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    03 - Kelompok Oksida Dan Hidroksida

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    Roges tomara mahesa
    The document discusses oxide minerals and provides examples of their classification and properties. It describes several important oxide minerals including hematite, corundum, cassiterite, chromite, and uraninite. It explains how chromite forms in ultramafic intrusions and how uraninite occurs in sedimentary and placer deposits. The document also discusses supergene enrichment processes and provides illustrations of chromite mineralization in the Bushveld Complex and Great Dyke.

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    03 - Kelompok Oksida Dan Hidroksida

    Uploaded by

    Roges tomara mahesa
    53 views59 pages
    The document discusses oxide minerals and provides examples of their classification and properties. It describes several important oxide minerals including hematite, corundum, cassiterite, chromite, and uraninite. It explains how chromite forms in ultramafic intrusions and how uraninite occurs in sedimentary and placer deposits. The document also discusses supergene enrichment processes and provides illustrations of chromite mineralization in the Bushveld Complex and Great Dyke.

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    Mineralogi

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    03_kelompok Oksida Dan Hidroksida

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    The document discusses oxide minerals and provides examples of their classification and properties. It describes several important oxide minerals including hematite, corundum, cassiterite, chromite, and uraninite. It explains how chromite forms in ultramafic intrusions and how uraninite occurs in sedimentary and placer deposits. The document also discusses supergene enrichment processes and provides illustrations of chromite mineralization in the Bushveld Complex and Great Dyke.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views59 pages

    03 - Kelompok Oksida Dan Hidroksida

    Uploaded by

    Roges tomara mahesa
    The document discusses oxide minerals and provides examples of their classification and properties. It describes several important oxide minerals including hematite, corundum, cassiterite, chromite, and uraninite. It explains how chromite forms in ultramafic intrusions and how uraninite occurs in sedimentary and placer deposits. The document also discusses supergene enrichment processes and provides illustrations of chromite mineralization in the Bushveld Complex and Great Dyke.

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    KELOMPOK MINERAL

    OKSIDA DAN HIDROKSIDA


    DOSEN PENGAMPU:
    RIFKY PRATAMA PUTRA S.Si., M.T.

    Khusus digunakan untuk Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah


    Kristalografi dan Mineralogi (TMB-311)
    Prodi S-1 Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
    Universitas Negeri Padang
    KELOMPOK MINERAL
    OKSIDA
    Oxides
    Oxides
     Oxides involve a strong ionic bond between
    O2-. metal

    cations and O2-


    Oxides
    •Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
    •Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

    A2X: e.g., Cu2O (cuprite) Single oxides


    AX: e.g., MgO (periclase)

    AB2X4: e.g., FeCr2O4 (FeO·Cr2O3)(chromite)


    Fe3O4 (FeO·Fe2O3) (magnetite) Double oxides
    Oxides
    •Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
    •Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

    A2X: e.g., Cu2O (cuprite)


    AX: e.g., MgO (periclase)

    AB2X4: e.g., FeCr2O4 (chromite)


    Fe3O4 (magnetite)
    (Spinel Group = spinel, magnetite, chromite, etc.)
    Isostructural (exhibits solid solution)
    Oxides
    •Oxides involve a strong Ionic bond between metal cations and O2-.
    •Classification is done on the basis of valancy (AX types).

    A2 X3 : e.g., Al2O3 (corundum)


    (Hematite Group = corundum, hematite, ilmenite, etc.)

    AX2: e.g., SnO2 (Cassiterite)


    (Rutile Group = cassiterite, rutile, pyrolusite, uraninite etc.)
    Oxide Minerals
    Hematite (Fe2O3)
    Crystal: Hexagonal
    Pt. Group: 3─2/m
    Habit: blocky to earthy
    SG: 5.25
    H: 5-6
    L: metallic to earthy
    Col: red, brown-red, steel grey
    Str: brown-red
    Clev: none; parting on {001} and
    {101} due to twinning

    Name derivation: After "haimatos" (Greek) blood - because one form is the colour of blood
    Oxide Minerals
    Hematite (Fe2O3)
    Occurrence: weathering and/or
    hydrothermal alteration of iron-
    bearing minerals; Banded Iron
    Formations

    Associated Mins: lots!

