K S R INSTITUTE FOR ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
TIRUCHENGODE-637 215

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Syllabus
 Questions & Answers
 University Question Bank

Student Name :
Register Number :
Subject Code / Name : CS8494 – SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Regulation : 2017
Sem / Year : IV / II
Degree / Branch : B.E CSE

Prepared By Approved By

Mr.R.Venkatesan M.E., Dr. B. Kalaavathi

AP / CSE HOD / CSE

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 CS8494 – SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LTPC

3003
OBJECTIVES:
The student should be made to:
 To understand the phases in a software project
 To understand fundamental concepts of requirements engineering and Analysis Modeling.
 To understand the various software design methodologies
 To learn various testing and maintenance measures
UNIT I SOFTWARE PROCESS AND AGILE DEVELOPMENT 9
Introduction to Software Engineering, Software Process, Perspective and Specialized Process Models –
Introduction to Agility-Agile process-Extreme programming-XP Process.
UNIT II REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION 9
Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional, User requirements, System requirements, Software
Requirements Document – Requirement Engineering Process: Feasibility Studies, Requirements elicitation and
analysis, requirements validation, requirements management-Classical analysis: Structured system Analysis,
Petri Nets- Data Dictionary.
UNIT III SOFTWARE DESIGN 9
Design process – Design Concepts-Design Model– Design Heuristic – Architectural Design -Architectural
styles, Architectural Design, Architectural Mapping using Data Flow- User Interface Design: Interface analysis,
Interface Design –Component level Design: Designing Class based components, traditional Components.
UNIT IV TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 9
Software testing fundamentals-Internal and external views of Testing-white box testing - basis path testing-
control structure testing-black box testing- Regression Testing – Unit Testing – Integration Testing – Validation
Testing – System Testing And Debugging –Software Implementation Techniques: Coding practices-
Refactoring-Maintenance and Reengineering-BPR model-Reengineering process model-Reverse and Forward
Engineering.
UNIT V PROJECT MANAGEMENT 9
Software Project Management: Estimation – LOC, FP Based Estimation, Make/Buy Decision COCOMO I & II
Model – Project Scheduling – Scheduling, Earned Value Analysis Planning – Project Plan, Planning Process,
RFP Risk Management – Identification, Projection - Risk Management-Risk Identification-RMMM Plan-CASE
TOOLS TOTAL: 45
PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Identify the key activities in managing a software project And Compare different process models.
 Concepts of requirements engineering and Analysis Modeling.
 Apply systematic procedure for software design and deployment.
 Compare and contrast the various testing and maintenance.
 Manage project schedule, estimate project cost and effort required.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Roger S. Pressman, ―Software Engineering – A Practitioner‟s Approach‖, Seventh Edition, Mc Graw-
Hill International Edition, 2010.
2. Ian Sommerville, ―Software Engineering‖, 9th Edition, Pearson Education Asia, 2011.
REFERENCES:
1. Rajib Mall, ―Fundamentals of Software Engineering‖, Third Edition, PHI Learning PrivateLimited,
2009.
2. Pankaj Jalote, ―Software Engineering, A Precise Approach‖, Wiley India, 2010.
3. Kelkar S.A., ―Software Engineering‖, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, 2007.
4. Stephen R.Schach, ―Software Engineering‖, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited,2007.
5. http://nptel.ac.in/.

Course Coordinator Module Coordinator Programme Coordinator

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 QUESTION BANKWITH ANSWERS
UNIT I SOFTWARE PROCESS AND AGILE DEVELOPMENT
1. What is software engineering?
Software engineering is a discipline in which theories, methods and tools are applied
to develop professional software.

2. What is Software?
Software is nothing but a collection of computer programs that are related documents
that are indented to provide desired features, functionalities and better performance.

3. What are the characteristics of the software?

 Software is engineered, not manufactured.

 Software does not wear out.
 Most software is custom built rather than being assembled from components.

4. What are the various categories of software?

 System software
 Application software
 Engineering/Scientific software
 Embedded software
 Web Applications
 Artificial Intelligence software

5. What are the challenges in software?

 Copying with legacy systems.

