer on the computer screen without
repeated opportunities. Special types of mouse devices that have been developed
for young children are preferable to a standard mouse because they allow easier
grasping and manipulating of pointer movements.
Digital Projector and/or Digital Whiteboard

When connected to a computer, a digital projector and/or digital whiteboard (e.g.,
SMART Board, Promethean Board) enables the early childhood education profes-
sional to project anything seen on the computer monitor onto a large screen (see
Figure 1.2). Text, pictures, videos, animations, web site activities, and other engag-
ing information can be visually presented in an interactive and flexible format to
small groups or an entire classroom. In the case of digital whiteboards, young
children can physically interact with learning activities presented on a screen.
Printer
Printers have a variety of flexible and educationally relevant uses. In many class-
rooms, the printer is helpful in creating learning activity manipulatives and con-

01parette.001_028.indd 12 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Figure 1.2. Interactive whiteboards, such as the SMART Board, are increasingly popular in early childhood classrooms.
They afford teachers access to an array of readily available technologies. (Reprinted by permission.)
sumables, as well as permanent hard copies of lessons, data, and student work,
which may be necessary for filing purposes or for reporting results.
Flatbed Scanner
Scanners are flexible input devices (essentially highly specialized cameras) de-
signed to capture printed text or pictures, drawings, and children’s work products
and convert them into digital images/data. The resulting images can be embed-
ded in other applications, such as Microsoft PowerPoint and Microsoft Word, or
uploaded to various sites and applications on the Internet.
Digital Camera
Increasingly used in today’s early childhood classrooms, digital cameras enable
young children to capture images both inside and outside the classroom. Children
can then download the images to a computer; embed the images in an array of
other applications (e.g., Microsoft Word or PowerPoint documents); upload the
images to web-based applications, such as tikatok.com to create personalized talk-
ing books; or share the images as student learning accomplishments with other
students, parents, and community members. Camera features are also available on
many handheld devices and tablets.

01parette.001_028.indd 13 1/23/13 10:40 PM

iPads and iPods

Handheld devices such as the iPad and iPod Touch have
gained great popularity in early childhood settings in a
short period of time. Many learning applications have been
developed for both the iPad and iPod. For example, the
APPitic directory (http://www.appitic.com) lists more than
1,800 applications for education, organized by theme, pre-
school content area, disability, and other categories. When
connected to a digital projector or digital whiteboard, these
Figure 1.3. Intellikeys keyboard and handheld devices can provide a big-screen presentation of
overlays provide a larger surface area
for young children to interact with the the activity that all children can see.
computer (http://aex.intellitools.com; re-
printed by permission.)
Intellikeys Keyboard
For many young children participating in activities devel-
oped using special software applications, it is helpful to have an expanded key-
board, which provides a larger surface area to execute a keystroke (see Figure 1.3).
The Intellikeys keyboard is an excellent alternative to a traditional QWERTY key-
board. It comes with a wide array of overlays, which change the visual presentation
of the keyboard for the child and can be shared.
Key Software Programs

In addition to these key systems technologies, core software programs to support
the curriculum should be considered as components of the early childhood edu
cation toolkit. Flexible software programs supported by a research base include
Microsoft PowerPoint, Clicker 6 (Crick Software), Boardmaker with Speaking
Dynamically Pro (Mayer-Johnson), and IntelliTools Classroom Suite (Cambium
Learning Technologies). Each of these readily available technologies are digital
and possess one or more UDL-related strengths that support the early childhood
curriculum (dynamic, flexible, interactive, shared). Many activities also have been
developed using these programs, which are archived at activity exchanges on the
Internet. The activities can be easily downloaded and modified if needed, and they
are ready for immediate use in the classroom (see Appendix A).
Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft PowerPoint, which is standard on most

computers today, provides teachers with powerful features to create highly engag-
ing instructional activities by manipulating varying types of pictures (static and
animated); symbols/text; the type of voice or sound output (synthesized or digi-
tized); the symbol size, shape, and position of different elements; and the choice
between a color or black-and-white display. The animations and other features used
to emphasize elements are particularly powerful and can be used to create similar
effects in activities seen on web sites. Numerous reports regarding its uses have
been published, and downloadable, ready-made presentations are available at
Internet activity sites (see Appendix A) (Parette, Hourcade, & Blum, 2011; Parette,
Hourcade, Boeckmann, & Blum, 2008; Parette, Blum, Boeckmann, & Watts, 2009).
Clicker 6 Designed to incorporate the major recommendations of the National

Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2000), Clicker 6 (Crick Soft-

