IEAI LAB

FILE

NAME : YUVAN SAROYA

ROLL NO. : 2K18/PSY/16

M.TECH PSY 1st SEM

 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
1. AIM: To design and implement the following types of amplifiers using IC741.

a. Inverting
b. Non-inverting
c. Voltage Follower

2. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED:

1. DC power supply (0-30 V, 5A dual mode power supply)

2. Dual channel DSO
3. Function Generator
4. IC741
5. Resistors (1/4 watts of suitable values such that ratio of 1, 5 and 10 can be realized)
6. Bread board
7. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

A. INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

An inverting amplifier realization is given below in fig. 1.1. The gain of this amplifier (assuming
ideal behavior of IC741) is given by
𝑉 𝑅𝑓
𝐴 = 𝑉𝑜 = - 𝑅𝑖
𝑖

Fig 1.1 Inverting Amplifier

CALCULATIONS:

Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal, by virtual short circuit concept voltage at non-inverting terminal
node will be 0 Volts.

𝑉𝑖 − 0 𝑉𝑜 − 0
+ =0
𝑅 𝑅𝑓

𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑖
=−
𝑅𝑓 𝑅

Solving for Vo/Vi, we get

𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
=−
𝑉𝑖 𝑅

PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the inverting amplifier as shown in fig. 1.1.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variants.
3. After biasing the IC741 (+Vcc to pin 7 and –Vcc to pin 4), connect the input to pin 2
through the resistor R1. You should try out the following inputs:
(i) Triangular wave with p-p amplitude of 200mV at 1 kHz frequency.
(ii) Square wave with p-p amplitude of 200mV at 1 kHz frequency.
(iii) Sinusoidal wave with p-p amplitude of 200mV at 1 kHz frequency.
4. Observe the transfer characteristics of the circuit (Vo/Vi) on the dual channel
oscilloscope. The transfer characteristics will be observed in X-Y mode of operation of
DSO. Calculate the slope of the transfer characteristic (It is given by the gain expression).
Verify the results for all the three values of the gain realized (|K|=1, 10, 100).
5. Now to study the behavior of inverting amplifier when a sinusoidal input of 1V (p-p)
amplitude is applied and Rf/R1 is 1.
(i) Operate the DSO in y-t mode (In this mode the output is displayed as function of
time).
(ii) Change the frequency of the input sinusoidal signal using the function generator
and note down the corresponding output sinusoidal voltage amplitude starting
from a frequency of 100 Hz. Note down the frequency where you start observing
distortion in the output sinusoid (try to observe the nature of the distortion).
Continue the variation up to a frequency where the output magnitude has become
 indistinguishable from noise. (You should take at least 20 observations to plot he
frequency response).
6. Plot the magnitude frequency response and there from calculate the 3dB frequency of the
amplifier.

Theoretically the 3 dB frequency should be approximately equal to 1 MHz because your

amplifier is being operated in the unity gain mode and the GBP (gain bandwidth product of
IC741 is nearly 1MHz).

B. NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

A Non-inverting amplifier realization is given below in fig. 1.2. Gain of this amplifier (assuming
ideal behavior of IC741) is given by

𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
𝐴= =1+
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1

Fig 1.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier

CALCULATIONS:

Applying KCL at non-inverting terminal, by virtual short circuit concept voltage at non-inverting
terminal will be Vs= Vi.

0 − 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖
+ =0
𝑅 𝑅𝑓
 𝑉𝑜 1 1
= 𝑉𝑖 ( + )
𝑅𝑓 𝑅 𝑅𝑓

Solving for Vo/Vi

𝑉𝑜 1 1
= 𝑅𝑓 ( + )
𝑉𝑖 𝑅 𝑅𝑓

𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝑓
= 1+
𝑉𝑖 𝑅

PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the non-inverting amplifier as shown in fig. 1.2
2. Repeat part 2 to 7 for the non-inverting amplifier circuit also (in the part 4, choose the
values of R1 and Rf such that the gain of 11 can be realized).

C. VOLTAGE FOLLOWER:

A voltage follower is a unity gain non-inverting amplifier. Its main use in instrumentation system
is to avoid loading of the signal source by the amplifier.

