Gas Dynamics: Lab Manual

Lab Manual Course Title: Gas Dynamics
Gas Dynamics
LAB MANUAL
Course Title: Gas Dynamics
Lab Incharge: Dr. Muhammad Shehryar
Lab Engineer: Abdul Rehman
Lab Attendant: Yasir Mehmood
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 1

GENERAL AND SAFETY RULES
• Be prepared. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in the lab
manual before you begin any experiment.
• Think safety. Work deliberately and carefully.
• All laboratory students must be supervised. Never work alone
• Know the hazards of any materials or machinery. The laboratory manual and/or
instructor will review specific safety issues on individual experiments before you
perform any tests.
• All students must wear appropriate safety equipment. Safety goggles must be
worn anytime any laboratory experiment is being performed.
• All students must wear appropriate laboratory attire. No open toed shoes; no
loose fitting clothing; jewelry should be removed.
• No food or beverage in the laboratory.
• Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes and emergency
phone locations.
• Report any perceived safety hazards. Immediately report any spills, equipment
malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to your instructor / ta / or
staff member.
• Failure to conform to any of the above rules may result in not being allowed to
participate in the laboratory experiment.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
Contact Person: Dr. Muhammad Shehryar
Cell No: 03003750568

Program learning outcomes (PLO’s) according to Washington Accord
PLO Statement
PLO-1 Engineering Knowledge Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PLO-2 Problem Analysis Ability to identify, formulate, research literature and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences.
PLO-3 Design and development of Ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and
solutions design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs
with appropriate consideration for public health and safety,
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PLO-4 Investigations Ability to conduct investigation into complex problems using
research based knowledge and research methods including design
of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
information to provide valid conclusions.
PLO-5 Modern tool usage Ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources
and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and
modeling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding
of the limitations.
PLO-6 Engineer and society Ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering
practice.
PLO-7 Environment and Ability to understand the impact of professional engineering
Sustainability solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate
knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
PLO-8 Ethics Ability to apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
PLO-9 Individual and team work Ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at
large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports
and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PLO-10 Communication Ability to function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.
PLO-11 Project management Ability to recognize the need for, and have the preparations and
ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the
broadest context of technological change.
PLO-12 Lifelong learning Ability to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s
own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.

List of CLOs
CLO Statement PLO Domain Level
Demonstrate practical understanding
of Lift and Drag Forces on various 4 3
1 Cognitive
shapes and boundary layer growth by (Application)
using subsonic wind tunnel.
Differentiate between Shock Waves
corresponding to various deflections
of the flow and to compare them with 3
2 Psychomotor
theory. By using the Schlieren 4 (Guided Response)
Apparatus with the help of
Supersonic Wind Tunnel.

Mapping of CLOs with Assessment Methods & their Weightage
Assessment Methods CLO-1 (%) CLO-2 (%)

Lab Report 70 30
Lab performance 70 30
Final viva 70 30
Key Performance Indicator (KPI)

CLO KPI Measurement Tool
1 Class should achieve 50% marks Lab Report
2 Class should achieve 50% marks Lab performance
3 Class should achieve 50% marks Final Viva
Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for student is 50%

LAB REPORT GRADING RUBRICS

Excellent Good Adequate Needs Work Not
(4 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (1 marks) attempted
(0)
Introduction One of the Two of the Introduction present, no
1.Includes the question to "excellent" "excellent" exemplary conditions are
be answered by the lab conditions is not conditions are not met
2.States hypothesis that is met, two conditions met , one is met
based on research and/or met
sound reasoning
3.Title is relevant
Procedure 1. Description or step-by- Description The description Would be difficult to
step process is included included, some gives generalities, repeat, reader must guess
2. could be repeated by steps are vague or enough for reader that how the data was
another student unclear to understand how gathered or experiment
the experiment was was conducted
conducted
Observation, One of the Two of the Results are disorganized

