Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
The road network at present is one of the most important medium for the country in
general. It plays a very important in our daily lives as it enables people and goods to travel or
connecting from a place to another place.. When it became one of the most vital road network
system is to be organized, durable and comfortable for road users to use it safely.
In Malaysia, the road network is very important in everyday communication. However,

the roads in Malaysia are not all that satisfactory quality level requirement. In 2009, an estimated
at approximately 25,000 accidents on roads throughout Malaysia (JKJR, Perangkaan Kemalagan
Jalan Raya Bagi Tahun 2009). One of the main causes to these accident that occurred problems
was due to road surface deformation.
Every year, Malaysia government would spend millions of ringgit just on construction
projects especially roads and highway constructions. Most of the projects are of upgrading and
reconstruction of the existing roads. These were mostly done to repair the heavily deformed road
pavements due to repetition of traffic loads that caused the road unsafe for driving. Thus, many
measurements and ways of road maintenance were taken into consideration and brought to action
just to improve the standard of the roads so that they are again safely open to the public.
When roads were being repaired and improved from time to time, surface will distress
and still occurs along the road. Some were visible even just a few days after road resurfacing or
reconstruction. This matter should be taken in seriously as it does not just affect the riding
quality of the road but the country reputation as well.
Therefore, there are many research to get best solutions and to be used in road
constructions which could minimize the problems of road surface deformation, improve skid
resistance, increased durability and most importantly provide safety. This indeed may indirectly
make our country a better place to live in and satisfy the user community.
1.2 Problem Statement
In present, we depend on roads to transport us from one place to another almost every
day in our lives. The quality of road and transportation of a country also determines the level of
development of that country possess. However, striking increment of road usage by trucks, heavy
duty vehicles, high tire pressure and heavy axle loads have caused critically accelerated
deterioration of the transportation infrastructure in Malaysia.
Rutting is one of the structural damage which has the longitudinal depression in the
wheel path after repeated application of heavy axle loading. This damage often occurs in the
country which has hot climate conditions, including Malaysia. Thus, the pavement service life is
reduced due to rutting and because of that, the existing pavement should be improved in term of
rutting resistance. In order to increase obtain performance of road pavement and road safety, the
asphalt design properties must be enhanced.
1.3 Objective
The objective of this study was to found characterize the laboratory performances to the
unmodified asphalts, the modified asphalts need to be evaluated since its can be affected by
temperature and the presence of other constituents in the application of crumb rubber as
modifiers. In this study, crumb rubber is referred as a free fine rubber particle made by tyre scrap
grinded. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of crumb rubber as a
modifier. With this purpose to be achieved, the objectives of this study are:
i) To determine the maximum percentage of crumb rubber tire by weight of bitumen

and optimum bitumen content for rubber modified mixture that can resist rut the
most.
ii) To compare the crumb rubber modified with conventional HMA in terms of rut
resistance.
iii) To determine the level of skid resistance using modified asphalt mixes
1.4 Scope of work
The scope of this study is to test of effect the crumb rubber modified mixture on
rut and skid resistance when different amounts of crumb rubber tire are being added into
the mixture. This study also aims to analyze and compare the maximum amount of crumb
rubber tire in a mixture that can resist rut and skid the most.

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Chapter 1

In Malaysia, the road network is very important in everyday communication. However,

i) To determine the maximum percentage of crumb rubber tire by weight of bitumen

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