REPORT ON FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC DRAIN CLEANER

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Water is a basic necessity of humans and all living beings. There is a plenty of water on earth
but that is not suitable for human use. Clean water is more important if used for some
purpose. The impurities present in water can cause hazardous and disease. As long as the
draining system is considered the function of the main drainage system is to collect, transport
and dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage water can be only
like empty bottles, polythene bags, papers, etc .Today when the scheme like “Swatch Bharat
Mission” is at peak of their age and everyone working towards making their surrounding and
country clean, our group has sort to work out on a mechanism to make drains of our country
free from solid waste and hence playing a major role in cleaning our society.

1.1 DRAIN
A drain is the primary vessel or conduit for unwanted water or waste liquids to be flumed
away, either to a more useful area, funnelled into a receptacle, or run into sewers or storm
water mains as waste discharge to be released or processed.
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from
an area. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils is good enough to prevent
severe water-logging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need
artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.

1.2 TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

A. Surface drainage (Natural system of drainage):
It may consist of open ditches that are laid out by eye judgment, leading from one wet spot to
another and finally into a nala or river. This is often called natural system.

 Open ditch drains: The pattern of ditches is regular. The method is adopted to land that
has uniform slope.

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Fig 1.2(a): Open Ditch Drains

 Field ditches: Field ditches for surface drains may be either narrow with nearly vertical
sides or V shaped with flat side slopes. V shaped ditches have the advantages of being
easier to cross with large machinery.

Fig 1.2(b): Field Ditch Drains

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 Narrow ditches: Narrow ditches are most common where large farm machinery is not
used.

Fig 1.2(c): Narrow Ditch Drains

In level areas, a collecting ditch may need to be installed at one side of the field and shallow
shaped ditches are constructed to discharge into the collecting ditch. The field ditches should
be laid out parallel and spaced 15 to 45 meters or more apart as required by the soil surface
conditions and crop to be grown. They should be 30 to 60 cm deep depending upon the depth
of the collecting ditch.
Farming operations should be parallel to the field ditches. The care that a ditch will drain
satisfactorily depends up on how quickly water runs into the ditch how much rain falls on the
land, slope, and the condition of the soil and plant cover.

B. Sub surface or under ground drainage:

A sub surface or underground drainage will remove excess soil water. It percolates in to
themselves, just like open drains. These underground drains afford the great advantages that
the surface of the field is not cut off, no wastage of lad and do not interfere with farm
operations. On the other hand, they are costly to lie and are not effective in slowly permeable
clay soils.

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Underground drains may be classified as:

 Tile or pipe drain
 Box drains
 Rubble (coarse stones or gravels filled) drains
 Mole drains and
 Use of pumps for drainage.

 Tile drain: It consists of digging a narrow trench, placing short section of tiles at the
bottom and covering the tiles with earth. The loose joints between two section of the tiles
serve as a place where drainage water may enter into the drainage system. Water moves
by gravity into the joins between tiles and through tile walls.
Porous tile gives no better drainage than tiles that water does not percolate and porous
tile can easily broken or crushed. the drains are two types of tiles in use. Tile should be
always placed at least 75 cm deep to prevent breakage by heavy machinery.

Fig 1.2(d): Tile Drain

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 Box drains: Instead of pipes, underground drains may be made in V shaped cut or trench,
sides of which are reverted with soil, restoring the surface of the field. Depth may be 90
cm below ground.

Fig 1.2(e): Box Drain

 Rubble drains: A somewhat equally substitute for tile drains is made by cutting narrow V
shaped drains or rectangular in section, as for box drains, filling them up with rough stones
large and small and then covering the whole up with soil level with surface field soil.
Depth may be 90 cm.

Fig 1.2(f): Rubble Drain

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 Mole drains: They are often used in clay, clay loam soils. A moling machine is one that
draws a bullet nosed cylinder; usually 10-15 cm in diameter is therefore formed. A mole
drain should be at least 75 cm below the surface to prevent closing of the holes by
compaction from farming operations. Mole drains are extremely used in Europe.

Fig 1.2(g): Mole Drain

 Use of pumps for drainage: The pumps are used in U.S.A. and many other countries for
drainage. River bottoms, lakes and costal plains, peat lands and irrigated lands are the
main types of lands reclaimed by pump drainage. The subsequent must be sufficiently
permeable for the ground water to move to the pipes enough for effective pumping.