01parette.001_028.indd 14 1/23/13 10:40 PM

ware) allows teachers to easily create dynamic and

flexible literacy activities (see Figure 1.4). Using
the templates available (or teacher-made activi-
ties downloadable from the Learning Grids World
web site), activities can be created which are vi-
sually and systematically represented with groups
of words or iconic symbols. Students can also
make and hear selections and physically interact
with the activities using an interactive white-
board. Research provides support for its use
fulness in developing emergent literacy skills Figure 1.4. Clicker 6 is a grid writing program de-
among young children (Karemaker, Pitchford, signed to support literacy activities in the classroom,
& O’Malley, 2008; Parette, Hourcade, Dinelli, & and is supported by the Learning Grid World Activity
Exchange (https://www.learninggrids.com/uk; reprinted
Boeckmann, 2009). by permission.)
Boardmaker with Speaking Dynamically Pro One of the most commonly

used software programs in inclusive early childhood education classrooms is Board
maker with Speaking Dynamically Pro (Mayer-Johnson), which allows teachers to
create a range of customized visual supports (e.g., activity schedules, task charts,
power cards) for young students using Picture Communication Symbols (PCS),
including communication boards, picture schedules, and instruction sheets. Activ-
ity exchanges are also available (e.g., Boardmaker Share; see Figure 1.5), which
enable early childhood education professionals to download activities created by
other teachers (see Appendix A).
Figure 1.5. Boardmaker with Speaking Dynamically Pro is widely used in today’s education s ettings to cre-
ate visual and communication supports for young children. It is complemented by readymade activities at the
Boardmaker Share site (http://www.boardmakershare.com/default.aspx; reprinted by permission.)

01parette.001_028.indd 15 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Figure 1.6. The IntelliTools Classroom Suite Activity Exchange site provides access to a large number of free
and engaging activities created using the Classroom Suite software (http://aex.intellitools.com; reprinted by
permission.)
IntelliTools Classroom Suite IntelliTools Classroom Suite (Cambium Learn-

ing) is a research-based, flexible, dynamic authoring software package. It includes
activity templates that can be immediately used or customized to provide engaging
planned activities related to reading, writing, and other skills using explicit direct
instruction, constructive practice, and embedded assessments. The IntelliTools
Classroom Suite Activity Exchange (see Figure 1.6) is also available for early
childhood education professionals to download ready-made activities (see Ap-
pendix A).
Once a computer with Internet access is in place in the classroom, other tech-
nologies become readily available to teachers, including free or inexpensive web
tools and accessible web site resources and activities. Locally available technolo-
gies may be acquired from stores and used as part of a system to develop and
deliver learning activities.
For example, Mrs. Hearns has become familiar with using Microsoft Power-
Point to develop classroom learning activities. The software is installed on her
classroom computer, and its animation and emphasis features allow her to create
engaging slides with many of the same characteristics as interactive web activi-
ties. She uses VoiceThread, a free web tool that allows children to record audio,
video, and text to comment on materials that she has uploaded for the learning
activities.
Mr. Bivens routinely downloads teacher-made activities from the SMART Ac-
tivity Exchange, which can be used on his SMART Board. He can preview these
activities in advance because he downloaded the free SMART Notebook software,
which helps him to decide which activities will be most appealing to his kinder-
garten students. Mr. Bivens adds digital photos of his students and images of pre-
vious activities to enhance the SMART activity. He also uses a number of links to
various technologies that are part of a UDL toolkit (see Figure 1.7).

01parette.001_028.indd 16 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Figure 1.7. Free universal design for learning literacy technology (http://udltechtoolkit.wikispaces.com; re-
printed by permission.)
Ms. Steele went to her local Walmart and purchased a LeapFrog Tag reading
system book for use in her literacy center. The book has a pen that, when touched
to the text, activates a voice that reads the words to the students. She designs a
Clicker 6 activity that focuses on comprehension questions associated with the Tag
book. The children view the Clicker 6 activity on a SMART Board, which allows
them to physically interact with the screen and make selections. She also routinely
accesses a comprehensive free resource called Exploring New Territories (Florida
Department of Education, 2010) to explore links to web sites with technologies
that support young children both with and without disabilities.
In each of these instances, teachers used core classroom technologies to de-
velop and deliver learning activities. Appendix A includes examples of readily
available technologies that apply to the early childhood classroom. However,
simply having readily available technologies for use with children is inadequate
to ensure their successful integration in the curriculum. A thoughtful process is
required to make decisions about the technologies used to support learning, the
teaching strategies required, and how children’s progress will be assessed. This
process will be discussed at length in subsequent chapters.
Outcomes of Integrating Technology in the Classroom