Calculations 1. Results and data are "excellent" "excellent" or poorly recorded, do not
and Analysis clearly recorded conditions is not conditions are not make sense ; not enough
2. Organized met, two conditions met , one is met data was taken to justify
3. easy for the reader to see are met results
trends
4. All appropriate labels
are included
Conclusions 3 of 4 of the 2 of 4 of the 1 of 4 of the "excellent"
1.Summarizes data used to "excellent" "excellent" conditions is met
draw conclusions conditions are met conditions are met
2.Conclusions follow data
(not wild guesses or
leaps of logic)
3.Discusses applications
or real world
connections
4.Hypothesis is rejected or
accepted based on the
data
Format and 1. Lab report submitted as 3 of 4 of the 2 of 4 of the 1 of 4 of the "excellent"
Lab directed "excellent" "excellent" conditions is met
Protocols 2. Deadlines/Directions conditions are met conditions are met
are followed
3. Stations are cleaned
4. All safety protocols
are followed
Total (out of 20 )

LAB PERFORMANCE GRADING RUBRICS

Parameter Marks
(Max Marks) Detail
Objective (2) Students have clear understanding of the objective. 2
Main concept is clear only. 1
Equipment (3) Identify and name the equipment with its different 3
components along functions.
Identify and name its different components 2
Know few components and functions 1
Procedure of List all the steps of the procedure with all details 4
experiment (4) List few steps of the procedure with detail 3
General idea of the procedure 2
Know few steps only 1
Observation & Provide an accurate and insightful analysis of data. 4
Calculation (4) Describe few detail of the analysis. 3
Provide analysis but little mistakes. 2
Provide insufficient analysis. 1
Conclusion/Results What was specifically learned from experiment? 3
(3) Conclusion includes What was learned from experiment. 2
May be missing 1 answer for 1 question.
Conclusion includes What was learned from experiment. 1
May be missing 2 or 3 answers for questions.
Applications (2) Student can tell the use of this concept in industries, 2
laboratories and commercial environments.
Student can tell the use of this concept in industries only 1
Precautions (2) Student knows about the major precautions and safety 2
measures.
Student knows few precautions and safety measures. 1
Total (out of 20)

List of Experiments
Sr. No Title CLO PLO
To determine the lift & drag coefficient on Symmetric Airfoil at various

1. angle of attacks.
1 4
To determine the lift & drag coefficient on Flag Post at various angle of
2. attacks. 1 4
3. To determine the drag coefficient on Airship model. 1 4
4. To determine the drag coefficient on Square plate model. 1 4
5. To determine the drag coefficient on Spherical model. 1 4
6. To determine the drag coefficient on Hemisphere. 1 4
7. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Disc. 1 4
8. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Cylinder. 1 4
9. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Ring. 1 4
10. To determine the boundary layer thickness on Smooth Flat Plate. 1 4
11. To determine the boundary layer thickness on Rough Flat Plate. 1 4

To find the Pressure Distribution Along A Convergent - Divergent Nozzle
12. and compare it with theory for supersonic air velocity. 2 4
To Compare The Area (Height) Ratio Along A Convergent - Divergent
13. Nozzle with theory for supersonic air velocity. 2 4
To use the Schlieren Apparatus to Demonstrate The 2-D Compressible Air
14. Flow Around The Models. 2 4
To use the Schlieren Apparatus to Observe the Shock Angles
15. corresponding to various deflections of the flow and to compare them with 2 4
theory.
To measure the pressure distribution (pressure coefficient on each face)
16. around a Double-Wedge Airfoil at a series of incidences in supersonic flow 2 4
and compare the results with theory.

EXPERIMENT NO.1
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the lift & drag coefficient on Symmetric Airfoil at various angle of attacks.
APPARATUS:
1. Subsonic Wind Tunnel
2. NACA 0015 Symmetrical Airfoil
PROCEDURE:
1. The symmetric airfoil model under study is first
installed in the wind tunnel by attaching it to the two-
component force transducer.
2. The angle of attack for the airfoil can be set manually
by adjusting the dial. After installing the model,
switch on the wind tunnel and set the air velocity to by
adjusting the fan speed using the frequency converter.
3. The frequency converter permits infinite adjustment of
rotational speed and thus air velocity.
4. The inclined-tube manometer is used to indicate the current air speed at the entrance to the
measurement section so; the air velocity can be verified manually.
5. Since the air velocity is set, the values for drag and lift forces are checked at different values of the
angle of attack.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

1. Chord of Airfoil = 100 mm
2. Span of Airfoil = 100 mm
3. Max Height of Airfoil =15mm
4. Density of air = 1.225 kg/m3
5. Viscosity of air =1.78x10-5 kg/m-s
Reynolds Drag Lift

