Introduction To Non-Water Carriage Sanitation Systems: Waste Disposal in Non-Sewered Areas

(CEng 3171) Water supply and urban drainage lecture note (Non-Water Carriage Sanitation Systems)
9. INTRODUCTION TO NON-WATER CARRIAGE SANITATION

SYSTEMS
This is the oldest system by which garbage or dry refuse of a town is collected in dustbins,
placed along the roads, from where it is conveyed (trucks or covered carts), once or twice a
day to the points of deposal.
1. All the for filing, the noncombustible portions of garbage (sand dust clay) are used for
filling the low-level areas to reclaim land for further development of town.
2. The combustible portion of garbage (dry levels, waste paper, broken furniture etc) is
burnt.
3. The decayed fruits and vegetables, grass and other such things are first dried and then
disposed of by burring or in the manufacture of manure (substance especially dung as
fertilizer)
Garbage or dry refuse of a town is collected in dust bins placed along the roads, form where it
is conveyed by trucks or covered carts once or twice in a day to the points of deposal all the
for filing the noncombustible portions of garbage such of sand dust clay as be etc are used for
filling the low level areas to reclaim lard for Ruther development of town and combustible
portion of garbage such as dry levels waste paper, broken furniture etc are burnt .the decayed
fruits and vegetables , grass and other such things are first dried and then disposed of by
burring or in the manufacture of manure (substance especially dung as fertilizer)
Human excreta or night soil is collected separately in privies or conservancy latrines. The
liquid and semi liquid wastes are collected in separate pans in same latrine, from where trey
are removed through human agency and after removal night soil is taken outside the town in
closed animal drawn carts, trucks and is buried in trenches. After 2 to 3 years the buried night
soil is converted in to excellent manure, which can be used for growing crops.
Waste Disposal in Non-Sewered Areas

In case of poor countries , it is not possible to have the water carriage system in all the towns,
villages and cities in the rural areas, seated localities and isolated colonies which are not
served by the piped water supply, always have a shortage of water, due to which the quantity
of wastewater also small . The wastewater from such areas therefore can be easily disposed be
developed for the safe collection and deposal of human excreta from such areas under such
circumstances. Conservancy is chosen and in such system human excreta is collected in
various types of privies
Sewerage system (wastewater collection and treatment) is not available for the disposal of
sanitary wastes in most towns and all rural areas of our country. Therefore, privies are in use
for collection and disposal of night soils. The types of privies that may be adopted are the
following:
Bore -hole latrines
Pour- flush latrines
Conventional unimproved pit latrines
Ventilated improved pit latrines(VIP)
Double tank latrines
Samara University -Department of Civil Engineering 2020/2021

Septic tank latrines

Aqua privy
Chemical toilets
Working type privy
1. Borehole Latrine
 In bore -hole latrine a hole usually not than 45 cm in diameter and 4 m deep is
constricted.
 The hole generally penetrates in the ground water table---. This permits
anaerobic digestion of faucal solids and longer use of the pit.
 The top the hole is ten protected by a slab with slanting foot react adjacent to a
slot through which the excreta falls in the hole.
 The major disadvantage of a borehole latrine is pollution of the ground water.
2. Pour Flush (PF) Latrine

 Such toilets comprise water latrines connected directly offset pits
 Approximately1-2 liters water poured by hand to flush the excreta in to the pits.
 The pit is provided with open brickwork or masonry with suitable openings for
dispersion of the effluent to the surrounding subsoil. The pit, therefore, serves as a
combined setting, digestion and dispersion tank.
 Usually two pits are contracted in parallel so the when the first pit is full, the second
pit is put in to operation, when the second pit is nearly full the first can be emptied
and the toilet connected to it. A per with alternating pits can , therefore, be used
indefinitely
 The excavated sable humans from the pit can be applied on land as manure.
 The PF may be installed inside the house since it is both from odors and fly &most
nuisance.
3. Conventional Unimproved Pit Latrine

 The most commonly observed technology around the world, especially rural areas is
the pit larine ,
 A pit latrine comprise of the pit, squatting plate, and the toilet super structure.
 The pit is simply a hole dug into the ground to receive the excreta
 When the pit is nearly full, the super structure and the squatting plate are removed and
the pit is sealed with soil from a new pit dug nearby.
 The unimproved pit latrine described above has both odor and insect problems.
4. Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine (VIP)

 The undesirable features of the unimproved pit latrine can be eliminated in the VIP
latrine where the external bent pipe is provided to take the foul gases.
 The top of the vent pipe should be at least 30 cm above the high point of a slopping
roof with a conical roof the vent pipe should extend as high as apex of the roof.
 Wind passing across the top of the pipe causes an up draught, which removes bad
smells. If the latrine is sited where is no wind , up draught may be encouraged buy

putting the pipe on the sunny side of the latrine and painting the outside of the pipe
black(unless the pipe itself is back ).air in the pipe is heated and rises.
 Any fly which hatch in the pit try to move towards the light; if the superstructure is
dark , the fly go towards the top of vent pipe , where , it sees day light.
 It should be noted that in areas where water is carried from distant water points or
surface sources, the vip latrine is probably a better choice . For example, thousands of
VIP latrines have been constructed in the most marginal areas of the city of Karachi,
Pakistan.
5. Double Vault Composting Toilet

 This latrine is principally found in vietram and some extent china ..it is particularly
suited to densely populated areas where the water table high.
 In double vault and the one not in use is sealed so as to create anaerobic conditions the
fecal matter is composed and after a minimum sealed off period of 45 days , rendered
in to a dark gray harmless, odorless ,nitrogen rich organic manure which is then
removed .
 Urine is prated from fecal mater by the use of channel in the floor, and around off
in to a separate container.
 The double viable latrine is now being promoted by un chef in Bangladesh, Burma and
Egypt.
6. Aqua Privy
 This is made on the similar principle as septic tank. it consists of a water tight tank
and a squatting plate above it . a drop 10 cm in diameter goes into the tank below
water level.
 Like in the septic tank anaerobic digesting takes place with much reduction of solid
volume .the effluent is passed to a seepage pit.
 The capacity of the tank may be provided at the rate of 0.03 to 0.05 m3 per capita.
7. Chemical Toilet
 Chemical toilet usually consists of seat attached to metal cylindrical tank in which a
strong solution of caustic soda in water has been put.
 The solution of caustic soda sterilizes and liquidifies the excreta in the tank and
requires replacement only at interval of several months.
 The content of chemical toilet when emptied is liquid , sterile and practically free
from odor .the discharge can bee used as fertilizer.
 The tank can be 74 cm in diameter and 150 cm long for one seat. And with
additional 90 cm length for each extra seat.
9. Working Type Privy
It consists of plat from with a centrally located hole and a squatting arrangement .under
the plat from below the whole a container is placed. Excreta gets temporarily collected in
the container. From there it may be collected by municipality truck and disused off.

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(CEng 3171) Water supply and urban drainage lecture note (Non-Water Carriage Sanitation Systems)

9. INTRODUCTION TO NON-WATER CARRIAGE SANITATION

Waste Disposal in Non-Sewered Areas

Samara University -Department of Civil Engineering 2020/2021

Septic tank latrines

2. Pour Flush (PF) Latrine

3. Conventional Unimproved Pit Latrine

4. Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine (VIP)

Samara University -Department of Civil Engineering 2020/2021

5. Double Vault Composting Toilet

9. Working Type Privy

Samara University -Department of Civil Engineering 2020/2021

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