1.3 STEPS TAKEN FOR EFFICIENT WATER DRAINAGE IN PAST

AND PRESENT:
The most striking feature of Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) is that the
Indus Valley people had constructed their drainage system on very scientific lines. The
drainage system of Mohen-jo-daro is so elaborate that “the like of which has not yet been
found anywhere in the world in any other city of the same antiquity”.

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Fig1.3: Harappan Civilization Drainage System

House drains emptied themselves into the main drains which ran under the main streets and
below many lanes. The Harappan people well knew that such drains were not to be left open.
The drainage system and drains were covered with bricks or stones and were provided with
inspection traps and main holes at regular intervals for inspection. Every care was taken that
the house-wives did not throw refuse or dirt in the drains. Every house had its own soak-pit
which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain. The
elaborate drainage system of the Harappan people shows that they had developed a high
sense of health and sanitation.

1.4 HAZARDOUS WASTE:

Semisolid or solid matters that are created by human or animal activities, and which are
disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid waste. Most of the solid
wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars and electronic goods
are not biodegradable, which means they do not get broken down through inorganic or
organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat to people, plus,
decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas becoming unhealthy,
dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage to terrestrial
organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful purposes.

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Fig1.4: Hazardous Waste

Therefore this problem needs immediate remedial measures. These impurities present in
drainage water can cause blockage of the drainage system. The drainage system can be
cleaned time to time manually or such a system can be designed that will automatically throw
out wastages and will keep the water clean. This project is designed to keep clean the
drainage system and helps the smooth working of the system. This project automatically
cleans the water in the drainage system each time any wastage appears and this form an
efficient and 4 easy way of cleaning the drainage system and preventing the blockage. It also
reduces labour and improves the quality of water that is cleaned. If the garbage are allowed to
flow they will end up flowing down to recreational beaches used for tourism purposes
making a scene not pleasurable to the eyes else these garbage flow to residential sites where
they are burnt in a way of getting rid of them, thereby causing climate change. The drainage
systems are cleaned when there is no water in them i.e. when it is not raining, but when it is
raining the drainage systems cannot be cleaned because of the harsh conditions of the rain
which no one would volunteer to endure to ensure garbage does not enter into the drainage
systems.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

In many of urban areas in India after a short length of flow of sewage underground (200mm
to 1200mm dia pipes), the sewage pipes are no longer able to take the large flow. The
combined sewage from these large pipes generally flows in open sewers – sewers that were
originally storm water courses. These now carry sewage continuously and occasionally storm
water from intense weather events. When these are choked or encroached to a point of being
too narrow, the water flow spills over its banks into nearby settlements. This occurs generally
following high intensity rainfall wherein the sewer /open storm drain can no longer take the
large combined water flow.

Among the many reasons which cause urban flooding in such water courses / open sewers
are:
 Encroachment of drain and reduction of flow area,
 Improper maintenance of drainage /sewer system,
 Blockages of drainage channels by USW (Ultra Solid Wastes) dumped along its flow
path upstream of these sensitive points.

The most common reasons found for such blockages are:

 Accumulation of silt or dumped debris
 b) Disposal of solid waste in the channel. Poor and unplanned solid waste management
and insensitive attitude among the upstream residents results in USW being dumped into
the open sewers. Such dumped USW cannot be transported through these narrow streams
and results in sewer blockages. Solid wastes which enter the drain comprise mainly of
fermentables, cloth, plastic and paper. Fermentable organic wastes of the dumped USW
(e.g. food and garden wastes) as well as paper are rapidly degraded under such wet
conditions leaving behind a predominantly non biodegradable complex of wastes that
occasionally flows in the sewers or remains stuck at vulnerable points along the water
course. These non biodegradable wastes flow along with sewage in these drainage
channels and gradually accumulate at shallow regions in the path where the flow rates
are very low or the wastes encounter physical obstruction due to a shallow nature –
especially when the only sewage is flowing in these streams. The extent of such mass

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accumulating at specific points along the flow gradually increases with increasing
quantities of USW being discharged into the streams.

2.1 PRESENT SCENARIO:

Treating waste water has the aim to produce an effulent that will do as little harm as possible
when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to
releasing untreated wastewater into the environment.

2.1.1 Three stages of water treatment:

Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.