Vo= Vi

Fig 1.3 Voltage Follower

PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the voltage follower as shown in fig. 1.3.
2. Repeat part 2 to 7 for the voltage follower also (you do not have to use R 1 and Rf as the
gain required is 1 and because of the virtual short appearing between non-inverting and
inverting terminal as there is negative feedback between and the inverting input) output
simply follows the input.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).

4. OBSERVATION TABLE:

Observation table for inverting amplifier for gain =10

INPUT VOLTAGE FREQUENCY(kHz) OUTPUT VOLTAGE GAIN(Vo/Vi)

1V 0.1 9.68V 9.68

1V 0.2 9.68V 9.68
1V 0.5 9.68V 9.68
1V 1 9.68V 9.68
1V 5 9.68V 9.68
1V 10 9.68V 9.68
1V 20 9.28V 9.28
600mV 30 5.32V 8.866
600mV 35 5V 8.33
600mv 40 4.76V 7.933
500mV 45 3.92V 7.84
500mV 50 3.68V 7.36
400mV 60 2.8V 7
300mV 80 1.92V 6.4
200mV 90 1.18V 5.9
200mV 100 1.11V 5.55
200mV 200 0.6V 3
200mV 300 0.42V 2.1
200mV 400 0.316V 1.58
200mV 500 0.26V 1.3
200mV 600 0.216V 1.08
200mV 700 0.184V 0.92
200mV 800 0.162V 0.81
 200mV 900 0.142V 0.71
200mV 1000 0.126V 0.63

Observation table for inverting amplifier for gain =100

FREQUENCY(kHz) INPUT(mV) OUTPUT(V) GAIN

0.1 100 10 100

0.5 100 10 100
1 100 10 100
2 100 10 100
3 100 10 100
4 100 9.44 94.4
5 100 8.88 88.8
6 100 8.4 84
7 100 7.84 78.4
8 100 7.6 76
9 100 7.04 70.4
10 100 6.76 67.6

Observation table for Non-inverting amplifier for gain =11

FREQUENCY(kHz) INPUT(V) OUTPUT(V) GAIN

0.1 1 11 11
0.5 1 11 11
1 1 11 11
5 1 11 11
10 1 11 11
50 0.6 4.65 7.756
70 0.3 2.26 7.5
80 0.3 2.14 7.13
90 0.2 1.4 7
100 0.2 1.3 6.5
200 0.2 0.74 3.7
500 0.2 0.296 1.48
800 0.2 0.188 0.94
1000 0.2 0.15 0.75
Observation table for voltage follower:

FREQUENCY(kHz) INPUT(V) OUTPUT(V) GAIN

0.1 1 1 1
0.5 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
50 1 1 1
100 1 1 1
200 1 1 1
300 0.7 0.696 0.994
500 0.5 0.436 0.872
600 0.4 0.34 0.85
700 0.3 0.256 0.85
800 0.3 0.234 0.78
900 0.3 0.214 0.7133
1000 0.3 0.198 0.66

5. RESULTS:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER FOR GAIN =1

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER FOR GAIN =100

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER FOR GAIN =100

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER FOR GAIN =11

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
1. AIM: To design and implement the pratical integrator using IC741.

2. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED:

1. DC power supply (0-30 V, 5A dual mode power supply)

2. Dual channel DSO
3. Function Generator
4. IC741
5. Resistors (1/4 watts of suitable values ) and capacitor
6. Bread board
7. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

An ideal integrator realization is given below in fig. 1 and pratical integrator realization is given
in fig.2

An op-amp integrator simulates mathematical integration which is basically a summing process

that determines the total area under the curve of a function. The integrator does integration of the
input voltage waveform. Here the input element is resistor and the feedback element is capacitor.