 Heterogeneity challenge
 Delivery times challenge

6. Define software process.

Software process is defined as the structured set of activities that are required to
develop the software system.

7. What are the fundamental activities of a software process?

 Specification
 Design and implementation
 Validation
 Evolution

8. What are the umbrella activities of a software process?

 Software project tracking and control.

 Risk management.
 Software Quality Assurance.
 Formal Technical Reviews.
 Software Configuration Management.

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  Work product preparation and production.
 Reusability management.
 Measurement.

9. What are the merits of incremental model?

 The incremental model can be adopted when there are less number of people involved
in the project.
 Technical risks can be managed with each increment.
 For a very small time span, at least core product can be delivered to the customer.

10. List the task regions in the Spiral model.

 Customer communication – In this region it is suggested to establish customer

communication.
 Planning – All planning activities are carried out in order to define resources timeline
and other project related activities.
 Risk analysis – The tasks required to calculate technical and management risks.
 Engineering – In this the task region, tasks required to build one or more
representations of applications are carried out.
 Construct and release – All the necessary tasks required to construct, test, install the
applications are conducted. ¾_Customer evaluation – Customer‟ s feedback is
obtained and based on the customer evaluation required tasks are performed and
implemented at installation stage.

11. What are the drawbacks of spiral model?

 It is based on customer communication. If the communication is not proper then the

software product that gets developed will not be the up to the mark.
 It demands considerable risk assessment. If the risk assessment is done properly then
only the successful product can be obtained.

12. What is System Engineering?

System Engineering means designing, implementing, deploying and operating
systems which include hardware, software and people

13. List the process maturity levels in SEIs CMM.

Level 1: Initial – Few processes are defined and individual efforts are taken.
Level 2: Repeatable – To track cost schedule and functionality basic project
management processes are established.
Level 3: Defined – The process is standardized, documented and followed.
Level 4: Managed – Both the software process and product are quantitatively
understood and controlled using detailed measures.
Level 5: Optimizing – Establish mechanisms to plan and implement change.

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14. What is an effectors process?
The effectors process is a process that verifies itself. The effector process exists in
certain criteria.

15. Define the computer based system.

The computer based system can be defined as “a set or an arrangement of elements
that are organized to accomplish some predefined goal by processing information”.

16. What does Verification represent?

Verification represents the set of activities that are carried out to confirm that the
software correctly implements the specific functionality.

17. What does Validation represent?

Validation represents the set of activities that ensure that the software that has been
built is satisfying the customer requirements.

18. What are the steps followed in testing?

 Unit testing – The individual components are tested in this type of testing.
 Module testing – Related collection of independent components are tested.
 Sub-system testing – This is a kind of integration testing. Various modules are
integrated into a subsystem and the whole subsystem is tested.
 System testing – The whole system is tested in this system.
 Acceptance testing – This type of testing involves testing of the system with customer
data. If the system behaves as per customer need then it is accepted.

19. What is the use of CMM?

Capability Maturity Model is used in assessing how well an organisation‟s processes allow to
complete and manage new software projects.

20. Name the Evolutionary process Models.

 Incremental model
 Spiral model
 WIN-WIN spiral model
 Concurrent Development

21. What is requirement engineering?

Requirement engineering is the process of establishing the services that the customer
requires from the system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed.

22. What are the various types of traceability in software engineering?

 Source traceability – These are basically the links from requirement to stakeholders
who propose these requirements.
 Requirements traceability – These are links between dependant requirements.
 Design traceability – These are links from requirements to design.

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 Part -B
1. Explain iterative waterfall and spiral model for software life cycle and various
activities in each phase. (16)

 Water fall model and spiral model

 Communication
 Planning
 Modelling
 Construction
 Deployment
 Advantages and disadvantages

2. Explain about the incremental model. (16)

 Incremental model
 Communication
 Planning
 Modelling
 Construction
 Deployment
 Advantages and disadvantages

3. Explain in detail about the software process. (16)

 Process
 Framework
 Communication, Planning, Modelling, Construction, Deployment
 Software project tracking and control
 Software quality assurance
 Technical reviews
 Measurements
 SCM, reusability management
 Work product preparation and production

4. Explain in detail about the life cycle process. (16)

 Waterfall model
 Incremental model
 Evolutionary process model
 Concurrent model
 Specialized models

5. Explain COCOMO Model in detail? (16)

 Basics of COCOMO
 Intermediate

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6. Explain in detail about project scheduling & EVA? (16)

 Basic principles
 Relationship between people and effort
 Effort distribution
 Scheduling
 Earned value analysis

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 UNIT II REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION
23. Define software prototyping.
Software prototyping is defined as a rapid software development for validating the
requirements.