 Primary treatment: Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a

quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter
solids float to the surface.
 Secondary Treatment: Secondary Treatment removes dissolved and suspended
biological matter.
 Tertiary treatment: Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than
primary and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or
fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs).

Fig 2.1: Waste Pile

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2.2 Waste Generation And Collection

2.2.1Waste Collection Services
Total sweeping staff available with MCD and NDMC is in ratio of 1:216 persons and
1:326 persons respectively. This is above (better than) the prescribed norms of 1:500 in
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineer Organisation (CPHEEO) manual.
Within the municipal area, some zones have been contracted out to private contractors
for functions ranging from the primary collection to waste disposal. They have their own
sweeping staff, waste collected or sand vehicles to transport the waste from collection
points to disposalsites.
MCD has privatized collection of municipal solid waste in 6 zones through 3 private
operators, in order to save costs and improve efficiency in service delivery. These
operators have to put sets of two bins (blue and green coloured) for collection of non-
biodegradable / recyclable and bio-degradable waste respectively. These bins are
emptied into separate vehicles of similar colour daily.
NDMC has 900 community bins (masonry built) and 1000 metallic skips (open
containers of about 1m 3 capacities).
2.2.2 Waste Generation:
In the absence of a streamlined and completely controlled system of solid waste
management, the available data is based on per capita generation from some studies (e.g.,
done by NEERI, 1999, Delhi Master Plan 2021, State of Environment Report for Delhi,
2001), vehicle trips and fragmented data from land fill records.
Quoted in Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (Status
Report for Delhi 21) prepared in 2001: 6000-6300 TPD for MCD, 350-400 TPD for
NDMC and about 100 TPD for DCB, the total generation in the National Capital
Territory of Delhi shown as around 6500-7000 TPD presented in a paper by MCD.

2.2.3 Constituents of Waste:

The variation of biodegradable waste ranges from 61.54% for industrial areas to 90.48%
for APMC. This indicates marked variation in the biodegradable component of MSW in
accordance with the land use pattern. Industrial areas are considered to generate
relatively less amount of biodegradable waste while APMC market is considered to
generate maximum amount of biodegradable waste. However, majority of land use like,
MIG, LIG, HIG, EWS, Local fruits / vegetable markets, institutional areas public / semi
public areas and villages aregenerating waste with a biodegradable component ranging

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from 71% to 76.5%. This indicates that the Dhalaos catering to these areas are receiving
waste from mixed land use areas existing in the vicinity.
The variation in recyclable waste ranges from 1.85 from APMC to 8.24% from industrial
areas. The extent of recycling is indicated by the values of individual constituents at the
source and at the disposal site. It is evident from this table that the recovery of the
recyclable constituent includes paper, plastic, glass crockery, clothes, metal, etc. Paper,
plastic and rag contributed a major fraction while glass, metal contributed to a lesser
extent.

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CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT
As the project has been based on the baseline to make integration of the benefits for
human health, societal concerns and national cleanliness policy. Therefore it covers
many section of proportionate benefits to the all sphere of our present life. Explaining all
the present benefits in respective category:

3.1 FOR ACADEMICS

Drainage Cleaning System is basically a agglomeration of the basic mechanical
components that we have gone through regressively during out past four year of
cirruculum.
All the basic components that majorly consist of the Chain drives, Bearings, Welding,
Turbine etc components are finely integrated to build to structurally simple project.
Moreover the last add on the project to give and edge effect harnessing of the flow
energy of the drain gives the project the much needed future scope of exploitation of the
renewable resource.

3.2 FOR INDUSTRY

Presently as a nation, India purposefully focus on two major things. Firstly as young and
fast growing nation we are concentrating to pull out the maximum from out
manufacturing sector with a touch of Start-ups as thing of sub-topic focus.
Our Project, as being new in the market network will provide the entrepreneurs the much
needed ideas to blend the technology with societal benefits and harness the market.
Secondly, as a nation we are focusing on the Public benefits in the policy making and
providing the young generation the employment and environment safety. While being a
high-market potential project conserves the profit for the industry section with the
advance of providing the corporate social benefits.

3.3 FOR SOCIETY

In a modern society where luxury has become a necessity in the urban and rural hub,
there lies a section of the population who still lives on meager just enough to satisfy its
hand to mouth needs. Sanitations is one of the very basic amenities required for the basic
living of a man and providing with such a technological and economical instrument
which can change the pathetic sewerage condition of the town and cities of mediocre

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India. With such a potential instrument of employment generation in the society through
industry co-operation, this product land you in the win-situation for the people.