Velocity Drag coefficient Lift Force
Sr.No Number Force coefficient
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝟐𝟐𝑭𝑭𝑫𝑫 𝟐𝟐𝑭𝑭
V(m/s) (𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = ) FD (N) (𝑪𝑪𝑫𝑫 = ) FL (N) (𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐𝑳𝑳 )
𝝁𝝁 𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫 𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽 𝑫𝑫
1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPHS:
Plot graphs between following values at different angle of attacks
1. Re vs CD & CL
2. V vs FD & FL

EXPERIMENT NO.2
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the lift & drag coefficient on Flag Post at various angle of attacks.
APPATATUS:-
2. Flag model
PROCEDURE:-
1. The Flag post model under study is first installed in the wind tunnel
by attaching it to the two-component force transducer.
2. The angle of attack for the model can be set manually by adjusting
the dial. After installing the model, switch on the wind tunnel and set
the air velocity to by adjusting the fan speed using the frequency
converter.
3. The frequency converter permits infinite adjustment of rotational speed and thus air velocity.
4. The inclined-tube manometer is used to indicate the current air speed at the entrance to the
measurement section so; the air velocity can be verified manually.
5. Since the air velocity is set, the values for drag and lift forces are checked at different values of the
angle of attack
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-
1. Length of Flag = 100 mm
2. Width of Flag = 100 mm
3. Density of air = 1.225 kg/m3
4. Viscosity of air =1.78x10-5 kg/m-s
Reynolds Drag Lift

Velocity Drag coefficient Lift Force
Sr.No Number Force coefficient
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝟐𝟐𝑭𝑭𝑫𝑫 𝟐𝟐𝑭𝑭
V(m/s) (𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = ) FD (N) (𝑪𝑪𝑫𝑫 = ) FL (N) (𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐𝑳𝑳 )
𝝁𝝁 𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫 𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽 𝑫𝑫
1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPHS:
Plot Graphs between following values at various angle of attacks
1. Re vs CD & CL
2. V vs FD & FL
EXPERIMENT NO.3

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Airship model.
APPARATUS:
2. Airship Model
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert Airship model in wind tunnel.
2. Switch on the data acquisition system.
3. Switch on the wind tunnel fan.
4. Maintain the required velocity.
5. Note the drag force on disc measured by data acquisition system.
6. Repeat the experiment by increasing the speed of wind.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

1. Diameter=d=60mm,
2. Length=L=240mm
3. Density of air= 1.225 kg/m3
4. Viscosity of air=1.78x10-5 kg/m-s
Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Sr.No 𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝟐𝟐𝑭𝑭𝑫𝑫
V(m/s) (𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = ) FD (N) (𝑪𝑪𝑫𝑫 = )
𝝁𝝁 𝝆𝝆𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨
1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Plot Graph between following values
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.4
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Square plate model.
APPARATUS:
2. Square Plate
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the square plate disk in wind tunnel.

1. Length & Height 71x71mm,

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.5
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Spherical model.
APPARATUS:
2. Sphere Model
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the sphere model in wind tunnel.
5. Note the drag force on disc measured by data acquisition
system.

1. Diameter= d=80mm,

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.6
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Hemisphere.
APPARATUS:
2. Hemisphere model
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the hemisphere model in the wind tunnel.

1. Diameter= d=80mm

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.7
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Disc.
APPARATUS:
2. Circular disc
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the circular disc in wind tunnel.

1. Diameter= d=80mm

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.8
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Cylinder.
APPARATUS:
2. Circular Cylinder
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the circular cylinder in wind tunnel.

1. Diameter= d=50mm
2. Length=L= 100mm

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO.9
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Ring.
APPARATUS:
2. Circular Ring
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert the circular ring in wind tunnel.
5. Note the drag force on disc measured by data acquisition
system.

