Phosphates and Phosphoric Acid in Everyday Life
Phosphates and Phosphoric Acid in Everyday Life
Phosphates and Phosphoric Acid in Everyday Life
Metal treatment
Fertilisers
Water treatment
Phosphates
and phosphoric acid
in everyday life
Prayon was founded in 1982, but its roots reach back more than 100 years to the Liège region of Belgium. It is the
parent company of the Prayon Group, a world leader in producing phosphate chemicals (fertilisers, detergents,
food additives and technical applications) and developing inorganic chemical specialities.
The Group’s expertise in the wet process production of phosphoric acid is acknowledged and utilised worldwide,
including by its competitors. Currently, some 50% of phosphoric acid production sites use Prayon technology and
70% use Prayon equipment.
Jointly owned by Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) and Société Régionale d’Investissement de Wallonie (SRIW),
the Group consists of over 20 companies located in more than 10 countries. It employs 1,450 people and generates
a turnover of €500 million.
Prayon boasts worldwide coverage via its production sites in Europe (Belgium and France), the Americas (USA, Brazil)
and Africa (Morocco). The Group markets its products in more than 70 countries on five continents, an international
presence that reinforces its position as a global player.
• Purified phosphoric acid: produced using Prayon’s own solvent extraction process.
Available in different grades and concentrations, this acid is used in a wide range of technical and food applications.
Production sites:
• Engis and Puurs (Belgium): 250,000 tonnes of P2O5 per year
• Jorf-Lasfar (Morocco), via Emaphos, a joint venture between Prayon (33%), OCP (33%)
and CFB (Chemische Fabrik Budenheim) (33%): 150,000 tonnes of P2O5 per year
• Phosphate salts: sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium and aluminium phosphates, and a wide variety
of special blends based on these products.
Phosphate salts are used in the aforementioned industries as well as in ceramics, flame retardants, porcelain,
paper, glass, among other applications.
Many of these products are marketed under the Europhos brand name. The Group produces over 300,000 tonnes
of phosphate salts each year.
Production sites:
• Engis and Puurs (Belgium)
• Les Roches de Condrieu (Lyon, France)
• Augusta (Georgia, USA)
• Fluorine salts: various grades of sodium fluoride as well as sodium and potassium fluosilicates.
Production site:
• Puurs (Belgium)
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PR AYON, a worldwide group
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Fertilisers
Product applications In horticulture, gardening, viticulture and
arboriculture, irrigation and spraying are
used to bring the three main nutrients – N,
P and K – to plants. The excellent solubility
of Prayon products is an asset in these appli-
cations.
De tergents
Purified phosphoric acid and phosphates are
key ingredients in industrial detergents (I&I
detergents). In household detergents, phos- Water treatment
phate-based formulations also offer certain
advantages over «alternative formulas». The use of purified phosphoric acid and/or
phosphates prevents the formation of scale
These «builders» serve as complexing (softe-
deposits, controls red and black water phe-
ning), dispersing, emulsifying and buffering
nomena and reduces the risk of corrosion in
agents; they also synergise with surfactants
water mains. Some phosphates and purified
and provide alkalinity.
phosphoric acid are also used for biological
treatment of industrial and wastewater.
Metal treatment
Purified phosphoric acid and phosphates are
used in the process of phosphating metallic
surfaces. Phosphatation reduces the suscep-
Other applications
tibility of metals to corrosion and improves
• Ceramics, enamels and refractories
the adhesion of paint to the treated surface.
• Porcelain
These products are also used in cleaning
• Paper
metal surfaces and manufacturing electrical
• Flame retardants
sheets. Finally, purified phosphoric acid and
• Paints
fluorine derivatives are used in the alumi-
• Glass fibre
nium industry.
• Glass
• Antifreeze
• Biofuels (biodiesel & bioethanol)
• Yeast and fermentation
• Textiles
• Refining of sugar and vegetable oils
• O
ther applications (pigments,
pharmaceuticals applications,
various food applications)
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Phosphoric acid
and phosphates in detergents
D e te rg e nts
Purified phosphoric acid and phosphates combine many • Buffer agent able to regulate the acidity
very useful properties which make them the material of of washing water
choice in manufacturing most detergents, household and
To make a detergent as effective as possible, it is
industrial, also referred to as «I&I» (Industrial & Institu
essential that the pH of the bath remains as stable
tional).
as possible throughout the washing process. However,
Purified phosphoric acid is used in I&I for manufacturing some impurities are acidic. This can cause the bath pH
«acidic» detergents, which are the most effective on scale, to fall considerably, especially in I&I cleaning. Due to
soot, glue and dairy derivatives. Phosphates meanwhile their buffer (pH-controlling) capacity, phosphates neu-
perform best against grease and oil. tralise this variation and maintain an optimum pH in
the bath.
