Section 300 Earthwork Erosion Control and Drainage

Earthwork, Erosion Control and
Drainage
Earthwork, Erosion
Control and Drainage
Earthwork, Erosion Control Section 3fi)
and Drainage
301. EXCÄYATION FOR ROADWAY AND DRAINS
301.1. Scope
This work shall consist of excavation, removal and satisfactory
disposal of all mate¡ials necessary for the construction of roadway, side
drains and waterways in accordance with requirements of these Speci-
fications and the lines, grades and cross-sections shown in the drawings
or as indicated by the Engineer. It shall include the hauling and søcking
of or hauling to sites of embankment and subgrade construction, suitable
cut materials as required, as also the disposal of unsuiøble cut materials
in specified manner, trimming and f,rnishing of the road to specified
dimensions or as di¡ected by the Engineer.
301.2. Classification of Excavated Material
301.2.1. Classification : All materials involved in excavation shall
be classified by the Engineer in the following manner:
(a) Soil
This shall comprise topsoil, turf, sand, silt, loam, clay, mud, peat, black cotton
soil, soft shale or loose moorum, a mixture of these and similar material which
yields to the ordinary application of pick, spade and/or shovel, rake or other
ordinary digging implement. Rernoval of gravel or any other nodular maærial
having dimension in any one direction not èxceeding 75 mm occurring in ruch
strata shall be deemed to be covered under ¡his câtegory.
þ) Ordinary Rock (not requiring blasting)This shall include:

(Ð rock types such as lateriæs, shales and conglomerates, varieties of limestonc
and sandstone etc., which may be quarried or splir with crow bars, also
including any rock which in dry state may be hard, requiring- blasting but
which, when wet, becomes soft and manageable by means otl¡er than
blasting;
(iÐ macadam surfaces such as water bound and bitumenilar bound; soling
of roads. paths etc, and hard oore; compact' moorum or stabilised soil
requiring grafting tool or pick or bo¡h and shovel, closely applied; gravel
and cobble stone having maximum dimensiori in any one dircction bctween
75 and 300 mm;
(iii) lime concrete, stone masonry in lime mort¡¡ -and brick work in lime/cemeni
moÍar below gnrund level, rcinforced cer4erit concrete which rnay be b¡oken
up wirh crow bars or picks and stor¡e"masonry in cement monar below
ground level; and
(iv) boulders which do not require blasting having maximum dimension in any
direction of morc than 300 mm, found lying loose on the surface or ernbedded
in river bed, soil, ølus, slope wash and terrace material of dissimilar origin.
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Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
(c) Hard Rock (requiring blasting)

This shall comprise:
(Ð any rock or cement concrete for the excavation of which the use of
mechanical plant and/or blasting is required;
(ii) reinforced cemen! concrete (reinforcernent cut through but not separated
from the concrete) belorv ground level; and
(iii) boulders requiring blasting.

(d) Hard Rock @lasting prohibited)
Hard rock requiring blasting as described under (c) but where blasting is prohibited
for any reason and excavation has to be carried out by chiselling, wedging or
any olher agreed method.
(") Marshy Soil
This shall include soils like sofi clays and peats excavated below the original
ground level of marshes and swamps and soils excavated from other areas
requiring continuous pumping or bailing out of water.
301.2.2. Authority for classifîcation : The classification of exca-
vation shall be decided by the Engineer and his decision shall be final
and binding on the ConÍactor. Merely the use of explosives in excavation
will not be considered as a reason for higher classification unless blasting
is clearly necessary in the opinion of the Engineer.
301.3. Construction Operations
301.3.1. Se'iting out : After the site has been cleared as per Clause
201, the limits of excavation shall be set out true to lines, curves, slopes,
grades and sections as shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall provide all labour, survey instruments
and materials such as strings, pegs, nails, bamboos, stones, lime, morhr,
concrete, etc., required in connection with the setting out works and of
the establishment of bench ma¡ks. The Contractor shall be responsible
for the maintenance of bench ma¡ks and other marks and ståkes as long
as in the opinion of the Engineer, they for the wo¡k.
are required
301.3,2. Stripping and storing topsoil : When so directed by the
Engineer, the topsoil existing over the sites of excavation shall be stripped
to specified depths constituting Horizon "4" and stockpiled at designated
locations for ¡e-use in covering embankment slopes, cüt slopes, berms
and other distu¡bed ¿ìreas where re-vegetation is desired. Prior to stripping
the topsoil, all trees, shrubs etc. shall be removed along with their roots,
with approval of the Engineer.
301.3,3. Excavation - General : All
excavations shall be carried
out in conformity with the directions laid here-in-under and in a manner
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Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage Section 3ü)
apfiroved by the Engineer. The work ,shall be so done that the suiøble
materials available from excavation a¡e satisfactorily utilized as decided
upon beforehand.
While planning or executing excavations, tlìe Contractor shall take
all adequate precautions against soil erosion, water pollution etc. as per
Clause 306, and take appropriate drainage measures to keep the site
free of water in accordance with Clause 311.
The excavations shall conform to the lines, grades, side slopes and
levels shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall not excavate outside the limits of excavation. Subject
to the permitted tolerances, any excess depth/ width excavated beyond
the specified levels/dimensions on the drawings shall be made good at
the cost of the Contractor with suiøble material of characteristics simila¡
to that removed and compacted to the requirements of Clause 305'
All debris and loose material on the slopes of cuttings shall be
removed. No backf,rlling shall be allowed to obtain required slopes
excepting that when boulders or soft materials a¡e encountered in cut
slopes, these shall be excavated to approved depth on instructions of the
Engineer and the resulting cavities f,rlled with suitable material and
thoroughly compacted in an approved manner.
After excavation, the sides of excavated area shall be trimmed and
the a¡ea contoured to minimise erosion and ponding, allowing for natural
drainage to take place. If trees were removed, new trees shall bc planted,
as directed by the Engineer. The cost of planting new trees shall
be deemed to be incidental to the work.
equipment: Only such methods, tools
301.3.4. Methods, tools and
and equipment as approved by the Engineer shell be adopteflused in
tie work. If so desi¡ed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall demonstrate
the efficacy of the rype of equipment to be used before the commencement
of work.
301.3.5. Rock excavation : Rock, when encountered in road
excavation, shall be ¡emoved upto the formation level or as otherwise
indicated on the drawings. Where, however, unstable shales or other un-
suiøble materials are encountered at the formalion level, these shall be
excavated to the extent of 500 mm below the formation level or as
otherwise specified. In all cases, the excavation operations shall be so
carried out that at no point on cut formation the rock protrudes above
the specihed levpls. Rocks and large boulders which a¡e likely to cause
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Section 300 Ea¡thwork, Erosion Confol and Drainage
differential settlement and also local drainage problems should be

removed to the extent of 500 mm below the formaúon level in full
formation width including drains and cut through the side drains.
Where excavation is done to levels lower than those specifred, the
excess excavation shall be made good as per Clauses 301.3.3 and 301.6
to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Slopes in rock cutting shallåe finished to uniform lines corespond-
ing to slope lines shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
Notwithsønding the foregoing, all loose pieces of rock on excavated
slope surface which move when pierced by a crowbar shall be removed.
'Where
blasting is to be resorted to, the same shall be caried out
to Clause 302 and all precautions indicated therein observed.
Vy'here presplitting is prescribed to be done for the establishment
of a specihed slope in rock excavation,- the same shall be ca¡ried out
to Clause 303.
301.3.6. Marsh excavation : The excavation of soils lrom ma¡shes/
swamps shall be ca¡ricd out as per the programme approved by the
Engineer.
Excavärion of ma¡shes shall begin at one end and proceed in one
di¡ection across the enti¡e ma¡sh immediately ahead of backiilling. The
method and sequence of excavating and backfilling .shall be such as to
ensure, to the extent practicablc, the complete removal or displacement
of all muck from within the lateral limits called for on the drawings
or as staked by the Engineer, ¿uld to the bottom of the ma¡sh, firm support
or levels indicated.
301.3.7. Excavation of road shoulders/verge/median for rvidening
of pavement or providing treated shoulders : In works involving
widening of existing pavements or providing treated shoulders, unless
othe¡wise specihed, the shoulder/verge/mcdian shall be removed to their
full width and to levels shown on drawings or as indicatcd by the
Engineer, While doing so, care shall be taken to see that no portion
of the existing pavement designated for retention is loosened or disturbed.
If the existing pavement gets disturbed or loosened, it shall be dismantled
and cut to a regular shape with sides vertical and the disturbed/loosened
portion removed completely and relaid as directed by the Engineer, at
the cost. of the Contractor.
301.3.8. Excavation for surface/sub-surface drains : Where the
Contract provides for construction of surface/sub-surface drains to Clause
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Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage Section 300
309, excavation for these shall be canied out in proper sequence with
other works as approved by the Engineer.
301.3.9. Slides : If slips, slides, over-breaks or subsidence occur
in cuttings during the process of construction, they shall be removed
at the cost of the Contractor as ordered by the Engineer. Adequate
precautions shall be taken to ensure that during construction, the slopes
are not rendered unstable or give rise to recurrent slides after construction.
If finished slopes slide into the roadway subsequently, such slides shall
be removed and paid for at the Contract rate for the class of excavation
involved, provided the slides are not due to any negligence on the pa¡t
of the Cont¡actor. The classifrcation of the debris material from the
slips, slides etc. shall conform to is condition at the time of removal
and payment made accordingly regardless of its condition earlier.
301.3.10. Dewatering : If water is met with in the excavations
due to springs, seepage, rain or other causes, it shall be removed
by suiøble diversions, pumping or bailing out and the excavation
kept dry whenever so required or directed by the Engineer. Ca¡e shall
be taken to discharge the drained v/ater into suitable outlqts as not
to cause damage to the works, crops or any other property. Due
to any negligence on the part of the ConÍactor, if any such damage
is caused, it shall be the sole responsibility of the Contractor to
repair/restore to the original condition at his own cost or compensate
for the damage.
301.3.11. Disposaì of excavated materials : All the excavated
materials shatl be the property of the Employer, The material obtained
from the excavation of roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross-
drainage works etc., shall be used for filling up of (i) roadway embank-
ment, (ii) the existing pits in the right-of-way and (iii) for landscaping
of ttre road as directed by
the Engineer, including levelling and spreading
with all lifts and lead upto 1000 m and no extra payment shall be
made for the same,
All hard materials, such as ha¡d moorum, rubble, etc.' not intended
for use as above shall be stacked neatly on specified land æ directed
by the Engineer with all lifts and lead upto 1000 m'
Unsuiøble and surplus material not intended for use within the lead
specified above shatl also, if necessary, be transported with all lifS and
lead beyond initial 1000 m, disposed of or used as directed by the
Engineer.
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Section 3@ Earthwork, Erosion Contrcìl and Drainage
301.3.12. Backfïlling : Backhlling of masonry /concretdhume pipe

drain excavation shall be done with approved material after concrete/
masonry/hume pipe is fully set and carried out in such a way as not
to cause undue thrust on any part of the structure and/or not to cause
differential settlemenl All space between the drain walls and the side
of the excavation shall be refilled to the original surface making due
allowance for settlement, in layers generally not exceeding 150 mm
compacted thickness to the required density, using suiøble compaction
equipment such as mechanical lamper, rammer or plate compactor as
directed by the Engineer.
301.4. Plying of Construction Traffic
Construction t¡affic shall not use the cur formation and finished
subgrade without the prior permission of the Engineer. Any damage
arising out of such use shall be made good by the Cont¡actor at his own
expense.
301.5. Preservation of Property