1. Outer diameter=113mm,
2. Inner diameter=56.5mm

1 0
2 5
3 10
4 15
5 20
6 25
7 30
GRAPH:
Re vs CD
V vs FD

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the boundary layer thickness on Smooth Flat Plate.
APPARATUS:
2. Smooth Flat Plate
3. Pitot Static Probe
DATA
Plate Roughness 25μm
Plate Thickness 3mm
Plate Length 180mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert Smooth plate into the measuring section of
the wind tunnel.
2. Place a vertically movable Pitot tube, adjusted using a micrometer screw, through the hole above in the test
section.
3. Start wind tunnel to set the required velocity.
4. To measure the free stream velocity use Pitot tube by moving it far above to the plate.
5. Set the micrometer reading at 0mm such that the distance between Pitot tube and plate is just about the
thickness of plain paper.
6. Position the front end of the Pitot tube at the required length along x-axis by setting the plate with moving
knob.
7. Observe the speed by lifting the Pitot tube (By rotating micrometer in clockwise direction) after each height
gain of 1mm until the free stream velocity is achieved.
8. Record the height that Pitot tube moved in y direction from the micrometer at which free stream velocity is
achieved.
9. Repeat this for various x locations on the plate.
10. To get the boundary layer thickness plot the graph between every x location and recorded y height, for which
free stream velocity is achieved.
Sr No. 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Y
GRAPH:

Smooth Plate Boundary Layer Thickness in mm

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the boundary layer thickness on Rough Flat Plate.
APPARATUS:

2. Rough Flat Plate
3. Pitot Static Probe
DATA
Plate Roughness 400μm

Plate Thickness 3mm
Plate Length 180mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Insert Rough plate into the measuring section of the wind tunnel.
2. Place a vertically movable Pitot tube, adjusted using a micrometer screw, through the hole above in
the test section.
3. Start wind tunnel to set the required velocity.
4. To measure the free stream velocity use Pitot tube by moving it far above to the plate.
5. Set the micrometer reading at 0mm such that the distance between Pitot tube and plate is just about
the thickness of plain paper.
6. Position the front end of the Pitot tube at the required length along x-axis by setting the plate with
moving knob.
7. Observe the speed by lifting the Pitot tube (By rotating micrometer in clockwise direction) after each
height gain of 1mm until the free stream velocity is achieved.
8. Record the height that Pitot tube moved in y direction from the micrometer at which free stream
velocity is achieved.
9. Repeat this for various x locations on the plate.
10. To get the boundary layer thickness plot the graph between every x location and recorded y height,
for which free stream velocity is achieved.
Sr No. 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Y

GRAPH:
Rough Plate Boundary Layer Thickness in mm

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
OBJECTIVE:
To find the Pressure Distribution along a Convergent - Divergent Nozzle and compare it with theory
for supersonic air velocity.
APPARATUS:
1. Supersonic Wind Tunnel
PROCEDURE
1. Create a blank Table as given below and record the ambient pressure
2. Do not fit the model
3. Fit the Liner to the Working Section as described in the Liner setting Procedure in Appendix II.
4. Shut the compressed air valves to the Wind Tunnel.
5. Start compressed air system and wait for it to reach 12 to 13 bar.
6. On the 32 Way Pressure Display, press and hold the Zero Readings button to reset all pressure
readings to zero.
7. Open the delivery valve to give the recommended pressure for the liner.
8. Use VDAS to record all pressure readings.
9. Repeat the test with the other liner.
Tapping h Height Pressure Pressure Tapping H Height Pressure Pressure

Number (cm) Ratio (Pa) Ratio Number (cm) Ratio (Pa) Ratio
1 14
2 15
3 16
4 17
5 18
6 19
7 21
8 22
9 23
10 24
11 25
12
13
Liner =
Tunnel Reference Pressure =
Atmospheric Pressure (mbar) =
Pressure at Contraction Cone =
RESULTS ANALYSIS

Use below Equation to calculate the pressure ratio for each tapping. (VDAS automatically works this out for
you).
𝐩𝐩𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐩𝐜𝐜 + 𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐚
=
𝐩𝐩 𝐩𝐩𝐧𝐧 + 𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐚
Use following equation to calculate the Mach number (based on pressure) at each pressure tapping for each
Liner. (VDAS automatically works this out for you).
𝟏𝟏
𝐌𝐌 = �−𝟓𝟓 + (𝟓𝟓 × 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝟑𝟑.𝟓𝟓 )
From the dimensions of the Working Section for each liner. (supplied with each tunnel). use Equation to
calculate the area ratio at each pressure tapping.
Use gas tables to find the theoretical Mach Number (based on area) at each pressure tapping for each Liner.
For each supersonic liner, create a chart with a horizontal axis of the distance along the Working Section and
a vertical axis of the Mach Number as shown in below figure.
On your chart, for each tapping position, plot two curves: One of the actual Mach Number (based on pressure)
and the second of the theoretical Mach Number (based on area).
CONCLUSIONS
Actual results should follow the same curve as the theoretical results. However, the theoretical results
calculated from geometry) do not allow for the boundary layer. This reduces the actual Mach number so it
will be slightly less than the theoretical value.