3.4 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The projects Drainage cleaning system definitely serves the many dimensions the human
needs and definitely presents a bright future aspect in this domain. With technological
advancement this core-mechanical project can be revolutionized to include the
technology like GSM etc, to make the working of the Municipal Boards of the cites more
viable. The project can be incorporate the automatic dustbin lifting system and hence the
project can betech-abled.

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CHAPTER 4
PARTS OF AUTOMATIC DRAIN CLEANER
 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields.

Fig 4.1(a): DC Motor

A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC
motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills.

 SPROCKETS
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with
a chain or other perforated or indented material. It is distinguished from a gear in that
sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that
sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.

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Fig 4.1(b): Sprocket

 BEARINGS
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may,
for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation
around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal
forces that bear on the moving parts.

Fig 4.1(c): Bearing

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 CHAIN DRIVES
Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It
is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicles.

Fig 4.1(d): Chain Drive

Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive
chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear
meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the
chain putting mechanical force into the system.

 SHAFTS
A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used
to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power
to a machine which absorbs power.

Fig 4.1(e): Shaft

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 SHEET METAL
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal
is one of the fundamental forms used in metal working and it can be cut and bent into
a variety of shapes.

Fig 4.1(f): Sheet Metal

 COLLECTOR JAW
The collector jaw is usually a teeth like structure used to carry away objects.

 BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smart-
phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive
terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.

Fig 4.1(g): Battery

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 FASTNERS
A fastener (US English) or fastening (UK English) is a hardware device that
mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. In general, fasteners are
used to create non-permanent joints, that is, joints that can be removed or dismantled
without damaging the joining components.

Fig 4.1(g): Fastners

 L-ANGLE ROD

 MESH

 WIRES
A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used
to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals.

Fig 4.1(h): Wires

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CHAPTER 5
CALCULATIONS

5.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

 Frame (Material Used: Mild Steel)

Breath :600mm

Length :700 mm

Height : 1050mm

Slant Length: 950 mm

Angle of inclination:52.13 degree

Leg length: 150 mm

L- and frame: (25 x 25) mm

 Bearing (Material Used: Stainless Steel)

6202 Ball Bearing

 Battery

12 Volts, 7 Ampere, Lead Acid battery, Rechargeable type battery, Works for 2 Hrs.

 D.C Motor

12Volts, 24 Watts, 10 rpm, Permanent Magnet D.C Motor.

 Sprockets (Material Used: Cast Iron)

Gear Ratio : 1:1

Pitch : 7mm

Radius : 100 mm

Radius hole : 15 mm

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 chain drive (Material Used: alloy steel)

Length : 850 mm

Thickness : 7.75 mm

 Wheel (Material Used: Nylon)

Radius : 37.5 mm

Thickness: 25 mm

 Shaft (Material Used: Mild Steel)

Upper Shaft

Length : 650 mm

Radius : 7.5 mm

Lower Shaft

Length : 650 mm

Radius : 7.5 mm

 Trash Lifter (Material Used: Mild Steel)

Length : 580 mm

Breath : 140 mm

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5.2 CALCULATIONS

Assuming, (a) mass to be lifted = 1.5 kg and (b) Self weight of bucket = 2kg

Thus, Total mass = 3.5 kg

α = 52.12°as we goes on increasing α length of belt required will be more And if goes on
decreasing αlength of bar will increased. So we have taken it for average size.

If height of bar is selected as 1500 mm and according to survey it was found that depth of
drainage is 400to 600mm. Thus total height is 1500 mm and 100 mm clearance provided so
that bucket will not get stuck at the bottom of the drainage.

Total height = 1500 mm

(1) Pulling forces (Fp) = mass× 9.81 × =34.55 N {assume total mass as 3.5 kg}
sin−1 750
(2) Angle of inclination= = 52.12°
950

(3) Slant height=583/sin 52.13° = 950

(4) Pitch of sprocket=number of teeth/6=42/6=7mm
(5) Distance between the 2 sprockets=950mm
(6) Torque of motor=Fp×r=34.55×950=32.822Nm

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CHAPTER 7
WORKING OF AUTOMATED DRAIN CLEANER

7.1 MECHANISM

Fig 7.1: Automated Drain Cleaner

 The Automated mechanism is basically designed to filter out the solid waste of the
running drains and hence avoiding the possibility of any blockage of the flowing waste
water.
 The device is placed across the drain so that only water flows through the lower grids,
waste like bottles, plastics etc floating in the drain are lifted by the teeth which is
connected to the chain.
 This chain is driven using a gear, which is inturn driven by a motor.

