Chapter 1

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Title: Automatic Sun Tracking Smart Wheelchair With Real Time Navigation

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTODUCTION

Aging is a multifactorial procedure prompting changes in skeletal muscle amount and quality,
which cause muscle shortcoming and inability in the maturing populace. Crushing pain in legs
and moving toes disorder is a particular clinical substance and in lion's share of the patients there
are some fundamental causes related spinal cord, cauda equina, or fringe neuropathy. Statistics
demonstrate that Spinal cord damage influences 30% to 60% individuals in 1 million. Every year
27.9% have all out paraplegia, and 18.5% have all out tetraplegia. The rate of muscle misfortune
has been built up to range from 1 to 2 % every year past the age of 50 years, because of which
25 % of individuals younger than 70 years and 40 % of those beyond 80 years old years are
Sarcopenic [?] .To make them free, we are proposing a framework for wheelchair which moves
toward the path following to voice order.
To perform capacities an incapacitated individual with train inabilities needs a wheelchair that
require him or her to move around freely. He/She can do as such physically by pushing the
wheelchair with his/her hands. Anyway, a significant number of us have frail upper appendages
or locate the manual method of working excessively tiring. In this manner it is attractive to give
them with a mechanized wheelchair which is constrained by moving a voice directions. The
principle point of this venture is to encourage the development of the handicapped and older
individuals who can't move legitimately so with this we can empower them to have better
existences with no such issues. Speech recognition is a key innovation which can give human
collaboration with machines for controlling a wheelchair.
A few investigations have presumed that the free portability or development which is
incorporated controlled wheelchair, manual wheelchair and walker get to the advantage to all
the incapacitated people .Independent versatility increments professional and instructive
chances, decreases reliance on different individuals and promotes feelings of self-reliance and
independence .Sovereign mobility assumes a vital role in structure, the establishment of much
early learning for youngsters. The absence of investigation and control normally results into a
cycle of hardship and absence of inspiration that prompts learned helplessness.
Add paragraph on already existing high price and this one is under range of poor people.

Not only voice commands but also a joystick is provided with wheelchair which helps the patient
to move independently. Sometimes patient has some throat problem or he has some issue with
his neck and not able to speak that’s why a joystick is provided which can move wheelchair freely
in all direction automatically without any hard effort.
In Pakistan energy is a big issue. The wheelchair we have proposed has solar tracking plates.
Sunlight based energy is spotless and accessible in wealth. Sunlight based advancements utilize
the sun for arrangement of warmth, light and power. These are for modern and local applications.
With the disturbing rate of exhaustion of consumption of major traditional vitality sources like
oil, coal and flammable gases, combined with ecological brought about by the way toward
tackling these vitality sources. It has turned into a pressing need to put resources into sustainable
power sources that can control the future adequately. The vitality capability of the sun is gigantic.
The best productivity of most of monetarily accessible sun powered cells runs among 10 and 20
percent. This demonstrates there is still opportunity to get better. This venture tries to distinguish
a method for improving proficiency of solar plates. Sunlight based following is utilized. The
following system moves and positions the sun oriented exhibit with the end goal that it is situated
for greatest power yield. When it comes to the development of any nation, energy is the main
driving factor.
There is an enormous quantity of energy that gets extracted, distributed, converted and
consumed every single day in the global society. Fossil fuels account for around 85 percent of
energy that is produced [?]. Fossil fuel resources are limited and using them is known cause of
global warming because of emission of greenhouse gases. There is a growing need for energy
from such sources as solar, wind, ocean tidal waves and geothermal for the provision of
sustainable and power.

Solar panels directly convert radiation from the sun into electrical energy. The panels are
mainly manufactured from semiconductor materials, notably silicon. Their efficiency is 24.5%
on the higher side [?] . Three ways of increasing the efficiency of the solar panels are through
increase of cell efficiency, maximizing the power output and the use of a tracking system. Solar
tracking is a system that is mechanized to track the position of the sun to increase power
output by between 30% and 60% than systems that are stationary. It is a more cost effective
solution than the purchase of solar panels [?].
The level to which the efficiency is improved will depend on the efficiency of the tracking
system and the weather. Very efficient trackers will offer more efficiency because they are able
to track the sun with more precision. There will be bigger increase in efficiency in cases where
the weather is sunny and thus favorable for the tracking system. Continue it a bit further.
Wheelchair has dual Charing ports. One from main AC supplies and other one is from Solar panel.
Sometimes there might be issue of charging from AC mains that’s why an alternative is provided
which not only reduce consumption of electricity but also provide better experience of charging.
Add more customization such as extra space, draws , adjustable seat, comfortable head rest, seat
belt etc.
Another feature that is proposed is navigation. Navigation requires a person to know the vehicle's
relative location, or position compared to other known locations. The earliest navigation
methods involved observing landmarks or watching the direction of the sun and stars
Compasses, which indicate direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles, are used in navigation
on land, at sea, and in the air. Compasses were being used for navigation by the 1100s, and are
still the most familiar navigational tools in the world.
We proposed GPS based navigational aid services. GPS, or worldwide situating framework, is a
satellite-based route framework. While the GPS framework is subsidized and constrained by the
U.S. governments Department of Defense. Anybody with a GPS collector can utilize it free of cost.
The framework works much like radio route. A GPS gadget gets a signal from the satellites, and
it figures position dependent on the time it takes for the signal to transmit and the precise
position of the satellites. It is a very precise route device.
Google Maps by Google LLC. is a web mapping administration created by Google. It offers satellite
symbolism, flying photography, road maps, 360° all encompassing perspectives on lanes (Street
View), constant traffic conditions (Google Traffic), and course getting ready for going by foot,
vehicle, bike and air (in beta), or public transportation. Extend two more paragraphs for street
view and street navigation etc.

The basic component that is used to interface voice recondition module v3.1 , solar panel ,
joystick module and andrid/ios device is Arduino UNO. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board
developed by Arduino.cc which is an open-source electronic platform mainly based on AVR
microcontroller Atmega328. The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6
analog input pins, 14 I/O digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits.
Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins can be used for PWM output.

This board comes with all the features required to run the controller and can be directly
connected to the computer through USB cable that is used to transfer the code to the controller
using IDE (Integrated Development Environment) software, mainly developed to program
Arduino. IDE is equally compatible with Windows, MAC or Linux Systems, however, Windows is
preferable to use. Programming languages like C and C++ are used in IDE.

Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is added on the board to develop serial
communication with the computer Only 5 V is required to turn the board on, which can be
achieved directly using USB port or external adopter, however, it can support external power
source up to 12 V which can be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V based on the requirement of
the project
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Wheelchair system is one of the common vehicle is limited in its functions, such as it needs
human force to move it. It is also can’t be use for a long period as the user will be tired in moving
the chair using his or her own energy. Due to extreme use of ordinary wheelchair person might
have pain in his hand,arm or shoulders and it will cause to permanent damage. Electricity
consumption is an issue due to lack of resources.
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are :

1. Identify suitable general wheel chair for the usage of handicap people.
2. Redesign the wheelchair by adjusting solar tracking plates for charging the battery
3. Implement and program voice recognition kit for disabled person.
4. Interface joystick with hardware for better performance.
5. Attach Android/IOS installed devices for navigational aid.

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE


This project is confine to following scope of study :
1. Identify and selected the suitable wheel chair for daily life activity
2. Facilitate the patient with effortless wheelchair using voice commands
3. Enhance the mobility power by adjusting solar panel in it.
4. Implementation of joystick that help the patient easy to operable.
5. Android/IOS devices help to navigate the patient to specific route

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