EXPERIMENT NO. 13
OBJECTIVE:
To Compare The Area (Height) Ratio Along A Convergent - Divergent Nozzle with theory for
supersonic air velocity.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE
1. Create a blank Table as given below and record the ambient pressure
2. Do not fit the model
5. Start compressed air system and wait for it to reach 12 to 13 bar.
6. On the 32 Way Pressure Display, press and hold the Zero Readings button to reset all pressure
readings to zero.
9. Repeat the test with the other liner.
Tapping h Height Pressure Pressure Tapping H Height Pressure Pressure

Number (cm) Ratio (Pa) Ratio Number (cm) Ratio (Pa) Ratio
1 14
2 15
3 16
4 17
5 18
6 19
7 21
8 22
9 23
10 24
11 25
12
13
Liner =
Tunnel Reference Pressure =
Pressure at Contraction Cone =

RESULTS ANALYSIS
Use below Equation to calculate the pressure ratio for each tapping. (VDAS automatically works this out for
you).
𝐩𝐩𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐩𝐜𝐜 + 𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐚
=
𝐩𝐩 𝐩𝐩𝐧𝐧 + 𝐩𝐩𝐚𝐚
Use following equation to calculate the Mach number (based on pressure) at each pressure tapping for each
Liner. (VDAS automatically works this out for you).
𝟏𝟏
𝐌𝐌 = �−𝟓𝟓 + (𝟓𝟓 × 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝟑𝟑.𝟓𝟓 )
From the dimensions of the Working Section for each liner. (supplied with each tunnel). use Equation to
calculate the area ratio at each pressure tapping.
Use gas tables to find the theoretical Mach Number (based on area) at each pressure tapping for each Liner.
For each supersonic liner, create a chart with a horizontal axis of the distance along the Working Section and
a vertical axis of the Mach Number as shown in below figure.
On your chart, for each tapping position, plot two curves: One of the actual Mach Number (based on pressure)
and the second of the theoretical Mach Number (based on area).
CONCLUSIONS
Actual results should follow the same curve as the theoretical results. However, the theoretical results
calculated from geometry) do not allow for the boundary layer. This reduces the actual Mach number so it
will be slightly less than the theoretical value.

EXPERIMENT NO. 14
OBJECTIVE:
To use the Schlieren Apparatus to Demonstrate The 2-D Compressible Air Flow Around The Models.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE
2. Secure the selected 2-D wedge model into the Working Section (as described in model fitting
procedure in Appendix II), such that it fix in the two portal windows.
3. Set up the Schlieren Apparatus as described in the setup procedure of Appendix I.
4. Shut the delivery valve to the Wind Tunnel.
5. Start compressed air system and wait for it to reach full pressure.
8. Use the Schlieren Apparatus to visualize the flow patterns around the model. Use the control under the
Portal to rotate the model and change the incidence angle. Use the Schlieren Apparatus to record the
images.
9. Repeat the test with the other Liners and two-dimensional models.
RESULTS ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