24. What are the benefits of prototyping?

 Prototype serves as a basis for deriving system specification.

 Design quality can be improved.
 System can be maintained easily.
 Development efforts may get reduced.
 System usability can be improved.

25. What are the prototyping approaches in software process?

 Evolutionary prototyping – In this approach of system development, the initial

prototype is prepared and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage.
 Throw-away prototyping – Using this approach a rough practical implementation of
the system is produced. The requirement problems can be identified from this
implementation. It is then discarded. System is then developed using some different
engineering paradigm.

26. What are the advantages of evolutionary prototyping?

 Fast delivery of the working system.

 User is involved while developing the system.
 More useful system can be delivered.
 Specification, design and implementation work in co-ordinated manner.

27. What are the various Rapid prototyping techniques?

 Dynamic high level language development.

 Database programming.
 Component and application assembly.

28. What is the use of User Interface prototyping?

This prototyping is used to pre-specify the look and feel of user interface in an
effective way.

29. What are the characteristics of SRS?

 Correct – The SRS should be made up to date when appropriate requirements are
identified.
 Unambiguous – When the requirements are correctly understood then only it is
possible to write unambiguous software.
 Complete – To make SRS complete, it shold be specified what a software designer
wants to create software.
 Consistent – It should be consistent with reference to the functionalities identified.
 Specific – The requirements should be mentioned specifically.

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  Traceable – What is the need for mentioned requirement? This should be correctly
identified.

30. What are the objectives of Analysis modelling?

 To describe what the customer requires.

 To establish a basis for the creation of software design.
 To devise a set of valid requirements after which the software can be built.

31. What is data modelling?

Data modelling is the basic step in the analysis modelling. In data modelling the data
objects are examined independently of processing. The data model represents how data are
related with one another.

32. What is a data object?

Data object is a collection of attributes that act as an aspect, characteristic, quality, or
descriptor of the object.

33. What are attributes?

Attributes are the one, which defines the properties of data object.

34. What is cardinality in data modelling?

Cardinality in data modelling, cardinality specifies how the number of occurrences of
one object is related to the number of occurrences of another object.

35. What does modality in data modelling indicates?

Modality indicates whether or not a particular data object must participate in the
relationship.

36. What is ERD?

Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation of the object relationship
pair. It is mainly used in database applications.

37. What is DFD?

Data Flow Diagram depicts the information flow and the transforms that are applied
on the data as it moves from input to output.

38. What does Level0 DFD represent?

Level 0 DFD is called as „fundamental system model‟ or „context model‟. In the
context model the entire software system is represented by a single bubble with input and
output indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows.

39. What is a state transition diagram?

State transition diagram is basically a collection of states and events. The events cause
the system to change its state. It also represents what actions are to be taken on the
occurrence of particular event.

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40. Define Data Dictionary.
The data dictionary can be defined as an organized collection of all the data elements
of the system with precise and rigorous definitions so that user and system analyst will have a
common understanding of inputs, outputs, components of stores and intermediate
calculations.

