3D Holographic Projection Technology

ASeminar report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.Tech Degree in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

of Cochin University of Science & Technology

By

ABIN BABY

Under the guidance of

Mr. Abdul Salam K. K.&Ms. Meenu Elizabath Jose

November 2013Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR

P B No. 45, COUNTY HILLS, MUNNAR-685612

COLLEGE

OF

ENGINEERING MUNNAR

P B No. 45, COUNTY HILLS, MUNNAR - 685612

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the content of the Seminar report entitled

3D Holographic Projection Technology

submitted by

Abin Baby

forthe award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

of the Cochin University of Science and Technology, is a bonafideaccount of the work carried out by him in this

department during theacademic year 2013-14, under our supervision.

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

This seminar examines the new technology of Holographic Projections. Ithighlights the importance and need of this

technology and how it represents the newwave in the future of technology and communications, the different

application of thetechnology, the fields of life it will dramatically affect including business,

education,telecommunication and healthcare. The paper also discusses the future of holographictechnology and how

it will prevail in the coming years highlighting how it will alsoaffect and reshape many other fields of life,

technologies and businesses.Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which acomplex three-

dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensionalscreen with a complex transparency representing

amplitude and phase values. It iscommonly agreed that real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science

ofvisualizing fast temporally changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time orelectro-holographic principle

into display technology is one of the most promising butalso challenging developments for the future consumer

display and TV market. Onlyholography allows the reconstruction of natural-looking 3-D scenes, and

therefore provides observers with a completely comfortable viewing experience. But to dateseveral challenges have

prevented the technology from becoming commercialized. Butthose obstacles are now starting to be overcome.

Recently, we have developed a novelapproach to real-time display holography by combining an overlapping sub-

hologramtechnique with a tracked viewing-window technology.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have immense pleasure to present this seminar on

3D HolographicProjection Technology,

a topic of my personal interest. Firstly, I

thank ‘God’, the

almighty for giving me such a great opportunity to present this seminar.I express my sincere gratitude to

Mr. Ramesh P (

HOD of Electronicsand Communication

for his support.I sincerely express my thanks to

and

Ms.Meenu Elizabath Jose

for the approval and guidance given.Lastly, I sincerely express my gratitude to other teachers and my dearfriends

for their valuable co-operation and help.

ABIN BABY

CONTENTS

Page No.

1.

INTRODUCTION

12. 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY 22.1. HOLOGRAMS 22.2. TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS 33. ADV

ANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 53. WORKING OF HOLOGRAMS 63.1. RECORDING OF HOLOGRA

MS 73.2. RECONSTRUCTION OF HOLOGRAMS 85. ADVANCES IN HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY 136. APPLIC

ATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 157. CONCLUSION 178. REFERENCES 18

Seminar 2013 3D Holographic Projection Technology

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

1.

INTRODUCTION

Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change howwe view things in the new era. It will

have tremendous effects on all fields of lifeincluding business, education, science, art and healthcare. To understand

how aholographic projector works we need to know what a hologram is. Holography is themethod we use to record
patterns of light. These patterns are reproduced as a three-dimensional image called a hologram. While Hungarian

physicist Dennis Gabor

invented the hologram in 1947. Today’s new technology provides some outstanding

advantages to not only everyday consumers but also large business corporations andgovernments.Three-dimensional

holographic projection technology is loosely based onan illusionary technique called Peppers Ghost, and was first

used in Victorian theatresacross London in the 1860s. Pepper's Ghost was typically used to create ghostlikefigures

on stage. Hidden from the audience's view, an actor dressed in a ghostly costumewould stand facing an angled plate

of glass. The audience would be able to see theglass, but not the actor directly.3D holographic projection is a rapidly

growing technology. With every business desperately trying to get their product to stand out from the competitors,

3Dhologram advertising and promotion is fast becoming an eye catching success. Thanksto the latest in HD

projection and CGI technology, 3D holographic projection hastransformed itself from its basic Victorian origins into

a futuristic audio visual displayused by the likes of Endemol (Big Brother), Coco-Cola and BMW. With

almostlimitless holographic possibilities, from life like humans to blockbuster style specialeffects, as well as the

continual advances in technology, 3D holographic projection hasa bright future ahead.