Teachers who integrate technology into curricula often observe moments where
both anticipated and unexpected outcomes emerge. For example, one teacher who
had been provided with an array of technologies to support children’s emergent
literacy development commented on what both she and her children had experi-
enced (Parette, Stoner, & Watts, 2009, p. 265):

01parette.001_028.indd 17 1/23/13 10:40 PM

I just think that I strive for, “How can I put it into technology?” So, I’m constantly
thinking, what will make this be a bigger picture? Like when they’re laughing be-
cause they see a groundhog going through a tunnel. We talk about fast and slow or I
bring in all the actions. It’s real life to them on the computer and the animation that
comes through instead of stick figures. I think I just see an increase in their desire to
participate in the activities as students.
In this example, the teacher used a digital projector with her classroom com-
puter and was constantly thinking of new ways to use available software and other
technology supports to deliver the curriculum. She was particularly interested in
the use of these supports in conjunction with research-based instructional strate-
gies, such as direct instruction to teach specific emergent literacy skills.
Similarly, another teacher who worked with a nonverbal preschool student
with autism spectrum disorder was troubled that the student could not participate
in the curriculum by telling stories in the same way as other students during circle
time. He had limited oral language skills coupled with deficits in social interac-
tions. However, the teacher discovered that the child could type using the com-
puter keyboard and a symbol-based software program to tell a story, as discussed
in the following quote (Parette, Stoner, et al., 2009, p. 266):
Well, we had just talked to parents and asked if they heard him speak more than one
word because we weren’t hearing it. He came over to tell me a story and usually he
doesn’t, but he came this day. I was modeling for him, “Tell me what you really like.”
And I couldn’t get anything out of him and I was typing and it was showing on the
big screen and he was watching and then I typed, “I love…” and just waited. He
reached for the keyboard and he typed d–i–n–o–s–r. Yes! The previous student’s story
had a picture, you know the picture popped up of a dinosaur and he saw that on the
screen. So I went back and respelled it so the picture would come up and that was
quite a moment with that child and then he read, he read, “I love dinosaurs.” And he
is hyperlexic but usually he just writes, he’s not verbal.
Such experiences in which teachers try things in different ways using technol-
ogy and the resulting outcomes support the importance of understanding what is
required to use various technologies, as well as developing a level of comfort and
expertise in using them effectively with children.
Blum, Parette, and Watts (2009) reported on a group comparison study that
examined phonological awareness outcomes of a curriculum using direct instruc-
tion embedded in Microsoft PowerPoint and delivered using a digital projection
system. Results were reported from an early childhood center of 55 preschool chil-
dren who were at risk of disability. Findings indicated that students receiving the
PowerPoint-based curriculum doubled their initial sound fluency progress over
the comparison group (moderate effect size with Cohen’s f = .28). Findings for
alliteration and rhyming were inconclusive.
Summary
Because young children have many experiences with and preferences for technol-
ogies prior to coming to any early childhood setting, the use of technology in class-
room activities must be considered an important facet of DAP. Cultural influences,
generational differences, classroom budget limitations, attitudes about technology,
and teachers’ lack of knowledge and/or training potentially present barriers to
acceptance of technology in today’s classrooms. Many of these technologies are, by

01parette.001_028.indd 18 1/23/13 10:40 PM

design, instructional and result in increased instructional effectiveness, efficiency,

and appeal. The real challenge in today’s classrooms is how to use UDL principles
with IT to provide multiple means of engagement, action and expression, and
representation.
Additional Readings
Blanchard, J., & Moore, T. (2010). The digital world of young children: Impact on emer-
gent literacy. New York, NY: Pearson Foundation. Retrieved September 22,
2012, from http://www.pearsonfoundation.org/downloads/EmergentLiteracy
-WhitePaper.pdf
Burdett, C. (2010). Technology and literacy in early childhood educational settings:
A review of research. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 10, 247–270.
Glaubke, C. (2007). The effects of interactive media and preschoolers’ learning: A re-
view of the research and recommendations for the future. Oakland, CA: Children
Now. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from http://www.childrennow.org/uploads/
documents/prek_interactive_learning_2007.pdf
Li, X., Atkins, M., & Stanton, B. (2006). Effects of home and school computer use on
school readiness and cognitive development among Head Start children: A ran-
domized controlled pilot trial. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 239–263.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York, NY:
New American Library.
Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, computers and powerful ideas. New York, NY:
Basic Books.
Rideout, V., Vandewater, E., & Wartella, E. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in
the lives of infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family
Foundation.
References
Blum, C., Parette, H.P., & Travers, J. (2011, April). Future of instructional technology in early
childhood special education. Paper presented at the Council for Exceptional Children Con-
vention and Expo, Washington, DC.
Blum, C., Parette, H.P., & Watts, E.H. (2009). Engaging young children in an emergent lit-
eracy curriculum using Microsoft PowerPoint: Development, considerations, and op-
portunities. In A.M. Vilas, A.S. Martin, J.M. González, & J.A. González (Eds.), Research,
reflections and innovations in integrating ICT in education (Vol. 1, pp. 41–45). Badajoz, Spain:
FORMATEX.
Division for Early Childhood. (2007). Promoting positive outcomes for children with disabilities:
Recommendations for curriculum, assessment, and program evaluation. Missoula, MT: Author.
Division for Early Childhood & National Association for the Education of Young Children.
(2009). Early childhood inclusion. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www.naeyc
.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/DEC_NAEYC_EC_updatedKS.pdf
Florida Department of Education. (2010). Exploring new territories. Retrieved September 22,
2012, from http://www.fdlrs.org/docs/ent2010web.pdf
Gronseth, S., Brush, T., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A., Strycker, J., Abaci, S., Easterling, W., et al.
(2010). Equipping the next generation of teachers: Technology preparation and practice.
Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 27(1), 30–36.

