CLASS XII

MATHS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

BOOK–1
HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR
PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334, 8527363750
CENTRES AT: H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840
E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29
 RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND BINARY OPERATIONS
1. If A = { 1,2,3} and R is a relation on set A, where R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}then find whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
What about R = { (1,2 ) }? Ans. Yes.
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Find the number of relations on A containing (1, 2) and (2, 3) which are reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric. Ans. Four.
3. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Find the number of equivalence relations on A containing (1, 2). Ans. Two.
4. Determine whether the following relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive:
Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(x, y) : x is divisible by y}. Ans. Reflexive and Transitive.
5. Let A be the set of all straight lines drawn in a plane and R be the relation ‘is perpendicular to’ on A, then R is relexive,
symmetric or transitive. Ans. Symmetric
6. Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a –b} is an equivalence relation.
7. Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a, b) : a < b3} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
Ans. Neither reflexive, symmetric or transitive
8. Find whether the relation R on set Z of all integers defined by (x, y)  R  x – y is divisible by n  N is an equivalence
relation or not. Ans. Yes
9. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {( a,b) : | a - b | is even }, is an equivalence relation. Ans. Yes
10. Show that the relation R on the set A = { x  Z : 0  x  12}, given by R  {( a, b ) :| a  b | is a multiple of 4} is an equivalence
relation. Also find the set of all elements related to 1. Ans. {1,5,9 }
11. Let R be the relation defined in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} by R = {(a, b) : both a and b are either even or odd}. Show that
R is an equivalence relation. Also show that all the elements of the subset {1, 3, 5, 7} are related to each other, but none of the
element of the subset {2, 4, 6} is related to an element of subset {1, 3, 5, 7}.
12. Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by R = {T1, T2 : T1 is similar to T2}, is equivalence relation.
Consider three right angle triangles T1 with sides 3, 4, 5, T2 with sides 5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which triangles
among T1, T2 and T3 are related? Ans.T1 and T3 are related
13. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions :
i. f : N  N defined by f(x) = x2 Ans. Injective. ii . f : Z  Z defined by f(x) = x2 Ans. Neither.
2
iii. f : R  R defined by f(x) = x Ans. Neither. iv. f : N  N defined by f(x) = x 3 Ans. Injective.
v. f : Z  Z defined by f(x) = x3 Ans. Injective vi. f : R  R defined by f(x) = x3 Ans. Both
x 1
14. Let A = R – [2] and B = R – [1]. If f : A  B is a mapping defined by f (x) = x  2 , show that f is bijective.
x
15. Show that f : [1,1]  R, given by f ( x )  is one-one. Find the inverse of the function f : [–1, 1]  Range f. Ans. 2x/1–x
x2
16. Show that the function f : N  N given by f (n) = n – (–1) n for all n  N is a bijection.
17. Let Z be the set of all integers. Show that the function f : Z  Z defined by f(x) = | x | is neither one-one nor onto. What would
be the answer if f : N  N Ans. Both one -one and Onto
18. 2
Show that the function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3x –2 is many-one into.
19. Show that the greatest integer function f : R  R defined by f(x) = [x] is neither one-one nor onto. What would be the answer
if f : Z  Z. Ans. Both one -one and Onto
20. Show that the modulus function f : R  R defined by f(x) = | x | is neither one-one nor onto.
 n 1
 2 , if n is odd
21. Find whether f : N  N defined by f ( n )  n is many one onto function. Ans. Yes
 , if n is even
2

n  1, if n is even
22. Show that the function f : W  W defined by f(n) =  is bijective.
 n  1, if n is odd

     
23. Consider a function f : 0,   R given by f(x) = sin x and a function g :  0, 2   R given by g(x) = cos x. Show that both
 2   
f and g are one-one but f + g is not one-one.

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 1
  5  5 5 5
24. Let f (x) = [x] and g(x) = | x | . Find (i) (gof)    (fog)   ii. (gof)  3   (fog)  3  Ans. i. 1 ii. 0
 3   3     
25. Find gof and fog, if : f(x) = | x | and g(x) = | 5x –2 | Ans. (gof) (x) = | 5 | x | –2 |, (fog) (x) = |5x –2|
26. Let f : N  R be a function defined a f(x) = 4x2 + 12x + 15. Show that f : N  Range (f) is invertible. Find the inverse of f .
3 x 6
Ans. f 1 ( x)  .
2
27. Let f : R  [5, ) be a function defined as f(x) = 9x2 + 6 x –5. Show that f, is invertible. Find the inverse of f.
 y  6 1
Ans. f–1 (y) =  3


 
28. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4} and * be an operation on S defined by a * b = r, where r is the least non-negative remainder when product
is divided by 5. Prove that * is a binary operation on S.
ab
29. Discuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation * on R defined by a * b  for all a, b  R.
4
Ans. * is an associative binary operation on R
ab
30.i. Is the binary operation *, defined on set R, given by a*b = for all a, b R, commutative? Ans. Yes
2
ii. Is the above binary operation * associative? Ans. No
ab
31. On Q, the set of all non-zero rational numbers, a binary operation * is defined by a * b = for all a, b  Q. Find the identity
5
element for * in Q. Also, prove that every non-zero element of Q is invertible. Ans. 5.
32. Let * be the binary operation on N defined by a * b = L.C.M of a and b. Is * commutative? Is * associative? If there exist identity
for this binary operation on N then find elements which are invertible. Ans. Yes * is commutative and associative. Yes 1 is
identity element in N and 1 is the only invertible element on N.
33. Let A = N  {0} × N  {0} and let ‘*’ be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) for all (a, b), (c,
d)  A. Show that : i. ‘*’ is commutative on A. ii. ‘*’ is associative on A.
Also, find the identity element, if any, in A. Ans. (0, 0)
34. Let ‘*’ be a binary operation on set Q – {1} defined by a * b = a + b –ab; a, b  Q – {1}
Find the identity element with respect to * on Q. Also, prove that every element of Q – {1} is invertible.
Ans. 0 is the identity element for * on Q – {1}
35. Let X be a non-empty set and let * be a binary operation on P (X) (net power set of set X) defined by
A * B = A  B for all A, B  P (X). Prove that ‘X’ is both commutative and associative on P (X). Find the identity element
with respect to ‘*’ on P (X). Also, show that   P (X) is the only invertible element of P (X).
36. Let A = Q × Q and let * be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, b + ad) for (a, b), (c, d)  A.
Then, with respect to * on A i. Find the identity element in A ii. Find the invertible elements of A.
1 b 
Ans. (1, 0) is the identity element in A ii. inverse of (a, b) is  a , a  .
 
