ENIN 355 Lab 1
ENIN 355 Lab 1
*****Both equipment and procedure are messed up*****
What does messed up mean?
How does the cocurrent efficiency (99.4) is more than that of
counter current (98.3)???
also,....reynolds number formula…(mu) is used in
numerator...the formula should have (mu) in
denominator...also the value of dynamic viscosity is different
in the 3 tests of counter flow ? in there a reason why ? the
prandtl number should be constant...and for that the dynamic
viscosity value should be constant as well.
the reynolds number being more than 6000 says the flow is
turbulent...but nusselt number close to 1 suggests it to be
laminar. for a turbulent flow nusselt number is between
10100. Is the value of Prandtl number correct ???
Lab #1 – Heat Exchanger
Abhijeet Ghosh (200356701)
Chan Poonian (200347190)
Mackenzie Gelinas (200344406)
Rayann Soledad (200331496)
Alex Tataryn (200309137)
Josh Hankel (200344924)
Shjon French (200329115)
Submitted to Isam Al Zubaidi
28th January, 2016
ABSTRACT
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to assess the functionally and mechanism of a
tubular heat exchanger. This experiment shows that flow direction and rate are both important
parameters of a heat exchanger. For this experiment, a tubular heat exchanger was used under
counter current and cocurrent flow at different flow rates. The experiment was performed
under room temperature conditions and filtered water was heated to 50°C.It is observed that
higher flow rate generally increases the efficiency because of longer retention time which is
supported by the first law of thermodynamics and Fourier's law. Since, the heat transfer rate
is a function of mass flow rate, heat capacity and temperature. Therefore increased flow is
directly proportional to heat transfer rate which leads to increased efficiency. According to
the second law of thermodynamics, heat will only flow from hot object to cold object. This
result is shown by the change in exit temperatures from both cocurrent and counter current
flows. The experiment also demonstrates that countercurrent flow shows are more efficient
process. More importantly, the lab demonstrated that the heat exchanger lab back by
theoretical calculations shows that countercurrent flow and increased flow rate resulted in
more efficient design.
Table of contents
∙ Title Page.......................................................................................................................Page 1
∙ Abstract …………………………………………………………………………...…..Page 2
∙ Table of Contents………………………………………………………...…………....Page 3
∙
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….......Page
∙ Equipment Setup……………………………………………………………..….........Page
∙ Experimental Procedure ……………………………………………………..….……Page
∙ Safety……………………………………………………………………..……….….Page
∙ Original Data …………………………………………………...…………..……….Page
∙ Calculations …………………………………………………………………….......Page
∙ Result and Discussion………...……………………………………………..….…...Page
∙ Conclusions …………………………………………………………………..…......Page
∙ Recommendations …………………………………………………………...……...Page
∙ References...................................................................................................................Page
Figures
∙ Figure 1………………………………………………..Page
Figure 2………………………………………………..Page
Figure 3………………………………………………..Page
Figure 4………………………………………………..Page
Figure 5………………………………………………..Page
Introduction
Heat transfer is an important factor in many engineering design projects and therefore for its
important to understand to ensure design efficiency. Specifically, this lab will focus on the
transfer of heat from a warm liquid to a cold liquid through a solid barrier. The experiment is
designed to analyze the effects of direction of flow as well as the flow rate of the water. The
device used is the Armfield HT 30X Heat Exchanger Unit which allows for the measurement
of temperature and flow rate for two separate water streams. The hot water is heated in the
unit and pumped through a metal tube. The cold water is pumped through a plastic tub
surrounding the metal hot water tube ensuring that the hot and cold fluids are in contact
throughout the process. Three trials for each cocurrent and countercurrent flow will be done
and temperature and flow rate data recorded for hot water and cold water for each trial. The
heat transfer equation can then be used to calculate the heat gained and lost by the cold and
hot water respectively. The general form of this equation is below:
Q = U A ΔT (1)
Q = Heat transferred per unit time (w)
U = Overall Heat Transfer (w/m2 .K)
A = Cross sectional area of pipe (m2)
ΔT = Change in temperature (K)
The distinction between temperatures is as follows:
T1 = Hot Water In
T2 = Hot Water at Midpoint
T3 = Hot Water Out
T4 = Cold Water In
T5 = Cold Water Mid
T6 = Cold Water Out
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
Heat lost by the hot water: (2)
qe=qout*cpn*(t6−t4 )
Heat gained by cold fluid :
(3)
Heat Loss: qloss=q −q
(4)
e a
Where qin and qout are volume flow rate in and out.