41. What are the elements of Analysis model?

 Data Dictionary
 Entity Relationship Diagram
 Data Flow Diagram
 State Transition Diagram
 Control Specification
 Process specification

Part-B
1. Explain in detail about Functional and non functional requirements.
(16)

 Introduction about requirements

 Functional requirements
 Non Functional requirements

2. Explain in detail about user requirements. (16)

 Specification user requirements

o Capability and constraint requirements
 Methods for user requirement capture
o Interviews and surveys
o Studies of existing systems and system requirements
o Feasibility study
o Prototyping
 Methods for user requirement Specification
o Natural language
o Mathematical formalism
o Structured English
o Tables
3. Explain in detail elicitation and analysis.
(16)

 Requirement discovery
 Interviewing
 Scenarios
 Use cases
 Ethnography

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4. Explain about requirement validation and management. (16)

 Validation
 Requirement management planning
 Change management

5. Explain Petri nets and data dictionary. (16)

 Introduction
 Petri nets
 Case study
 Data dictionary

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 UNIT III- SOFTWARE DESIGN
42. What are the elements of design model?

 Data design
 Architectural design
 Interface design
 Component-level design

43. Define design process.

Design process is a sequence of steps carried through which the requirements are
translated into a system or software model.

44. List the principles of a software design.

 The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision”.

 The design should be traceable to the analysis model.
 The design should exhibit uniformity and integration.
 Design is not coding.
 The design should not reinvent the wheel.

45. What is the benefit of modular design?

Changes made during testing and maintenance becomes manageable and they do not
affect other modules.

46. What is a cohesive module?

A cohesive module performs only “one task” in software procedure with little
interaction with other modules. In other words cohesive module performs only one thing.

47. What are the different types of Cohesion?

 Coincidentally cohesive –The modules in which the set I\of tasks are related with each
other loosely then such modules are called coincidentally cohesive.
 Logically cohesive – A module that performs the tasks that are logically related with
each other is called logically cohesive.
 Temporal cohesion – The module in which the tasks need to be executed in some
specific time span is called temporal cohesive.
 Procedural cohesion – When processing elements of a module are related with one
another and must be executed in some specific order then such module is called
procedural cohesive.
 Communicational cohesion – When the processing elements of a module share the
data then such module is called communicational cohesive.

48. What is coupling?

Coupling is the measure of interconnection among modules in a program structure. It
depends on the interface complexity between modules.

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49. What are the various types of coupling?

 Data coupling – The data coupling is possible by parameter passing or data

interaction.
 Control coupling – The modules share related control data in control coupling.
 Common coupling – The common data or a global data is shared among modules.
 Content coupling – Content coupling occurs when one module makes use of data or
control information maintained in another module.

50. What are the common activities in design process?

 System structuring – The system is subdivided into principle subsystems components

and communications between these subsystems are identified.
 Control modelling – A model of control relationships between different parts of the
system is established.
 Modular decomposition – The identified subsystems are decomposed into modules.

51. What are the benefits of horizontal partitioning?

 Software that is easy to test.

 Software that is easier to maintain.
 Propagation of fewer side effects.
 Software that is easier to extend.

52. What is vertical partitioning?

Vertical partitioning often called factoring suggests that the control and work should
be distributed top-down in program structure.

53. What are the advantages of vertical partitioning?

 These are easy to maintain changes.

 They reduce the change impact and error propagation.

54. What are the various elements of data design?

 Data object – The data objects are identified and relationship among various data
objects can be represented using ERD or data dictionaries.
 Databases – Using software design model, the data models are translated into data
structures and data bases at the application level.
 Data warehouses – At the business level useful information is identified from various
databases and the data warehouses are created.

55. List the guidelines for data design.

 Apply systematic analysis on data.

 Identify data structures and related operations.
 Establish data dictionary.
 Use information hiding in the design of data structure. v. Apply a library of useful
data structures and operations.

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56. Name the commonly used architectural styles.

 Data centered architecture.

 Data flow architecture.
 Call and return architecture.
 Object-oriented architecture.
 Layered architecture.

57. What is Transform mapping?

The transform mapping is a set of design steps applied on the DFD in order to map
the transformed flow characteristics into specific architectural style.

58. What is a Real time system?

Real time system is a software system in which the correct functionalities of the
system are dependent upon results produced by the system and the time at which these results
are produced.

59. What is SCM?

Software Configuration Management is a set of activities carried out for identifying,
organizing and controlling changes throughout the lifecycle of computer software.

60. What is SCI?

Software Configuration Item is information that is carried as part of the software
engineering process.