37. Let A = N × N and ‘*’ be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd) for all a, b, c, d  N. Prove that ‘*’ is
both commutative and associative binary operation on ‘A’.
 a  b, if a  b  6
38. Define a binary operation * on the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as a * b =  .
a  b  6 if a  b  6
Show that zero (0) is the identity for this operation and each element a of the set is invertible with (6 –a) being the inverse of a.
39. Let X be a non-empty set. P(x) be its power set. Let ‘*’ be an operation defined on elements of P(x) by
A*B = A  B  A, B P(X). Then,
i. Prove that * is a binary operation in P(X) ii. Is * commutaive? Ans. Yes iii. Is * associative? Ans. Yes
iv. Find the identiy element in P(X) w.r.t. *. Ans. X v. Find all the invertible element of P(X). Ans. X
vi. If o is another binary operation defined on P(X) as A o B = A B then verify that o is associative .
 x x 
40. On the set M = A(x) =  x x  : x  R  of 2 × 2 matrices, find identity element for multiplication of matrices as a binary
  
1 / 2 1 / 2 1/ 4x 1/ 4x
operation. Also, find the inverse of an element of M. Ans. Identity = 1 / 2 1 / 2 ,Inverse = 1/ 4x 1/ 4x
   
HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334
ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Express each of the following in the simplest form :

1  cos x     x 1  cos x  sin x  
i. tan  ,  x  Ans.  ii. tan   , x   / 2 Ans. x
 1  sin x  2 2 4 2  cos x  sin x  4
 cot 1 x  1 x 

iii. tan 1 x  1  x 2 , x  R Ans.
2

2 
1
iv.. sin 2 tan 1  x 

Ans. 1 x2
2 3
1  sin x  cos x     1  3a x  x  1 x 1 x
vi. tan  a 3  3ax 2  , 
1
v. sin  ,   x Ans. x    Ans. 3 tan
 2  4 4 4   3 a 3 a
1  a cos x  b sin x    a a
vii. tan     x  , , tan x  1 Ans. tan–1 x
 b cos x  a sin x  2 2 b b
 x  1 1 a   1 a

viii. tan–1 x  1  x 2 Ans.  ix. tan   cos
4 2
  tan   cos
4 2 b
1

4 2
.
b
Ans. 2b/a
2. Prove the follwing .
1 12 3 56 11 1 31
i. cos  sin 1  sin 1 ii. 2 tan  tan 1  tan 1
13 5 65 2 7 17
1 1 1 1 1  1 4 1 5 16 
iii. tan  tan 1  tan 1  tan 1  . iv.. sin  sin  sin 1  .
5 7 3 8 4 5 13 65 2
1  12  1  4  1  63   63  1 15 3
v. sin    cos    tan     vi. tan–1  16   sin  13   cos  5  .
13
  5
   16       
9 9 1 9 2 2
vii.  sin 1    sin 1 viii. cos–1 [cos {2 cot–1 ( 2 –1)}] Ans. 3/4
8 4 3 4 3
1  2 x  1 1  a x  1 1  x 
ix. tan  2 
 2 tan 1 x, if  1  x  1 x. sin 1 (3 x  4 x 3 )  3 sin 1 x, if x xi. tan– 1  a  x   2 cos  a 
1 x  2 2  

1 1  x   ab  1  1  bc  1  1  ca  1 
1 1 5 3 5
xii. tan–1 x = 2
cos 1 1  x  xiii. cot–1  a  b   cot  b  c   cot  c  a   0 xiv.. tan  2 cos 3  . Ans.
          2
 yz  1  zx  1  xy    1  sin x  1  sin x  x 
xv. tan–1  xr   tan  yr   tan  zr   2 where x2 + y2 + z2 = r2. xvi. cot 1   = ,0  x 
       1  sin x  1  sin x  2 2

 1  sin x  1  sin x   x   1  x  1  x   1
xvii. cot –1  1  sin x  1  sin x   2  2 , 2  x   xviii. tan 1  =  cos 1 x ,  1 / 2  x  1
   1  x  1  x  4 2
1 x y x 2 2 xy y2  1  x 2  1  x 2 
3. If cos  cos 1   prove : 2  cos   2  sin 2  4. If tan 1    , then prove x 2  sin 2
a b a ab b  1  x 2  1  x 2 

5. If cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1 z   , prove that x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xyz  1 .

6. Solve the following equations :
x 1 x 1  
(i) tan 1  tan 1 Ans. x =  1 / 2 (ii) tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x = /4 Ans. x = 1/6.
x2 x2 4
1 3 x 4x
(iii) 2 tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x) Ans. x = /4. (iv) sin  sin 1  sin 1 x Ans.  1
5 5
1 1  1 1 1 ab
(v) sin (1  x )  2 sin x  . Ans. 0 (vi) sin–1  sin 1  sin 1 Ans.
2 x a b a 1  b2 1
2

2
2a 1 b 2x a b
7. If sin
1
 cos 1 2 =
tan 1 , then prove that x .
1 a 2
1 b 1 x2 1  ab
a 1 b
8. If the angle C of a triangle ABC be 90°, then find the value of tan–1 b  c  tan c  a where a, b, c are the lengths of the sides
BC, CA and AB respecively. Ans. /4
9. Evaluate the value of cos (2cos–1 x + sin–1 x) at x = 1/5. Ans.  2 6 / 5
10. Prove that : i. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 ( x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 ) ii. cos 1 x  cos 1 y  cos 1 ( xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 )

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 3
 MATRICES

 i  j if i  j 1 1
 3 4 
1. Construct a 3 x 2 matrix A = [ aij] whose elements are given by a ij   i  j if i  j Ans. 
 i. j if i  j 4 5 


2 x  3 y ab 3  1  2 3 
2. Find x, y, a and b if :    . Ans. a = 3, b = 5, x = 2 and y =1
 1 x  4 y 3a  4b 1 6 29

 x   y  x   y   
3. For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal ? A =   ,B   .
 y   y 

   

Ans. A and B cannot be equal for any value of y.

   a  
4. If A =     
,B  b   
and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find a and b. Ans. a = 1 , b = 4.
 