Seminar 2013 3D Holographic Projection Technology

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

2.

3D HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which acomplex three-dimensional object can be

reproduced from a flat, two-dimensionalscreen with a complex transparency representing amplitude and phase

values. It iscommonly agreed that real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science ofvisualizing fast

temporally changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time orelectro-holographic principle into display

technology is one of the most promising butalso challenging developments for the future consumer display and TV

market. Onlyholography allows the reconstruction of natural-looking 3-D scenes, and therefore provides observers
with a completely comfortable viewing experience.A holoprojector will use holographic technology to project large-

scale,high-resolution images onto a variety of different surfaces, at different focal distances,from a relatively small-

scale projection device. To understand the technology used in

holographic projection, we must understand the term ‘Hologram’, and the process of

making and projecting holograms. Holography is a technique that allows the lightscattered from an object to be

recorded and later reconstructed. The technique tooptically store, retrieve, and process information. The holograms

preserve the 3-Dinformation of a holographed subject, which helps to project 3D images.

2.1 HOLOGRAMS

A hologram is a physical component or device that stores information aboutthe holographic image. For example a

hologram can be a grating recorded on a piece offilm. It is especially useful to be able to record a full image of an

object in a shortexposure if the object or space changes in time.

Holos means “whole” and grapheinmeans “writing”

. Holography is a technique that is used to display objects or scenes inthree dimensions. These 3D images are called

holograms. A photographic record produced by illuminating the object with coherent light (as from a laser)

and, withoutusing lenses, exposing a film to light reflected from this object and to a direct beam ofcoherent light.

When interference patterns on the film are illuminated by the coherentlight a three-dimensional image is produced.
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Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

2.2 TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS

A hologram is a recording in a two-or three-dimensional medium of theinterference pattern formed when a point

source of light (the reference beam) of fixedwavelength encounters light of the same fixed wavelength arriving from

an object (theobject beam). When the hologram is illuminated by the reference beam alone, thediffraction pattern

recreates the wave fronts of light from the original object. Thus, theviewer sees an image indistinguishable from the

original object.There are many types of holograms, and there are varying ways ofclassifying them. For our purpose,
we can divide them into three types: reflectionhologram, transmission holograms and computer generated

holograms.

A. The reflection hologram

The reflection hologram, in which a truly three-dimensional image is seennear its surface, is the most common type

shown in galleries. The hologram is

illuminated by a “spot” of white incandescent light

, held at a specific angle and distance

and located on the viewer’s side of the hologram. Thus, the image consists of light

reflected by the hologram. Recently, these holograms have been made and displayed incolour

their images optically indistinguishable from the original objects. If a mirroris the object, the holographic image of

the mirror reflects white light

B. Transmission holograms

The typical transmission hologram is viewed with laser light, usually of thesame type used to make the recording.

This light is directed from behind the hologram

and the image is transmitted to the observer’s side. The virtual image

can be very sharpand deep. Furthermore, if an undiverged laser beam is directed backward (relative tothe direction

of the reference beam) through the hologram, a real image can be projectedonto a screen located at the original

position of the object.

C.

Computer Generated Holograms

Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is the method of digitallygeneratingholographicinterference patterns. A

holographic image can be generated

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

e.g. by digitally computing a holographic interference pattern and printing it onto amask or film for subsequent

illumination by suitable coherent light source.Alternatively, the holographic image can be brought to life by a

holographic3Ddisplay(a display which operates on the basis of interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of

having to fabricate a "hardcopy" of the holographic

interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times the term "computer generatedholography" is

increasingly being used to denote the whole process chain ofsynthetically preparing holographic light

wavefronts suitable for observation.Computer generated holograms have the advantage that the objects whichone

wants to show do not have to possess any physical reality at all (completelysynthetic hologram generation). On the

other hand, if holographic data of existingobjects is generated optically, but digitally recorded and processed, and

brought todisplay subsequently, this is termed CGH as well.