Part-B
1. Explain in detail the design concepts. (16)

 Abstraction
 Architecture
 Patterns
 Modularity
 Information hiding
 Functional independence
 Refactoring

2. Explain the design model. (16)

 Data design elements

 Architectural design elements
 Interface design elements
 Component level
 Deployment level

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3. Explain the User Interface Design. (16)

 Golden rules
 Interface analysis
 Interface design steps

4. Explain in detail about the designing components. (16)

 Class based components

 Traditional components

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 UNIT IV TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
61. Define software testing?
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the
ultimate review of specification, design, and coding.

62. What are the objectives of testing?

 Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding an error.

 A good test case is one that has high probability of finding an undiscovered error.
 A successful test is one that uncovers as an-yet undiscovered error.
63. What are the testing principles the software engineer must apply while performing
the software testing?

 All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.

 Tests should be planned long before testing begins.
 The pareto principle can be applied to software testing-80% of all errors uncovered
during testing will likely be traceable to 20% of all program modules.
 Testing should begin “in the small” and progress toward testing “in the large”.
 Exhaustive testing is not possible.
 To be most effective, an independent third party should conduct testing.

63. What are the two levels of testing?

 Component testing Individual components are tested. Tests are derived from
developer‟s experience.
 System testing the group of components are integrated to create a system or sub-
system is done.
These tests are based on the system specification.

64. What are the various testing activities?

 Test planning
 Test case design
 Test execution
 Data collection
 Effective evaluation

65. Write short note on black box testing.

The black box testing is also called as behavioural testing. This method fully focuses
on the functional requirements of the software. Tests are derived that fully exercise all
functional requirements.

66. What is equivalence partitioning?

Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique that divides the input domain into
classes of data. From this data test cases can be derived. Equivalence class represents a set of
valid or invalid states for input conditions.

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67. What is a boundary value analysis?
A boundary value analysis is a testing technique in which the elements at the edge of the
domain are selected and tested. It is a test case design technique that complements
equivalence partitioning technique. Here instead of focusing on input conditions only, the test
cases are derived from the output domain.

68. What are the reasons behind to perform white box testing?
There are three main reasons behind performing the white box testing.

 Programmers may have some incorrect assumptions while designing or implementing

some functions. Due to this there are chances of having logical errors in the program.
To detect and correct such logical errors procedural details need to be examined.
 Certain assumptions on flow of control and data may lead programmer to make
design errors. To uncover the errors on logical path, white box testing is must.
 There may be certain typographical errors that remain undetected even after syntax
and type checking mechanisms. Such errors can be uncovered during white box
testing.
69. What is cyclomatic complexity?
Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric that gives the quantitative measure of
logical complexity of the program. The Cyclomatic complexity defines the number of
independent paths in the basis set of the program that provides the upper bound for the
number of tests that must be conducted to ensure that all the statements have been executed at
least once.

70. How to compute the cyclomatic complexity?

The cyclomatic complexity can be computed by any one of the following ways.

 The numbers of regions of the flow graph correspond to the cyclomatic complexity.
 Cyclomatic complexity,V(G),for the flow graph,G,is defined as:
V(G)=E-N+2,
E -- number of flow graph edges,
N -- number of flow graph nodes

 V(G)=P+1 Where P is the number of predicate nodes contained in the flow graph.

71. Distinguish between verification and validation.

¾_Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a
specific function.
¾_Validation refers to a different set of activities that ensure that the software that has been
built is traceable to the customer requirements.
According to Boehm,

 Verification:” Are we building the product right?”

 Validation:” Are we building the right product?”
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72. What are the various testing strategies for conventional software?

 Unit testing
 Integration testing.
 Validation testing.
 System testing.

73. Write about drivers and stubs.

Drivers and stub software need to be developed to test incompatible software.

 The “ driver” is a program that accepts the test data and prints the relevant results.
 The “ stub” is a subprogram that uses the module interfaces and performs the minimal
data manipulation if required.

74. What are the approaches of integration testing?

The integration testing can be carried out using two approaches.

 The non-incremental testing.

 Incremental testing.

75. What are the advantages and disadvantages of big-bang?

Advantages:

 This approach is simple.