Angle of Incidence
Note that the airstream at the model is not perfectly horizontal. It flows 'uphill' at an angle roughly equal to
half the slope of the straight part of the Liner. Therefore, the incidence angle relative to the airstream is not
the same as the angle of the model relative to horizontal.
Flow Patterns
With careful adjustment of Schlieren apparatus flow patterns can be observed easily. At low incidence (less
than half the total leading- edge-angle), there will be shock waves from the leading and trailing edges and
Prandtl-Meyer expansion from the corners. At higher incidences, expansion appears above the leading edge
and below the trailing edges. The patterns should confirm theoretical predictions quite well, allowing for the
boundary layers around the tunnel and models. These will cause some slight effects, listed here:
a) Shock waves may appear as a narrow fan. This may seem odd to the student who has learnt that under
these conditions a shock wave is very thin (approximately 0.0025 mm). It is because the shock waves
are not plane. Boundary layers’ form on the side walls of the tunnel. The Mach Number decreases near
to the boundary layers, so the leading-edge shock waves are at a greater angle to the flow. The shock
wave 'fan' is a side elevation of a surface that bends upstream, near the tunnel walls. The downstream
edge 'fan' is a relevant part of the shock.
b) When the model incidence angle is half the total leading edge angle, the flow passes over the upper
front surface without deflection. The leading edge should only produce a very small disturbance in this
flow, showing Mach line. In practical, a small fan tends to appear for the reasons explained in
paragraph (a). Also, the flow very close to the leading edge is complicated by the growth of the
boundary-layer over the upper surface of the model. If the leading edge is thin (up to 0.05 mm), the
disturbance near the surface is a weak shock wave graph followed by a region of expansion. By
studying images this phenomenon will be observed, which tends to cancel out near the surface.
c) Again due to the boundary layers on the sidewalls of the working section, the leading edge of a Prandtl-
Meyer expansion appears to lie at too great an angle to the flow.

d) Shock waves from the trailing edge of a model appear more diffuse than those from the leading edge.
This is due to the shocks producing rapid thickening of the model boundary layer towards the trailing
edge, so that the changes in flow direction become less abrupt. At a small incidence, the boundary
layer separates from the upper surface in front of the trailing edge, producing quite a complicated
shock pattern.
e) It is important to distinguish between genuine phenomena in the flow such as those mentioned above
and spurious optical effects. For example, if the orientation of the Schlieren apparatus is such that a
Prandtl-Meyer expansion appears lighter than the background, a small dark region may appear near
the corner from which the expansion starts. This is due to “overloading " of the Schlieren apparatus:
the density gradient near the corner may be so great that the light rays passing through this region are
deflected so far that they miss the final lens altogether.

EXPERIMENT NO. 15
OBJECTIVE:
To use the Schlieren Apparatus to Observe the Shock Angles corresponding to various deflections of
the flow and to compare them with theory.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE
1. Create a blank results table similar to Table given below. Record the local (atmospheric) air pressure.
3. Choose one of the models and fit it to the Working Section as described in model fitting procedure in
Appendix II.
4. Set the angle of the model to zero degrees as described in zero the angle encoder procedure in Appendix
II.
5. Set up the Schlieren Apparatus as described in the setup procedure of Appendix I.
10. Use the Schlieren Apparatus to visualize the flow patterns around the model. Use the angle control to
rotate the model in one-degree steps. At each step, record the model angle and use a protractor to
measure the flow deflection.
11. Repeat the test with the other models.
12. For each model calculate the flow deflection and compare with the actual flow deflection.

With the model at a series of angles, the orientation of the shock wave from the lower surface at the leading
edge is observed by aligning a straightedge with its image on the screen. The relevant line on the screen is the
“trailing edge" of the fan which represents the shock.
It is also necessary to establish that indicated incidence corresponds to zero aerodynamic incidence. This can
be done by observing both leading-edge shocks over small range of incidence. By plotting suitable curves, the
indicated incidence can be found at which the shocks are symmetrical with respect to the model. This
configuration clearly corresponds to zero aerodynamic incidence, and hence the undisturbed flow direction is
established.
Model Calculated Flow Actual flow Wave Angle

Angle deflection produced by deflection (Degrees)
(Degrees) the lower leading edge (Degrees)
shock
(Degrees)
0
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
Model= Pressure at Contraction Cone =
Atmospheric Pressure =

EXPERIMENT NO. 16
OBJECTIVE:
To measure the pressure distribution (pressure coefficient on each face) around a Double-Wedge
Airfoil at a series of incidences in supersonic flow and compare the results with theory
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE
1. Create a blank results table. Record the local temperature and air pressure.
2. Fit the Mach 1.4 Liner to the Working Section.
3. Fit the 10° Double Wedge model into the Working Section so that the model is held in place between the two
portal windows.
4. Use the control on the Portal to set the angle of the model to zero.
9. Use the control on the Portal to rotate the model in one-degree steps. At each step record the model angle, the
pressures at the model and the local static pressure. To find the local static pressure, record the pressures at
tapings 17 to 19 and take an average.

