Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian Kualitatif

Oleh :
Supriyati

Departemen Perilaku Kesehatan, Lingkungan dan Kedokteran Sosial

FKKMK UGM
Penelitian kualitatif ?
K
Rancangan U
A
L
I
Pengumpulan data T
A
T
I
Analisis data F
Kapan Menggunakan
kualitatif ?
Paradigma
Positivistik Naturalistik
Realitas tunggal,objektif, multiple,
dapat dipisahkan subjektif, holistik
Peneliti – yang Independent Interaktif
diteliti
Nilai Dikendalikan dideskripsikan
Hubungan Sebab akibat Jaring sebab
kausal akibat
Generalisasi bebas Terikat waktu
dan konteks
 Faktor
peneliti • Kemampuan/keinginan
peneliti
• Open-minded?
• Komitmen yang tinggi
• Hasil yang ingin diperoleh
Kapan
menggunakan
kualitatif ?
Kuantitatif Kualitatif
Tujuan
Tujuan penelitian
penelitian

Rancangan
Rancangan
Penelitian

Data
collection Data Data
Analysis Collection

Data
analysis

Reporting
Reporting
 Ethno-
graphy Feminism
Positivism

Pheno-
Hermeneutics
menology

Symbolic
Post
Interac-
modern tionism

Theories in Qualitative Research

 • Typically reject qualitative
research methods
Positivism • Prefer quantitative methods to
measure things, using
structured questions and
constructing scales that can be
analysed with statistics
• Qualitative  people are
fundamentally different to
Theories in things because of the centrality
of meanings and interpretation
qualitative to human social life
 • More closely associated with
anthropological research than
Ethnography with sociological research
• What anthropologists do
• Is not defined by the
techniques it employs
(participant observation and
indepth interview), but… Thick
description (Geertz)
Theories in • Focus on the culture of a
qualitative group, the webs and patterns
of meaning that make up a
culture
 • Phenomenologists study
Phenomenology situation in everyday world
from the viewpoint of the
experiencing person (Becker)
• Emphasizes the individual’s
contraction of a “life world”
• Examined the meanings and
interpretations people give to
Theories in their action
qualitative
 • Examine how people make
sense of their experiences
Symbolic through a common set of
interactionism symbols
• Symbolic interactionist
emphasise that these symbols
are developed and find
meaning through and in
interaction
Theories in •  gounded theory
qualitative
 Three ways in which faminist
thought has influenced qualitative
Feminism research methods :
• Has facilitated qualitative research
through advocating the value and
legitimacy of research methods that
examine the experience and subjectivity
of the person being studied
• Has politicised the research process
• Have explored the reflextive nature of
the research encounter. Underlining the
Theories in significance of the researcher as an
qualitative inseparable part of the research process
 • Innovation is at the heart of
qualitative research
• Denzin & Lincoln are arguing
Post for the value of innovation and
Modernism experimentation that
charactize post modernist
qualitative research

Theories in
qualitative
Hermeneutics
• Is the critical theory of
interpretation
• Focus on meanings and
interpretation
• Human action can be
interpreted like a text
Theories in
qualitative
Five Qualitative tradition of inquiry
(Creswell,1998)

A Narrative study
A phenomenological study
A grounded theory
An ethnography
A case study
Narrative study

- Narrative research has many

forms, uses a variety of analytic
practices, and is rooted in
different social and humanities
disciplines (Creswell)
- begins with the experiences as
expressed in lived and told
stories of individuals
- Biography ?
A phenomenological
study
Describes the meaning of the
lived experiences for several
individuals about a concept or
the phenomenon
A case study
•An exploration of a bounded
system or a case (or multiple
cases) over time through
detailed, in-depth data collection
involving multiple sources of
information rich in context
•Bound system : bounded by
time and place
The aim of this study
was to provide an
indepth exploration
of the ehealth and
digital literacy
experiences of
pharmacy staff in the
North East of
Scotland.
A Grounded theory
study

•To generate or discover a theory

•To study how people act and
react to certain phenomenon
•The development or generation
of theory related to the context
of phenomenon being studied
An Ethnography
A description and interpretation
of a cultural or social group or
system
Researcher examines the group’s
observable and learned patterns
of behavior, customs, and ways of
life
Pola perilaku merokok pada
perempuan suku Tengger
Dimension Narrative Phenome- Grounded Ethnography Case Study
nology Theory
Focus •Exploring the • Understanding • Developing a • Describing and • Developing an

A case study life of an

individual
the essence of
experiences
about a
theory grounded
from data in the
field
interpreting a
cultural or
social group
in-depth
analysis of a
single case or
phenomenon multiple cases
Data•An exploration
• Primary •of
Longa bounded
interviews • Interviews with • Primarily • Multiple
systeminterviews
Collection
or
documents
a case
and
(or multiple
with up to 10
people
20-30
individuals to
observations
and interviews
sources
including
cases) over time through “saturate” categories and
with additional
artifacts during
documents,
archival records,
detailed, in-depth data collection detail a theory extended time in interviews,

involving multiple sources of

the field (e.g. observations,
6 months to a • Physical

Data
information
• Stories
rich • in context• Open coding
Statements
year)
• Description
artifacts
• Description
Analysis system :• Meanings
•Bound• Epiphanies bounded •by Axial Coding • Analysis • Themes

time andcontentplace
• Historical • Meaning themes
• General
• Selective
Coding
• Interpretation • Assertions

description of the • Conditional

experience Matrix
Narrative • Detailed picture • Description of • Theory or • Description of • In-depth study
Form of an individual’s the theoretical the cultural of a “case” or
life “essence” of the model behavior of a “cases”
experience group or an
individual
Slide Prof Yayi
References
Grounded theory
Mixed method
Goodluck !