Disadvantages:

 It is hard to debug.
 It is not easy to isolate errors while testing.
 In this approach it is not easy to validate test results.
 After performing testing, it is impossible to form an integrated system.

76. What are the benefits of smoke testing?

 Integration risk is minimized.

 The quality of the end-product is improved.
 Error diagnosis and correction are simplified.
 Assessment of program is easy.

77. What are the conditions exists after performing validation testing?
After performing the validation testing there exists two conditions.

 The function or performance characteristics are according to the specifications and are
accepted.
 The requirement specifications are derived and the deficiency list is created. The
deficiencies then can be resolved by establishing the proper communication with the
customer.

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78. Distinguish between alpha and beta testing.

 Alpha and beta testing are the types of acceptance testing.

o Alpha test: The alpha testing is attesting in which the version of complete
software is tested by the customer under the supervision of developer. This
testing is performed at developer‟s site.
o Beta test: The beta testing is a testing in which the version of the software is
tested by the customer without the developer being present. This testing is
performed at customer‟s site.

79. What are the various types of system testing?

 Recovery testing – is intended to check the system‟ s ability to recover from failures.
 Security testing – verifies that system protection mechanism prevent improper
penetration or data alteration.
 Stress testing – Determines breakpoint of a system to establish maximum service
level.
 Performance testing – evaluates the run time performance of the software, especially
real-time software.

80. Define debugging.

Debugging is defined as the process of removal of defect. It occurs as a consequence
of successful testing.

81. What are the common approaches in debugging?

 Brute force method: The memory dumps and run-time tracks are examined and
program with write statements is loaded to obtain clues to error causes.
 Back tracking method: The source code is examined by looking backwards from
symptom to potential causes of errors.
 Cause elimination method: This method uses binary partitioning to reduce the number
of locations where errors can exists.

82. Write about the types of project plan.

 Quality plan – This plan describes the quality procedures and standards that will be
used in a project.
 Validation plan – This plan describes the approach, resources and schedule required
for system validation.
 Configuration management plan – This plan focuses on the configuration
management procedures and structures to be used.
 Maintenance plan – The purpose of maintenance plan is to predict the maintenance
requirements of the system, maintenance cost and efforts required.
 Staff development plan – This plan describes how to develop the skills and experience
of the project team members.

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Part-B
1. Explain the types of software testing. (16)

 Black box testing

 White box testing
 Basis path testing
 Unit testing
 Integration
 Validation
 System

2. Explain in detail about Black box testing and white box testing. (16)
White box testing

 Static testing
 Structural testing
o Condition testing, data flow testing, loop testing
Black box testing

 Graph based
 Equivalence portioning
 Boundary value analysis
 Comparison testing
 Orthogonal array testing

3. Explain about the software testing strategies. (16)

 Introduction
 Strategies

4. Explain in detail about Integration testing. (16)

 Top down
 Bottom up
 Regression
 Smoke and Comments and documentation

5. Explain in detail about system testing. (16)

 Recovery testing
 Security testing
 Stress testing
 Performance testing

6. Explain in detail about system testing. (16)

 Refactoring
 Steps
 Benefits

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 UNIT V- PROJECT MANAGEMENT
83. Define measure.
Measure is defined as a quantitative indication of the extent, amount, dimension, or
size of some attribute of a product or process.

84. Define metrics.

Metrics is defined as the degree to which a system component, or process possesses a
given attribute.

85. What are the types of metrics?

 Direct metrics – It refers to immediately measurable attributes. Example – Lines of

code, execution speed .
 Indirect metrics – It refers to the aspects that are not immediately quantifiable or
measurable.
Example – functionality of a program.

86. What are the advantages and disadvantages of size measure?

Advantages:

 Artifact of software development which is easily counted.

 Many existing methods use LOC as a key input.
 A large body of literature and data based on LOC already exists.
Disadvantages:

 This method is dependent upon the programming language.

 This method is well designed but shorter program may get suffered.
 It does not accommodate non procedural languages.
 In early stage of development it is difficult to estimate LOC.