Find the zero aerodynamic incidence of the model by the method of Oblique Shock Waves experiment, or by
assuming that the incidence will be 5° (half the leading edge angle) when the pressure on the front upper
surface is equal to the local tunnel static pressure. If the pressure on the surface of the airfoil is p and the tunnel
static pressure is p1, then the pressure coefficient (Cp) is:
𝐩𝐩 − 𝐩𝐩𝟏𝟏
𝐩𝐩𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 /𝟐𝟐
Where term in denominator is the dynamic head.
For isentropic flow:
𝛂𝛂 𝐩𝐩𝟎𝟎 𝛂𝛂 − 𝟏𝟏
𝐩𝐩𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 /𝟐𝟐 = 𝐩𝐩𝟏𝟏 �� × − 𝟏𝟏�
𝛂𝛂 − 𝟏𝟏 𝐩𝐩𝟏𝟏 𝛂𝛂
Where Po = Stagnation Pressure
Since (p - p1), p1 and p0 are all known, the corresponding pressure coefficients can be calculated and
plotted as a function of the theory incidence a.
First -order theory predicts that the local pressure coefficient will be:
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐂𝐂𝐩𝐩 = ±
√𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
Where δ (in radians) is the deflection of the flow relative to the free stream direction. The positive sign is for
the upper surface and the negative sign is for the lower surface.
For the front upper surface, in degrees
𝛅𝛅 = 𝟓𝟓° − 𝛂𝛂
And for the rear upper surface
𝛅𝛅 = −𝟓𝟓° − 𝛂𝛂
It is therefore a simple matter to plot the theoretical relationship between Cp and α for these surfaces.

If the pressure coefficients are determined over a suitable range of negative and positive incidences it is clear
that, from consideration of symmetry, the effective pressure coefficients over all four surfaces can be deduced
at a series of positive incidences. By an obvious calculation, the corresponding lift coefficient can be calculated
and compared with the theoretical value
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝐂𝐂𝐩𝐩 =
√𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
In general, the agreement between the measured pressure coefficients and the first order theoretical values is
not particularly good. Insertion of the second -order term improves the agreement. There is also an effect due
to the model boundary-layer, which tends to make the measured values slightly more positive than theory
(neglecting the boundary-layer) would suggest.
The agreement between observed and theoretical lift coefficient is generally quite good, since both second-
order terms and boundary-layer effects cancel out.
Model Angle Model Model Static Model Angle Model Model Static
(Degrees) Pressure Pressure Pressure (Degrees) Pressure Pressure Pressure
Tapping Tapping Tapping Tapping
A1 A2 A1 A2
0 0
1 -1
2 -2
3 -3
4 -4
5 -5
6 -6
7 -7
8 -8
9 -9
10 -10
Model=
Pressure at Contraction Cone=

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Lab Manual Course Title: Gas Dynamics

Course Title: Gas Dynamics

Lab Incharge: Dr. Muhammad Shehryar

Lab Engineer: Abdul Rehman

Lab Attendant: Yasir Mehmood

Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 1

GENERAL AND SAFETY RULES

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 2

Program learning outcomes (PLO’s) according to Washington Accord

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 3

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 4

Mapping of CLOs with Assessment Methods & their Weightage

Assessment Methods CLO-1 (%) CLO-2 (%)

Key Performance Indicator (KPI)

Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for student is 50%

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 5

LAB REPORT GRADING RUBRICS

Observation, One of the Two of the Results are disorganized

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 6

LAB PERFORMANCE GRADING RUBRICS

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 7

Sr. No Title CLO PLO

To determine the lift & drag coefficient on Symmetric Airfoil at various

3. To determine the drag coefficient on Airship model. 1 4

4. To determine the drag coefficient on Square plate model. 1 4

5. To determine the drag coefficient on Spherical model. 1 4

6. To determine the drag coefficient on Hemisphere. 1 4

7. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Disc. 1 4

8. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Cylinder. 1 4

9. To determine the drag coefficient on Circular Ring. 1 4

10. To determine the boundary layer thickness on Smooth Flat Plate. 1 4

11. To determine the boundary layer thickness on Rough Flat Plate. 1 4

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 8

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Reynolds Drag Lift

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 9

Reynolds Drag Lift

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 10

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 11

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 12

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 13

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 14

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient

Lab Title: Fluid Structure Interaction 15

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Velocity Reynolds Number Drag Force Drag coefficient