     
5. If A =     ,B       , find matrix C such that 5A + 3B + 2C is a null matrix. Ans.        
     


 
6. If A     and B     
 find AB. Does BA exist.If so find BA.Are AB and BA equal.
  

 3 0 12 
 
Ans. AB =  5 0 20  . Yes BA exists. BA = [11]. AB and BA are not equal.
 2 0 8 

   
  
7. Find the value of x such that [1 x 1]        Ans. x = –2 or – 14
      x 

    
8. If A =   and I =   2
       , then find k so that A = kA – 2I. Ans. k = 1.

      
   
9. Let f (x) = x2 –5x + 6. find f (A) if A =    . Ans.   
           

 cos x  sin x  
 
10. Let F (x) =  sin x cos x   . Show that F (x) F (y) = F (x + y).
    

   tan  /     cos   sin  

11. Let A =  tan  /    and I be the identity matrix of order 2. Show that I + A = (I – A)  sin 
    cos  

  
 
12. If A =      , then show that A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 21.
    

 cos  cos  sin    cos  cos  sin  

13. Prove that the product of matrices  cos  sin    and   is the null matrix when  and  differ
 sin    cos  sin  sin  
by an odd multiple of /2.]

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 4
 3 1 4  39 55 
14. i. If A =  1 2 . Show that A2 –5A + 7I = O. Use this result to find A4 Ans. A   
   55  16

2  1 5 2  2 5   191  110 
ii. Let A  3 4  , B  7 4, C  3 8 . Find a matrix D such that CD –AB = 0. Ans. D   77 44 
      

15. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets. Annual sale are indicated below
Market Products
x y z
I 10,000 2,000 18,000
II 6,000 2,000 8,000
a. If unit sale prices of x, y and z are Rs. 2.50, Rs. 1.50 and Rs. 1.00 respectively. Find the total revenue in each market with the
help of matrix algebra. Ans. Total revenue in Market I = Rs. 46,000 and Market II = Rs.53,000
b. If the unit costs of the above three commodities are Rs. 2.00, Rs. 1.00 and 50 paise respectively. Find the gross profit.
Ans. Rs. 15,000 and Rs. 17,000

  
 
16. If A =    , B = [1 3 - 6], verify that (AB)T = BT AT.
  

 1 7 1
 0 9 / 2 3  0 5 / 2  2
 2 3 4 9 / 2 3 2   5 / 2 0 2 
17. Express matrix   as a sum of symmetric & skew symmetric matrix. Ans.   
 5 0 5  3 2 5   2  2 0 

18. If B is a skew symmetric matrix, write whether the matrix (ABA´) is symmetric or skew symmetric. Ans. Yes
19. Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then, show that
(i) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. (ii) AB + BA are symmetric matrices.
20. Prove the following by the principle of mathematical induction for every positive integer n :

3  4  1  2 n  4n 
i. If A = 1  1  , then An =  n 1  2n 
.
  

a 1  a n na n1 
n
ii. If A =  0 a  , then A =   .
  0 an 

 cos  sin    cos n sin n  

iii. If A =   sin  cos  , then prove that ( A )n =  sin n cos n   .
   

0 1
iv. If A = 0 0 , prove that (aI + bA)n = an I + nan–1 bA,Where I is a unit matrix of order 2.
 

 1 2 3
 
21. Find the adjoint of the matrix A =  0 5 0 , and verify that A(adj A) = | A | I3 = (adj A) A.
 2 4 3

3 1   5/8  1 / 8
22. For the matrix A =  7 5 , find x and y so that A2 + xI = yA. Hence find A-1. Ans. x= 8, y =8, A-1 =  7 / 8 3 / 8 
  

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 5
 1  1 1 
 
23. If A =  2  1 0 , show that A-1 = A2.
1 0 0

  8 1 4
1 
24. If A = 9  4 4 7 , prove that A–1 = AT.
 1  8 4

3 2 6 7
25. If A =   &B= 8 9 , verify (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
7 5   

2 1   3 2  1 0 1 1 
26. Find matrix A satisfying   A     . Ans.  
 3 2  5  3 0 1  1 0

1 2 2   3 2 2
1
2 1 2  2 3 2 
27. Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 4A –5I3 = 0 and hence find A-1. Ans. 5  
2 2 1  2 2  3

 1 2 2  3 2 2
1
  2 2  3 2 
28. If A   2 1 2 , find A 1 and hence prove that A  4 A  5I  0 . Ans. 5 .
 2 2 1  2 2  3

 2 1 1   3 1  1
  1 
29. If matrix A =  1 2  1 3 2
verify A  6 A  9 A  4 I  O and hence find A-1. Ans. 4  1 3 1 
 1  1 2   1 1 3 

2 3  1  5  3
30. Using elementary row transformation find inverse of 4 5 Ans.  4 2 
  2  

0 1 2   1 1/ 2 0 
2 2 4  5  3  2
31. Using elementary row transformation find the inverse of A =  . Ans. 
3 1 1  2 3 / 2  1

32. Solve using matrix method : x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x –3y = 1

33. Solve 6 x  12 y  25 z  4 ; 4 x  15 y  20 z  3 ; 2 x  18 y  15 z  10 Ans. x = ½, y = 1/3, z = 1/5

2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
34. Solve : x  y  z  4 ; x  y  z  1 ;  
x y z
2 Ans. x = 2, y = 3, z = 5.

 4 4 4 1  1 1 
 7 1 3  1  2  2
35. Determine the product    and use it to solve the system of equations :
 5  3  1 2 1 3 

x –y + z = 4, x –2y –2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1. Ans. x = 3, y = –2 and z = –1

1  1 0 2 2  4
2 3 4   4 2  4 
36. If A =   ,B =  . Find AB and hence solve
0 1 2  2  1 5 

x –y = 3; 2 x + 3y + 4z = 17; y + 2z = 7. Ans. x = 2, y = –1 and z = 4

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 6
 DETERMINANTS

Prove question numbers 1 to 4 without expanding.

sin A cos A sin( A  C) (a x  a  x ) 2 (a x  a  x ) 2 1

1. sin B cos B sin( B  C )  0 2. (a y  a  y ) 2 (a y  a  y ) 2 1  0
z 2
sin D cos D sin( C  D) z
(a  a ) (a z  a  z ) 2 1

a b b c a c a b c 1 a a 2  bc b 2 c2 bc b  c
3. b c a  c b a  2b c a 4. i. 1 b b 2  ac  0 ii. a 2 c2 ca c  a  0
a c b a b c c a b 1 c c 2  ab b2a 2 ab a  b

Prove the following using properties of determinants.