87. Write short note on the various estimation techniques.

 Algorithmic cost modeling – the cost estimation is based on the size of the software.
 Expert judgement – The experts from software development and the application
domain use their experience to predict software costs.
 Estimation by analogy – The cost of a project is computed by comparing the project
to a similar project in the same application domain and then cost can be computed.
 Parkinson’s law – The cost is determined by available resources rather than by
objective assessment.
 Pricing to win – The project costs whatever the customer ready to spend it.

88. What is COCOMO model?

COnstructive COst MOdel is a cost model, which gives the estimate of number of
man- months it will take to develop the software product.

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89. Give the procedure of the Delphi method.
1. The co-ordinator presents a specification and estimation form to each expert.
2. Co-ordinator calls a group meeting in which the experts discuss estimation issues with
the coordinator and each other.
3. Experts fill out forms anonymously.
4. Co-ordinator prepares and distributes a summary of the estimates.
5. The Co-ordinator then calls a group meeting. In this meeting the experts mainly
discuss the points where their estimates vary widely.
6. The experts again fill out forms anonymously.
7. Again co-ordinator edits and summarizes the forms, repeating steps 5 and 6 until the
co-ordinator is satisfied with the overall prediction synthesized from experts.

90. What is the purpose of timeline chart?

The purpose of the timeline chart is to emphasize the scope of the individual task.
Hence set of tasks are given as input to the timeline chart.

91. What is EVA?

Earned Value Analysis is a technique of performing quantitative analysis of the

software Project. It provides a common value scale for every task of software project. It acts
as a measure for software project progress.

92. What are the metrics computed during error tracking activity?

 Errors per requirement specification page.

 Errors per component-design level
 Errors per component-code level
 DRE-requirement analysis
 DRE-architectural analysis
 DRE-component level design
 DRE-coding.

93. Why software change occurs?

Software change occurs because of the following reasons. New requirements emerge
when the software is used. The business environment changes. Errors need to be repaired.
New equipment must be accommodated. The performance or reliability may have to be
improved.

94. Write about software change strategies.

The software change strategies that could be applied separately or together are:

 Software maintenance – The changes are made in the software due to requirements.
 Architectural transformation – It is the process of changing one architecture into
another form.
 Software re-engineering – New features can be added to existing system and then the
system is reconstructed for better use of it in future.

22
95. What is software maintenance?
Software maintenance is an activity in which program is modified after it has been put
into use.

96. Define maintenance.

Maintenance is defined as the process in which changes are implemented by either
modifying the existing system‟ s architecture or by adding new components to the system.

97. What are the types of software maintenance?

 Corrective maintenance – Means the maintenance for correcting the software faults.
 Adaptive maintenance – Means maintenance for adapting the change in environment.
 Perfective maintenance – Means modifying or enhancing the system to meet the new
requirements.
 Preventive maintenance – Means changes made to improve future maintainability.

98. What is architectural evolution?

Architectural evolution is the process of changing a system from a centralized
architecture to a distributed architecture like client server.

99. How the CASE tools are classified?

CASE tools can be classified by
a. By function or use
b. By user type(e.g. manager,tester),or
c. By stage in software engineering process (e.g.requirements,test).

100. What are the types of static testing tools?

There are three types of static testing tools.

 Code based testing tools – These tools take source code as input and generate test
cases.
 Specialized testing tools – Using this language the detailed test specification can be
written for each test case.
 Requirement-based testing tools – These tools help in designing the test cases as per
user requirements.

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 Part-B
1. Explain about software cost estimation. (16)

 Software project estimation

 Decomposition technique
o Software sizing
 Make /buy decision

2. Explain in detail about COCOMO model. (16)

 Planning
 Risk management
 Identification
 Projection
 RMMM

3. Explain in detail about project scheduling. (16)

 Basic principles
 Relationship between people and effort
 Effort distribution
 Scheduling

4. Explain in detail about project scheduling & EVA? (16)

 Basic principles
 Relationship between people and effort
 Effort distribution
 Scheduling
 Earned value analysis

5. Explain about process and project metrics. (16)

 Metrics for software process and project

 Software measurements
 Metrics for software quality
 Integrating metrics within the software.

24
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