01parette.001_028.indd 19 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Hourcade, J.J., Parette, Jr., H.P., Boeckmann, N.M., & Blum, C. (2010). Handy Manny and the
emergent literacy toolkit. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37, 483–491.
Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising. The next great generation. New York, NY:
Vintage Books.
International Society for Technology in Education, Partnership for 21st Century Skills, &
State Educational Technology Directors Association. (2009). Maximizing the impact. The
pivotal role of technology in a 21st century education system. Retrieved September 22, 2012,
from http://www.setda.org/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=191&name=P21Book
_complete.pdf
Judge, S. (2006). Constructing and assistive technology toolkit for young children: Views
from the field. Journal of Special Education Technology, 21(4), 17–24.
Karemaker, A., Pitchford, N.J., & O’Malley, C. (2008). Using whole-word multimedia soft-
ware to support literacy acquisition: A comparison with traditional books. Educational and
Child Psychology, 25, 97–118.
Keengwe, J., & Onchwari, G. (2009). Technology and early childhood education: A technol-
ogy integration professional development model for practicing teachers. Early Childhood
Education Journal, 37, 209–218.
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (1995). Responding to linguistic
and cultural diversity. Recommendations for effective early childhood education. Retrieved Sep-
tember 22, 2012, from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PSDIV98.PDF
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (1996). Technology and young chil-
dren: Ages 3 through 8. A position statement of the National Association for the Education of
Young Children.
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2008). Meaningful technology
integration in early learning environments. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www
.naeyc.org/files/yc/file/200809/OnOurMinds.pdf
National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2009). Developmentally appropri-
ate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. A position
statement of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. Retrieved Septem-
ber 22, 2012, from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PSDAP.pdf
National Association for the Education of Young Children & Fred Rogers Center for Early
Learning and Children’s Media. (2012). Technology and interactive media as tools in early
childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Retrieved September 22, 2012,
from http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PS_technology_WEB2.pdf
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the National
Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research
literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups. Wash-
ington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Newby, T.J., Stepich, D.R., Lehman, J.D., & Russell, J.D. (2006). Instructional technology for
teaching and learning: Designing instruction, integrating computers, and using media (3rd ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
Parette, H.P. (2011, November). Readily available technology integration in early childhood edu-
cation: Lessons learned. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Assistive Technology
Industry Association, Chicago, IL.
Parette, H.P., & Angelo, D.H. (1998). The impact of assistive technology devices on children
and families. In S.L. Judge & H.P. Parette (Eds.), Assistive technology for young children with dis-
abilities: A guide to providing family-centered services (pp. 148–183). Cambridge, MA: Brookline.
Parette, H.P., Blum, C., & Watts, E.H. (2009). Use of Microsoft® PowerPoint™ and direct
instruction to support emergent literacy skill development among young at risk children.
In A.M. Vilas, A.S. Martin, J.M. González, & J.A. González (Eds.), Research, reflections and
innovations in integrating ICT in education Vol. 2 (pp. 864–868). Badajoz, Spain: FORMATEX
Parette, H.P., Hourcade, J.J., & Blum, C. (2011). Using animation in Microsoft® PowerPoint™
to enhance engagement and learning in young learners with developmental delay. Teach-
ing Exceptional Children, 48 (4), 58–67.
Parette, H.P., Hourcade, J.J., Boeckmann, N.M., & Blum C. (2008). Using Microsoft® Power
Point™ to support emergent literacy skill development for young children at-risk or who