In domestic cleaning, phosphates are sometimes replaced
by other builders. However, products containing phospha
tes clean more effectively and require less use of other
• Alkalising capacity
ingredients, especially surfactants. Phosphates are also Solutions of tripolyphosphates are alkaline with a pH of
the only recyclable components present in detergents,
• Synergy with surfactants
approximately 10. Alkalinity helps the chemicals attack
which is a distinct environmental advantage and helps to impurities by strengthening the action of the other The presence of phosphates makes surfactants more
safeguard sustainable development. constituent ingredients of the detergent (e.g. sodium effective, resulting in a more powerful detergent.
silicate, sodium carbonate).
Various types of phosphates are used in detergents, the
main one being sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP).
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Phosphoric acid,
phosphates and fluorine derivatives
in metal treatment
Me ta l tre a tm e nt
stage is vital because it ensures that there are no used in the aluminium industry.
imperfections in the films covering the metal surfaces
Fluorine derivatives are used in aluminium foundries as
since any such imperfections would make them subject
cast covers for baths.
to localised corrosion.
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H3PO4
resistance to corrosion when live. H3PO4
VARIOUS PHOSPHATES
H3PO4
VARIOUS PHOSPHATES
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Water-soluble
and liquid fertilisers
Fertilisers
liquid ammonium polyphosphate and phosphoric acid
form.
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Phosphoric acid,
p h o s p h a t e s a n d fluorine derivatives
in w a t e r t r e a t m ent
For a number of years, our R&D Department has been • Source of nutrients
developing various products for use in water treatment.
Properties
The petrochemicals and agrifood industries, and in
• Lead (Pb) precipitation agent general, industries which discharge water with a high
We are active in the treatment of domestic, industrial and
BOD (biological oxygen demand), purify the water
waste water. Some water mains and older buildings still use lead
biologically to reduce the BOD. To be effective and
piping. The presence of lead (Pb) in the water can be
Phosphates and purified phosphoric acid help to reduce to develop, the bacteria used in these procedures
harmful to human health. In order to avoid dangerously
require the nutrient P (phosphorous), but they also
the risk of pipework corrosion, control the lead content high lead content in water from the system, a small
need optimum pH conditions.
of water from the system, prevent the scale deposit, amount of purified phosphoric acid can be added to
control the water pH and control red and black waters. encourage a ‘coating’ to form on the inner surface of If any of these elements is missing, then the following
the lead pipes thereby preventing the lead from being products can be used as a source of phosphorous
Fluorine derivatives such as NaF and SSF are used in released into the water. (either alone or in combination): purified phosphoric
water fluoridation. acid, monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammo-
A monosodium phosphate (MSP) solution can also be
nium phosphate (DAP) and monopotassium phos-
used for this purpose.
phate (MKP).
• Corrosion inhibition
• Scale inhibition - softening agents
Phosphates are used to reduce corrosion in water
Hard water causes the formation of scale deposits
mains. This may be either anodic corrosion or cathodic
resulting in a lower flow rate through pipes. This in turn
corrosion.
means increased pumping and cleaning costs.
water treatment • Control of red and black waters Polyphosphates can trap calcium and magnesium,
When water is exposed to the oxidising action of air sources of scale formation, and can dissolve the com-
DRINKING WATER pounds formed, which prevents deposits from building
and chlorine, colour changes can occur in the water.
If there is precipitation of iron compounds, water from up.
CORROSION INHIBITION RED AND BLACK WATERS FLUORIDATION SCALE INHIBITION PH CONTROL
(SOFTENING)
the system may turn a reddish colour (red water).
