BJT AC Analysis

Chapter 5:
BJT AC Analysis
Two-Port Systems Approach
This approach:
• Reduces a circuit to a two-port system
• Provides a “Thévenin look” at the output terminals
• Makes it easier to determine the effects of a changing load
With Vi set to 0 V:
Z Th  Z o  R o
The voltage across

the open terminals is:
E Th  A vNL Vi
where AvNL is the

no-load voltage
gain.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Effect of Load Impedance on Gain
This model can be applied to

any current- or voltage-
controlled amplifier.
Adding a load reduces the

gain of the amplifier:
Vo RL
Av   A vNL
Vi RL  Ro
Zi
Ai  A v
RL
Effect of Source Impedance on Gain
The fraction of
applied signal that
reaches the input of
the amplifier is:
R i Vs
Vi 
Ri  Rs
The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the

overall gain:
Vo Ri
A vs   A vNL
Vs R i  R s
Combined Effects of RS and RL on Voltage
Gain
Effects of RL:
Vo R L A vNL
Av  
Vi RL  Ro
R
Ai  A v i
RL
Effects of RL and RS:

Vo Ri RL
A vs   A vNL
Vs R i  R s R L  R o
R  Ri
A is   A vs s
RL
Cascaded Systems
• The output of one amplifier is the input to the next amplifier

• The overall voltage gain is determined by the product of gains of the
individual stages
• The DC bias circuits are isolated from each other by the coupling
capacitors
• The DC calculations are independent of the cascading
• The AC calculations for gain and impedance are interdependent
R-C Coupled BJT Amplifiers
This image cannot currently be display ed.
Input impedance, first stage:

Z i  R 1 || R 2 ||  re
Output impedance, second stage:

Zo  R C
Voltage gain:
R C || R 1 || R 2 ||  re
A v1 
re
RC
A V2 
re
A v  A v1 A v 2
Draw the ac equivalent circuit and calculate the voltage gain, input resistance and
output resistance for the cascade BJT amplifier in above Figure. Let the parameters
are:
VCC  20V ,  Q1   Q 2  200, V BE ( ON )  0.7V , r0  

R1  R3  15k, R2  R4  4.7 k, RC1  RC 2  2.2k, RE1  R E 2  1k
Solution
Dc Analysis
I BQ1  19.89A I BQ 2  19.89A

I CQ1  3.979mA I CQ 2  3.979mA
1re1   2 re 2  1.307 k
Ac Analysis:
The voltage gain at Q1 is:
AV 1  0.153(2.2k // 957.36)  102.06

The voltage gain at Q2 is
AV 2  0.153( 2.2k )  336.6

The overall gain is then,
AV  AV 1 AV 2  ( 102.06)( 336.6)  34,353
The input resistance is:
Ri  R1 // R2 // Br e  957.36
The o/p resistance is: Ro  RC 2  2.2k
Cascode Connection
This example is a CE–CB

combination. This arrangement
provides high input impedance
but a low voltage gain.
The low voltage gain of the

input stage reduces the Miller
input capacitance, making this
combination suitable for high-
frequency applications.
Cascode Connection
Darlington Connection
The Darlington circuit provides a very high

current gain—the product of the individual
current gains:
bD = b1b2
The practical significance is that the circuit
provides a very high input impedance.
DC Bias of Darlington Circuits
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Base current:
V  VBE
I B  CC
R B   DR E
Emitter current:
I E  ( D  1)I B   D I B
Emitter voltage:
VE  I E R E
Base voltage:
VB  VE  VBE
AC small signal of Darlington Circuits
Feedback Pair
This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a

Darlington pair, but it is not a Darlington pair.
It has similar characteristics:

• High current gain
• Voltage gain near unity
• Low output impedance
• High input impedance
The difference is that a Darlington

uses a pair of like transistors,
whereas the feedback-pair
configuration uses complementary
transistors.
DC Analysis of Feedback Pair
AC Analysis of Feedback Pair
Current Mirror Circuits
Current mirror circuits

provide constant current
in integrated circuits.
Current Mirror Example
Find I?
Current Mirror More Configurations
Current Source Circuits
Constant-current sources can be built using FETs, BJTs, and
combinations of these devices.
VZ  VBE IE  IC
I  IE 
RE
more…
Current Source Circuits
VGS = 0V
ID = IDSS = 10 mA

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Chapter 5:

The voltage across

where AvNL is the

This model can be applied to

Adding a load reduces the

The internal resistance of the signal source reduces the

Effects of RL and RS:

• The output of one amplifier is the input to the next amplifier

Input impedance, first stage:

Output impedance, second stage:

VCC  20V ,  Q1   Q 2  200, V BE ( ON )  0.7V , r0  

I BQ1  19.89A I BQ 2  19.89A

AV 1  0.153(2.2k // 957.36)  102.06

AV 2  0.153( 2.2k )  336.6

The o/p resistance is: Ro  RC 2  2.2k

This example is a CE–CB

The low voltage gain of the

The Darlington circuit provides a very high

This is a two-transistor circuit that operates like a

It has similar characteristics:

The difference is that a Darlington

Current mirror circuits

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