The Cont¡actor shall undertake all reasonable precautions for the
protection and preservarion of any or all existing roadside trees, drains,
sewers or. other sub-surface drains, pipes, conduits and any other
structures under or above ground, which may be affected by construction
operations and which, in the opinion of the Engineer, shall be continued
in use without any change. Safety measures taken by the Contractor
in this respect, shall be got approved from rhe Engineer. However,
if any of these objects is damaged by reason of the Contractor's
negligence, it shall be replaced or restored to the original condition
at his expense. if the Contractor fails to do so, within the required
time as directed by the Engineer or if, in the opinion of the Engineer,
the actions initiated by'the Contractor to replace/restore the damaged
objects are not satisfactory, the Engineer shall arrange the replacement/
restoration directly through any other agency at the risk and cost of
the Contractor after issuing a prior notice to the effect.
301.6. Preparation of Cut Formation
The cut formation, which serves as a subgrade, shall be prepared
to receive thísub-base/base course as directed by the Engineer.
Where the material in the subgrade (thar is wirhin 500 mm from
the lowest level of the pavement) has a density less than specified in
Table 300-2, the same shall be loosened to a depth of 500 mm and
compacted in layers in accordance with the requirements of Clause 305.
Section 300
Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
Anyunsuitablematerialencounteredinthesubgradelevelshal.lbe
removed as directed by the Engineer and replaced with suirable
material compacted in accordance with Clause 305'
311 to receive the sub-base/base course'

301.7. Finishing OPerations
and
Finishing operaúons shall include the work of properly shaping
dressing all excavated surfaces.
The finished cut formation shall satisfy ths surface tolerances
described in Clause 902'
301.8. Measurements for PaYment
computed by other accepted methods'

AttheoptionoftheEngineer,theContractorshallleavedepth
indicators during excavationJ of such shape and size and in such
Section 300 Ea¡thwor*, Erosion Control and Drainage
positions as di¡ected so as to indicate the original grcund level ar¡
accurately as possible. The conractor shall see that these remain
inøct till the final measuremenß a¡e taken,
For rock excavation, the overburden shall be ¡emoved frrst so that
necessary cross-sections could be taken for measurement. where cross
sec not þg taken n
or d with othe e
vol the basis of e
after making 35 per cent deduction therefrom. when volumes are
calculated in this manner for excavated material other than rock,
deduction made will be o the extent of 16 per cent of stacked volumes.
works involved in the preparation of cut formation shall be measured
in units indicated below :
(Ð Loosening and recompacring the (l¡m
loosened material at subgrade
(iÐ Loosening and rernoval of unsuirable cum
material and replacing wirh a
suiøble marerial and compacting
to-required density
(iii) Preparing rocky subgrade sqm
(iv) Stripping including sroring and cum
reapplication of topsoil
(v) Disposal of surplus marerial cum
beyond initial 1000 m lead
301.9. Rates
301.9.1. The contract unit rates for the items of roadway and drain
excavation shall be payment in full for carrying out the operations
required for the individual items including full compensation fot :
(Ð seting our;
(iÐ transporting and depositing the same on sires of
embankments asdirecred wirhin all lif¡s and lead upro
1000 m or a
(iii) trimrning boltoms and slopes of excavation;

(iv) dewarering;
(v) keeping ¡he work free of warer as per Clause 3ll; and
(vi) all labour, materials, tools, equignent, safery measures, testing and inciden¡als nec-
essary to complere the work to Specifìcarions.
P¡ovided, however, where presplitting is prescribed to achieve a
56
specified slope in rock excavation, the same shall be paid for vide Clause
303.5.
301.9.2. The Cont¡act unit rate for loosening and recompacting
the loosêned materials at subgrade shall include full compensation for
loosening to the specif,red depth, including breaking clods, spreading in
layers, watering whgre necessary and compacting to the requirements.
301.9.3. Clauses 301.9.1 and 305.8 shall apply as regards Cont¡act
unit rate for item of removal of unsuitable material and replacement
with suiøble material respectively.
301.9.4. The Conract unit rate for item of preparing rocky subgrade
as per Clause 301.6 shall be full compensation for providing, laying and
compacting granular base material for correcting surface irregularities
including all materials, labour and incidentals necessary to complete
the work and all leads and lifts.
301.9:5. The Contract unit rate for the items of stripping and storing
topsoil and of reapplication of topsoil shall include full compensa[ion
for all the necessary operations including all lifts, but leads upto 1000
m.
301.9.6. The Contræt unit rate for disposal of surplus eartl¡ from
roadway and drain excavation shall be full compensation for all labour,
equipment, tools and incidentals necessary on account of the additional
haul o¡ Eansportation involved beyond the initial lead of 1000 m'
302. BLASTING OPERATIONS
302.1. General
Blasting shall be canied out in a. manner that completes the
excavation to the lines indicated in drawings, with the least disturbance
to adjacent material. It shall be done only with the w¡itten permission
of the Engineer. All the statutory laws, regulations, rulss, etc., pertaining
to the acquisidon, transport, slo¡age, handling and use of explosives shall
be srictly followed.
The Contracûor may adopt any method or methods of blasting
consistent with the safety and job requirements. Prior to starting any pha.se
of the operation the Contractor shall provide information describing
pefinent blasting procedures, dimensions and notes.
The magazine for the storage of explosives shall be built to the
designs and specifications of the Explosives Department concerned and
located at the approved site. No unauthorized person shall be admitteú
57
Section 300 Earthwo¡k, Erosion Cont¡ol and Drainage
into the magazrne which when not in use shail be 'kepr securely
locked. No matches or inflammable material shall be ailowed in the
magazine. The magazine shall have an effective lightning conducror.
The following shall be hung in the lobby of rhe magazine:
(") A copy of rhe relevanr rules regarding safe srorage borh in Engrish and in rhe
which dre workers concemed are familiar.
language wirh
O) A sraremenr of up-to-dare srock in rhe magazine.

G) A cerrificate showing the lasr dare of resring of the lightning conducror.
(d) A norice rhar smoking is stricrly prohibired.
Allexplosives shall be stored in a secure manner in compliance with
all laws and ordinances, and all such storage places shall be clearly
.Where
marked. no local laws or ordinances apply, storage shall be
provided to the satisfaction of the Engineer and in general not closer
than 300 m from the road or from any building or camping area or
place of human occupancy. in addition to these, the contractor shall
also observe the following instructions and any further additional
inst¡uctions which may be given by the Engineer ard shall be responsible
for damage to property and any accident which may occur to workmen
or the public on account of any operarions connected with the storage,
handling or use of explosives and blasting. The Engineer shall frequently
check the Contractor's compliance with these precautions.
302,2. Materials, Tools and Equipment
All the materials, tools and equipment used fbr bla*in6 operations
shall be of approved type. The Engineer may specii.y the iype of
explosives to be allowed in special cases. The fuse to be used in wet
locations shall be sufficiently water-resistant as to be unaffected when
immersed in watsr for 30 minutes. The rate of burning of the fuse
shall be uniform and definitely known to permit such a length being
cuf ¿rs will permit sufficient time to the firer to reach safety before
explosion takes place. Detonators shall be capable of giving effective
blasting of the explosives. The blasting powder, exprosives, detonarors,
fuses, etc., shall be fresh and not damaged due to dampness, moisture
or any of.her cause. They shall be inspected before use and damaged
a¡ticles shall be discarded totally and removed from the site immediarely.
302.3. Personnel
The blasúng operation shall remain in the charge of competent and
experienced supervisor and workmen who are thoroughly acquainted with
the details of handling explosives and blasring operations.
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Ea¡thwork, Erosion Control and Drainage Section 300
302.4. Blasting Operations

The blasting shall be canied out dudng fixed hours of the day
preferably during the mid-day luncheon hour or at the close of the
work as ordered in writing by the Engineer. The hours shall be made
known to the people in the vicinity. All the charges shall be prepared
by the man in charge only.
The Cont¡actor shall notify each public utility company having struc-
tures in proximity to the site of the work of his
intention to use
explosives. Such notice shall be given sufficiently in advance to enable
the companies to take such sleps as they may deem necessary to protect
their property from injury. In advance of any blasting work within
50 m of any railway track or structu¡es, the Contractor shall notify
the concerned Railway Authority of the location, date, time and
approximate duration of such blasting operarions.
Red danger flags shall be displayed prominently in all directions
during the blasting operations. The flags shall be planted 200 m from
the blasting site in all directions. People, except those who actually light
the fuse, shall be prohibited from entering this a¡ea, and all persons
including workmen shall be excluded from the flagged a¡ea at least
l0 minutes before the firing, a' warning siren being sounded for the
purpose.
The charge holes shall be drilled to required depths and at suitable
places. Blasúng should be as light as possible consistent with thorough
breakageof the material necessary for economic loading and hauling.
Any method of blasting which leads to overshooting shall be discon-
tinued.
When blasting is done with powder, the fuse cut to the required length
shall be inserted into the hole and the powder dropped in. The powder
shall be gently tamped with copper rods with rounded ends. The explosive
powder shall then be covered with ømping material wbich shall be
tramped lightly but firmly.
V/hen blasting is done with dynamite and other high explosives, dy-
namite carridges shall be prepared by inserting the square cut end of
a fuse into the detonator and frnishing it ,¡/ith nippers at the open cnd,
úe detonator gently pushed into the primer leaving 1/3rd of the copper
shall then be closed
imer shall be housed
e that the cartridge
can easily go down. The holes shall be clea¡ed of all debris and
59
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainase
explosive inserted. The space of about 200 mm above the charge shall
then be gently filled with dry clay, pressed home and the ¡est of the
tamping formed of any convenient material gently packed with a wooden
rammer.
After blasting operations, the contractor shall compact the loose re-
sidual material below subgrade and replace the material removed
below subgrade wirh suiøble mareriaL
302.5. Misfire
In case of misfire, the following procedure shall be observed:
(Ð sufficienr time shall be ailowed ¡o accounr for rhe delayed brasr. The man-rn-
' charge shall inspect all tie charges and
determine the missed charge.
(iD If ir is rhe blasring powder charge, ir shail be comprerery flooded wirh rvarer.
A new hore shail be drilled ar abour 450 mm from rhe óla hol" and fired. This
should blasr rhe ord charge. Shourd ir nor brasr rhe ord charge, rhe procedure
shall be repeared rill rhe old charee is blasreo.
explode at !.he-. same rime. The man-in-charge shall at once report to the
contractor's office and the Engineer ail cases of misfire, ùe cause àf ,h" ,u-"
and what steps were taken in connection úerewith.
If a misfire has been found to be due to defecfive detonator or
dynamite, the whole quantiry in tlre box from which defeclive aÍicle
was taken must be sent to the authority directed by the Engineer for
inspection to ascerrain whether all the remaining materials in the box
are also defective.
302.6. Account
A careful and day to day account of the explosive shall be mainrained
by the cont¡actor in an approved register and manner which shall be
open to inspection by the Engineer at all times.
60
303. PRESPLITTING ROCK EXCAVATION SLOPES