1 a2 a3 a b c
2
1 b b 3 (a  b )(b  c)( c  a )(ab  bc  ca ) a2 b2 c2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a )( a  b  c)
5. = 6.
1 c2 c3 b c c a a b

x a b c
x 4 2x 2x
a xb c  x 2 ( a  b  c  x)
7. 8. 2x x 4 2 x  (5x  4)(4  x ) 2
a b x c
2x 2x x 4

a b c 2a 2a a  b  2c a b
3
9. 2b b c a 2b  (a  b  c) 10. c c  b  2a b  2( a  b  c) 3
2c 2c c a b c a c  a  2b

a2  1 ab ac 1  a 2  b2 2ab  2b
2 2 2 2
11. ab b 1 bc  1  a  b  c 12. 2ab 1  a 2  b2 2a  (1  a 2  b 2 ) 3
ac bc c2  1 2b  2a 1  a 2  b2

 a (b 2  c2  a 2 ) 2b 3 2c 3
13. 2a 3  b( a 2  c 2  b 2 ) 2c 3 = abc(a2 + b2 + c2)3
2a 3 2b 3 2 2 2
 c (b  a  c )

a2 bc ac  c 2 b2  c2 ab ac
2 2
14. a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2 b 2 c 2 15.
ab c a bc  4 a 2b 2 c 2
ab b 2  bc c2 ac bc a 2  b2

yz z y a b ax  by
16. z z x x  4 xyz 17. b c bx  cy  (b 2  ac)(ax 2  2bxy  cy 2 )
y x xy ax  by bx  cy 0

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 7
 b c a b a a b c
18. c  a b  c b  3abc  a 3  b 3  c 3 19. b c a = – ( a +b +c) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab –bc –ca)
a b c a c c a b

a2 b2 c2 a a b a b c
(a  1)2 (b  1)2 (c  1)2  4(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) 3
20. 21. 2a 3a  2b 4a  3b  2c  a
( a  1)2 (b  1)2 (c  1)2 3a 6a  3b 10a  6b  3c

a b c c b ( y  z)2 xy zx
c a b c a xy (x  z)2 yz  2xyz(x  y  z)3
22. = 2(a + b)(b + c) (c + a) . 23.
b a a b c xz yz (x  y)2

1 a 1 1
1 1 1
24. 1 1 b 1  abc(1    ) = (ab + bc + ca + abc)
a b c
1 1 1 c

3a ab ac a x a x a x
b a 3b bc ax a x a x 0
25. = 3(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) . 26. Solve Ans. x =0, 3a.
c a cb 3c ax a x a x

x x2 1 x3
27. If x,y,z are all different and y y 2 1  y 3  0, then prove that xyz   1 .
z z2 1  z3

x sin  cos 
 sin  x 1
28. Show that the value of the determinant is independent of .
cos  1 x

log a p 1
log b q 1  0
29. If a, b, c are all positive and are pth, qth and rth terms of a G.P., then prove that
log c r 1

30. Find k so that the points (k, 2 –2k) (–k + 1, 2k) & (–4 –k, 6 –2k) are collinear? Ans. k = 1/2, k = –1

31. For what value of x will the points (x, –1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) lie on a line? Ans. x = 1

32. Find value of x so that area of triangle with vertices (x, 4), (2, – 6) & (5, 4) is 35 cm2. Ans. x =– 2, x = 12.

33. The point A divides the join of P (–5, 1) and Q (3, 5) in the ratio k : 1. Find the values of k for which the area of ABC where
B is (1, 5) and C(7, –2) is equal to 2 units. Ans. k = 7 or 31/9

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 8
 CONTINUITY

 x 3  2x 2  5x  6
 x  2
1. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at x = –2 , f(x) =  x2 Ans.Discontinuous
 8 x  2

1 1
 2  x, 0  x  2
 1
 1, x 
2. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at x =1/2, where f(x) =  2 Ans. Discontinuous
 3  x, 1  x  1
 2 2

 5x  4 , if 0  x  1
3. Check the continuity of f(x) =  4 x 3  3 x , if 1  x  2 at x = 1 and at x = ½. Ans. Continuous


4. Discuss the continuity of f ( x )  | x| | x  | at x = 0,1. Also draw the graph of f(x). Ans. Continuous

 
  k cos x , x  2
5. Find the value of k if f(x) is continuous at x = , where f(x) =    2 x , . Ans. k =6
2  3 x
 2

 x
 , x 0
6. Prove that the function f(x) =  | x |  2 x2
 x  0 remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless of the choice of k.
k

 2 1
x sin  x  0
7. Check continuity of f ( x)    x at x =0. Ans. Continuous
 0 x 0

8. Discuss the continuity of [ x ] at the indicated points. Also sketch the graph.
i. At integral points. ii. At non integral point. iii. at x = –2 iv. at x = 1/2 Ans. i,iii Discontinuous
9. In the following, determine the value (s) of constant (s) involved in the definition so that the given function is continuous.

4, if x   1  1, if x 3
 2 
ax  b, if  1  x  0
i. f(x) =  Ans. a= 3, b =1 ii. f(x) =  ax  b, if 3 x  5 Ans. a= 3, b =– 8.
cos x, if x  0  7 , if 5 x
 

 m ( x 2  2 x ) , if x  0
10. Find the value of ‘m’ so that the function h(x) =  is continuous. Ans. no value of m.
 cos x , if x  0
11. Locate the points of discontinuity of the following functions :

 x  3, if x  3
x2 
i. f(x) = . ii. f ( x)  2 x, if  3  x  3 . Ans. i. x =3, x = 2 , ii. x = –3, x = 3
x 2  5x  6  6 x  2, if x  3


12. Is the function | 1–x + |x| | continuous if x is real. Ans. continuous

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 9
13. Check continuity and differentiability of f(x) = | x | at x = 0. Ans. Continuous but not differentiable


1  cos 4 x , x  0
 x2

a if x  0
14. Find a and b if f(x) =  b x is continuous at x = 0. Ans. a = 8, b = 1
 ,x0
 
 16  x  4

3ax  b, if x  1

11, if x  1
15. Find the value of a and b if the function f(x) =  is continuous at x = 1. Ans. a = 3, b =2.
5ax  2b, if x  1


 x 2 , if 0  x  1

2 x  1, if 1  x  2
16. Check continuity of f(x) =  at x = 1 and x = 2 . Ans. Continuous at x =1.
 x  3, if x  2

17. If f(x), defined by the following, is continuous at x = 0, find the values of a, b and c.

 sin ( a  1) x  sin x
 , if x  0
 x
f ( x)   c , if x  0
 x  bx  x2 Ans. a  3 / 2, c  1 / 2 and b can have any real value.
, if x  0
 3/ 2
 bx

18. Find all points of discontinuity for the functions whose graph is shown below :

x
-3 -1 1 3
Ans. Points oof discontinuity are -3, 0, 3.