01parette.001_028.indd 20 1/23/13 10:40 PM

have disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 233–239. doi:10.1007/s10643-008-

0275-y
Parette, H.P., Hourcade, J.J., Dinelli, J.M., & Boeckmann, N.M. (2009). Using Clicker 5 to en-
hance emergent literacy in young learners. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 355–363.
Parette, H.P., Huer, M.B., & VanBiervliet, A. (2005). Cultural issues and assistive technology.
In D.L. Edyburn, K. Higgins, & R. Boone (Eds.), The handbook of special education technology
research and practice (pp. 81–103). Whitefish Bay, WI: Knowledge by Design.
Parette, P., & McMahan, G.A. (2002). What should we expect of assistive technology? Being
sensitive to family goals. Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(1), 56–61.
Parette, H.P., Meadan, H., Doubet, S., & Hess, J. (2010). Supporting families of young chil-
dren with disabilities using technology. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental
Disabilities, 45, 552–565.
Parette, H.P., Quesenberry, A.C., & Blum, C. (2010). Missing the boat with technology usage
in early childhood settings: A 21st century view of developmentally appropriate practice.
Early Childhood Education Journal, 37, 335–343.
Parette, H.P., & Stoner, J.B. (2008). Benefits of assistive technology user groups for early
childhood education professionals. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35, 313–319.
Parette, H.P., Stoner, J.B., & Watts, E.H. (2009). Assistive technology user group perspectives
of early childhood professionals. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44,
257–270.
Pasnik, S., Strother, S., Schindel, J., Penuel, W.R., & Llorente, C. (2007). Review of research on
media and young children’s literacy. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://cct.edc.org/
rtl/pdf/RTLLiteratureReview.pdf
Penuel, W.R., Pasnik, S., Bates, L., Townsend, E., Gallagher, L.P., Llorente, C., et al. (2009).
Summative evaluation of the Ready to Learn initiative. Newton, MA: Educational Develop-
ment Center.
Peurling, B. (2012). Teaching in the digital age: SMART tools for age 3 to grade 3. St. Paul, MN:
Redleaf Press.
Rose, D.H., & Meyer, A. (Eds.). (2006). A practical reader in universal design for learning. Cam-
bridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schomberg, R., & Donohue, C. (2012, May 9). Teaching with technology: Guidance from the
NAEYC and Fred Rogers Center joint position statement. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from
http://www.earlychildhoodwebinars.org/presentations/teaching-with-technology
-guidance-from-the-naeycfrc-position-statement/

01parette.001_028.indd 21 1/23/13 10:40 PM

01parette.001_028.indd 22

22
Appendix 1. Readily available resources for the early childhood education classroom
Category URL Description
Downloadable software
Tux Paint http://tuxpaint.org An open source, easy-to-use drawing program designed for
young children. It has sound effects and a cartoon guide to
offer support as children use the program
ZAC Browser http://www.zacbrowser.com/ Browser designed for the PC and specifically for children with
autism spectrum disorders. Appropriate for all children
SMART Notebook Express http://smarttech.com/us/Support/Browse+Support/ Software enables education professionals to open, edit, save and
Download+Software/Software/SMART+ share SMART notebook files
Notebook+Express/SMART+Notebook+Express/
SMART+Notebook+Express
Best Freeware Download http://www.bestfreewaredownload.com/categories/ Provides links to free software to support varying aspects of the
download-education-kids-freeware-6-71-0-d.html curriculum
Educational Freeware http://www.educational-freeware.com/freeware/ Presents a comprehensive listing of free, downloadable, Windows-
category-Toddlers.aspx compatible learning games designed for young children
Free Download Manager http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/downloads/ Archive for a variety of art-related shareware programs
preschool_software/
File Buzz Download http://www.filebuzz.com/files/Preschool_Education/1 Site providing 60 downloadable low-cost programs that have
.html relevance to activities in the preschool curriculum
Best Software Downloads http://www.bestsoftware4download. Both freeware and shareware (ranging in price from
com/s-faycfmse-preschool-software-25-d.html $9.95–$19.95)
Downloadable activities
Spectronics Activity Exchange http://www.spectronicsinoz.com/activities Collection of activities designed for use with a number of popular
software programs, including Clicker 6, IntelliTools Classroom
Suite, Boardmaker with Speaking Dynamically Pro, and the
Communicate series
SMART Activity Exchange http://exchange.smarttech.com/#tab=0 Resource for downloadable teacher-made SMART Board
activities
Classroom Suite Activity http://aex.intellitools.com/ Contains downloadable teacher-made activities designed
Exchange specifically for use with the IntelliTools Classroom Suite
Boardmaker Share http://www.boardmakershare.com Resource site containing thousands of teacher-made Boardmaker
activities searchable by activity area and grade level
Learning Grids World https://www.learninggrids.com/us/WelcomePage.aspx Free teacher-made activities designed for WriteOnline, Clicker 6,
and ClosePro (Crick Software products)
1/23/13 10:40 PM