System Efficiency: n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
(5)
Where Qe and Qa are heat emitted and heat absorbed respectively.
Hot water Efficiency: nhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
(6)
Cold water Efficiency: ncold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
(7)
Mean Efficiency : nmean = nhot+ncold /2
(8)
Where n = efficiency
Reynolds Number : Re = (di * v * ρ)/u (9)
di = Inside diameter of pipe
v = flow velocity
ρ = density of fluid
u = viscosity of fluid
Prandtl Number : P r = cp * uk
(10)
0.8
Nesselt Number : N u = 0.023(Re )(P r0.4)
(11)
Equipment Setup
Figure 3 Geometry of a basic shell and tube heat exchanger
Figure 4 Armfield HT30X Heat Exchanger Service Unit
Figure 5: Closer view of the hot water tube inside of the plastic cold water tube
Figure 4 shows the Armfield HT 30X Heat exchanger unit used in the lab, the unit is made up
of two parallel tubes one inside the other, the inner tube carries the hot water and the outer
tube carries the cold water. There are six temperature sensors located at the flow inlets and
outlets as well as the midpoint of each water line (hot and cold). These sensors allow the
temperature to be tracked as it moves through the heat exchanger. The volume flow rate for
each water line can be adjusted using the valves located at the inlets and the value for volume
flow rate is displayed on the screen.
The design objective of this equipment is to either add heat to a cold fluid, or remove heat
from a hot fluid. Based on the direction of fluid motion they can be classified as cocurrent or
parallel flow (fig 1), counter current flow or crossflow (fig. 2). For the purpose of this lab we
will be looking at cocurrent and countercurrent flow. When counter current flow is taking
place the hot and cold fluids enter and exit the equipment from opposite ends. When
cocurrent flow is taking place the hot and cold fluids enter and exit the equipment from the
same end.
Experiment Procedure
1. Turn the machine on
2. Adjust temperature setting to 50°C
3. Turn the hot water circulator on,
4. Set the flow indicator to F(cold), adjust V(cold) to roughly 1 litre/minute
5. Set the flow indicator to F(hot), adjust the hot water V (hot) to roughly 2 litre/minute
6. Wait 10 min for the water to reach stable temperature and flow
7. Record T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, F(hot) and F(cold)
8. Adjust V(cold) and wait 10 min Record the T and F values, Repeat a total of 3 times
9. Switch heat exchanged from cocurrent to counter current by switching the input and
output lines of the cold water portion of the heat exchanger.
10. Record T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, F(hot) and F(cold)
11. Adjust V(cold) and wait 10 min for temperature and flow to stabilize. Record T and F
values, Repeat a total of 3 times.
Safety
Safety in the lab should be practiced with the biggest precaution. This lab uses a steam
boiler; here are some extra safety tips that must be considered is the handling and care of this
boiler. This boiler has five safety features;
1. First is a safety valve, in case the pressure becomes too great in the boiler. This valve
functions by using a spring and as the pressure in the boiler increases than the spring
capacity, the valve will open releasing the pressure as steam.
2. Second, a pressure gauge has been fitted, which displays the pressure build up.
3. Third, is a safety shield encasing the boiler, in case of a over pressure buildup.
4. Fourth, a release valve which can be Opened/Closed to release the steam pressure.
5. Finally the safety valve is directly connected to a pipe which disposes of the steam
away from the operator.
6. Always wear your Personal Protective Equipment (ppe) in the lab at all times
a. Lab coat must be buttoned up completely to avoid from spills and other
materials from harming your clothing or skin.
b. Only completely closed toed shoes and long pants are allowed ie. No skirts,
shorts, or dresses
c. Safety Goggles must be worn at all times, to protect your eyes from any
harmful materials and liquids.
d. Rubber gloves should always be worn to avoid harmful chemicals spilling or
getting on your hands.