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 10
 DIFFERENTIATION

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATE FOLLOWING W.R.T. X

1. y = xx  x 2. y =  x x
x
3. y = cos xx 4. y = log (cos x)x  e  x 2


5. y  (log x) x  x log x 6. y = (cos x )sin x  (sin x )sec x 7. x y  y x  a b 8. x y  y x

x.... x...... 
1 x2 (2x  3)1/ 2 .....  .....  x  e x e xa
9. y= ( x2  2)2/3
10. y = ( x ) x 11.
1. y  (sin x ) sin x sin x 12. y = e 13. y a

xx x  1 
ANSWERS : 1. (x x)x (2x log x + x) 2. ( x) x log x log x  1  x log x  3.  x x sin x1  log x
 
2
 2 xe  x  log cos x  x tan x x  1  log x  2 log x 
4. x x2 5. (log x) log (log x )   x  
(cos x)  e  log x   x 
6. (cos x)sin x [– tan x sin x + cos x log cos x] + (sin x)sec x [cosec x + sec x tan x log sin x]


 x y 1 y  y x log y  y  x log y  y 
  1  x 2 (2 x  3)1/ 2y   x  1  4x 
7. 8. x  y log x  x  9.  

x y log x  y x 1 x  ( x 2  2) 2/ 3 .
2 2
 (1  x ) 2 x  3 3( x  2) 

y2 42 y y 2 log y
10. 11. 12. 13.
2 x(1  y log x ) 2 x(1  y log y ) 1 y x 1  y log x log y 

INVERSE DIFFERENTIATION

1 cos x
14. y  tan 1 ( 1  x 2  x ) 15. y  cot 1 ( 1  x 2  x ) 16. y = tan
1  sin x

 a cos x  b sin x   1 x  1 x   2 cos x  3 sin x 

17. y  tan 1   18. y  tan 1  

1
19. y  cos  
 b cos x  a sin x   1  x  1  x   13 

4x 2  3x
 1 x 
20. y  tan
1
 tan  1 21. y  sin 1  x 1  x  x 1  x 2  22. y  2 tan1 
 1 x 
1  5 x2 3  2x  
 

1 1 1 1
ANSWERS : 14.

2 1  x2  15. 
1  x2  16.  17. –1 18.
2 2 2 1  x2

1 1 1 1 1
19. 1 20. 21.  22.
25 x 2  1 1 x 2
1 x 2 x 1  x2
  
  x   x 
23. Differentiate tan-1   with respect to cos-1x2. Ans. –½
   x    x 

  
24. Differentiate sin-1   ax   a x  with respect to   a  x  . Ans. –2/ax

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 11
 1 x2 2x  x 1  x2
25. Find the d.c. of tan-1 w. r. t. sin-1 . Ans.
1 x 2
1  x2 2 1  x2

 1 x 2 
26. Differentiate cos-1 (4x3 – 3x) with respect to tan 1  . Ans. 3
 x 
 

1  x2  1 1  x2 1 x 1 1  x  1  x 
2

27. Differentiate tan1 w. r. t.sin1 . Ans. –¼ 28. Differentiate sin 1 wrtt cot  1  x  . Ans.
x 1  x2 2 2 1 x2

2 x 1 2 x
1 x
29. Find the d.c. of tan-1 2 w. r . t .sin . Ans.
1 x 1  x2 1 x
PROBLEMS BASED ON PROVING dy.dx when y = f(x) is given.

1  sin x  1  sin x
30. If y  cot 1 ,show that dy/dx is independent of x.
1  sin x  1  sin x

 5 ax  dy 3a 2a cos x  sin x dy  
31. If y  tan 1  2  prove that  2 2  32. If y = , show that  sec   x.
 a  6x2  dx a  9 x a  4x2
2
cos x  sin x dx  

dy log x dy y
33. If x y  e x  y , prove that  m n m n
34. If x y  ( x  y ) , prove that  .
dx (1 log x)2 . dx x

dy sin2 (a  y ) 2 2 dy 1 y 2
35. If sin y  x sin(a  y ) , prove that  36. If 1 x  1 y  a( x  y), show that  .
dx sin a dx 1 x 2

dy 1 y 2 dy 1
37. If x 1 y 2  y 1 x 2  1, prove that   . 38. If x 1  y  y 1  x  0, show that dx  ( x  1)2 .
dx 1 x 2

2
1  x  y 
2
dy y  x   x   dy 
39.
1
If cos  x 2  y 2   tan a , prove that  . 40. If y = tan-1    sec    , prove that dx  .
  dx x   x   
x    x

2
1 1 1  u 1 2u  2u dy
41. 
If y = tan  cos 2
 sin 1 
2  and x = 2 , then find the value of . Ans. 1
 2 1  u 2 1  u  1 u dx

dy y y2 e t  e t et  e t x
42. If y  x  y  x  c, show that   1 43. If x = and y  , find dy/dx. Ans.
dx x x2   y

  t t   t t t 2 1 x
44 i. If x = and y  , find dy/dx. ii. If y = and x = , find dy/dx. Ans. i. ii.
  t   t   t   t 2t y

 1 2 t
45. If x  a cos t  log tan  and y = a sin t, prove that dy/dx = tan t.
 2 2

1 1 t
46. If x  cos and y  sin 1 , prove that dy/dx = 1.
2
1 t 1 t2
2
 2x 1   2x 1   1  x  x2 
47. If y = f  2  and f ´(x) = sin x2 then find dy . Ans. 2 sin  
 x2  1   2 
2 
 x  1 dx    ( x  1) 

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 12
48. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C x + C2 x2 + .... + Cn xn, then prove that : C1 + 2C2 + ... + nCn = n . 2n –1.

ax 2 bx c dy y  a b c 
49. If y     1 , show that     .
( x  a )( x  b)( x  c) ( x  b)( x  c) x  c dx x  a  x b  x c  x 