303.1. General
hesplitting is defined as the establishment of a specif,red excavation
slope in rock by the conrolled use of explosives and blasting
accessories in properly aligned and spaced drill holes.
The presplitting technique shall be used for forming rock excavation
slopes at locations shown on the plans or as otherwise decided by the
Engineer.
Prior to starting drilling operations for presplitting, the Contractor
shall furnish the Engineer a plan outlining the position of all drill holes,
depth of drilling, type of explosives to be used, loading pattern and
sequence of firing. The drilling and blasting plan is for record purposes
only and will not absolve the Contractor of his responsibility for using
proper drilling and blasting procedures. Controlled blasting shall begin
with a short test section of a length approved by the Engineer. The
test section shall be presplit, production drilled and blasted and sufficient
material excavated whereby the Engineer can determine if the ConEac-
tor's methods have produced an acceptable slope.
All overburden soil and weathered rock along the top of the
excavation for a distance of about 5 to 15 m beyond the drilling limits'
or to the end of the excavation, as decided by Engineer shall be removed
before drilling the presplitúng holes. Particular care and attention shall
be directed to the beginning and end of excavations to ensure complete
removal of all overbu¡den soil and weathered rock and to expose fresh
rock to an elevation equal to the bottom of the adjacenr lift of the
presplitting holes being drilled,
Slope holes for presplitting shall be drilled along the line of the
planned slope within the specified tolerances. The drill holes shall
be not less than 60 mm nor more than 75 mm in diameter. Drilling
operations shall be controlled by the use of proper equipment and
technique to ensure that no hole shall deviate from the plane of the
planned slope by more than 300 mm nor shall any hole deviate from
being parallel to an adjacent hole by more than two-third of the
planned horizontal spacing between holes.
The length of presplit holes for any individual lift shall not sxceed
9m.
ol
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainaee
The spacing of presplit holes shall not exceed 900 mm on cenrres

and shall be adjusted to result in a uniform shear face between holes.
Auxiliary drill holes along the presplit line, not loaded or stemmed,
may be ordered by the Engineer. Except for spacing, auxiliary drill holes
shall conform to the provisions for presplit holes.
The line of producúon holes shall be placed inside the presplir
lines in such a manner as to avoid damage to tlre presplit face.
If necessary, to reduce shatter and overbreak of the presplit surface,
tie flrst line of the production holes shall be drilled parallel ro
at each bench level thereafter.
the slope line at the top of the cut and
Any blasting technique, which results in damage to the presplit
surface, shall be immediately discontinued.
No poÍion of any production hole shall be drilled wirhin 2.5 m
of a presplit plane except as approved by the Engineer. The bottom
of the production holes shall not be lower rhan the bottom of ttre presplit
holes.
A maximum offset of 600 mm will be permirted for a consrrucúon
working bench at the bottom of each lifr for use in drilling.the nexr
lower presplitting pattern. The drilling operations shall be adjusred to
compensate for d¡ift of previous levels and for the offset at the sta¡t
of new levels to maintain ttre specified slope plane.
The maximum diameter of explosives used in presplit holes shall
not be greater than one-half the diameter of the presplir hole.
Only smndard cartridge explosives prepared and packaged by explosive
manufactu¡ing hrms shall be used in presplit holes. These shall be fired
as recommended by the manufacturer. Ammonium nitrate composition
blasting agents will not be permitted in presplitting operations.
Stemming may be required to achieve a satisfactory presplit face.
Stemming material shall be dry free-running material all of which passes
11.2 mm sieve and 90 per cent of which is retained on 2.80 mm sieve.
Stemmed presplit holes shall be complerely filled to the colla¡.
AII charges in each presplitting pattern shall be detonated simul-
taneously.
303.3. Tolerances
The presplit face shall not deviate more than 300 mm from the plane
passing through adjacent drill holes, except where the cha¡acter of the
rock is such that, as determined by the Engineer, irregularities are

unavoidable. When completed, the avefÍrge plane of the slopes shall
conform to the slopes indicated on the plans and no point on the
completed slopes shall vary from the designated slopes by more than
300 mm. These tolerances shall be measured perpendicular to the plane
of the slope. In no case shall any portion of the slope encroach on
the side drains.
As long as equally satisfactory presplit slopes are obtained, then
either the slope face may be presplit before drilling for production
blasting or presplitting the slope face and production blasting may
be done at the same [ime, provided that the presplitting drill holes
are fired with zero delay and the production holes are delayed stafting
at the row of holes farthest from the slope and progressing in steps
to the rolv of holes nearest the presplit line, which row shall be delayed
at least 50 milliseconds. In either case the presplitting holes shall
extend either to the end of the excavation or for a distance of not
less than 15 m beyond ttre limits of the production holes to be detonated.
The area of presplitting to be paid for will be measured as squafe
nietres of acceptable presplit slope surface.
303.5. Rates
The Conlract unit. rate for presplitting work shall be payment in
full for carrying out the required operations for obtaining acccptable
presplit slope surfaces. The quantity of rock excavated through the
production/presplit holes shall be paid for as per Clause 301'9'1'
304. EXCAVATION FOR STRUCTURES
304.1. Scope
Excavation for st¡uctures shall consist of the removal of material
for the construction of foundations for bridges, culverts, retaining walls,
headwalls, cutoff walls, pipe culverls and other similar structures, in
accordance with the lequirements of these Specifications and the.lines
ancl dimensions shown on the dfawings or as indicated by the Engineer'
The work shall include const¡uction of the necessary cofferdams and cribs
and their subsequent removal; all necessary sheeting, shoring, bracing,
draining and pumping; the removal of all logs, stumps, grubs and other
deleterious matter and obst¡uctions, necessafy for placing the foundations;
frimming bottoms of excavations; backfilling and clearing up the site
and the disposal of all surplus material.
Section 300 Ea¡thwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
304.2. Classification of Excavation

All materials involved in excavation shall be classified in accordance
with Clause 301.2.
304.3.I. Setting out : After the site has been cleared according
to Clause 201, the limits of excavation shalt be set out true to lines,
curves and slopes to Clause 301.3.1.
304.3.2. Excavation : Excavation shall be taken to the width of
the lowest step of the footing and the sides shall be left plumb where
the nature of soil allows it. V/here the nature of soil or the depttr of.
the trench and season of the year do not permit vertical sides, the
Contractor aa his own expense shall put up necessary shoring,
strutting and planking or cut slopes to a safer angle or both with due
regard to the safety of personnel and works and to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
The depth to which the excavation is ro be carried out shall be as
shown on the drawings, unless the type of material encountered is such
as to require changes, in which case the depth shall be as ordered
by the Engineer. hopping shall be 'undertaken when any foundation
or st¡essed zone f¡om an adjoining structure is within a line of I vertical
to 2 horizontal from the bottom of the excavalion.
Where blasting is to be resorted to, the same shall be carried out
in accordance with Clause 302 and all precautions indicated therein
observed. Where blasting is likely to endanger adjoining foundations
or other structures, necessary precautions such as controlled blasfing,
providing rubber mat cover to prevent flying of debris etc. shall be
taken to prevent any damage.
304.3.3. Dewatering and protection : Normally, open foundations
shall be laid dry. Where water is met with in excavation due to stream
flow, seepage, springs, rain or other reasons, the Contractor shall take
adequate measures such as bailing, pumping, constructing diversion
channels, drainage channels, bunds, depression of water level by well-
point system, cofferdams and other necessary works to keep the
foundation trenches dry when so required and to protect the green
concrete/masonry against damage by erosion or sudden rising of water
level. The methods to be adopted in this regard and other deøils
thereof shall be left to the choice of the Confractor but subject to
approval of the Engineer. Approval of the Engineer shall, however, no[
&
relieve the Contractor of the responsibilify for the adequacy of

dewatering and protection arangements and for the quality and safety
of the works.
Where cofferdams are required, these shall be canied to adequate
depths and heights, be safely designed and constructed and be made as
watertight as is necessary for faciliøting construction to be'ca¡ried out
inside them. The interior dimensions of the cofferdams shall be such as
to give sufficient clearance for the const¡uction and inspection and to
permit installation of pumping equipmenß, etc., inside the enclosed
alea.
If it is determined beforehand that the founda[ions cannot be laid
dry or the situation is found that the percolation is too heavy for keeping
the foundation dry, the foundation concrete shall be laid under water
by tremie pipe only. In case of flowing water or artesian springs, the
flow shall be stopped or reduced as far as possible at the time of
placing the concrete._
Pumping from the interior of any foundation enclosure shall be done
in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of the movement of
water through any fresh concrete. No pumping shall be permitted during
the placing of conc¡ete or for any period of at least 24 hours thereafter,
unless it is done from a suirable sump sepatated from the concrete work
by a watertight wall or other similar means.
At the discretion of the Contractor, cement grouting or other
approved methods may be used to prevent or reduce seepage and
to protect the excavation ¿uea.
The Contracor shall take all precautions in diverting channels and
in discharging the d¡ained water as not to cause damage to the works,
crops or any other property.
304.3.4. Preparation of foundation : The bottom of the foundation
shall be levelled both longitudinally and transversely or stepped as
directed by the Engineer. Before footing is laid, the surface shall be
slightly watered and rammed. In the event of excavation having been
made deeper than that shown on the drawings or as otherwise o¡dered
by the Engineer, the exra depth shall be made up with concrete
or masonry of the foundation at the cost of the Conractor as per Clause
21UJ. Ordinary filling shall not be used for the purpose to bring the
foundation to level.
When rock or other ha¡d sraø is encountered, it shall be freed
65
of all soft and loose material, cleaned and cut to a firm surface either
level and stepped as directed by the Engineer. All seams shall be cleaned
out and filled with cement mortar or grout to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. In the case of excavation in rock, annular space around footing
shall be filled with lean concrete (136-nominal mix) upto the top level
of rock.
If the depth of fill required is more than l.5m above the top of
the footing, filling upto l.5m above top of footing shall be done with
lean concrete (1:3:6 nominal mix) followed by boulders gouted with
cement.
When foundation piles are used, the excavation of each pit shall
be subsøntially completed before beginning pile-driving operations
therein. After pile driving operations in a given pit are completed, all
loose and displaced materials therein shall be removed to the elevation
of the bottom of the footings.
304.3.5. Slips and slip-outs : If there are any slips or slip-outs in
the excavation, these shall be removed by the Contractor at his own
cost.
304.3.6. Public safety : Nea¡ towns, villages and all frequented
places, Eenches and foundation pits shall be securely fenced,
provided with proper caution signs and ma¡ked with red lights at night
to avoid accidents. The Cont¡actor shall take adequate protective
measures to see that the excavation operations do not affect or damage
adjoining structures. For safety precautions, guidance may be taken
from IS : 3764.
304.3.7. Backfilling : Backfilling shall be done with approved
material after concrete or masonry is fully set and carried out in such
a way as not to cause undÌe thrust on any part of the structure. All
space between foundation masonry or concrete and the sides of excavation
shall be refilled to the original surface in layers not exceeding 150
mm compacted thickness. The compaction shall be done with the help
of suitable equipment such as mechanical tamper, ralnmer, plate vibrator
etc., after necessary watering, so as to achieve a density not less than
the field density before excavation.
304.3.8.rDisposat of surplus excavated materials : Clause 301.3.11
shall apply.
304.4. Measurements for Payment
Excavation for st¡uctures shall be measured in cu. m. for each class
Earthwork, Erosion Conuol and Drainage Section 300
of material encountered, limited to the dimensions shown on the drawings