2. All persons in the lab must understand all safety procedures in case of emergencies or
lab accidents.
a. Note for the Eyewash station location, incase of emergency
i. Wash your eyes for 15 minutes, with cold water to ensure all the
harmful materials have washed out.
ii. Safety Shower location only used when harmful materials are spilled
on skin or on fire.
b. Fire Extinguisher
i. Class ABC fire extinguisher should be in the lab, incase of any kind of
fires. (Note: if the fire is too large to fight, you should not engage it.
c. Fire Alarm
i. PULL the fire alarm when a fire is too big to be put out with an
extinguisher and also poses a threat to other people .Clear the building
and get everyone out safely.
d. First Aid Box
i. Note the location of the first aid box, in case of quick requirement of
first aid kit. Quicker an injury is looked at, the better chance to reduce
the chance of further infection.
e. Lab/Campus Security
i. Note of the phone number if security is required for any reason.
3. Under no circumstances should there be food or drink in the lab. (This is to ensure no
one ingests any harmful materials.)
4. For people with long hair tied up and put it back to avoid the risk of it getting into
harmful chemicals and materials.
5. If an injury occurs, notify the professor assoonaspossible, as they will be able in
aiding with the problem.
6. Wash your hands thoroughly, as some chemicals might have been touched by your
hands without your knowledge.
7. To insure everyone's safety, use all the equipment for their intended purposes to avoid
any problems that may occur when using the equipment.
8. Always work in teams in the lab. Working alone is not accepted to ensure safety is
always upheld and an extra hand is always helpful.
9. Read the lab procedure before coming to the lab. To prior understand the steps of the
experiment. Always plan a procedure, because unplanned work can lead to
unexpected risks and hazards.
10. Absolutely no horse play in the lab to avoid any collisions or mistakes.
11. Use caution when handling chemicals or solvents, some chemicals can give off
harmful scents. Using the fume hood to avoid the scent from encapsulating the room.
Make sure the fume hood exhaust fan is always on.
12. Only move highpressure cylinders if you have been trained or certified to by your
organization. Make sure the cylinder is bolted down properly.
13. To avoid any experimental errors make sure all labels are proper and kept up to date
in the lab. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are used to identify chemicals. Be
familiar with the sheets and how to read them as provide all information about the
specific chemical you are using from storage, to safety and chemical composition.
14. Never force any equipment as this may lead to breaking glass or machinery.
15. Glassware must always be handled with care
a. Caution is needed when handling hot and cold glassware.
b. Broken glass must be disposed of immediately into a specific broken glass
container
16. All spills must be cleaned up immediately. If a large spill occurs, inform your
professor to find out the quickest way to clean the spill
17. When using high pressure cylinders make sure that the regulator is proper and not
broken to ensure no leaks occur while being used.
18. When exiting the lab, turn off all ignition sources and close all compressed air
cylinders. Also be sure to turn out the lights and lock the doors.
19. Always follow the directions of your instructor. They will be able to make sure your
experiment is done safely and properly to avoid injury and accidents. If you are ever
confused or want to know something more about the lab or safety just ASK. Little
knowledge is dangerous knowledge.
20. Finally practice safety until it becomes a habit.
Calculations
Cocurrent Flow
Test 1
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=1004.27 kj/s
qe=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qe=998.26 kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss= (1004.27−998.26)kj
s
qloss=6.01 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
998.26 ) 100%
n = (1004.27 *
n = 99.4%
nhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
nhot = 0.1355
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
ncold = 0.256
nmean = nhot+ncold /2
nmean = 0.1957
u = Q/(A * ∆T )
U = 1004.27/(0.0184537*((50.9−11.8)−(45.6−21.8))
ln ( 50.8−11..8 ) )
45.6−21.8
U = 1765.79 mw2 * K
Re = (di * v * ρ)/u
0.0083*(*0.0000453
0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.000566
Re = 12277.61
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.181 * 0.000566)/16
P r = 0.000148
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 1.26
Test 2
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=985.209 kj/s
qa=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qa= 977.01kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss= (985.209−977.01)kj
s
qloss=8.2 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
977.01 ) 100%
n = (985.209 *
n = 99.2%
μhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
μhot = 0.144
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
μcold = (21.1 − 11.3)℃/(50.8 − 11.3)℃
μcold = 0.248
μmean = μhot+μcold /2