Talking Book Library http://www.talkingbooklibrary.net/Matrix.htm Site containing primary-level talking books created both by
23
teachers and students, which can be saved and modified

Accessible Books http://www.setbc.org/setbc/accessiblebooks/freebooks The site presents a compilation of both teacher- and student-
foryou.html made PowerPoint Talking Books. Microsoft Word, Clicker 6, and
IntelliTools books are also represented
Web-accessible learning activities and games
Disney Junior http://disney.go.com/disneyjunior A Disney web site presenting animated and interactive games,
music stories, and activities related to Disney characters such
as Handy Manny and his friends; useful to support beginning
reading skill development
Sesame Street http://www.sesamestreet.org/home Web site presenting high quality animated and interactive games,
videos, and other supports for developing emergent literacy
skills
Starfall http://www.starfall.com Web site presenting an array of animated and interactive
activities designed to develop phonemic awareness; printable
worksheets
Dove Whisper http://dovewhisper.com Curricula support links both within a computer center (math,
science, literacy, and themes) and favorite links (science, math,
social studies, language arts, reading, generic) pages
PBS Kids http://pbskids.org Site containing activities, games, and literacy supports related to
Sesame Street, Curious George, Clifford the Big Red Dog, and
other children’s shows
VoiceThread http://voicethread.com A free online resource allowing teachers and students to create
multimedia slide shows having images, text, audio, and video.
Students can comment on the content using text, audio, and
video, and work can be shared with others
Nick Jr. http://nickjr.com A free online resource for teachers or parents, providing activities
connected to popular Nickelodeon television shows (e.g., Dora
the Explorer). Includes parenting tips that pop up on the web
site
Up to Ten http://www.uptoten.com This site provides access to multimedia activities, games, and
stories, some of which are appropriate for preschool and
kindergarten students, as well as apps for the iPad and iPhone
(continued)
1/23/13 10:40 PM


24
Appendix 1. (continued)

Printable worksheets
Education.com http://www.education.com/worksheets/preschool Printable preschool worksheets covering a wide range of
subjects
tlsbooks.com http://www.tlsbooks.com/ Free worksheets organized by grade level and content area
Kids Learning Station http://www.kidslearningstation.com Free printable worksheets, especially for writing printable games
are available, as well as links to other sites that have free
printable worksheets
Comprehensive resource documents
Exploring New Territories http://www.fdlrs.org/docs/ent2010web.pdf Compiled by the Florida Instructional Technology Training
Resource Unit, this resource book contains a wealth of
resources by content area to support children’s participation in
the curriculum
EZ AT 2 http://www.pacer.org/stc/pubs/EZ-AT-book-2011-final Resource document regarding simple assistive technologies used
.pdf with children from birth to 3 years old
Free technology toolkit for http://udltechtoolkit.wikispaces.com/ This wiki has links to technologies designed to support writing,
universal design for learning literacy, study skills, and math. Other pages provide links to
in all classrooms audio book sites, research tools, graphic organizers, multime-
dia and digital storytelling tools, text-to-speech, collaborative
tools, universal design for learning, and additional tools
Off-the-shelf products
LeapPad Learning System http://shop.leapfrog.com/leapfrog/index.jsp An array of curricula support toys designed to support literacy;
found in many stores
iPad Touch http://www.apple.com/ipad/ iPad is the first tablet computer developed by Apple Inc. and is
part of a device category between a smartphone and a laptop
computer
iPod http://www.apple.com/ipod/ This palm-sized electronic device was primarily created to play
music, although it can serve as a backup device, a basic
organizer, and an alarm clock
iPhone http://www.apple.com/iphone/ An Internet-enabled smartphone that combines features of a
mobile phone, wireless Internet device, and iPod into one
device
VTech http://www.vtechkids.com/ An array of curricula support toys designed to support literacy;
found in many stores. Vtech tablets are more durable than
typical tablet computers
1/23/13 10:40 PM