The output equation for ideal integrator is given by following derivation:

𝑉𝑖𝑛−0 𝑉𝑜−0
+ 1⁄ =0
𝑅 𝐶𝑆

−𝑉𝑖𝑛
Vo= .
𝑅𝐶𝑆
The output equation for pratical integrator is given by following derivation:

𝑉𝑖𝑛−0 𝑉𝑜−0 𝑉𝑜
+ 1⁄ + =0
𝑅 𝐶𝑆 𝑅𝑓

−𝑉𝑖𝑛∗𝑅𝑓
Vo=
𝑅∗(𝐶𝑆𝑅𝑓 +1)

𝑉𝑜 −𝑅𝑓
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅 ∗ (𝐶𝑆𝑅𝑓 + 1)

𝐴𝑜 −𝑅𝑓
A= and 𝐴0 =
𝐶𝑆𝑅𝑓 +1 𝑅

𝐴𝑜
A=
𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑅𝑓 +1

𝐴𝑜
A= 𝑓
(𝑗∗𝑓 )+1
𝑎

1
𝑓𝑎 =
2𝜋𝑅𝑓 𝐶
4. CALCULATIONS:
We know

𝑓𝑎 =1.5KHz and 𝑓𝑏 =20KHz

1 1
𝑓𝑎 = and𝑓𝑏 =
2π𝑅𝑓 C 2πRC

1
𝑓𝑎 =
2π𝑅𝑓 C
1
𝑅𝑓 = ; c=34nF
2π𝑓𝑎 C

𝑅𝑓 = 3.3𝐾

1
𝑓𝑏 =
2πRC
 1
R=
2π𝑓𝑏 C

R=234 ohms
5. PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of thepratical integrator as shown in fig. 1.2.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variant.
3. After biasing the IC741 (+Vcc to pin 7 and –Vcc to pin 4),connect the output to the dso by
operating dso in y-t mode
4. Calculate the resistances and capacitance to get required frequency
5. Apply square input and observe the waveform.
6. Change the frequency of the input square signal using the function generator and note
down the corresponding output triangular voltage amplitude starting from a frequency
of1.5KHz.
7. Plot the magnitude frequency response and there from calculate the 3dB frequency of the
amplifier.

Theoretically the 3 dB frequency should be approximately equal to 20KHz

6. PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).

7. OBSERVATION TABLE:

FREQUENCY VIN IN VOLTS VO IN VOLTS GAIN

IN KHZ
1.5 1 7.6 7.6
3 1 5.5 5.5
4 1 4.48 4.48
6 1 3.2 3.2
 8 1 2.6 2.6
10 1 2.08 2.08
12 1 1.92 1.92
14 1 1.76 1.76
15 1 1.72 1.72
16 1 1.52 1.52
20 1 1.2 1.2

8. RESULTS:

Wave form of pratical integrator

 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
1. AIM: To design and implement the astable multivibrator using IC741.

2. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED:

1. DC power supply (0-30 V, 5A dual mode power supply)

2. Dual channel DSO
3. IC741
4. Resistors (1/4 watts of suitable values) and capacitor
5. Bread board
6. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

Astable multivibrator:

An astable multivibrator realization is given below in fig. 1.Astable multivibrator has two quasi
stable state and it keeps on switching between these two states by itself. No external triggering is
required. The astable multivibrator cannot remain indefinitely in any one of the two states.

Fig 1 Astable multivibrator

We know

Vc(t)=Vf+(Vi-Vf)e-t/RfC1

we know that Vf=Vsat and Vi= -βVsat

Vc(t)=Vsat+(-βVsat-Vsat)e-t/RfC1
At t=T1
1−β
e-T1/RfC1 =1+β

1+β
T1=RfC1𝑙𝑛 1−β

1+β
T=2T1=2RfC1𝑙𝑛 1−β

1+β
To get T=2T1=2RfC1 we should do 1−β = 𝑒

By calculating it we get β=0.4621

𝑅2
We know β=
𝑅2+𝑅1

Calculating we get R1=1.164 R2

4. CALCULATIONS:

we know Cf =34nF and f=1.5KHz

f=1/T

f=1/(2RfC1)

Rf=1/(2*f*Cf)

Rf=1/(2*1.5*10^3*34nF)

Rf=9.8039K

R2=1K and R1=1.16K

5. PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the astable multivibrator as shown in fig. 1.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variant.
3. After biasing the IC741 (+Vcc to pin 7 and –Vcc to pin 4),connect the output to the dso by
operating dso in y-t mode
 4. Calculate the resistances and capacitance to get required frequency
5. Observe the waveforms and pratical frequency we obtained.
6. Compare the theortical and pratical frequency.

6. PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).

7. OBSERVATIONS:

Theortical frequency is 1.5KHz

Pratical frequency we observed is 1.487KHz.

8. RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
1. AIM: To design and implement a Schmitt Trigger amplifier using IC741.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name Range Quantity

1 Dual Power Supply +/-15V 1
2 Resistors 32.98KΩ ; 3
1KΩ & 10KΩ
3 Bread board - 1
4 IC μA 741 - 1
5. CRO (0-20)MHz 1
6. Function Generator (0-1)MHz 1
7. Connecting Wires - As per requirement

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

Fig 1 Schmitt Trigger

It is a regenerative comparator or it is a comparator with hysteresis. This circuit uses positive

feedback and the op-amp is operated in saturation. The output can take two values +Vsat and –
Vsat. When output = +Vsat, the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is VUT or UTP =
+βVsat called the upper threshold point. Similarly When output = - Vsat, the voltage appearing
at the non-inverting terminal is VLT orLTP = -βVsat called the lower threshold point. Here β = (
R2/R1+R2).

When Vin is greater than UTP, the output will switch from +Vsat to –Vsat.
Similarly When Vin is less than LTP; the output will switch from -Vsat to +Vsat which is shown
in the graph.
The difference between UTP-LTP is called hysteresis. Hysteresis avoids false triggering of the
circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is the plot of Vo versus Vin .

Schmitt trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into square wave.

4. CALCULATIONS:

We take Vcc = +/- 14V ,

R = 32.98 K
R1= 1K
R2 = 10 K
So β = ( R2/R1+R2) = 0.909
Hence Theoretically
+βVsat = + 0.909 x 7 = 6.363V
and -βVsat = -6.363 V

5. PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the Schmitt trigger as shown in fig. 1.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variants.
3. Check the components.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Give Vi= 15 Vpp / 1KHz sine wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms.

6. PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).
7. OBSERVATIONS:

S.No. Theoretical Theoretical Practical Practical

UTP (+βVsat) LTP (-βVsat) UTP (+βVsat) UTP (-βVsat)

1. +6.363 V -6.363 V + 6.13V - 6.12V

8. RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
1. AIM: To design and implement the wein bridge oscillator using IC741.

2. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED:

1. DC power supply (0-30 V, 5A dual mode power supply)

2. Dual channel DSO
3. IC741
4. Resistors (1/4 watts of suitable values) and capacitors.
5. Bread board
6. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

Wein bridge oscillator realization is given below

Fig 1 Wein bridge oscillator

Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. It can generate
a large range of frequencies. The frequency of oscillation is given by

1
f = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
The Wien Bridge Oscillator uses a feedback circuit consisting of a series RC circuit
connected with a parallel RC of the same component values producing a phase delay or phase
advance circuit depending upon the frequency. At the resonant frequency ƒr the phase shift is
0o.Then for oscillations to occur in a Wien Bridge Oscillator circuit the following conditions
must apply.:

1. With no input signal the Wien Bridge Oscillator produces output oscillations.
 2. The Wien Bridge Oscillator can produce a larg e range of frequencies
3. The Voltag e gain of the amplifier must be at le ast 3.
4. The network can be used with a Non-inverting amplifier.
5. The input resistance of the amplifier must be high compared to R so that the RC
network is not overloaded and alter the required conditions.
6. The output resistance of the amplifier must be low so that the effect of external loading
is minimised
7. Some method of stabilizing the amplitude of the oscillations must be provided because
if the voltage gain of the amplifier is too small the desired oscillation will decay and stop
and if it is too large the output amplitude rises to the value of the supply rails, which
saturates the op-amp and causes the output waveform to become distorted.