μmean = 0.196
u = Q/(A * ∆T )
U = 985.209/(0.0184537 * (50.8−11.3)−(45.1−21.1)
ln ( 50.8−11.3 ) )
45.1−21.1
U = 1716.16 mw2 * K
Re = (di * μ * ρ)/u
0.0000413
0.0083*( 0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.000566
Re = 11194.75
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.1817 * 0.000566)/16
P r = 0.000148
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 1.17
Test 3
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=976.24 kj/s
qa=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qa= 935.46kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss=(976.24−935.46)kj
s
qloss=40.79 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
n = (935.46
976.24) * 100%
n = 95.8%
μhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
μhot = 0.171
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
μcold = 0.2267
μmean = μhot+μcold /2
μmean = 0.1989
U = Q/A * ∆T
U = 976.24/(0.0184537 * (50.9−11.2)−(44.2−20.2)
ln ( 50.9−11..2 ) )
44.2−20.2
U = 1695.88 mw2 * K
Re = (di * v * ρ)/u
0.0083*(*0.0000343
0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.0005713
Re = 9211.08
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.1815 * 0.0005713)/16
P r = 0.000149
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 1.01
Counter current flow
Test 1
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=1042.77 kj/s
qa=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qe=1025.34 kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss= (1042.77−1025.34)kj
s
qloss=17.43 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
n = (1025.34
1042.77 ) * 100%
n = 98.32%
μhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
μhot = 0.1802
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
μcold = 0.237
μmean = μhot+μcold /2
μmean = 0.2086
U = Q/A * ∆T
U = 1042.77/(0.0184537 * (50.6−10.1)−(43.3−19.7)
ln ( 50.6−10.1 ) )
43.3−19.7
U = 1805.74 mw2 * K
Re = (di * μ * ρ)/u
0.0083*(*0.0000342
0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.000576
Re = 9109.29
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.181 * 0.000576)/16
P r = 0.00015
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 0.999
Test 2
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=1121.263kj/s
qa=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qa=1131.34 kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss= (1121.263−1131.34)kj
s
qloss=−10.08 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
1131.34 ) 100%
n = (1121.263 *
n = 100.9%
μhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
μhot = 0.1589
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
μcold = (20.3 − 9.7)℃/(50.6 − 9.7)℃
μcold = 0.259
μmean = μhot+μcold /2
μmean = 0.20895
U = Q/A * ∆T
U = 1121.263/(0.0184537 * (50.6−9.7)−(44.1−20.3)
ln ( 50.6−9.7 ) )
44.1−20.3
U = 1924.53 mw2 * K
Re = (di * μ * ρ)/u
0.0083*(*0.0000417
0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.000571
Re = 11204.2
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.1815 * 0.000571)/16
P r = 0.00015
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 1.87
Test 3
qe=qin*cpn*(t1−t3)
qe=1099.45kj/s
qa=qout*cpn*(t6−t4)
qe=1087.31 kj/s
qloss=qe−qa
qloss= (1099.45−10897.31)kj
s
qloss=12.14 kj
s
n = Qa/Qe * 100(%)
1087.3 ) 100%
n = (1099.45 *
n = 98.9%
μhot = ∆t/(th− tc)
μhot = 0.143
μcold = ∆t/ (th − tc)
μcold = 0.268
μmean = μhot+μcold /2
μmean = 0.2055
U = Q/A * ∆T
U = 1099.45/(0.0184537 * (50.6−10.1)−(44.8−21)
ln (50.6−10.1 ) )
44.8−21
U = 1896.58 mw2 * K
Re = (di * μ * ρ)/u
0.0083*(*0.0000463
0.0000541 )*1000
Re = 0.000568
Re = 12505.86
P r = cp * uk
P r = (4.1815 * 0.000568)/16
P r = 0.00015
N u = 0.023(Re0.8)(P r0.4)
N u = 1.29
Charts
Discussion and Results
Everyone has to do their own discussions as well!!!
Alex Tataryn
Energy balance across the shell and tube heat exchanger was calculated for
countercurrent and cocurrent flow. The overall heat transfer efficiency for countercurrent and
cocurrent flow was calculated to be 99.4% for countercurrent and cocurrent is 98.34%,
respectively. One of the main reasons why a lot of plants use counter current flow in their
operations is due to the heat transfer coefficient being higher than that of cocurrent flow,
making the process more efficient.
Cocurrent (parallel flow) is when the flow of hot and cold fluid is taking place in the
same direction. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluid keeps on
decreasing from one end to the other. Since both hot and cold flow in the same direction, they
are less efficient at retaining energy and more heat is lost to the water. In cocurrent flow the
exit temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid,
this is supported by the data taken. Countercurrent flow is when hot fluid enters from one end
of the heat exchanger and the cold from the opposite end. This results in a nearly constant
temperature difference between the hot and cold fluid. The constant temperature change
between fluids makes countercurrent exchangers preferable over cocurrent exchangers
(Sakshat Virtual Labs, 2011). Countercurrent flow utilizes the parallel pipes of flowing fluid
in opposite directions in order to save energy, reducing the amount of heat lost to the water.