Seminar 2013 3D Holographic Projection Technology

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

3.

ADVANTAGES OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

The interest in 3D viewing is not new. The public has embraced thisexperience since at least the days of

stereoscopes, at the turn of the last century. Newexcitement, interest, and enthusiasm then came with the 3D movie

craze in the middleof the last century, followed by the fascinations of holography, and most recently theadvent of

virtual reality. Recent developments in computers and computer graphicshave made spatial 3D images more

practical and accessible. Modern three-dimensional

(”3D”) display technologies are increasingly popular and practical not only in computer
graphics, but in other diverse environments and technologies as well. A concurrentcontinuing need is for such

practical autostereoscopic 3D displays that can alsoaccommodate multiple viewers independently and

simultaneously. A particularadvantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such

simultaneousviewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customizedautostereoscopic 3D

image that could be entirely different from that being viewedsimultaneously by any of the other viewers present, all

within the same viewingenvironment, and all with complete freedom of movement therein. A high resolutionthree

dimensional recording of an object. Another feature is that these are glasses free3D display. This 3D technology can

accommodate multiple viewers independently andsimultaneously, which is an advantage no other 3D technology

can show. The 3Dholographic technology does not need a projection screen. The projections are projectedinto

midair, so the limitations of screen are not applicable for 3D holographic display

Seminar 2013 3D Holographic Projection Technology

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

4.

WORKING OF HOLOGRAMS

The time-varying light field of a scene with all its physical properties is to be recorded and then regenerated. Hence

the working of holography is divided intotwo phases:1. Recording2. ReconstructionRecording of hologram: Basic

tools required to make a hologram includesa red lasers, lenses, beam splitter, mirrors and holographic film.

Holograms arerecorded in darker environment, this is to avoid the noise interference caused by otherlight

sources.The recording of hologram is based on the phenomenon of interference. Itrequires a laser source, a plane

mirror or beam splitter, an object and a photographic plate. A laser beam from the laser source is incident on a plane

mirror or beam splitter.As the name suggests, the function of the beam splitter is to split the laser beam. One part

of splitted beam, after reflection from the beam splitter, strikes on the photographic plate. This beam is

called reference beam

.
While other part of splitted beam (transmittedfrom beam splitter) strikes on the photographic plate after suffering

reflection from thevarious points of object. This beam is called object beam.The object beam reflected from the

object interferes with the reference beam when both the beams reach the photographic plate. The superposition of

thesetwo beams produces an interference pattern (in the form of dark and bright fringes)and this pattern is recorded

on the photographic plate. The photographic plate withrecorded interference pattern is called hologram.

Photographic plate is also known asGabor zone plate in honour of Denis Gabor who developed the phenomenon

ofholography.Each and every part of the hologram receives light from various points ofthe object. Thus, even if

hologram is broken into parts, each part is capable ofreconstructing the whole object.

Seminar 2013 3D Holographic Projection Technology

Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

There are two basic types of holograms:

Reflection holograms

Transmission holograms(i) Reflection holograms form images by reflecting a beam of light off thesurface

of the hologram. This type of hologram produces very high quality images butis very expensive to

create.(ii) Transmission holograms form images by transmitting a beam of lightthrough the

hologram. This type of hologram is more commonly seen since they can be inexpensively mass-

produced. Embossed holograms, such as those found on creditcards, are transmission holograms with

a mirrored backing.

(i) Reflection Holograms

Figure 1: Recording of reflex holograms(a) Recording Reflection Holograms

The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The beam of lighthits the beam splitter, which is a

semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two: anobject beam and a reference beam.
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The object beam is widened by a beam spreader (expanding lens) and thelight is reflected off the object and is

projected onto the photographic plate.

The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the lightreflects off a mirror and shines on the

photographic plate.