or as dkected by the Engineer. Excavation over increased width, cutting
of slopes, shoring, shuttering and planking shall be deemed as conven-
ience for the Connactor in executing the work and shall not be measured
and paid for separately.
Preparation of rock foundation shall be measured in square meEes.
Foundation sealing, dewatering, including pumping shall be deemed
to be incidental to the work unless separate provision is made for in
the Contract. In the latter case, payment shall be on lumpsum basis as
provicled in the Bill of Quantities.
304.5. Rates
304.5.1. The ConFact unit, rate forthe items of excavation for
structures shall be payment in full for carrying out the required
operaúons including full compensation for :
(D setting out;
(iÐ construction ofnecessary cofferdams, cribs, sheeting, shorin! and bracing andtheir
subsequent removal;
(iii) removal of all logs, stumps, grubs and other delererious matterand obstructions,
for placing the foundations including trimming of bottoms of excavations;
(iv) foundarion sealing, dewatering including pumping when no separale provision for
it is made in the Contract;
(v) bacldilling, clearing up the site and disposal of all surplus material within all lifts
and leads upto 1000 m or as otherwise specified; and
(vi) all labour, materials, tools, equipment, safety measures' dive¡sion of rraffic and
incidentals necessary to complete the work to Specification'
304.5.2. The Contract unit rate for preparation of rock foundaúon

shall be full compensation for cutting, trimming and cleaning the
foundation surface and filling/sealing of all seams with cement grout
or mortar including all materials, labour and incidentals required for
completing the work.
304.5.3. The Contract unit rate for transporting material from the
excavation for structures shall be full compensaúon for all labour, equip-
ment, tools and incidenøls necessary on account of the additional
haul or transportåtion involved beyond ttre initial lead of 1000 m.
305. EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
305.1. General
305.1.1. Description : These Specifications shall apply to the
constfuction of embankments including subgrades, earthen shoulders and
67
Section 3fi) Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
miscellaneous backfills with approved material obtained from roadway

and d¡ain excavation, borrow pits or other sou¡ces. All embankments,
subgçrdes, earthen shoulders and miscellaneous backfills shall be con-
structed in accordance with the requirements of these Specifications and
in conformity with the lines, grades, and cross-sections shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
305,2. Materials and General Requirements
305.2.1. Physical requirements:
305.2.1.1. The mate¡ials used in embankments, subgrades, earthen
shoulders and miscellaneous backhlls shall be soil, moorum, gravel, a
mixtu¡e of these or any other material approved by the Engineer. Such
materials shall be free of logs, stumps, roots, rubbish or any other
ingredient likely to deteriorate or affect the stability of the embankmenl
subgrade.
The following types of material shall be considered unsuitable for
embankment:
(a) Materials from swamps, marshes and bogs;
(b) Pear, log, slump and perishable material; any soil that classifies as OL, OI,
OH or Pt in accordance with IS : 1498;
(c) Materials susceprible to spontaneous combustion;

(d) Materials in a frozen condirion;
(") Clay having liquid limit exceeding 70 and plasticity index exceeding 45; and
(Ð Materials with salts resulting in leaching in the embankment.
305.2.1.2, Expansive clay exhibiting marked swell and shrinkage
properties ("free swelling index" exceeding .50 per cent when tested as
per IS: 2720 - Part 40) shaii not be used as a fill material. Where
an expansive clay with acceptable "free swelling index" value is used
as a fi[ material, subgrade and top 500 mm portion of the embankment
just below subgrade shall be non-expansive in nature.
305,2.1.3. Any fill material with a soluble sulphate content exceeding
I.9 grams of sulphate (expressed as SOr) per litre when tested in
accordance wittr BS : 1377 Test 10, but using a 2:1 water-soil ratio
shall not be deposited within 500 mm or other disønce described in
the Contract, of concrete, cement. bound materials or other cementitious
materials forming part of the Permanent Works.
Materials with a total sulphate content (expressed as SOr) exceeding
0.5 per cent by mass, when tested in accordance with BS : 1377 Test
9 shall not be deposited within 500 mm, or other distances described

in the Contract, of mehllic items forming part of the Permanent Works.
305.2.1.4, The size of the coarse material in the mixtu¡e of earth
shall ordinarily not exceed 75 mm when being placed in the embankment
and 50 mm when placed in the subgrade. However, the Engineer may
at his discretion permit the use of material coarser than this also if he
is satisf,red that the same will not present any difficulty as regards the
placement of fill material and its compaction to the requirements of
these Specihcations. The maximum patticla size shall not be more than
two-thirds qf the compacted layer thickness.
305.2.1;5. Ordinarily, only the materials satisfying the density
requirements given in Table 300-1 shall be employed for the construction
of the embankment and the subgrade.
raBLE300.r.DENSIrYrtiIiË",ätiff
_oJ.EMBANKMENTAND
S.No, Type of Vfork Maximum laboratory dry unit weight when

tested as per IS: 2720 (Part 8)
Embankments up to 3 melres No¡ less than 15.2 kN/cu.m.

height, not subjected to
extensive flooding.
Embankments exceeding 3 Not less than 16.0 kN/cu. m.

metres height or embankmen¡s
of any height subject to
long periods of i¡undaúon
Subgrade and earthen Not less than 17.5 kN/cu, m.

shoulders/verges/backfill
Nores: (1) This Table is not applicable for lightweight fill .material e.g. cinder, fly ash
A) The Engineer may relax these requirements at his discretion øking into account
the availability of malerials for construction and other relevan! factors'
(3) The material to be used in subgrade should also satisfy design CBR at the
dry unit weight applicable as per Table 300-2.
305.2.2. General requirements :
305.2,2.1. The materials for embankment shall be obrained from ap-

proved sources with preference given to materials becoming available
from nearby roadway excavation or any other excavation under the same
Cont¡act.
69
Section 300 Earthwork, Bosion Control and Drainage
The work shatl be so planned and executed that ttre best available
materials .are saved for the subgrade and the embankment portion just
below the subgrade.
305.2.2.2. Borrow materials : Where the materials are to be
obtained from designated borrow areas, t¡e location, size and shape of
these areas shall be as indicated by the Engineer and the same shall
not be opened without his written permission. Where specific borrow
areas are not designated by the Employer/the Engineer, arrangement for
locating the source of supply of material for embankment and subgade
as well as compliance to envi¡onmental requirements in respect of
excavation and borrow areas as stipulated, from time to time by the
Minisny of Environment and Forests, Government of India and the local
bodies, as applicable, shall be the sole responsibility of the Contractor.
Borrowpits along the road shall be discouraged. If permitted by the
Engineer, these shall not be dug continuously. Ridges of not less than
8 m width should be left at intervals not exceeding 300 m. Small drains
shall be cut through the ridges to facilitate drainage. The depth of
the pits shall be so regulated that their bottom does not cut an imaginary
line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the
edge of the final section of the bank, the maximum depth in any case
being limited to 1.5 m. Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width
from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of
stâbility with a minimum width of 10 m.
Haulage of material to embankments or other a¡eas of fill shall
proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plant is operating
at the place of deposition.
No excâvated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements
of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Should the Cont¡actor
be permitted to remove accepøble material from the site to suit his
operational procedure, then he shall make good any consequent deficit
of material arising therefrom.
Where the excavation revea-ls a combination of acceptable and un-
acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by
the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the
acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent
works without contamination by the unacceptable materials. The
acceptable materials shall be stockpiled separately.
The Contractor shall ensu¡e that he does not adverselv affect the
Earthwork, E4osion Control and Drainage Section 300
søbility of excavation or fills by the methods of stocþiling materials,

use of plants or siting of temporary buildings or structures.
The Contractor shall obüain representative samples from each of the
identif,red borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory
following a testing progamme approved by the Engineer. It shall be
ensured that the subgrade material when compacted to the density
requirements as in Table 300-2 shatl yield the design CBR value of
the subgrade.
rAB LE 30 0.2. c oMPA"tfif FoR EMB ANKMENT
lP,ßIåHf""*t.
Type of work/ naterial Rdative cnmpactlon âs Percentage
of max. laboratory dry densitY as
per lS:2720 (Part 8)
l. Subgrade and earthen shoulders No¡ less tha¡¡ 97
Embankment Not less than 95
Expansive Clays
a) Subgrade and 500 mm Not allowed
porrion just below
the subgrade
b) Remaining portion Not less than 90
of embankment
The
Contractor shall at least 7 working days before commencemenl
of compaction submit the following to the Engineer for approval:
(i) The values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained
in accordance wirh IS: Zl20 (Part 7) or @art 8), as the câse may be, appropriaæ
fo.r dach of the fill mate¡ials he in¡ends to use'
(iÐ A graph of density ploned againsr moisrure conlenl from which each of the
values in (i) above of maximum dry density and optimum moislure conten! were
determined.
(iii) The Dry densiry-moisore conrent -CBR relationships for light, intermediate and
heavy compactive efforu (lighr corresponding to lS: 2720 (Part 7)' heavy
corresponding to ÍSz 2720 @art 8) and intermediate in-between the two) for
each of the fill materials he intends to use in the subgrada
Once the above information has been approved by the Engineer,

it shall form the basis for compaction.
305.3.1. Setting out : After the site has been clea¡ed to Clause
201, the work shall be set out to Clause 301.3.1. The limits of
embankmenlsubgrade shall be ma¡ked by fixing batter pegs on both
sides at regular intervals as guides before commencing the ea¡thwork.
The embankment/subgrade shall be built sufficiently wider than the
7l
Section 300 Ea¡thwork, Ero,sion Conuol and Drainaee
design dimension so that surplus material may be trimmed, ensuring

that the remaining material is to the desi¡ed density and in position
specified and conforms to the specified side slopes.
305.3.2. Dewatering : Ifthe foundation of the embankment is in
an aÍea with stagnant water, and in the opinion of the Engineer it
is feasible to remove it, the same shatl be removed by bailing out or
pumping, as directed by the Engineer and the area of the embankment
foundation shall be kept dry. Carp'shall be raken to discharge the
d¡ained water so as not to cause damage to the works, crops or any
other property. Due to any negligence on the part of the Contractor,
if any such damage is caused, it shall be the sole responsibility of the
Contractor to repair/restore it to original condition or compensate
the damage at his own cost.
If the embankment is to be constructed under water, Clause
305.4.6 shall apply.
305.33. Stripping and storing topsoil : In localiries where mosr
of the available embankment materials ate not conducive to plant growth,
or when so directed by the Engineer, the topsoil from all areas of
cutting and from all areas to be covered by embankment foundation
shall be stripped to specified depths not exceeding 150 mm and sûored
in stockpiles of heightnotexceeding2n for covering embankment
slopes, cut slopes and other disturbed a¡eas where re-vegetation is
desired. Topsoil shall not be unnecessarily trafficked eithe¡ before
stripping or when in a stockpile. Stockpiles shall not be surcharged or
otherwise loaded and multiple handling shall be kept to a minimum.
305.3.4. Compacting ground supporting embankment/subgrade:
Where necessary, the original ground shall be levelled to facilitate
placement of first layer of embankment, sca¡ified, mixed with water
and then compacted by rolling so ¿ìs to achieve minimum dry density
as given in Table 300-2.
In case where the difference between the subgrade level (top of the
subgrade on which pavement rests) and ground level is
less than 0.5
m and the ground does not have 97 per cent relative compaction
with respect to the dry density as given in Table 300-2, the ground
shall be loosened upto a level 0.5 m below the subgrade level, watered
and compacted in layers in accordance with Clauses 305.3.5 and 305.3.6
to not less than 97 per cent of dry density as given in Table 300-2.
Where so directed by the Engineer, any unsuitable material occurring
72
Section 300
in the embankment foundation shall be removed and replaced by

approved materials laid in layers to the required degree of compaction.
Embankment or subgrade work shall not proceed until the foundat-
ions for embankmen/subgrade have been inspected by the Engineer
for saúsfactory condition and approved'
ñll material before embankment consEuction commences'

305.3.5. Spreading material in tayers and bringing to appro'
Priate moisture content
305.3.5.l.Theembankmentandsubgradematerialshallbespread
of the embankment.
305.3.5.2. Moisture content of the material shall be checked at the
If the material delivered to the roadbed is too wet, it shall be dried,

by aeration and exPos
for compaction. Shou
the moisture content
above procedure, compaction work shall be suspended'
I5
Afler adding the required amount of water, the soil shail be processed
by means of graders, ha¡rows, roûary mixers or as otherwise approved
by the Engineer until the layer is uniformly wet.
clods or hard lumps of ea¡th shall be broken to have a maximum
size of 75 mm when being placed in the embankment and a maximum
size of 50 mm when being placed in the subgrade.
Embankments and other a¡eas of unsupported fills shall not be con-

s
st¡ucted with steeper side
shown
in the Conrac¿, except ¡ edges
before trimming back, or g any
settlement of the fill and
Earthwork, E¡osion ConEol and Drainage Section 300
in suiøble combinations.
The compaction shall be done with the help of vibratory roller of
pneumatic
80 to 100 kN søric weight with plain or pad foot drum or heavy
tyred roller of adequate capacity capable of achieving required com-
paction.
TheContractorshalldemonstratetheefficacyoftheequipmenthe
intends to use by carrying out compaction trials. The procedure to be
adopted for these site trials shall first be submitted to the Engineer
for approval.
Earthmoving plant shall not be accepted as compaction equipment
nor shall the use óf u üght.t category of plant to provide any preliminary
compaction to assist the use of heavier plant be ¡aken into account'
28). A record of the same shall be maintained by the contractor.
replaced by approved material, compacted to the density requirements

and satisfaction of the Engineer.
Drainage : The surface of rhe embankmenlsubgrade at
-305,3.7.
alitimes during construction shall be maintained at such a cross fall
(not flatter ttranitrat required for effective drainage ofan ea¡then surface)
as will shed water and prevent ponding'
305.3.8. Repairing of damages caused by rain/spi||age of water:
The soil in the affected portion shall be removed in such areas as
75
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Conrrol and Drainaee
directed by the Engineer before next layer is laid and refilled in
layers and compacted using appropriate mechanical means such as small
vibratory roller, plate compactor or power rammer to achieve the
required density in accordance with clause 305.3.6. If the cut is not
ech
to
as
rhe
repairing the damages including widening of the cut, if any, shall be
carried out by the cont¡actor at his own cost, including the arranging
of machinery/equipment for the pu{pose.
Finishing
305.3.9. Finishing operations : clude
the work of the shoul
shaping and dressing and
side slopes to conform to the alignment, lev a¡rd
dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed by rhe Engineer
subject to the surface tolerance described in clause 902. Both the
upper and lower ends of the side slopes shall be rounded off to
rmprove appearance and to rnerge the embankment with the adíacent
terrain.
to sustain plant growth, the usual thickness being from 75 mm to 150

mm.
whe¡e directed, the slopes shall be rurfed with sods in accordance
with clause 307. ff seeding and mulching of slopes is prescribed, this
shall be done to the requirement of Clause 30g.
when ea¡thwork operations have been substantially completed, the
road area shall be clea¡ed of all debris, and ugly sca¡s in the consrruction
for objecrionable appearance eliminated.
area responsible
305.4. Construction of Embankment and Subgrade under
Special Conditions
305.4.1. Earthwork for widening existing road embankmentí
when an existing embankment and/or subgrade is to be widened
and its slopes are steeper than 1 vertical on 4 horizontal, pontinuous
horizonøl benches, each at least 300 mm wide, shall be cut into the
Section 300
old slope for ensuring adequate bond with the fresh embankment/subgade
material to be added. The material obtained from cutting of benches
However,
could be utilized in the widening of the embankment/subgrade.
when the existing slope against which the fresh matefial is to be placed
is flatter than I vertical on 4 horizontal,the slope surface may only be
ploughed or scarifred instead of resorting to benching'
where the width of the widened portions is insufficient to permit

the use of conventional rollers, compaction shall be ca¡ried out
with
rammers or
the help of small vibratory rollersþlate compactorsþower
any oth'er appropriate equipment approved by End dumping
the Engineer'
of material-from trucks for widening operations shall be avoided except
in difficult circumslances when the extra width is too narow to permit
the movement of any other types of hauling equipment'
305.42. Earthwork for embankment and subgrade to be
placed
against sloping ground : Where an embankmenlsubg¡ade is to be
piaceO agaiìst stõping ground, the latter shall be appropriately benched
àr ptougtr-eO/scarifiã¿ ás required in Clause 305.4.1 before
placing the
in benching or
emùantmenlsubgrade material. Extra earthwork involved
to the work.
due to ploughing/scarifying etc. shall be considered'incidental
Forwetconditions,bencheswithslightlyinwardfallandsubsoil
d¡ains at the lowest point shall be provided as per the drawings'
before the fill is placed against sloping ground'
where the cont¡act requires constfuction of transverse subsurface
drain at the cut-fill interface, work on the same shall be carried
out to
Clause 309 in proper sequence with the embankment and
subgrade work
as approved bY the Engineer.
305.4.3. Earthwork over existing road surface : Where the
embankmentistobeplacedoveranexistingroadsurface,theworkshall
be carried out as indicated below :
(D If the existing road surface is of granular o¡ bituminous type and lies -within
mm
new subgrade level, the same shall be scarified to a depth
of 50
I m of ihe
or more specifi"d, io u, to provide
if ample bond between rhe old and new material
^mm
ensuring that * least 500 ponion below rhe rcp of new subgrade level
is compacted to the desired density'
(iD If the existing road surface is of cement concrete type and lies within
Im
of the new subgrade level the same shall be removed completely' è
(iii) If the level difference belween the existing road surface and the new formation
level is more than lm, the existing surface shall be permitted
to stay in place
without anY modilicarion.
77
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainase
where the provision of any fîlter medium is specified behind the

abutment, the same shall be laid in layers simultaneousty wirh rhe laying
of frll material. The material used for filter shalr conform to the
requiremenrs for filter medium spelt out in Clause 2502/3093.2 (B)
unless
otherwise specified in ttre Contrac¡.
305.4.5. construction of embankment over ground incapabre

of supporting construction equipment : vy'here embankment ìs to
78
Section 300
Earthwork. E¡osion Control and Drainage
be constructed across ground which will not support the

weight of
repeated heavy loads o}ionsrucüon equipment, the first
layer of the
fiú may be constructed by placing successive loads of material in a
uniformþdist¡ibutedlayerofaminimumthicknessrequiredtosupport
The contractor'
the const¡uction equipment as permitted by the Engineer.
if so desired by h1m, may alio use suitable geosynthetic material to
increase the bearing capaciiy of the foundation. This exception to normal
procedure will not be permitted where, in the opinion of the Engineer'
ihe embankments could be constructed inthe approved manner over
proper
such ground by ttre useof lighter or .modified equipment after
Oitcning and dìainage have been provided. V/here this exception
is
procedure
permitied, the selection of the material and the consruction
io obtain an acceptable layer shall be the responsibiliry of the Cont¡actor.
Thecostofprovidingsuitabletrafficcondiúonsforconstruct'ion
equipment over any a¡ea of the Contract will be the responsibility
of
him' The remainder
thã Contractor and no extra payment will be made to
of the embankment shall ¡e ionstructed as specihed in Clause 305.3'
305.4.6. Embankment construction under water : V/here
filling
or backfrlling is to be placed under water, only acceptable granular
material or rock sn¿f be used unless otherwise approved by
the
Engineer.Acceptablegranularmaterialshallconsistofgraded'ha¡d
¿u¡-aute particles with particle size not exceeding 75 mm. The
,n-*irur
material should be non-plastic having uniformity coefficient of not
less
than 10. The material placed in open water shall be deposited by end
tipping without compaction.
305.4,7. Earthwork for high embankment : In the case
material
of high embankmenrs, the contricro¡ shall normally use the different
from the specified borrow area. In case he desi¡es to use
material for his own convenience, he shall have to caÍy out
necessafy
soil investigations and redesign the high embankment at his own cost'
The Conrraitor shall then furnish the soil test data and design of high
embankment for approval of the Engineer, who reserves the right to
accept or reject it.
If necess¿ìly, stage construction of frlls and any controlled rates
of filling shall be canled out in accordance with the Contract including

installation of insl¡uments and its monitoring'
.Whererequired,theContractorshallsurchargeembankmentsoroiher
a¡easof fill with approved material for the periods specified in the
Contract. If settlement of surcharged fill results in any surcharging
79
material, which is unaccepta

below fo¡mation level, the
material and dispose it as
then bring the resultant level up to formation level with acceptable
material.
30 sPecified
the
in required
settlem
wau, ""F"liå
required settlement period at each location shall be as provided for
in the Cont¡act or as directed by the Engineer.
305.5. Plying of Traffic
305.6. Surface Finish and Quatity Control of Work