PROBLEMS BASED ON SECOND DERIVATIVE

50. If y  tan 1 x, show that (1 x 2 )y 2  2xy1  0

d2y dy
51. If y  A coslog x  B sin log x, prove that x 2 2  x  y 0
dx dx
1
52. If y  e tan x , prove that (1  x 2 ) y2  (2 x  1) y1  0
53. If y  (sin 1 x ) 2 , prove that (1  x 2 ) y2  xy1  2  0
2
54. If y  e a cos1 x 
, show that 1  x
2
 ddxy  x dy
2
dx
a 2
y  0.

d2y 1 
55. If x  a (1  cos  ), y  a (  sin  ), prove that 2  at  
dx a 
 d 2 y sec 3 
56. If x = a (cos  + sin  ) and y = a (sin  -  cos  ). Where 0 < < , prove that  .
2 dx 2 a

d2y d2y  a (3 sin    cos  )

57. If x  a (cos    sin ) and y  a (sin    cos ) find . Ans.  .
dx 2 dx 2
a ( sin   cos  )

d2 y cos x
58. If y = tan x + sec x, prove that 2

dx (1  sin x ) 2
59. If x = sin t and y = sin pt, prove that (1 – x2)y2 – xy1 + p²y = 0.
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  
60. If ( x – a)2 + ( y – b)2 = c2 prove that  is a constant independent of a & b.
dy 2
dx 2

61. If y  x  x2 1 n
show that (x2 + 1) y2 + xy – n2y = 0.

d  y   dy   y d2y dy
62. If y = xx, prove that       . 63. If y  eax sinbx, prove that, 2  2a  a 2  b 2  y  0.
dx y  dx  x dx dx

1 t 2 2t d2y
64. If cos x = and sin y  . Prove that is independent of t.
1 t2 1 t2 dx 2
x x x sin x 1 x 1 x 1
65. Given that cos . cos . cos ....  , prove that 2
sec 2  4 sec 2  ...  cosec 2 x  2
2 4 8 x 2 2 2 4 x

66. If y = [log x  x2  a2  ] 2 , prove that (x2 + a2)y2 + xy1 = 2.

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 13
 TANGENT AND NORMAL

1. Find a point on curve y = x3 where tangent is parallel to the chord joining (1, 3) & (3,27). Ans.(2,8) &(– 2,– 8)

2. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y  2 x 2  3x  1 in the following cases :

i. at the point where curve meets x-axis. iii. at the point where tangent makes an angle of 45o with x-axis.
ii. at the point where slope of tangent is 2. iv. at the point where tangent is parallel to x-axis.

Ans. i. Tangent : 2 y  2 x  1  0; x  y 1  0 Normal : 2 y  2 x  1  0 y  x 1  0

ii. y –x + 1 = 0 ; y –x –1 = 0 iii. 2y – 4x – 1 = 0, x + 2y = 23/8 iv. 8y + 1 = 0; x = 3/4
3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y = 2 sin x + sin 2x at x = /2 Ans. y +2x =  + 2
4. Determine the point on the curve y = x2 - 4x + 3 at which the normal is parallel to a line whose slope is ½. Ans. (1, 0)
5. If the tangent to the curve y = x3 + ax + b at ( 1,-6) is parallel to the line 5x –y + = 0 find a,b. Ans. a = –2, b = –5
6. Find the equation of the normal line to y = x3 + 2 x + 6 which is parallel to the line 14y + x + 4 = 0
Ans. 14y –252 = 2 –x ; 14y + 84 = –x –2
7. Find the points on the curve y = 3x2 – 9x + 8 at which the tangents are equally inclined with the axes.
Ans. (4/3,4/3) (5/3,4/3)
8. In the curve y(x-2)(x-3)=x-7, show that the tangent is parallel to the x-axis at the points for which x= 7  2 5 .
9. For curve y = 4x3 - 2x5 find all the points at which tangent passes through origin. Ans. (0, 0); (1, 2); (–1, –2)
10. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y(x-2)(x-3)-x+7=0 at thepoint, where it cut the x-axis.
Ans. x –20y –7 = 0; 20x + y –140 = 0

11. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = 5 x  3  2 i.which is parallel to the line 4x – 2y+3=0.
ii. which is perpendicular to the line 4x + 2y + 3 = 0 Ans. i. 80x – 40y = 103 ii. 5x – 10y = 8
12. Find the points on the curve x 2 + y2 = 25, the tangent at which are i. parallel to x-axis ii. parallel to y-axis.
Ans. i. (0, + 5) ii. ( + 5, 0)

x2 y 2 xx yy
13. Prove that the equation of tangent to the hyperbola   1 at ( x1,y1) is 21  21  1.
a2 b2 a b
14. Find the equation of the normal at the point (am2,am3) for the curve ay2 =x3. Ans. 2x+ 3my–am2 (2+3 m2) = 0
15. Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point "t = /4 " on the curve x = a sin 3 t ; y = bcos 3 t.
Ans. ay + bx = ab / 2
16. Show that the curves xy = a2 and x2 + y2 = 2a2 touch each other.
17. If the curves xy = k and y2 = x cut each other orthogonally then prove that k2 = 1/8.
18. Show that the curves 2x = y2 and and 2xy = k cut at right angles if k2 = 8.
19. Find the angle at which the curves x2 + 4y2 = 32, x2 –y2 = 12 intersect. Ans. tan–1 3
20. Find the point on the curve y = x3 –11x + 5 at which the tangent has the equation y = x –11. Ans. (2 –9)

21. Find the equation of tangent to the curve x  y  a at the point (x1, y1) and show that the sum of its intercepts on axes
x y
is constant. Ans.   a
x1 y1

22. Show that the normal at any point  to the curve x = a cos + asin ; y = a sin – acos is at a constant distance from origin.
23. Show that x/a +y/b =1 touches the curve y = be – x/ a at the point where curve crosses y-axis.