The reference and object beams meet at the photographic plate and createthe interference pattern that records the

amplitude and phase of the resultant wave.(b) Reconstructing Reflection Holograms

the same angle as the illuminating beam thatwas used during the recording phase.Figure 2: Image recording

The virtual image appears behind the hologram at the same position asthe object
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Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

Figure 3: Image reconstruction

(ii) Transmission Holograms

(a) Recording Transmission Holograms

As with reflection holograms, a laser is used to provide a highly coherentsource of light. A beam splitter

and beam spreaders are also used in the recording oftransmission holograms.
After the object beam passes through the beam spreader, the light isreflected off a mirror and onto the

object. The object beam is then reflected onto the photographic plate.

The reference beam is also reflected off a mirror and shines on the photographic plate.

The incoming object and reference beams create a resultant wave. Theamplitude and phase of the

resultant wave is recorded onto the photographic plate as aninterference pattern.

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Figure 4: Image recording(b) Reconstructing Transmission Holograms

A reconstruction beam is used to illuminate the hologram and is positioned at the same angle as the reference beam

that was used during the recording phase.

When the reconstruction beam is placed at the right angle, three beamsof light will pass through the hologram:

An undiffracted beam (zeroth order) will pass directly through thehologram but will not produce an image.

A second beam forms the primary (virtual) image (first order) that isdiffracted at the same angle as the incoming

object beam that was used duringrecording.

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Figure 5: Image reconstruction

As we can see in the diagram, the beams that form the images arediffracted at the same angle,

, from the undiffracted beam. Between the image beams,the angle is twice as large, or 2

If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the primary image beam(also same angle as recording object beam),

we will see a virtual image of the objectlocated behind the hologram.Figure 6: Image reconstruction, primary image
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If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the secondary image beam,we will see a real image of the object

located in front of the hologram.Figure 7: Image reconstruction, secondary image

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5.

ADVANCES IN HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

Touchable holograms

The importance of haptic interaction techniques gather much more attentionwith the progress of the computer

graphics, the physical simulation and the visualdisplay technologies. There have been a lot of interactive systems

which aim to enablethe users to handle 3D graphic objects with their hands. If tactile feedback is provided

to the user’s

hands in 3D free space, the usability of those systems will be considerablyimproved. One strategy to provide tactile

feedback in 3D free space is to attach tactile

displays on the user’s hands.

The method is based on a nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound; acousticradiation pressure. When an

object interrupts the propagation of ultrasound, a pressurefield is exerted on the surface of the object. This pressure

is called acoustic radiation pressure.

Tactile display with haptic feedback

“Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display [Iwamoto et al. 2008]” is a

tactile

display which provides tactile sensation onto the user’s hand.

It utilizes the nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound; acoustic radiation pressure. When an object interrupts

the propagation of ultra-sound, a pressure field is exerted on the surface of the object.

User interfacing integrated displays

While camera-based and marker-less hand tracking systems aredemonstrated these days, we use Wiimote

(Nintendo) which has an infrared (IR) camerafor simplicity. A retro reflective marker is attached on the

tip of user’s middle finger.

IR LEDs illuminate the marker and two Wiimotes sense the 3D position of the finger.Owing to this hand-tracking

system, the users can handle the floating virtual image withtheir hands.

360-degree 3D system
The system was made possible by projecting high-speed video on aspinning mirror. As the spinning mirror changes

direction, different perspectives of

the projected image is shown. The University of Southern California project is more

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realistic compared to other holographic attempt because, nearly 5, 000 individualimages are reflected every second.

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6.

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Marketing with 3D holographic display

This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see lifelike

images that float deep inside and project several feet in front of a display screen.Dimensional Studios, a leader in 3D

visual display solutions has recently introduced its

unparalleled digital signage in the UK. This world’s innovative technology can enable

observers to see 3D holographic-like images that float deep inside and project severalfeet in front of an LCD or

plasma display screen. Its aim is for advertising agencies andconsumer products who wish to catch a huge impact

from this new break throughmedia.

Holography in education
Holography being in its infant stage has not being widely used in education.However, application of holography in education

is not new. Although, the distance oftransition was minimal, long distance projection is possible since the images

aretransmitted over the internet. Holography differs from video conferencing because theteacher appears to be in the

classroom. While in video conferencing users can easilynotice a screen and a camera.