The surface finish of consÍuction of subgrade shall conform ¡o the
requirements of clause 902, control on the quality of ma[erials and
works shall be exercised in accordance with ClauSe 903.
305.7. Subgrade Strength
305.7.1. It shall be ensured prior to actual execution that the borrow
a¡ea material to be used in the subgrade satisfies the requirements of
design CBR.
305.7.2. subgrade shall becompacredand finished ro rhe design
st¡ength consistent with other physical requirements. The actual
laboratory CBR values of constructed subgrade shall be determined on
undisturbed samples cut our from the compacted subgrade in cBR mould
fitted with cutting shoe or on remoulded samples, compacted to the
field densiry at the field moisture content.
80
The measurement of material from borrow a¡eås shall be the dif-

fill
ference between the net quantities .of compacted frll and the net
quantities of sui¡able material brought from roadway and drainage
eicavation. For this pulpose, it shall be'assumed that one cu'm' of
suitable material brought to site from road and drainage excavation
forms one cu.m. of Cõmpacted frll and all bulking or shrinkagø shall
be ignored.
comtruction of embankment under water shall be measured in
cu.m.
construction of high embankment with specified material and in
specihed manner shall be measured in cu. m'
Stripping including storing and reapplication of topsoil shall be meas-
ured in cu.m.
Work involving loosening and recompacting of ground supporting
embankmenlsubg¡ade shall be measured in cu' m'
Removal of unsuiøble material at embankment/subgrade foundation
and replacement with suiøble material shall be measured in cu.m.
scarifying existing granular/bituminous road surface shall be meas-

u¡ed in square meties.
Dismantling and removal of existing cement concrete pavement
shall be measured vide Clause 202.6'
Filter medium and backfill material behind abutments, wing walls
and other retaining structues shall be measured as finished work in
position in cu.m.
305.9. Rates
305.9.1.TheCont¡actunitratesfortheitemsofembankmentànd
subgrade construction shall be payment in full for carrying out the
required operations including full compensation for :
(Ð Cost of
of anangement of land as a source supply of material of required
quantity for construction unless provided otherwise in the Contract;
(iÐ Sening out;
(iii)CompactinggroundsupporringembankrnenVsubgradeexceptwhe¡eremova|and
' ' rept"Lm"ni -of unsuir"ble marerial or loosening and recompacting is involve{
scarifying of (rrning continuous horizonøl benches 300 mrn wide on side
slopes
(iv)
'
of eiisring ønbankment arid subgrade as aplicable;
(v) Cosr of watering or drying of maærial in bonow areas and/or embankmenr and
suþrade during construction as' required;
81
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainaee
(vi) spreading in rayen, bringing.to appropriare mo.isture conrent and compacring
æ Specifi cation requirements;
(vii) Shaping and dressing rop and slopes of rhe embankmenr and subgrade including
rounding of corners;
(viii) Restricæd working a¡ sires of strucrures;
(ix) Working on narÌow widrh of embanlsnenr and subgrade;
(x) Excavarion in allço learing
and grubbing and de site
wirh a.ll lifts and l
(xi) Au labour, materiars, toors, equipment and incidenrals necessary to complete rhe
' work to rhe Specificarions;
(xii) Dewatering; and
(xiii) Keeping the ernbankmeny'completed formarion free of water as per
Clause 311.
portation involved beyond the specified initial lead.

305.9.3. clause 30r.9.5 shalr apply as regards conr¡acr unir rares
for items of srripping and storing top soil and of reapplication of topsoil.
305.9-4. clause 30r-9.2 shall apply as reg¿ìrds cont¡act unir rate for
the item of loosening and recompacting the embankmenr/subgrade
foundation.
305.9.5. clauses 30r.9.1 and 305.8 shall apply as regards contracr
rates for items of removal of unsuitable material and replacement with
suirable material respectively,
or as otherwise specified.
305.9.7. clause 202.7 shar apply as regards cont¡acr unit rate for
dismantling and removal of existing cement concrete pavement.
305.9.8. The contracr unit rate for providing and raying filter
material behind aburments shall be payment in full for crryìng oor
82
Earthwork, E¡osion Control 4nd Drainage Section 300
the required operations including all maærials, labour, tools, equipment

¿¡1fl i¡çlfls¡tals to complete the work to Specifications.
305.9.9. Clause 305.4.6 shall apply as regards Cont¡act unit rate for
construction of embankment under water.
305.9.10. Clause 305.4.7 shall apply as regards Contract unit rate
for construction of high embankment. It shall include cost of instru-
mentalion, its monitoring and seltlement period, where specified in the
Conract or directed by the Engineer.
306. SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
306.1. Description
This work shall consist of measures as shown on plans or as
directed by ttre Engineer to control soil erosion, sedimen[ation and water
pollution, through use of berms, dikes, sediment basins, ltbre mats,
mulches, gr¿u¡ses, slope drains, and other devices.
306.2. Materials
All materialsshall meet commercial grade standards and shall be
approved by the Engineer before being used in the work.
Prior to the start of the relevant, consEuction, the Contractor shall
submit to the Engineer for approval his schedules for carrying out
temporary and permanent erosion/sedimenøtion control works as are
applicable for the items of clea¡ing and grubbing, roadway and drainage
excavation, embank{renlsubgrade construction, bridges and other sEuc-
tures across water courses, pavement courses and shoulders. He shall also
submit for approval his proposed method of erosion/sedimentation control
on service road and borrowpits and his plan for disposal of waste
materials. Work shall not be s¡afed until the erosion/sedimenfation control
schedules and methods of operations for the applicable construction have
been approved by the Engineer.
The surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and
grubbing, excavation, borrow and frll operations shall be limited to the
extent practicable. The Contractor may be directed to provide immediate
permanent or temporary erosion and sedimentation control measures
to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation tl¡at will adversely affect
construction operations, damage adjacent propeilies, or cause contami-
nation of nearby streams or qther water coùrses, lakes, reservoi¡s
etc. Such work may involve the construction of temporary berms, dikes,
83
Section 3ü) Ea¡thwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
sediment basins, slope drains and use of temporary mulches, fabrics,

mats, seeding, or other control devices or methods as necessary to control
erosion and sedimentation. cut and fill slopes shall be seeded and turfed
as required on the plans.
The Contractor shall be required to incorporate all permanent erosion
and sedimenøtion control features into the project at the ea¡liest
practicable time as outlined in his accepted schedule to minimize the
need for temporary erosion and sedimentation cont¡ol measures.
Temporary erosion/sedimentation and pollution control measures will
be used to control the phenomenon of erosion, sedimentation and pollution
that may develop during normal c'onstruction practices, but ma¡r neither
be foreseen during design stage nor associated with permanent control
features on the hoject.
Where erosion or sedimentation is likely to be a problem, clearing
and grubbing operations should be so scheduled and performed that
grading operations and permanent. erosion or sedimentation conEol
features can follow immediately thereafter if the project conditions permir;
otherwise temporary erosion or sedimentaf.ion cont¡ol measures may be
required between successive construction stages. under no conditions
shall a large surface area of erodióle earth material be exposed at one
time by clearing and grubbing or excavation without prior approval
of the Engineer.
The Engineer may limit the area of excavation, borrow and em-
bankment operations in progress, commensurate with the Cont¡actor's
capability and progress in keeping the finish grading, mulching, seeding
.
and other such permanent erosion, sedimentation and pollution control
measures, in accordance with the accepted schedule. Should seasonal
limitations make such coordination unrealistic,' temporary erosion/sedi-
mentation cont¡ol measures shall be taken immediately to the extent
feasible and justified.
In the event temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control
measures become necessary.due to the Contracúor's negligence, care-
lessness or failure to install peÍnanent conEols as a part, of-the work
as scheduled or ordered by the Engineer, these shall be ca¡ried out at
the Contractor's own expense. Temporary erosion, sedimentation and
pollution control work required, which is not attributed to the Contrac-
tor's negligence, carelessness or failure to install permanent controls, will
be performed as ordered by the Engineer.
84
Section 300
Temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control may include

constructìon wotk outside the right-of-way where such work
is necessary
as a result of road construction Such as borrow pit operations,
service roads and equipment storage sites'
The temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control features

installed by ihe cont urro, shall be acceprably maintained by
him till
these are needed, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer'

The soil erosion, sedimentation and pollution control works will
be
measured in te¡ms of units specified in the Bill of Quantities for the
respective items.
306.5. Rates
cations.
307. TURFING WITH SODS
307.1. Scope
307.2. Materials
85
Section 3(X) Ea¡thwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
without damage. During wet weather, the sod shall be allowed to ùy

sufficiently to prevent rearing during handling and during diy weather
shall be watered before lifting to ensure its vitality and prevent the
dropping of the soil iil handling.
307.3.7. Preparation of the earth bed : The area to be sodded
shall have been previously constructed to the required slope and
cross section. Soil on the a¡ea shall be loosened, freed of all srones
larger than 50 mm size, sticks, stumps and any undesirable foreign
matter, and brought to a reasonably fine granular texture to a depth
of not less than 25 mm for receiving the sod.
Whe¡e required, topsoil shall be spread over the slopes. prior to
placing the topsoil, the slopes shall be sca¡ified to a depth which, after
settlement, will provide the required nominal depttr shown on the plans.
Spreading shall not be done when the ground is excessively wet.
Following soil preparation and top soiling, where requirefl, fertilizer
and ground limesrone when specified shall be spread uniformly at the
rate indicaæd on the plans. After spreading, the materials are inco¡porated
in the soil by discing or other means ro the depths shown on the plans.
307.3.2- Placing the sods : The prepared sod bed shall be moistened
to the loosened depth,''if nor aìready sufficiently moist, and the sod
shall be placed thereon within approximately 24 hours after the same
had been cut. Each sod strip shall be laid edge to edge and such that
the joints caused by abutting ends are staggered. Every strip, after it
is snugly placed against the strips already in position, shall be lightly
tamped with suitable wooden or metal tampers so as to eliminate
air pockes and to press it into the underlying soil.
On side slopes steeper than 2 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical), the laying
of sods shall be sta¡ted from bottom upwards. At points where waþr
may flow over a sodded a¡ea, the upper edges of the sod snips shall
be turned into the soil below the adjacent area and alayer of earth placed
over this followed by its thorough compaction.
307.33- staking the sods : where the side slope is 2 (horizontal)
to I (vertical) or steeper and the distance along the slope is more than
2 m, the sods shall be søked with pegs or nails spaced approximately
500 to 1000 mm along the longitudinal axis of the sod strips. stakes
shall be driven approximately plumb through the sods to be almost
flush with them.
86
Section 300
Earthwo¡k, Erosion Control and Drainage
with water:
307.4. Measur€ments for PaYment
Turfing with sods shall bä measured as finished work

in square
metfes.
307.5. Rate
payment in
The contract unit rate for turrlng with sods shall mean
including
full for carrying out all the required operations eiplained above
compensation for
(Ð fumishing all the materials to be incorporated in the Works with all lçads and
lifts: and
(iÐ all labour, tools, equipmenrs and incidenøls to complete

the work in accordance
with these SPecifications'