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 14
 RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES

1. The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48 cm2/sec. Length of the rectangle is always equal to the
square of the breadth. At what rate the length is increasing at the instant when the breadth is 4.5 cm.Ans. 64/9 cm/sec
2. The volume of a sphere is decreasing at the rate of 12 cc/sec.Find the rates at which radius & surface area are changing
at the instant when radius is 20 cm. Also find approximately how much the radius & surface area may be expected to
change in following 6 seconds. Ans. –3/400 cm/sec, 6/5 cm2/sec, 9/200 cm, 36 cm2
3. The rate of change of volume of a sphere is 3/2 cc/min.Find the rate of change of surface area if the rate of change of
radius is 2/5 cm/min. Ans. 4 3 / 5 cm2/min.
4. An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm & a base of radius 5 cm.Water is poured into it at the rate of 3/2 cc per minute.Find
the rate at which level of water in the cone is rising when the depth is 4 cm. Ans. 3/8 cm/min
5. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cc/sec. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the
height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand-cone increasing when
the height is 4 cm. Ans. 1/48 cm/sec
6. Water is withdrawn from a conical reservoir 8 cm in diameter and 10 cm deep at the constant rate of 5 cc/sec. How fast
is the water level falling when it is 4 cm from the top? Ans. –125/144  cm/sec
7. Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semivertical angle /4at the uniform rate of 2 cm2/sec in its surface area
through a tiny hole at the vertex in the bottom.When the slant height of the water is 4 cm,find the rate of decrease of the
slant height of the water. Ans.  2 / 4 cm/sec.
8. Water is running into a conical vessel,15 cm deep and 5 cm in radius,at the rate of 0.1 cc/sec.When the water is 6 cm
deep,find at what rate is (a) the water level rising (b) the water-surface area increasing.
(c) the wetted surface of the vessel is increasing. Ans. a. 140 cm/sec b. 1/30 cm2/sec c. 2
10 / 30 cm sec.

9. The diameter and altitude of a right circular cylinder are found at a certain instant to be 10 cm and 20 cm respectively. If
the diameter is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec,what change in the altitude will keep the volume constant ?
Ans. –8 cm/sec
10. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x3 +2. Find the points on the curve at which y coordinate is changing 8 times as
fast as x-coordinate. Ans. (4, 11); (–4, –31/3)
11. At what point on the ellipse 16x2 + 9y2 = 400 does the ordinate decrease at the same rate at which the abscissa increases.
Ans. (3, 16/3), (–3, –16/3)
12. If y = 7x –x3 and x increases @ 4 units/sec, find rate of change of slope when x = 2? Ans.– 48 units/sec
13. A man of height 180cm is moving away from a lamp post @ rate of 1.2 m/sec.If height of lamp post is 4.5 m, find rate
at which (i) his shadow is lengthening (ii) tip of his shadow is moving. Ans. i. 0.8 m/s ii. 2m/sec
14. A ladder 13 m long leans against a wall. The foot of the lader is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate
of 1.5 m/sec. How fast is the angle between the ladder and the ground is changing when the foot the ladder is 12 m away
from the wall. Ans. 0.3 rad/sec
15. A ladder 5 m long leans against a wall. The foot of ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall @ 2 m/sec.
How fast is height on wall decreasing when foot the ladder is 4m away from the wall. Ans. –8/3 m/sec
16. A man is walking at the rate of 8 k.p.h. towards the foot of the tower 60 m high.At what rate is he approaching the top
when he is 80 m from the top of the tower. Ans. 6.4 km/hr
17. A man is moving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the rate of 2 m/s.Find the rate at which the angle of elevation of the
top of tower is changing, when he is at a distance of 30 m from the foot of the tower.Assume that the eye level of the man
is 1.6 m from the ground. Ans. 4/125 rad/sec
18. A plane is ascending at the rate of 100 km/hr. If the radius of the earth is r km, how fast is the area of earth, visible from
the plane, increasing at three minutes after it started ascending.
[Visible area A at height h is given by A = 2r2 h/ r + h] Ans. 200r3 / (r + 5)2

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 15
 INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTION

1. Find the intervals in which the following functions are increasing or decreasing :
(a) –(x + 1)3 (x –3)3. (b) –2x3 –9x2 –12x +1 (c) f (x) = x4–2x2. (d) f (x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x + 21
2x
2. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = log (1 + x) – is increasing or decreasing.
2 x
x
3. Determine for which values of x,the function f(x)= is increasing and for which values of x, it is decreasing.Find
2
x 1
also the points on the graph of the function at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
x 2
4. Determine intervals for which f ( x)  ,x  1 is increasing or decreasing.
x1
5. Prove that the function x2-x+1 is neither increasing nor decreasing on the interval (0,1).
6. Let I be any interval disjoint from (-1,1). Prove that the function x + 1/x is increasing on I.
 
7. Which of the following functions are decreasing on  0, 2  ? a. cos x b. cos 2x c. cos 3x d. tan x

8. Show that f (x) = cos (2x +  / 4 ) is an increasing function on (3  /8, 7  /8).

9. Find the intervals for which the following functions are strictly increasing and strictly decreasing on [ 0, 2]
a. sin x –cos x b. sin x + cos x c. 3 sin x –cos x d. 3 sin x + cos x
10. Show that f (x) = tan-1 (sin x + cos x) is an increasing function of the interval (0,  / 4 ).
4 sin 
11. Prove that f ( )    is an increa sin g function of  in [0,  / 2] .
2  cos 
Answers : 1. a.Strictly increasing in (–  , 1), Strictly decreasing in (1,  )
b. Strictly increasing in (–2, –1),Strictly decreasing in (–  , –2)  (–1,  )
c. Strictly increasing in (–1, 0)  (1,  ), Strictly decreasing in (–  ,–1)  (0, 1)
d. Strictly increasing in (1, 2)  (3,  ), Strictly decreasing in (–  ,1)  (2, 3)
2. f(x) is strictly increasing on (–1,  ) 3. f(x) is increasing on (–1,1) f(x) is decreasing on (–  , –]  (1,  ]
4. f(x) is increasing on R – {–1} 7. a and b are decreasing functions
9 a. Strictly Increasing [ 0,3 / 4 )  ( 7 / 4,2 ] ; Strictly Decreasing (3 / 4,7 / 4 )

APPROXIMATION

1. Using differentials find the approximate value of 0.037 . Ans. 0.1923

2. Using differentials find the value of loge 9.01,it being given that loge 3 = 1.0987. Ans. 2.1985
3. Using differentials find the approximate value of tan 46o,if it is being given that 1o = 0.01745 radians. Ans.1.034
4. If y = x 4 –10 and if x changes from 2 to 1.99, what is the approximate change in y ? Ans. – 0.32
 22   22 
5. If y = sin x and x changes from 22/14 to /2. What is the approximate change in y ? Ans. cos 14  2  14 
6. If the error committed in measuring the radius of of a circle be 0.01%,find the corresponding error in calculating area.
Ans. 0.02%
7. A circular metal plate expands under heating so that its radius increases by 2%. Find the approximate increase in the a
rea of the plate if the radius of the plate before heating is 10cm. Ans. 4cm2.
8. If the radius of a circle increases from 5 to 5.1 cm, find the increase in the area. Ans. cm2.
9. Find the percentage error in calculating the voloume of a cubical box if an error of 1% is made in measuring the length
of edges of the cube. Ans. 3%.
10. The radius of the sphere is 2cm.If an error of 0.02 cm is made in measuring the radius of the sphere, find the percentage
error in measuring its surface area. Ans. 2%.