Holography in Entertainment Industry

When one thinks about holography in the entertainment industry, themovies Star Trek and Star Wars come into

mind. In these movies, people relate withholograms as they would relate with real human. Although, what people

see in thesemovies are not real holograms, they depict what a real hologram looks like and futurecapabilities of

holography. In the musical industry, holography is being used forconcerts. In this case, the musicians can be far

away in New York while performing inseveral cities around the world. Today, three dimensional television and

cinemas are becoming common, and there is more to come.3D movies in home theatres require chunky glasses

which may beuncomfortable for some people to wear. Also experts found that viewing 3D televisionover a long

period can cause headache and eye strain due to new sensory experience.

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Dept. of ECE College of Engineering Munnar

Since holography makes beamed image look like real, it should not have any futurestrain on the eyes nor

generate headache.

Virtual Reality, Augmented reality and Telepresence

With the aid of a light pen, the Sketchpad draws vector lines on acomputer screen. The Sketchpad contributed to the

field of Human ComputerInteraction, and also introduced the concept of Graphical User Interface. Virtual

realityemploys computer modelling and simulation, which produces images to look similar tothe real

world.Telepresence differs from virtual reality, because telepresence makes it possible for a person to be virtually

present in another physical location. Telepresenceis applicable especially in circumstances where the person

involved cannot be physically present. The absence of a real person makes telepresence an option in case

of foreseen danger to the person’s life in the new environment. Telepresence is similar
to holography, because they both allow objects to be transported to a new destinationin 3D.Augmented reality gives

an adjusted real world, where images or text aredisplayed upon real objects. Museums, artists and industries are

popular users ofaugmented reality and the usage is on the rise. Augmented reality is also becoming partof our

everyday life which includes mobile appliances, shopping malls, training, andeducation.

Projection displays

Future colour liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) will be brighter and whiter as

a result of holographic technology. Scientists at Polaroid Corp. have developed aholographic reflector that will

reflect ambient light to produce a whiter background.Holographic televisions may be possible within a decade but at

a high price. MITresearchers recently made a prototype that does not need glasses, but trueholographic commercial

TV will take a year to appear. One day all TVs could beholographic, but will take 8-10 years. In future, holographic

displays will be replacingall present displays in all sizes, from small phone screen to large projectors

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7.

CONCLUSION

Holography may still be in its infant stage, but its potentials applicationsare aspiring. Holographic Technology and

Spectral Imagining has endless applications,as far as the human mind can imagine. Holography being the closest

display technologyto our real environment may just be the right substitute when reality fails. Withholography,

educational institutions may become a global village sooner that peoplethought, where information and expertise are

within reach. Knowledge sharing andmobility will only cost a second and learning will become more captivating

andinteractive. First, there is an urgent need to address the infrastructural deficiencieslimiting the application of

holography in education.More interestingly, the display medium of holography is very important. A360 viewing

angle is especially what is needed to maximize the use of holography ineducation. Being able to display a 3D

hologram in free air is also vital, becauseinteracting with holograms in a covered display may be cumbersome. In
order not tolimit the use of holography to a non-interactive display medium, incorporation withfeedback

technologies is mandatory. The haptic technology which makes it possible totouch and manipulate virtual object is

especially important. As the field of hapticscontinues to grow and integrates with holography, interaction with

holograms becomeslimitless. In future, holographic displays will be replacing all present displays in allsizes, from

small phone screen to large projectors

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REFERENCES

1. Ahmed Elmorshidy, Ph.D ;

Holographic Projection Technology: The World is

Changing.”;

JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2,MAY 20102. Thomas J. Naughton;

Capture, processing, and display of real-world 3D objectsusing digital holography

”; 2010 IEEE Invited Paper

3. Takayuki Hoshi, Masafumi Takahashi, Kei Nakatsuma

;“

Touchable Holography

”;

The University of Tokyo; 20094. Stephan Reichelt, Ralf Haussler, Norbert Leister, Gerald Futterer, Hagen Stolle

andArmin Schwerdtner;

“
Holographic 3-D Displays - Electro-holography within theGrasp of Commercialization

”;

Advances in Lasers and Electro Optics (April 2010