    May be confused with: goethite,


    cinnabar, cuprite

    Uses: ore of iron, jewlery


    Oxide Minerals
    Corundum (Al2O3)

    http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/minerals/pix/corundum1.jpg
    Crystal: Hexagonal
    Pt. Group: 3─2/m
    Habit: platy
    SG: 3.98-4.02
    H: 9
    L: vitreous to adamantine
    Col: white, grey, red, yellow, blue
    Str: white (difficult to obtain)
    Clev: none; parting on {001} and
    {101} due to twinning

    Name derivation: From "kurundum" (Tamil); "rubeus" (Latin) red; "sappheiros" (Greek) lapis lazuli
    Oxide Minerals
    Corundum (Al2O3)
    Occurrence: rare secondary mineral
    in Si-poor igneous rocks like
    syenites; more common in
    metamorphosed rocks, esp.
    carbonates

    Associated Mins: spinel, zoisite,


    micas

    May be confused with: not much


    (hardness is a giveaway)
    http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7795&rendTypeId=4

    Uses: abrasives; jewlery


    Oxide Minerals
    “Bauxite”
    Al2O3+Al(OH)3
    Crystal: mixed
    Pt. Group: n/a
    Habit: massive
    SG: 2 to 2.5
    H: 1 to 3
    L: dull to earthy
    Col: white, grey, red, yellow
    Str: white
    Clev: n/a
    Name derivation: From “Beauxite”, for the village of Les Beaux in France by P. Dufrenoy in 1847
    Oxide Minerals
    Aluminum (bauxite) (millions of tonnes)

    USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015


    Oxide Minerals
    Aluminum
    (millions of tonnes)

    Aluminum
    refining

    USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015


    Oxide Minerals
    Aluminum (US data)

    USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015


    Oxide Minerals
    Cassiterite (SnO2)
    Crystal: Tetragonal
    Pt. Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m
    Habit: massive (placer) to prismatic
    SG: 6.9-7.1
    H: 6-7
    L: earthy to adamantine
    Col: yellow to red-brown
    Str: greyish or brownish white
    Clev: poor {001} and {111}
    http://webmineral.com/specimens/Cassiterite.jpg

    Name derivation: From "kassi-tira" (Babylonian) and "kastiram" (Sanscript) tin


    Oxide Minerals
    Cassiterite (SnO2)
    Occurrence: rare accessory mineral in Si-
    rich granites; high temp hydrothermal
    veins; skarns; placer deposits

    Associated Mins: wolframite, tourmaline,


    topaz, fluorite, lepidolite

    May be confused with: rutile (when


    crystalline) and goethite (placer)

    Uses: principle ore of tin (+Cu = bronze;


    +Pb & Sb = solder)
    MORE OXIDES MINERAL
    More Oxides
    1. Chromite (and Chromium)
    2. Uraninite (and Uranium)
    3. Chromite formation (ultramafic intrusions)
    4. Uraninite formation (sedimentary, placer)
    5. Supergene enrichment (recap of hydrothermal emplacement)
    Oxide Minerals
    Chromite (FeCr2O4)
    Crystal: Isometric
    ─
    Pt. Group: 4/m 3 2/m
    Habit: octahedral, sucrosic
    SG: 5.10
    H: 5.5
    L: metallic
    Col: black (brownish)
    Str: black (brown)
    Clev: none; twinning on {111};
    concoidal fracture
    http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Samples/Chromite/s12s.JPG

    Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing chromium


    Oxide Minerals
    Chromite (FeCr2O4)
    Occurrence: Ultramafic intrusive
    rocks; placer deposits

    Associated Mins: olivine, pyroxene,


    spinel, magnetite

    May be confused with: magnetite and


    especially ilmenite. Beware: it may
    be magnetic (isostructural with
    magnetite)