In countercurrent flow the exit temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the exit
temperature of the cold fluid, this is supported by the data taken. Counter current flow is also
capable of having a higher cold water exit temperature than hot water exit temperature, this
cannot be seen in our results since our flow rates were too high. If the lab were to be repeated
with lower flow rates, it would be possible to demonstrate this situation.
Since the efficiency for counter current flow was determined to be lower, 98.34%,
than the efficiency for cocurrent flow, 99.4%, there was likely error during the experiment.
This is because less heat is lost to the water when the fluids flow in opposite directions,
resulting in more energy to be saved. Since fluids in countercurrent flow run in opposite
directions while fluids in cocurrent flow run in the same direction, we would expect counter
current flow to be more efficient for heat exchange and have a higher efficiency. This error
may be due to false temperature readings. The knobs of the shell and tube heat exchanger
were very sensitive which made taking accurate temperature readings more difficult.
Shjon French
This experiment utilized the heat exchanger to determine the transfer of thermal energy from
hot water (50 degrees celsius) to cooler water (roughly 10 degrees celsius). From the data and
charts determined through experimentation, it can be seen that the data follows the proper
patterns set forth by the pre lab instructional handouts supplied for both the cocurrent and
countercurrent experiments. Theoretically there would be 100% efficiency if there was no
energy loss however from the experiment it was determined that there is only about an
19.69% efficiency in heat transfer in cocurrent flow and 20.77% efficiency in heat transfer in
countercurrent flow. This too is supported by the theory that countercurrent is more efficient
than cocurrent flows. Additionally, It was determined that higher flow rates operate more
efficiently for heat transfer than the lower flow rates. It’s is also seen that as flow rates
decrease for both cocurrent and countercurrent flows the values progress to more laminar
flow however throughout the entire experiment the flow is turbulent. Prandtl’s number refers
to the heat diffusivity value, as expected the value of Prandtl’s number remains roughly the
same throughout all the values. Since these Reynold’s numbers all refer to turbulent flow it
may be assumed that there is forced convection and thus the Nusselt number is based entirely
on the value of the Reynolds number of the system. Error in this experiment would have
occurred from the imperfect nature of the “cold” water used being that it was only filtered not
distilled so in some respects the water would have hard minerals which would decrease the
efficiency of the system.
Josh Hankel 200344924
The goal of the heat transfer lab was to observe the effects of flow velocity and direction on
heat exchange between hot and cold water. The two types of flow used in this lab were
cocurrent and countercurrent. As expected countercurrent flow was found to be more
efficient than cocurrent with respective efficiencies of 19.69% and 20.77% over the three
trials. The margin between the two is small due to high flow rates and a relatively short
period of contact between the hot and cold water but the data is consistent with expected
results. The short contact period did help reduce the energy lost to the surroundings as the
overall system efficiency was found to be 99.4 and 98.3 for countercurrent and cocurrent
flow respectively. Any error in the experiment could most likely be attributed to the cold
water supply being filtered tap water due to potential impurities in the water and the large
pressure fluctuations in the lines. The experiment is a useful look at the practical side of heat
transfer which is an important feature of efficient engineering design.
DISCUSSION
The heat exchanger is a great engineering tool that takes advantage of thermodynamics. The
petroleum industry takes advantage of this idea. An oil bulk treater uses the sample principle
by heating up hydrocarbon fluids and separates the fluids because of different fluid properties
points. Its great advantage is that it allows heat transfer without having direct contact with
fluid allowing it to be useful in any process systems. This lab is a good way to test it this
theory and discover ways to improve its efficiency on a small scale experiment. The lab
demonstrates this by controlling the flow rate and direction of flow. By changing these two
simple parameters, it greatly affected our goal which is to maximize efficiency. The
experiment shows increased efficiency values when the flow rates are increased. Also,
countercurrent flow resulted in a more efficient design compared to cocurrent flow. For this
specific experiment, countercurrent flow was achieved by switching the cold water flow inlet
and outlet. For ease of access, cold water flow was switched since switching the hot water
flow means shutting down the device; since the cold water inlet and outlet was easily
switched the experiment was performed more efficiently. The quality of cold water should
also be taken into consideration since it has an uncontrolled flow and temperature which will
definitely alter the results. Similarly, the flow control was easily changed by restriction of hot
water flow with a ball valve. In this experiment countercurrent flow showed positive results.