25
Widely available programs

Microsoft PowerPoint http://office.microsoft.com/en-gb/powerpoint/ Presentation software having an array of features to enhance the
delivery of content, including animation
Microsoft Word http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/ Word processing program having numerous features enabling
manipulation of text and contrast, embedding sounds and web
links, and other features to support delivery of curricula
Mobile applications
Best Apps for Kids http://bestappsforkids.com/category/apps-for An array of free apps, selected by parents, that hold potential for
-education/early-learning-apps/ facilitating learning
APPitic http://appitic.com/ Compilation of more than 1,300 apps that have been vetted by
Apple Distinguished Educators; categorized by preschool,
special education, themes, multiple intelligences, Bloom’s
Taxonomy, and National Education Technology Standards
Moms with Apps http://momswithapps.com/ A collaborative group of family-friendly developers seeking to
promote quality apps for kids and families. Links to a wide
array of apps are provided
Touch Screen Preschool http://www.touchscreenpreschoolgames.com/games Provides links to a compilation of apps for the iPhone, iPod, and
Games iPod Touch
SNApps4kids http://snapps4kids.com/ Categorized listing of apps designed for use with children having
disabilities
Apps in Education http://appsineducation.blogspot.com/2011/12/ Blog providing apps and web site links to supports for both
more-kindergarten-ipad-resources.html preschool and kindergarten children
Free and Low-Cost Preschool/ http://www.danking.net/iPad/docs/Free%20and%20 Listing of iPad resources and iPad communities having links and
Kindergarten Apps for iPad Low%20Cost%20PreK%20and%20Kindergarten%20 other resources
Instruction and Curriculum Apps%20for%20iPad%20Master%20List%20
Integration 5-25%282%29.pdf
Apps 4 Children with Special http://www.livebinders.com/play/present?id=170107 Variety of resources related to apps for children with disabilities
Needs
SpedApps2 http://spedapps2.wikispaces.com/ Wiki site maintained by therapists with recommendations
regarding apps used with children with disabilities for commu-
nication and language, reading, writing, math, science/social
studies, art/creativity, music, motor, and cortical vision
impairments
(continued)
1/23/13 10:40 PM


26

Apps4Stages http://apps4stages.wikispaces.com/ Wiki site dedicated to stages of child characteristics and recom-
mendations for features to consider in computer software for
learning, along with teaching strategies that match and scaffold
student need
TCEA-Recommended iPod https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key Google document created by the Texas Computer Education
Apps =0At6rnmB5cDEPdDFkcmhoTUpQNUZzMlZMNX Association containing recommended e-book apps
c3SEwyRmc#gid=0
Instructional materials development
Kerpoof http://www.kerpoof.com/# Provides an array of tools enabling young children spell pictures;
make movies, cards, drawings, and pictures; and tell stories.
All products are printable
Story Bird http://storybird.com/ Enables children to create high-quality books, play them like
games and send them as cards
Bubblejoy http://www.bubblejoy.com/create.php The application allows children to create a video greeting card
using their own videos; they can choose from different card
designs that will support a curriculum topic
Moshi Monster http://www.moshimonsters.com/ Young children can adapt their own monsters, give them a name,
and design their color schemes. The monster makes new
friends, chats with others, plays games, and develops its own
personality through its growth
Shidonni http://www2.shidonni.com/v2/LandingPage.aspx Children can create their own animals and watch them come to
life, providing opportunities for discussion or show-and-tell
activities
Volki http://www.voki.com/ Children can create animated and speaking avatars using their
voices or using a text-to speech application. They can fully
customize their characters, which move their heads and eyes
with the movement of the mouse
Talking Pets http://www.talkingpets.org/ Similar to Voki, the characters on this site are limited to animals
and the child can use the text-to-speech application (e.g.,
children might be surprised by making a cat talk and hearing
the cat ask questions to them)
Fotobabble http://www.fotobabble.com/ This site presents a way to make photos talk. The child uploads
pictures, records his or her voice, and publishes it—providing a
way to motivate children to speak
1/23/13 10:40 PM


27
Resource sites
National Association for the http://www.techandyoungchildren.org/ Links and resources for technology applications provided by
Education of Young Children members of NAEYC
(NAEYC) Technology and
Young Children Interest
Forum
Tots ’n Tech http://tnt.asu.edu/ This web site, maintained by a federally funded project, provides
links to resource sites, low-tech solutions for infants and
toddlers, resource briefs on assistive technology, and other
supports
Ele: Fred Rogers Center Early http://ele.fredrogerscenter.org/ Library and “playroom” with an online community that has
Learning Environment professional development activities for educators of young
children up to 5 years; includes high-quality resources for
parents and teachers, video, multimedia, and interactive
resources
Other common technologies
Clicker 6 http://www.cricksoft.com/uk/products/tools/clicker/ Authoring software providing reading and writing supports
home.aspx
IntelliTools Classroom Suite http://store.cambiumlearning.com Authoring software providing reading, writing, and math
supports; contains embedded assessments to monitor
progress
Boardmaker Plus http://www.mayer-johnson.com/boardmaker-plus-v-6/ Software used to create visual strategies, including communica-
tion boards
Assistive technology
Family Center on Technology http://www.fctd.info/ Comprehensive technology site providing information and
and Disability resources to families and service providers. Links to fact
sheets, PowerPoint presentations, resource guides, member
organizations, and reviews of instructional and assistive
technologies
Assistivetech.net http://assistivetech.net/webresources/stateTech Provides links to State Tech Act projects that may have equip-
ActProjects.php ment loan programs and other classroom supports
(continued)
1/23/13 10:40 PM