    Uses: principle ore of chromium;


    stainless steel
    http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/dlr/301s/bv_thin/ucz_1.jpg
    Chromite Formation
    Arguably, the most
    important chromite
    deposits are found in
    the Bushveld Complex
    of South Africa (along
    with major deposits of
    platinum) and the Great
    Dyke of Zimbabwe.

    http://www.implats.co.za/i/map_global_lrg.gif
    Oxide Minerals

    http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/5827306B-BC2F-4C05-AEE6-29EDF2872E45/0/bushmapxyz100_km.jpg
    Oxide Minerals

    http://www.mineralsecurities.com.au/images/maps/Platmin-Project-Location-Bu.gif
    Oxide Minerals

    2000 degrees C

    A bad cartoon of a pluton


    Oxide Minerals

    2000 degrees C

    A bad cartoon of a pluton


    Oxide Minerals

    2000 degrees C

    A bad cartoon of a pluton


    Oxide Minerals

    2000 degrees C

    A bad cartoon of a pluton


    Oxide Minerals

    Layered olivine
    (dunite)
    Oxide Minerals

    Layered olivine
    (dunite) +/- chromite
    Oxide Minerals
    Uraninite (UO2)
    Crystal: Isometric
    Pt. Group: 4/m ─3 2/m
    Habit: massive, botryoidal
    SG: 7.0-9.5
    H: 5.5
    L: submetallic to dull
    Col: black
    Str: brown to black
    Clev: none; concoidal fracture
    http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/eb56uran1M.jpg

    Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium


    Oxide Minerals
    Uraninite (UO2)
    Occurrence: granite pegmatites, veins in
    sandstone and strataform unconformities
    (PreCambrian). Archean placer deposits.
    Coal beds.

    Associated Mins: monazite, cassiterite,


    tourmaline, zircon (granite pegmatites)

    May be confused with: not much


    (radioactivity gives it away)

    Uses: source of Uranium (nuclear fuel,


    http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/eb56uran1M.jpg
    spent Uranium munitions)
    Name derivation: From its elemental composition containing uranium
    Oxide Minerals
    Carnotite (a vanadate: VO4)
    K2(UO2)2V2O8·3(H2O)
    Occurrence: a secondary mineral in
    sandstone (meteoric water alteration)

    Related Mins:
    Tyuyamunite Ca(UO2)2V2O8·nH2O,
    Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·nH2O,
    Autunite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·10H2O
    http://webmineral.com/data/Carnotite.shtml

    May be confused with: any of the above


    minerals

    Named after the French chemist, M. A. Carnot (1839-1920)


    Uranium Resources

    http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/extech/extech4/images/fig3.jpg

    http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/8.uranium.jpg
    Oxide Minerals

    http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/nativelands/UraniumDeposits.jpg
    USA Uranium

    Cross section of a solution-collapse breccia


    pipe in the Grand Canyon region, showing
    the general distribution of uranium ore
    within the pipe

    http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2004/images/2004_20.gif
    More Terms…
    Hydrothermal: a process involving “hot” water
    (usually groundwater under confining pressure).

    Epithermal: <200°C (50°C and above)


    Mesothermal: 200-300°C
    Hypothermal: >300°C
    More Terms…
    Hydrothermal: a process involving “hot” water
    (usually groundwater under confining pressure).

    Epithermal: <200°C (50°C and above)


    Mesothermal: 200-300°C
    Hypothermal: >300°C

    Supergene enrichment involves meteoric water


    (“cold”)
    Supergene enrichment
    Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from the
    primary ore zone and redeposit them in more reducing, alkaline areas below the water
    table. This results in an oxidized zone on top (gossan), a supergene zone beneath and
    the primary zone (hypogene) beneath that.

    http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect24/xfig24_39.jpg
    http://www.cps-amu.org/sf/notes/b3-3-7-1.gif
    Supergene enrichment
    Leaching reactions

    2 FeS2 + 7O2+ 2H2O → 2FeSO4 (aq) + 2H2SO4

    2FeSO4 (aq) + H2SO4 + 0.5 O2 → Fe2(SO4)3 (aq)