4. CALCULATIONS:

We know
1
f=
2𝜋√𝑅′𝐶′𝑅𝐶
R1=2R2

we take R’=R and C’=C

1
f=
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

C= 0.01µF and f=1.5KHz

1
1.5*10^3=
2𝜋𝑅∗0.01∗10^−6
1
R=
2𝜋∗1.5∗10^3∗0.01∗10^−6

R=10.61K
R2=5K R1=10K

5. PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of thewein bridge oscillator as shown in fig. 1.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variant.
 3. After biasing the IC741 (+Vcc to pin 7 and –Vcc to pin 4),connect the output to the dso by
operating dso in y-t mode
4. Design the circuit for f=1.5KHz.calculate R,C, R1and R2.
5. Switch on the power supply and observe the waveform.
6. Note down the amplitude and pratical frequency at pin 2,3 and 6.

6. PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).

7. OBSERVATIONS:

PIN VOLTAGE(V) FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

OBSERVED IN CALCULATED IN
KHz KHz
6 26.8 1.5666 1.5
3 8.6 1.5699 1.5
2 8.48 1.576 1.5

8. RESULT:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
1. AIM: To design and implement the monostable multivibrator using IC741.

2. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS TO BE USED:

1. DC power supply (0-30 V, 5A dual mode power supply)

2. Dual channel DSO
3. IC741
4. Resistors (1/4 watts of suitable values) and capacitors and diode
5. Bread board
6. Connecting wires.

3. THEORY AND CIRCUIT:

Mono stable multivibrator:

Anmonostable multivibrator realization is given below in fig. 2.A monostable multivibrator

compared to astable and bistablehase only stable state. The multivibrator is in stable state when
an externally triggering pulse is applied , it switches from the stable to quasi stable state. It
remains in quasi stable state for a short duration, but automatically reverse back to its original
state without any triggering pulse. The monostable multivibrator is referred as oneshot or uni
vibrator since only one triggering signal is required to reverse to its original stable state. The
duration of quasi stable state is termed as delay time or pulse width or gate time. It is denoted by
‘T1’.

Fig 2 mono stable multivibrator

Vc(t)=Vf+(Vi-Vf)e-t/RfC1

we know that Vf=-Vsat and Vi= VD

Vc(t)=-Vsat+(VD+Vsat)e-t/RfC1

(1-β)Vsat=-Vsat+(VD+Vsat)e-t/RfC1

At t=T1
1−β
e-T1/RfC1 =1+β

𝑉𝐷
+1
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
T1=RfC1𝑙𝑛 1−β

T1=0.693RfC1

4. CALCULATIONS:

we know Cf =34nF and f=1KHz

f=1/T

f=1/(0.693RfC1)

Rf=1/(0.693*f*Cf)

Rf=1/(0.693*1*10^3*34nF)

Rf=42.444K

R2=1K and R1=1.16K

C1 and C2 are equal

5. PROCEDURE:

1. On a bread board make a neat circuit of the astable multivibrator as shown in fig. 1.
2. Use dual power supply to make available a voltage of ±13V. This choice is not unique!!
You can bias the amplifier with lower/higher or even unsymmetrical voltages. The
maximum value will depend upon the rating of the IC, whereas the minimum will be
dictated by the signal swing required. If you bias the IC with unsymmetrical bias voltages
(unequal values of positive and negative bias voltage), then the maximum signal swing
available in positive and negative direction will be different. If you don’t believe this try
out the second and the last variant.
3. After biasing the IC741 (+Vcc to pin 7 and –Vcc to pin 4),connect the output to the dso by
operating dso in y-t mode
4. Calculate the resistances and capacitance to get required frequency
5. Observe the waveforms and pratical frequency we obtained.
6. Compare the theortical and pratical frequency
6. PRECAUTIONS:

1. Never apply the input signal before biasing the IC.

2. Place the components neatly on the bread board.
3. Do not make crisscross connection across the DIP circuit.
4. All voltages must be measured with respect to the common ground of the circuit. (This is
the common point of the dual power supply).

7. OBSERVATIONS:

Theortical frequency is 1.KHz

Pratical frequency we observed is 1.KHz.

8. RESULT: