Hostile Witness

1.
Under what circumstances/instances can a party compel a person to

be a hostile witness?
2. Can a party to a case be utilized as a hostile witness?
Hostile Witness is one declared so by the court upon adequate

showing of his:
 adverse interest,
 unjustified reluctance to testify, or
 his having misled the party into calling to the stand
 Misleading Facts (Questions which assumes facts not on
record), IF asked:
 On cross-examination, Objectionable for being
misleading
 On direct-examination, Objectionable for lack of
basis
The unwilling or hostile witness so declared OR the witness, who is

an adverse party, may be impeached:
 BY the party presenting him in all respects as if he had been
called by the adverse party, EXCEPT by evidence of his bad
character.
 He may ALSO be impeached and cross-examined: BY the
adverse party, but such cross-examination must ONLY be on
the subject matter of his examination-in-chief. (6a, 7a)
As a General Rule on cross-examination, we follow the English Rule

which states that a witness may be cross-examined, not only upon
matters testified to by him on his direct examination, but also on all
matters relevant to the issue
As an exception, the American Rule is followed. It states that cross

examination is restricted only on facts which are connected with the
matters that have been stated in the direct examination of the
witness, under the following instances:
1. The witness is an unwilling or hostile witness as so declared
by the court OR is an adverse party
2. The witness is an accused who testifies as a witness in his own
behalf
3. When can the court be compelled to issue subpoena ad
testificandum, especially when the document has already been
admitted in pre-con or pre-trial?
SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM is a process directed to a person

requiring him to attend and to testify at the hearing or the trial of an
action, or at any investigation conducted by competent authority or
for the taking of his deposition [Sec. 1, Rule 21]
Issuance of Subpoena [Sec. 5]

If the government employee or official, or the requested witness, who
is neither the witness of the adverse party nor a hostile witness,
unjustifiably declines to execute a judicial affidavit or refuses without
just cause to make the relevant books, documents, or other things
under his control available for copying, authentication, and eventual
production in court, the requesting party may avail himself of the
issuance of a subpoena ad testificandum or duces tecum under Rule
21 of the Rules of Court. The rules governing the issuance of a
subpoena to the witness in this case shall be the same as when taking
his deposition except that the taking of a judicial affidavit shall be
understood to be ex parte.
Adverse party witnesses and hostile witnesses are excluded since

they are not covered by Section 5. [Tam v. China Banking
Corporation, G.R. No. 214054 (2015)]
This Court, in Roco v. Contreras,[72] ruled that for a subpoena to

issue, it must first appear that the person or documents sought to be
presented are prima facie relevant to the issue subject of the
controversy, to wit:
A subpoena is a process directed to a person requiring

him to attend and to testify at the hearing or trial of an
action or at any investigation conducted under the laws
of the Philippines, or for the taking of his deposition.
In this jurisdiction, there are two (2) kinds of subpoena, to
wit: subpoena ad testificandum and subpoena duces
tecum. The first is used to compel a person to testify,
while the second is used to compel the production of
books, records, things or documents therein specified. As
characterized in H.C. Liebenow vs. The Philippine
Vegetable Oil Company:
The subpoena duces tecum is, in all respects,

like the ordinary subpoena ad testificandum
with the exception that it concludes with an
injunction that the witness shall bring with
him and produce at the examination the
books, documents, or things described in the
subpoena.
Well-settled is the rule that before a subpoena duces

tecum may issue, the court must first be satisfied that the
following requisites are present: (1) the books, documents
or other things requested must appear prima facie
relevant to the issue subject of the controversy (test of
relevancy); and (2) such books must be reasonably
described by the parties to be readily identified (test of
definiteness).[73] (Emphasis supplied.)
In the present case, the CA correctly denied petitioners’ Motion for

the Issuance of Subpoena Ad Testificandum on the ground that the
testimonies of the witnesses sought to be presented during trial were
prima facie irrelevant to the issues of the case. The court a quo aptly
ruled in this manner:

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1.

Under what circumstances/instances can a party compel a person to

Hostile Witness is one declared so by the court upon adequate

The unwilling or hostile witness so declared OR the witness, who is

As a General Rule on cross-examination, we follow the English Rule

As an exception, the American Rule is followed. It states that cross

SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM is a process directed to a person

Issuance of Subpoena [Sec. 5]

Adverse party witnesses and hostile witnesses are excluded since

This Court, in Roco v. Contreras,[72] ruled that for a subpoena to

A subpoena is a process directed to a person requiring

The subpoena duces tecum is, in all respects,

Well-settled is the rule that before a subpoena duces

In the present case, the CA correctly denied petitioners’ Motion for

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