28

Universal design for learning
OS X Accessibility Features http://www.apple.com/accessibility/macosx/vision Description of various accessibility features on the Apple OS X
.html including voiceover, screen magnification, cursor magnifica-
tion, high contrast and reverse video, Safari reader, finder
views, view options, dock magnification, talking alerts, talking
calculator, talking clock, converting text to speech, and
cascading style sheets
Windows Accessibility http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/help/ Description of various accessibility features on the Windows
accessibility operating system, including display and readability, sounds
and speech, and keyboard and mouse options
Accessibility in Windows 7 http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows-7/ Description of accessibility features on Windows 7, including
features/accessibility.aspx speech, magnifier, on-screen keyboard, narrator, and visual
notifications
Subtitling Add-In for Microsoft http://sourceforge.net/projects/stamp-addin/ Adds closed captioning to a PowerPoint presentation in em
PowerPoint bedded videos (Windows)
Text-to-speech for Microsoft http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/onenote-help/ Allows highlighted text to be read by the built-in computer voice
Office 2010 using-the-speak-text-to-speech-feature when displayed on the screen. Compatible with Word 2010,
-HA102066711.aspx#_Toc282684835 Outlook 2010, PowerPoint 2010, and OneNote 2010
Read Please http://www.readplease.com/english/readplease.php Free online reader allowing digital text to be read to a child; has
adjustable voice speed and low-vision color option
Mozilla Firefox add-ins https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/ Provides an array of Mozilla Firefox add-ins to make the Internet
more accessible
Digital text
Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/ Archive for thousands of books available in digital format
Bookshare http://www.bookshare.org/ Free site providing access to digital books for children with
disabilities
1/23/13 10:40 PM


Instructional Technology

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationit

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instructional Technology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instructional Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FOR MORE, go to http://www.brookespublishing.

Howard P. Parette, Jr., Ed.D.

Craig Blum, Ph.D.

with invited contributors

Baltimore • London • Sydney

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

Preface .............................................................................................................................. vii

1 The 21st Century Role of Technology for Young Children .................................1

2 Integrating Technology in Early Childhood Classrooms ..................................29

3 Using Instructional Strategies in Early Childhood Classrooms ......................51

4 CHECK IT: Assessment and Evaluation in Technology-

5 Technology Problem Solving for Children with Disabilities ............................95

6 Integrating Technology to Support Emergent Reading...................................123

7 Integrating Technology to Support Writing ......................................................149

8 Technology Integration to Support Social Behavior

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

00parette.fm.i_xx.indd 5 2/25/13 5:29 PM

9 Integrating Technology to Support Play ............................................................199

10 TECH IT: Obtaining, Evaluating, and Using Instructional

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

00parette.fm.i_xx.indd 6 2/25/13 5:29 PM

About the Editors

Craig Blum, Ph.D.,HASTAUGHTYOUNGCHILDRENIN,OS!NGELESANDISCURRENTLY!S-

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

00parette.fm.i_xx.indd 9 2/25/13 5:29 PM

ference for Assistive Technology, which focused on implementing a technology

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

00parette.fm.i_xx.indd 10 2/25/13 5:29 PM

After reading this chapter, you should be able to

• Describe the role of technology in the lives of young children

Technology in the Lives of Young Children

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 1 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Cherise, a 6-year-old kindergartner, sits at a computer terminal in her public

Technologies as Tools for Learning

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 2 1/23/13 10:40 PM

education professionals have developed both greater awareness and acceptance of

What the Research Says

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 3 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Barriers to Technology Use:

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 4 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Attitudes about Technology

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 5 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Lack of Knowledge and/or Training

What the Research Says

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 6 1/23/13 10:40 PM

blending and segmenting of phonemes, recognition of the onset and rhymes in

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 7 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Table 1.1. Technologies used to support the early childhood curriculum

Excerpted from Instructional Technology in Early Childhood

01parette.001_028.indd 8 1/23/13 10:40 PM

Universal Design for Learning and