ANODIC CATHODIC RED WATERS BLACK WATERS FLUORINE DERIVATIVES MSP, DSP, TSP, Depending on the water pH, preference will be given
Similarly, if manganese precipitates, a blackish colour
CORROSION CORROSION ALKALINE NEUTRAL OR H3PO4
to either SHMP (sodium hexametaphosphate) or STPP
INHIBITION INHIBITION
TSPP OR STPP, SHMP, NaF, SSF WATERS ACIDIC WATERS may be observed (black water). Some phosphates can
SAPP, TKPP OR KTPP (sodium tripolyphosphate).
MSP, DSP, TSP, STPP STPP SHMP
trap these metals, even in very weak concentrations,
H3PO4 OR SHMP
and control these phenomena.
Water t reatmen t
• pH control
WASTE WATER • water Fluoridation Another vital parameter in water treatment is control-
ling the water pH. Due to their buffer (pH regulating)
SEQUESTRATION PH CONTROL SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS Water fluoridation has been commonplace for decades
AND PRECIPITATION
capacity, orthophosphates and purified phosphoric
in many countries including the United States, Austra-
OF METAL IONS TSP 12 MKP, MAP, DAP, acid can regulate the pH level of the water.
H3PO4 lia and the United Kingdom.
MSP, DSP, TSP, STTP, SHMP,
MKP, DKP, TKP, KTPP
It is designed to improve the dental health of the popu- • Sequestration and precipitation of metal ions
lation by reducing the risk of tooth decay. Fluor deriva- Phosphates, and in particular SHMP (sodium hexa-
tives (SSF, NaF) are commonly used for this purpose. metaphosphate) and STPP (sodium tripolyphosphate),
INDUSTRIAL WATER
can trap and precipitate ions in soluble compounds
LEAD PH ANODIC CATHODIC SCALE INHIBITION
thus preventing deposits from forming.
PRECIPITATION CONTROL CORROSION CORROSION (SOFTENING)
AGENT INHIBITION INHIBITION
TSP 12
H3PO4 TSP 12 SHMP SHMP
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Phosphoric acid,
p h o s p h a t e s a n d fluorine derivatives
in va r i o u s a p p l i ca tions
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Phosphoric acid,
p h o s p h a t e s a n d fluorine derivatives
in va r i o u s a p p l i ca tions
Gl ass
Aluminium metaphosphate (ALMP) is used as an additive
in the manufacture of special types of glass and optical
fibres. This phosphate can also be used as an opacifier
in glass. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is used as an
opacifier in crystal making. Sodium fluosilicate (SSF) is
an opacifying agent used in the glass industry. Other applications
Purified phosphoric acid is the basic raw material in the
manufacture of phosphates. It is also used in many other
applications including vegetable oils purification, activa-
ted carbon purification and TiO2 and H2O2 production.
Antifreeze Phosphates are also used in a number of other applica-
Dipotassium phosphate (DKP) and purified phosphoric tions such as textiles, cement, plaster, photography, the
acid are used in the manufacture of antifreeze, acting as treatment of drilling muds, the manufacture of titanium
an anti-corrosion agent in car radiators and other equi- dioxide (TiO2) and the stabilisation of H2O2 solution among
pment. DKP helps to keep the pH stable at around 9, others. Fluorine derivatives (NaF, SSF and PSF) are used as
thereby reducing the risk of corrosion. insecticides for wood (in the United States only). NaF is
also one of the raw materials in the manufacture of MFP
(monofluorophosphate).
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PRAYON around the world
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Leader in our core business
• PHOSPHATES AND PURIFIED PHOSPHORIC ACID • PHOSPHATES AND PURIFIED PHOSPHORIC ACID FOR
FOR FOOD, BEVERAGES AND PHARMACEUTICALS TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• BAKING • AUTOMATIC DISHWASHING, LAUNDRY AND I&I DETERGENTS
• MEAT PROCESSING • METAL TREATMENT
• PROCESSED CHEESE
• CERAMIC AND PAPER INDUSTRIES
• FISH AND SEAFOOD
• GLASS, TEXTILE AND LEATHER INDUSTRIES
• BEVERAGES AND CEREALS
• FIRE RETARDANTS
• FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
• TOOTHPASTE AND ORAL CARE • SOLUBLE AND FOLIAR FERTILISERS
• PHARMACEUTICALS • WATER TREATMENT
• PET FOOD • ETC.
• ETC.
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1)041)03*$ ."3,&5&%130%6$54
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