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 When the motor runs the chain starts to rotate making the teeth to lift up.
 The waste materials are lifted by the teeth and are disposed into the waste storage tank.

7.2 WORKING

 The first step is to switch on the motor which is powered by a battery there by rotating
the motor.

 As the motor rotates, the shaft connected to the motor also rotates, thereby making the
sprockets and the chain drive to rotate.

 The rotary motion from the top shaft is transferred to the bottom shaft by using
sprockets and chains.

 There will be a mesh between the two angle frames which acts as a barrier for
stopping the solid waste from flowing pass the equipment.

 The collector jaw which is connected to the chain drive is used for lifting waste from
the drains.

 The storage tank collects the solid waste of various sizes and stores it in the storage
tank.

 The waste from the storage tank is disposed when the sensor indicates that the tank is
full.

 The sensor helps the equipment to switch on only when the solid waste materials
approaches towards the mesh and at all other times the equipment remains off.

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CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
8.1 ADVANTAGES
 Automated Systems:
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating
equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens,
switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some
processes have been completely automated. The biggest benefit of automation is that
it saves labor; however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve
quality, accuracy and precision. The term automation, inspired by the earlier word
automatic (coming from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when Ford
established an automation department It was during this time that industry was rapidly
adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the 1930s.Automation has
been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic,
electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination. Complicated
systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these
combined techniques.

 Low in cost:
Our system is very low in cost because we are using very simple mechanism and also
we have incorporated those components which are being used in simple bicycle
construction. So we can say that our mechanism will be very easy to construct and it
will not incur any high labor cost and also the cost components will be very low. It
will be low in cost.

 Easy maintenance:
Our mechanism will be very easy to maintain because it is having components which
are detachable in nature and we will be able to maintain each and every component
individually and also if any particular needs to be replaced so we can replace them
readily, and since we have said earlier that our components are very simple in nature
so this makes our system more maintainable.

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 It is used almost in all types of Drainage(Large, Small, Medium):

Our system can be used in all types of drainage like we can vary the dimensions of
our mechanisms according to the needs like we can vary the size of the mechanism
according to the narrow or broad drainage. We always observe that in our daily life
usually drains are leaking in slum areas where drains are very narrow and also
residing region are also narrow so we have to design our mechanism accordingly and
this mechanism gives us that freedom.

 This device is suitable to hold flat type plate (maximum length 1.5 feet):
With the help of this mechanism we can hold the flat type plate of maximum length
1.5 feet from this we are trying to say that our mechanism is able to handle vast
variety of objects of variety of width sand sizes which makes it very flexible to use.

 It can handle maximum load of 1kg:

Our mechanism is able to handle the maximum load of 1kg so it proves that it can
carry variety of load so starting from carry bags to disposables, etc.

8.2 CHALLENGES:
 Turbine Power from Drainage needs to be maintained:
Turbine power needs to be maintained because sometimes flow of the water can be
very high which may be not essential for the operating function. It is one of the
disadvantages which can be very important to consider.
 It is able to clean solid waste only This is one of the most important disadvantage to
ponder upon, Actually It can only able to clean the solid waste only. So due to this
draw back we cannot clean the liquid and semi liquid wastes and this is the vital draw
back on which we have to ponder upon.
 Waste storage tanks need to be emptied from time to time.
Since we have to empty the tank time to time which can make the work somewhat
tidy and tough. But we can remove this drawback by inculcating the sensor
mechanism which will send the message to the municipality about the status of the
storage tank so that they can manage the operation to collect the garbage but as of

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now we cannot incorporate the sensor mechanism because we have to consider the
cost constraint also but in future we can think of it.
 Cannot with stand higher loads:
 Since our mechanism can withstand 1kg of load which is an advantage up to an extent
but for industrial usage we have to increase its capacity to much higher values but
again we are in initial phase and we are designing this project for small purposes but
in near future we have to increase its capacity for applying it to industries.
 Less capacity of storage tank.

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