The Cont¡act unit rate for application of topsoil shall
be as per
Clause 301.9.5.
308. SEEDING AND MULCHING
308.1. ScoPe
or shown in ttre Contract documents'

308.2. Materials
soil
A. Seeds: The seeds shall be of approved quality and type suiøble for '¡he
on which tr,rr" at ana shall have acceptable puriry and germinaüon
"r. "ppliea,
to requirements set down by tàe Engineer'
' Fe¡tilizer shall consis! of s¡andard commercial materials a¡ld conform
to the grade
specified organic manure shail be fuily purrefied organic marÞr
such as cow
du.rg.
Mulching materiars shall consist of srraw, hay, wood shavings

or sawdust,
and shail be derivered dry. They shail be reasonabiy free of weed
ieed and such
foreigr materials as may detract from rhei¡ effectiveness as a mulch
injurious to rhe planr growth.
or be
B' Topsoil: Topsoil shall nor be obuined from an area known to have
noxious weeds
growing in ir reared wírh herbicides or srerilarts, ir shalt be gàt .*rU
''
by appropriate rigricultural authority !o derermine the residual in rhe soil. Topsoil
shall not cont¿in ress trran 2 per cen! and mo¡e than 12 per cent
organic matter.
c' Bituminous Emursion: A suiubre grade of bituminous cutback
or emursion
used as a de down for murch shalr be as described in rhe
conrracr documeil
or as desired by rhe Engineer. Emursified bitumen shalr no¡
,rrf soru.rrr
or diluting agenr roxic ro planr life. "onøio
D. Netti¡g: Jutenetting shail beundyedjureyam woven intoa uniform
open weave
wirh approxima¡e 2.5 cm square openings.
Geonetting shail be made of uniformry exrruded rectangurar mesh
having mesh
opening of 2 cm. The colour may be black ã, gr""n. h shait weigh
:2
"\ kg per 1000 sq. m.
no¡ less than 3.8
308.3. Seeding Operations
308.3.1. Seed-bed preparation : The a¡ea to be seeded shall be
brought to the required srope and cross-section by fi[ing, reshaping
eroded a¡eas and refinishing slopes, medians etc. Topioil
snaií be evenly
spread over the spêcirred areas to the depth shôwn on the prans,
u¡19¡s orherwise approved by rhe Engineer. The seed-bed prepararion
shall consisr of eriminating all live plants by suitabre màanì using
agricultural implements. All stones 150 mm in smallest dimension
and
ìarger shall be removed. The soil shall be excavated on the
contour ro
a depth of 100 mm. All clods larger rhan 25 mm in diameþr shalr
be crushed and packed. where necessa¡y, water shall then
be appried.
All topsoil shall be compacred unless orherwise specifieo or appioveo
by the Engineer. compaction shar be by slope compactor, cleated
tracror
or similar equipment approved by the Engineer. Equipment shall
be so
designed and constructed as to produce a uniform rough textured
surface ready for seeding and mulching and which will bonà'the
topsoil
to_ the underlying material. The enrire a¡ea shall be covered
by a
minimum of 4 passes or 2 round trips of the roller or approved
equipment.
308.3.2. Fertilizer application : Ferrilizer ro the required quanrities
shall be spread and thoroughry incorporared into tt¡e sól surfäce as a
part of the seed-bed preparation.
88
Earthwort, Erosion Control and Drainage Section 300
308.3.3. Ptanting of seeds : All seeds shall be planted uniformly

at the approved rate. Immediately after sowing, the area shall be raked,
draggeô ôr otherwise treated so as to cover the seeds to a depth of
6 mm.
The operation of seed sowing shall not be performed when the
gound is muddy or when the soil or weather conditions would otherwise
prevent proper soil preparation and subsequent operations'
, 308.3.4.soil moisture and watering requirements: Soil-moisture
shall exist throughout the zone from 25 mm to at least 125 mm below
the surface at the time of planting.
watering of the seeded areas shall be carried out as determined by
the Engineer.
308.4. Mulching, Applying Bituminous Emulsion and Jute
Netting/ Geonetting
'within 24 hours of seeding, mulching material mixed with organic
manure shall be placed so as to form a continuous, unbroken cover
of approximate uniform thickness of 25 mm using an acceptable
mechanicat blower. Mulching material shall be held in place and made
resistant to being 'blown away by suiøble means approved by the
Engineer. When oalled for in the ConEact documents, mulch material
snal be anchored in place with bituminous emulsion applied af the
rate or 2300 litres per hectare. Any mulch disturbed or displaced
following application shall be removed, reseeded and remulched as
specihed. Jute netting/Geonetting shall be unrolled and placed parallel
ró the flow of water immediately following the bringing, to-finished
gfade, the area speciflred on the plans or the placing of seed and fertilizer.
wh.rr more than one sEip is required to cover the given areas, they
shall overlap a minimum of 100 mm. Jute netting/ Geonetting shall
be held in place by approved wire staples, pins, spikes or wooden
stakes driven vertically into the soil.
308.5. Maintenance
The contractor shall maintain all seeded and mulched areas
until final acceptance. Maintenance shall includp protection of
Íafrrc by approved warning signs or ba¡ricades afíd repairing any
areas dama and mulching operations'
If mulched area shal,f be reshaped and
-then seeded allY sPedified.
89
Section 30û Ea¡thwork, E¡osion Control a¡d Drainase
308.6. Measurements for payment
Seeding and mulching shall be measured as finished work in square
meEes.
308.7. Rate
The contract unit rate for seeding and murching shall be payment
in full for carrying out all the required operadõns including full
compensation for all materials, labour, tools and incidenøls.
309. SURFACE/SUB.SURFACE DRAINS
309.1. Scope
309.2. Surface Drains
The excavated bed and sides of the d¡ains shall be dressed to bring
these in close conformity with the specified dimensions, levels and
sropes.
where so indicated, drains shall be lined or tu¡fed wittr suiøble
materials in accordance with details shown on the drawings.
All works on d¡ain construction shalr be planned and executed in
proper sequence with other works as approved by the Engineer,
with a
view to ensuring adequate drainage for the area and minimising erosion/
sediment¿tion.
3093. Sub-surface Drains
90
Earthwork, Erosion Conrol and Drainage Section 3ü)
309.3.2. Materials
A. Pipe : Perfo¡ated pipes for the drains may bc of meøvasbestos cement/
cement concrete/PvC, and unperforaædpipes of vitrified clay/cement concrete/
asbestos cernenl The type, size and grade of the pipe to be used shall be
etef
one
the
Drt
and
maximum6mm.D,rstandsforthesizeofthesievethatallows35percent
of the mate¡ial to pass through it.
B. Backfill material : Backfill material shall consis¡ of sound, tough, hard, durable
I be free
Cont¡act
these to
approval
ng lines:
(Ð lVhere the soil met with in the trench is of fine grained type (e'g', silt,clay
or a mix¡u¡e rhereof),the bacldrll material shall conform lo class I grading
set out in-Table 300-3.
(i¡) rilhere the soil met with in rhe t¡ench is of coarse silt to medium sand
or sandy type, úe backfill material shall correspond to Class II grading
of Table 30G3.
(i¡i) where soil mer wirh in the-trcnch is gravelly sand, the backfill material
shall conespond to Class III grading of Table 300-3'
Thickness of backfill material afound the pipe shall be as shown

on the drawings subject to being at least 150 mm alround in all cases.
Geosynthetics for use with subsurface drain shall conformlo the fe-
quirements as per Section 700.
Table 3fi).3. GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR FILTER MATERIAL
Per cent passing bY weight
Sieve Designatior Class I Class II Class III
53 mm 100
45 mm 97-100
?Á.5 mm' 100
22.4 mm 95-100 58-100
ll.2 mm 100 48-100 2U60
5.6 mm 92-100 28-54 4-32
28 mm 83-100 2U35 0-10
1.4 mm 59-96 0'5
710 micron 35-80 6- 18
355 micron t4-40 2-9
180 micron 3-r5
90 micron o-5 0-4 0-3
9l
Section 300 Ea¡thwork, Erosìon Control and Drainaee
309.3.3. Trench excavation: Trench for sub-surface d¡ain shall

be excavated to the specified lines, grades and dimensions shown in the
drawings provided that width of trench at pipe level shall not be less
than 450 mm. The excavation shall begin at the outlet end of the drain
and proceed towards the upper end. where unsuitable material is me¿
with at the t¡ench bed, the same shall be removed to such depth
as directed by ttre Engineer and backfilled with approved material which
shall be thoroughly compacred to the specified degree.
309.3.4. Laying of pipe and backfiiling : Laying of pipe in the
t¡ench shall be started at the outlet. end and
Broceed towards the upper
end, true to the lines and grades specified. únless otherwise prouided,
longitudinal gradientof the pipe shall not be less rhan 1 in 100.
Before placing the pipe, backfill material of the required grading(s)
shall be laid fo¡ full width of the trench bed and co.pact"d' to a
minimum thickness of 150 mm or as shown on the drawings. The
pipe shall then be embedded firmly on the bed.
Perfo¡ated pipes, unless otherwise specified, shail be placed with
their perforations down to minimise clogging. The pipe set¡ions shall
be joined securely with appropriate coupling futings or bands.
Non-perforared pipes shall be laid wirh joints as close as possible
with dìe open joints wrapped wirh suiøble pervious material (like double
layer of hessian, suitable Geosynthetics or some other material of
not less than 150 mm width) to permit entry of water but prevent fines
entering tire pipes. In the case of non-perforated pipes with bell end,
the bell shall face upgrade.
upgrade end secrions of rhe pipe insrallarion shall be rightly closed
by-means of concrete pluþs or plugs fabricated from the same material
as the pipe and securely held in place to prevent entry of soil materials.
After the pipe installation has been completed and approved,
backfill material of rhe required grading(s) (see crause :oe.:.iÈ; snut
be placed over the pipe to the required level in horizontal layers
not exceeding 150 mm in thickness and thoroughly compacted. The
minimum thickness of material above the top of the pipe shall be 300
mm.
unless otherwise provided, sub-surface drains not located below the
road pavement shall be sealed at the top by means of 150 mm thick
layer of compacted clay so as to prevent, percolation of su¡face water.
92
Section 300
Ea¡thwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
or extraneous material and sharp objects that may damage the filter
fabric during insøllation. Adjacent rolls of the fabric shall be overlapped
a minimum of 450 mm. The preceding roll shall overlap the following
roll in the direction the material is being spread.
Damage to the fabric resulting from contractor's vehicles, equipment

or operations shall be replaced or repaired by the contractor at
his expense.
309.3.6. Drain outtet : The outlet for a sub-drain shall not be under
water or plugged with deb¡is but should be a free outlet discharging
into a stream, iutvert or open ditch' The bottom of the pipe shall be
this section shall not have any perforations.