These result were achieved because of the most basic principle of countercurrent exchange,
countercurrent flow had better efficiency because it has a lower temperature gradient along
the pipe. It also allows the cold exit be exposed to the initial hot water flow thus having a
higher cold water outlet temperature.It is also important to mention that filtered water was
used as a hot fluid because calcium and magnesium carbonates are dissolved in the tap water
that could precipitate or build up onto the water heating coil surface that could potentially
damage the equipment.
RayannSoledad
200331496
Discussion Abhijeet Ghosh (200356701)
This experiment was carried to determine the overall coefficient of heat transfer for a shell
and tube heat exchanger using both cocurrent and countercurrent flows. Use of energy
balance allowed to calculate the overall efficiency at different fluid flow rates.
Cocurrent flow occurs when the hot and cold fluid streams flow in the same direction across
flow in opposite direction across the heat transfer surface.
The very first thing which is visible is the different efficiencies achieved in cocurrent and
countercurrent flows. The counter current flow has better efficiency which explains the use of
countercurrent flows in industries. The calculation of Reynold's number shows higher values
representing Turbulent flow.
In the experiment performed, the flow of water was turbulent and because of this the value of
Reynolds number should have been higher than 6000. Reynolds number is a dimensionless
quantity that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. As
per the calculations the Reynold's number always turns out to be larger than 6000, indicating
the flow to be turbulent.
The Prandtl number is another dimensionless number calculated in this experiment. Prandtl
number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. Prandtl number
depends only on the fluid and the fluid state and hence it should be almost constant during the
experiment. As per the values calculated, the Prandtl number is constant during the
experiment which agrees with the above property of Prandtl number.
Nusselt Number is defined as the ratio of convective and conductive heat transfer across the
boundary. Nusselt number is also calculated in the experiment by using DittusBoelter
equation. This equation is used because the Reynold's number calculated indicated turbulent
flow.
Overall the experiment was successful and efficiencies for both cocurrent and countercurrent
was calculated. Due to certain limitations the efficiency turned out to be near hundred and not
exactly hundred. The section of recommendations give few suggestions in order to reduce
these errors so as to get more accurate and consistent results. Few fluctuations in values of
Prandtl's number is also seen, and again this is because of the turbulent flow which is not
getting enough time to stabilize.
Conclusion
In this experiment the heat lost by the hot water, heat gained by the cold fluid, heat loss,
system efficiency, hot and cold water efficiencies, mean efficiency are determined along with
the Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers in both cocurrent and countercurrent flows. We
can see that the higher flow rates result in higher efficiencies due to increased retention time
which follows the first law of Thermodynamics and and Fourier’s law. This lab also
determined that the countercurrent flow is more efficient than cocurrent flow.
Recommendations
There are some specific recommendations for this experiment so as to get results with more
accuracy and consistency. Reduction in heat loss to the environment will result in more
available heat being transferred to the fluid and increased heat transfer coefficients for both
the countercurrent and cocurrent flows. The HT 30X heat exchanger can come with a built in,
separate cold water housing within the equipment bench. This would provide the system with
a supply of colddistilled water rather than using tap water, which eliminates the variable cold
water supply and prevent fluctuating results during the experiment. Also, the intake of the
cold will be more, near to constant temperature, making the results better. Performing the
experiment with much longer intervals will help the readings to be more consistent. Increase
in the length of the tube of the heat exchanger will give more accurate results.
References
http://www.ufa.com/petroleum/resources/fuel/diesel_fuel_resources.html
Orbey, H., & Sandler, S. I. (1993). The prediction of the viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons and
their mixtures as a function of temperature and pressure.
The Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering 71
, (3), 437446.
Sakshat Virtual Labs. (2011). SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER. Retrieved 26
January 2016, from iitkgp.vlab.co.in/?sub=35&brch=107&sim=1174&cnt=1
Handout Laboratory (ENIN 355) UR courses spring /summer 2015
Prandtl number. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved January 27, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl_number
Reynolds number. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved January 27, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number
Nusselt number. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved January 27, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusselt_number