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 16
 ROLLE’S AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

1. Discuss applicability of Rolle’s and L.M.V. theorem for the following.

i. f ( x )  ( x  1) 2 / 3 on [0,2] ii. f ( x )  x 2 / 3 on [  11
,] iii. f(x) = | x | in [-1,1] Ans. Not applicable
2. State and verify Rolles theorem for following function on the indicated interval.

i. f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x [0, /2] ii. f(x) = sinx –sin 2x on [0, ] iii. x( x  3)ex / 2 [–3, 0]

1  33  1
iv. f(x) = x3 –6x2 + 11x –6 in the interval [1, 3]. Ans. i. /4 ii. cos–1   iii. – 2 iv.. 2 
 8  3
3. State and verify Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem for the following function on the indicated interval.
i. f(x) = 2x + sin2 x [0,]. ii. f(x) =2sin x + sin2x on [0, ]. iii. f(x) = (x –1) (x –5) (x + 10) in [0, 5].
Ans. i. /2 ii. /3 iii. 2.76

4. Discuss applicability of LMV for f(x) = 1

4x  1
on [1, 4] & find a point c in the interval if possible. Ans. 1  3 5
4

5. Using L.M.V. find the point on the curve y = (x –3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points A ( 3,0)
and B ( 5,4). Ans. (4,1)
6. A (0,3) and B (4,5) are the two points on the locus y  x2  9 . Prove that there is a point on the locus between A and B
such that the tangent at P is parallel to AB and find the coordinates of the point P.
1
7. If Rolle's theorem holds for function f(x) = x3+bx2+ ax+5 on [1,3] with c = 2+ , find a & b. Ans. a = 11, b = –6
3

8. If Rolle's theorem holds for function f ( x )  x 3  6 x 2  ax  b on [1,3] , find a & b. Ans. a = 11, b any real no.
9. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, show that sin x < x for x > 0.

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

1. Find local maximum and minimum values of f(x) =  ( x  1) 3 ( x  1) 2 . Ans. Max value = 3456/3125, Min value=0
4 1
2. Find absolute max.& min. values of a function f ( x )  12 x 3  6 x 3 , x  [ 1, 1] . Ans. Max = 18, Min=– 9/4

3. Find maximum and minimum values f(x) = sin x + cos x in [0, 2  ]. Ans. Max value = 2 , Min value =– 2

ax  b
4. If curve y  has a turning point at P (2,1) . Find the value of a and b and show that y is maximum at
(x  1)(x  4)
turning point i.e. at P. Ans. b = 0, a = 1
5. An open box with square base is to be made of given quantity of cardboard of area c2 units. Show that the volume of the
box will be maximum if the depth of the box will be half the width.Also find maximum volume.
6. An open box with square base and vertical sides is to be made to hold given quantity of water. Show that the cost of the
material will be least if the depth of the box will be half the width.
7. A square piece of tin of side a cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting square from each corner and folding the
flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum.
Ans. a/6 cm.
8. Show that a right circular cone of conical tent of volume V will require the least amount of canvas to make it, if its height
is 2 times the radius of the base.

9. Show that the semi vertical angle of cone of maximum volume and given slant height is tan–1 2 .
HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334
ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 17
10. Show that the semi vertical angle of cone of maximum volume and given curved surface is sin–1 1 / 3 .

11. Show that the semi vertical angle of cone of maximum volume and given surface is sin–11/3.
12. A manufacturer plans to construct a cylindrical can to hold one cubic metre of liquid.If the cost of constructing top and
bottom of the can is twice the cost of constructing the side,what are the dimensions of the most economical can.

1 16
Ans. r = 3 , h  3
4 

13. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and another side of a right angled triangle is given, show that the area of a
triangle is maximum when the angle is /3.
14. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi-circular opening. Total perimeter of window is
Pm, find dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through whole opening. Ans. 2PP
15. The section of a corner window is a rectangle surmounted by a equilateral triangle.Given that the perimeter is 12 metres,
find the maximum amount of light that may be admitted. Ans. 12 /(6  3 ), (18  6 3 ) /(6  3 )
16. Find the point on the curve y2 = 4x which is nearest to the point (2, –8). Ans. (4, –4)
17. Find the volume of largest right circular cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r.
18. Find the volume of largest right circular cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius r .
19. Find the volume of largest right circular cylinder that can be inscribed in a cone of radius r and height h.
20. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of height h and semi vertical angle
is 4/27 h3 tan2 .
21. Show that the rectangle of maximum area which can be inscribed in a circle of radius r is a square.
22. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r with one of the sides on the diameter of the semi-circle.

Find the dimensions of the rectangle so that its area is maximum.Also find this area. Ans. 2r & r / 2

x2 y 2
23. Find sides of a rectangle with greatest area which can be inscribed in the ellipse   1. Ans. a 2,b 2
a 2 b2
24. A wire of length 28m is to be cut into two pieces,one of the pieces is to be made into a square and the other into a
circle,where should the wire be cut so that the combined area is minimum. Ans. 28/( + 4) from one end
25. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a solid half circular cylinder (i.e, with rectangular base and semi-circular
ends). Show that in order that the total surface area may be minimum, the ratio of the length of the cylinder to the
diameter of is circular ends is  : ( + 2).
26. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at a distance ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the sides of the triangle. Show that the
3

minimum length of the hypotenuse is a 2 / 3  b 2 / 3 .
2

27. A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x2 + 2. A soldier is placed at the point (3, 2). What is the nearest distance
between the soldier and the jet? Ans. 5

28. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be inscribed in a given cone is
half of that of the cone.
29. Find the area of the greatest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in a given ellipse having its vertex coincident with
one end of the major axis. Ans. 3 3 /4

HEAD OFFICE : B-1/30, MALVIYA NAGAR PH. 26675331, 26675333, 26675334

ALSO AT : H-36 B, KALKAJI PH. : 26228900, 40601840 AND E-555, 1ST FLOOR, NEAR RAMPHAL CHOWK, SEC-7 DWARKA PH. 9560088728-29 18