309.3.7. Aggregate drains : Aggregate drains shall be placed
within the verge/shoulders after completion of the pavement. Depth,
thickness and spacing of the aggregate draif-rs shall be as shown on the
plan.
Trenches for aggregate d¡ains shall be excavated to a minimum
width of 300 mm and to the depth shown on the plans or ordered by
theEngineer. to drain and shall
be free from I be excavated so
as to expose to be drained'
grading allows a much wider range.
93
Section 300 Earthwork, Erosion Control an{ Drainage
TABLE 300.4, GRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR AGGREGATE DRAINS
Sieve Size Per cent passing by weþht
Type B
63 mm
100
37.5 mm 100 85-100
19 mm
0-20
9.5 mm 45-100 0-5
3.35 mm 25-80
600 micron 8-45
150 micron 0-10
75 micron G5
309.4. Measurements for payment
Measurement for surface and sub-su¡face d¡ains shall be per
running metre length
of the drain. Disposal of surplus material beyond
1000 m shall be measured in cu. m.
309.5. Rates
3IO. PREPARATION AND SURFACE TREATMENT OF

FORMATION
(a) All surfaces below^carriageway, raybyes, footways and hard shoulde¡s

shail,
after reinsratemenr of any soft areas o the requireispecificarions
be weti creaned
and freed of mud and slurrv.
94
O) The surface shall be compacæd þ 4 passes of a smooth wheeled roller of 80

to 100 kN weight afier spraying requisite amount of water, if re4uired. before
the com¡nencemenr of rolling.
(c) The formarion shall, wherever necessary. be regulated and t¡immed to the re-
quirernents of Clause 305.3.9 with motor grader.
(d) The t¡immed formation shall be rclled by one pass of srnooth wheeled ¡oller
of 80 to 100 kN weight afær sPraying requisite amount of waær, if required,
before the cotnmencement of rolling.
Whe¡e the completed formation is not immediately covered with sub-
base or road base material, its moistu¡e content shall be maintained
to prevent cracking in the formation by suitable measures as approved
by the Engineer. The entire work of surface featment of formation shall
be deemed as incidental to the work of sub-base/base course to be
provided on the subgrade and as such no extra payment shall be made
for the same.
311. WORKS TO BE KEPT FREE OF WATER
311.1. The Contractor shall arrange for the rapid dispersal of water
collected,/accumulated on the earthwork or completed formation during
construction or on the existing roadway or which entels the earthwork
or any other item of work from any source, and where practicable, the
water shall be discharged into the permanent outfall of the drainage
system. The alrangements shall be made in respect of all earthwork
including excavation for pipe trenches, foundations or cuttings.
311,2, The Conractor shall provide, where necessary, temporaly
water courses, ditches, drains, pumping or other means for maintaining
the earthwork free from water. Such provisions shall include carrying
out the work of forming the cut sections and embankments in such
manner that their surfaces have at all times a sufficient minimum
crossfall and, where practicable, a'sufficient longitudinal gradient to
enable them to shed water and prevent ponding.
The works involved in keeping the earthwo¡k or any other item
of works free of water shall be deemed as incidental to the respective
item of work and as such no separate payment shall be made for
the s"me.
312. WATER COURSES AT CULYERTS
312,1, Excavation -ganied out in the diversion, enlargement,
deepening or stfaightening water cotuses at culverts, where necessary,
shall include the operations such as clearing, grubbing, removal of
vegef,a¡ion, trimming of slopes, grading of beds, disposal of excavated
95
Section 300 Ea¡thwork, Erosion Conrol and Drainage
materials, pumping, timbering etc. necessaty for dealing with the flow
of water.
312.2. The beds and sloping sides of water courses shall, where
shown on the Drawings, be protected against the action of water by
rubble paving to form a flat or curved surface as indicated.-The
protection shall consist of large smooth faced stones or of blocks of
precast concrete. Stones for rubble paving shall be roughly dressed
square. No stone shall be less than 255 mm in depth nor less than
0.02 cu. m. in volume and no rounded boulders shall be used. After
completion of construction of culverts, temporary diversion of water-
course, if any, shall be closed and water course restored for flow through
the culvert as per the direction of the Engineer.
The work for water courses at culverts as stâted above shall be
measured in terms of units specified in the Bill of Quantiúes for respective
items. The temporary diversion of channel to facilitate construction of
culverts, its closure and restoration to original water course shall be
considered incidental to the work of construction of culverts and no
extra payment shall be made for the same.
312.4. Rates
The Contract unit rates for different items for water courses at
culverts shall be payment in full for carrying out all required operations
including full compensation for all cost of materials, labour, tools,
equipment and other incidentals to complete the work to the Specification.
313. CONSTRUCTION OF ROCKFILL EMBANKMENT
313.1. Scope
In normal ci¡cumstances, the embankment should not be constructed
with rockfill material. However, where specihcally permitted by the En-
gineer because of imperaúve economic or technical reasons, const$ction
of rockfill embankments shall be in accordance wittt the lines, grãdes
and cross-sections as shown in drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
Rockfill shall not be used at least for a depth of 500 mm below
the formation level. There should be a minimum of 500 mm thick earthen
cushion over the rockfill.
313.2. Material
The size of rock pieces used in rbckf,ill embankmolts shall be
such that they can be deposited in layers so as to suit the conditions
96
Section 300
Earthwork. Erosion Control and Drainage
evaluated ttre held compaction trials or as directed by the Engineer.

in
The rockfill shall consist of hard, durable and inertìaterial, preferably
maximum size not exceeding 300 mm and per cent finer than 125 mm
not exceeding 10 Per cent.
Argillaceous rocks (clay, shales etc.), unburnt colliery stock and chalk
shall not be used in rockfill.
The rock fragments and blinding material required for filling the
voids shall also satisfy fhe above requirements'
313.3. Spreading and ComPaction
The material shall be tipped, spread and levelled in layers extending
to the full width of embankment by a suiable dozer. Fragments
required, shall be placed in the same manner, above the earlier compacted
layer.
The top layer of rockhll, on which normal eaflh fill will rest shall
be thoroughly blinded with suiøble granular material to seal its surface.
Measurement shall be made by taking cross-sectrons at intervals in
the original position before the work stafts and after its completion
and computing the volume in cu. m. by the method of average
end
afeas.
313.5. Rate
The Contract unit rate shall be paid in full for carrying out all
the above operations including cost of rockfîll, broken fragments and
blinding mâterial and shall provide full compensation for all items as
per Clause 305.9.1 and 305.9.2'
97

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Earthwork, Erosion Control and

þ) Ordinary Rock (not requiring blasting)This shall include:

(c) Hard Rock (requiring blasting)

(iii) boulders requiring blasting.

differential settlement and also local drainage problems should be

301.3.12. Backfïlling : Backhlling of masonry /concretdhume pipe

301.5. Preservation of Property

311 to receive the sub-base/base course'

The finished cut formation shall satisfy ths surface tolerances

described in Clause 902'

301.8. Measurements for PaYment

computed by other accepted methods'

(iii) trimrning boltoms and slopes of excavation;

P¡ovided, however, where presplitting is prescribed to achieve a

O) A sraremenr of up-to-dare srock in rhe magazine.

302.4. Blasting Operations

303. PRESPLITTING ROCK EXCAVATION SLOPES

The spacing of presplit holes shall not exceed 900 mm on cenrres

rock is such that, as determined by the Engineer, irregularities are

304.2. Classification of Excavation

relieve the Contractor of the responsibilify for the adequacy of

of material encountered, limited to the dimensions shown on the drawings

304.5.2. The Contract unit rate for preparation of rock foundaúon

miscellaneous backfills with approved material obtained from roadway

(c) Materials susceprible to spontaneous combustion;

9 shall not be deposited within 500 mm, or other distances described

S.No, Type of Vfork Maximum laboratory dry unit weight when

Embankments up to 3 melres No¡ less than 15.2 kN/cu.m.

Embankments exceeding 3 Not less than 16.0 kN/cu. m.

Subgrade and earthen Not less than 17.5 kN/cu, m.

305.2,2.1. The materials for embankment shall be obrained from ap-

søbility of excavation or fills by the methods of stocþiling materials,

Once the above information has been approved by the Engineer,

design dimension so that surplus material may be trimmed, ensuring

in the embankment foundation shall be removed and replaced by

ñll material before embankment consEuction commences'

If the material delivered to the roadbed is too wet, it shall be dried,

Embankments and other a¡eas of unsupported fills shall not be con-

28). A record of the same shall be maintained by the contractor.

replaced by approved material, compacted to the density requirements

to sustain plant growth, the usual thickness being from 75 mm to 150

where the width of the widened portions is insufficient to permit

where the provision of any fîlter medium is specified behind the

305.4.5. construction of embankment over ground incapabre

be constructed across ground which will not support the

of filling shall be canled out in accordance with the Contract including

material, which is unaccepta

305.6. Surface Finish and Quatity Control of Work

The measurement of material from borrow a¡eås shall be the dif-

scarifying existing granular/bituminous road surface shall be meas-

portation involved beyond the specified initial lead.

the required operations including all maærials, labour, tools, equipment

sediment basins, slope drains and use of temporary mulches, fabrics,

Temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control may include

The temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control features

306.4. Measurements for PaYment

measured in te¡ms of units specified in the Bill of Quantities for the

without damage. During wet weather, the sod shall be allowed to ùy

307.4. Measur€ments for PaYment