    2 FeS2 + 7.5 O2 + 4H2O → Fe2O3 +4H2SO4

    2 Fe+2 + ½ O2 + 2H2O → Fe2O3 +4H+

    2 CuFeS2 + 8.5 O2 +2H2O → Fe2O3 +2Cu+2 + 4 SO4-2 + 4H+

    or

    2 CuFeS2 + 8 Fe2(SO4)3 +8H2O → CuSO4 + 17 FeSO4 + 8 H2SO4


    www.d.umn.edu
    Supergene enrichment
    Precipitation reactions

    5 FeS2 + 14 Cu +2 + 14 SO4-2 +12 H2O → 7 Cu2S + 5 Fe+2 + 24 H+ + 17 SO4-2

    Chalcocite is enriched
    http://webmineral.com

    www.d.umn.edu
    KELOMPOK MINERAL
    HIDROKSIDA
    Hydroxides
    Hydroxides
    •Hydroxides involve a weaker ionic bond between metal cations and OH- (softish)
    Hydroxides
    •Hydroxides involve a weaker ionic bond between metal cations and OH- (softish)
    •No real attempt to classify (many have variable chemistry, poor crystal structure)

    AlO(OH): diaspore, boehmite


    Al (OH)3: gibbsite
    Typically mixed up with bauxite
    Hydroxide Minerals
    Brucite (Mg(OH)2)
    Crystal: Hexagonal (Trigonal)
    Pt. Group: 3 2/m
    Habit: hexagonal, mica-like masses
    SG: 2.39
    H: 2.5
    L: vitreous to pearly
    Col: colorless (pale shades)
    Str: White
    Clev: perfect on {001}
    http://www.atnet.it/lstron/minerali/img/brucite.jpg

    Name derivation: Named after American mineralogist, A. Bruce (1777-1818)


    Hydroxide Minerals
    Brucite (Mg(OH)2)
    Occurrence: alteration product (after
    periclase) in marble and serpentinites

    Associated Mins: with calcite in


    marble and with talc and magnesite
    in serpentinite

    May be confused with: talc, gypsum, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/o/brucite.jpg


    muscovite

    Uses: refractory material


    Iron Economics

    USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015


    Iron Economics

    USGS Mineral Commodity Summary for 2015


    Iron Formation
    3 (Three) major types of iron deposits :
    1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain Formation,
    Alabama); most are Jurassic in age Clinton Type Fe Deposits

    2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents); most are


    Pre-Cambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

    3) Banded Iron Formations (hematite + jasper); most are


    Archean in age (Superior Type Fe Deposits)
    Iron Formation
    Three major types of iron deposits.

    1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain


    Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
    Clinton Type Fe Deposits

    http://www.msstate.edu/dept/geosciences/
    Iron Formation
    Three major types of iron deposits.

    1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain


    Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
    Clinton Type Fe Deposits

    2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents);


    most are PreCambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

    http://www.eco-pros.com/images/WaterDwellers/Photos/nur04506.jpg
    Iron Formation
    Three major types of iron deposits.

    1) Replacement of limestone (Red Mountain


    Formation, Alabama); most are Jurassic in age
    Clinton Type Fe Deposits

    2) Primary hydrothermal deposits (deep sea vents);


    most are PreCambrian (Algoma Type Fe Deposits)

    3) Banded Iron Formations (hematite + jasper);


    most are Archean in age (Superior Type Fe
    Deposits)
    BIFs

    Banded iron
    formations (BIFs)
    are marine rocks
    composed of Fe2O3
    and silica. They date
    from 3.1 billion
    years.
    BIFs

    BIFs are thought to


    have been formed
    through oxygenation
    of sea water
    containing Fe2+
    (reduced iron).

    Fe2+ → Fe3+

    Soluble Insoluble

    Chalk board
    Iron Formation

    http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/lectures/03.html
    Iron Formation

    http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/lectures/03.html
    Iron Extraction

    http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2005/02/23/

    Mt. Whaleback open pit iron mine at Newman, Western Australia.


    http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/381R/Western%20Australia03.html
    TERIMA KASIH

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