AREAS

&
VOLUMES
 Page 1

1.ELLIPSE

A = area P = perimeter or circumference

A = π ab

An approximate formula for perimeter is;

P  2( a 2  b 2 )

A closer approximation is:

( a  b) 2
P   2( a 2  b 2 ) 
2.2

2. HYPERBOLA

A = area BCD

xy ab x y
A  hyp. log  
2 2 a b
 Page 2

3. LENGTH OF PARABOLIC ARC

l  length of arc

p  2x  2x   2x 2 x 
l  1    hyp. log  1 
2 p  p   p p  
 

Where x is small in proportion to y, the following is a close approximation:

 2 x
2
2 x 
4

l  y 1       
 3 y 5 y 


Or

4 2
l y2  x
3
 Page 3
4. AREA OF PARABOLA

A = area

2
A xy
3

* the area is equal to two-third of a rectangle which has x for its base and
y for its length.

5. SEGMENT OF PARABOLA

A = area
Area BFC = A = 2/3 of area of parallelogram BCDE.
If FG is the height of the segment, measured at right angles to BC. Them:

Area of segment BFC = 2/3 BC x FG

 Page 4
6. CYCLOID

A = area; l = length of cycloid.

A  3 r 2
= 9.4248 r2 = 2.3562 d2
= 3 x area of generating circle
l = 8r = 4d

7.CUBE

V = volume
S = length of each side
V = S3
 Page 5
8. SQUARE PRISM

V= volume
V= abc
V V V
a b c
bc ac ab

9. PRISM

V = volume; A = area of end surface

V=hxA

The area A of the end surface is found by the formula for areas of lane figures on the
preceding pages. Height h must be measured perpendicular to end surface.
 Page 6
10. PYRAMID

V= volume
V = 1/3 h x area of base

If the base is a regular polygon with n sides, and s = length of side, r = radius
of inscribed circle, and R = radius of circumscribed circle, then:

nsrh nsh s2
V   R2 
6 6 4

11. FRUSTUM OF PYRAMID

V = volume.
V 
h
3
A1  A2  A1  A2 
 Page 7
12. WEDGE

V = volume.

V 
 2a  c  bh
6

13. CYLINDER

V = volume; S = area of cylindrical surface.

V = 3.1416 r2h = 0.7854 d2 h
S = 6.2832 rh = 3.1416 dh

Total area A of cylindrical surface and end surface;

6.2832 r(r + h) = 3.1416 d(1/2d + h)

 Page 8
14a. PORTION OF CYLINDER

V = volume; S = area of cylindrical surface.

V  1.5708r 2  h1  h2   0.3927d 2  h1  h2 

S = 3.1416r(h1 +h2) = 1.5708d(h1 + h2)

14b. PORTION OF CYLINDER

V = volume; S = area of cylindrical surface.

2 h
V  ( a 3  b  areaABC )
3 r b
h
S   ad  b  lengthofarcABC 
r b
Page 9
15. HOLLOW CYLINDER

V = volume.


V  h R 2  r 2 
Or

V  h D 2  d 2 
4

Or

V  ht  2 R  t 

16. CONE

V = volume; A = area of conical surface.

h
V   .r 2
3

A   .r r 2  h 2

d2
S  r 2  h2   h2
4
 Page 10
17. FRUSTUM OF CONE

V = volume; A = area of conical surface.

V  
h 2
3
R  Rr  r 2   0.2618h D 2  Dd  d 2 

A = 3.1416 s (R + r) = 1.5708 s ( D + d)

A=R–r

S a2  h2   R  r 2  h2

18. SPHERE

V = volume; A = area of surface.

4 .r 3  .d 3
V    4.1888.r 3  0.5236.d 3
3 6

A  4 .r 2   .d 2  12.5664.r 2  3.1416.d 2

3.V
r 3  0.6204  3 V
4

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19. SPHERICAL SECTOR
V= volume; A = total area of conical and spherical surface.

2 .r 2 h
V   2.0944r 2 h
3

 1 
A   .r  2h  c 
 2 

c  2 h 2r  h 

20.SPHERICAL SEGMENT

V = volume; A = area of spherical surface.

 h  c2 h2 
V   .h 2  r    3.1416h  
 3  8 6 

 c2 
A  2 .r.h  6.2832.r.h  3.1416  h 2 
 4 

c 2  4h 2
c  2 h  2r  h  ; r 
8h

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21. SHPERICAL ZONE
V = volume; A = area of spherical surface.
 3C12 3C 2 2 
V  .5236h   h 2 
 4 4 

A  2. .r.h  6.2832.r.h

2
C 2 2  C 2 2  C12  4h 2 
r   
4  8h 

22. SPHERICAL WEDGE

V = volume; A = area of spherical surface;

  center angle in degrees.

 4 .r 3
V    0.0116 ..r 3
360 3

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23. HOLLOW SPHERE
V = volume.
4 3
V 
3
R  r 3   4.1888 R 3  r 3 

 3
V 
6
 D  d 3   0.5236 D 3  d 3 

24. ELLIPSOID

V = volume.
4
V  a.b.c  4.1888.a.b.c
3
In an ellipsoid of revolution, or spheroid where
c = b:
V = 4.1888 a b2
 Page 14
25.PARABOLOID

1
V  volume, V   .r 2 h  0.3927d 2 h
2
 3 
2   d 2 2 
A  area, A 
  p   p3 
 in which
3p   4  
 

d2
p
8h
26. PARABOLOID SEGMENT

V = volume.


V  h R 2  r 2   1.5708.h R 2  r 2 
2

 h D 2  d 2   0.3927.h D 2  d 2 
8

Page 15
27. TORUS
V = volume; A = area of surface.
V  2 2 R.r 2  19.739.R.r 2
2
 D.d 2  2.4674.D.d 2
4
A  4. 2 R.r  39.478.R.r

  2 D.d  9.8696.D.d
28. BARREL

V = approximate volume.

If the sides are bent to the arc of a circle:

V
1
12
  
 .h 2 D 2  d 2  0.262.h 2 D 2  d 2 

If the sides are bent to the arc of a parabola:

 3 
V  0.209.h 2 D 2  Dd  d 2 
 4 

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29. RATIOS
 If d = base diameter and height of a Cone, a Paraboloid and a Cylinder, and
the diameter of a Sphere, then the volumes of these bodies are to each other as bellow:

Cone : Paraboloid : Sphere : cylinder =

1 1 2
 : : :1
3 2 3

30. OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE

A = area.
If
1
S  a  b  c
2
Then
A S  S  a  S  b  S  c 
Page 17

TRAPEZOID .31

A = area

A
 a  b h
2

Note in England this figure is called a Trapezium and the one below it is
known as a trapezoid, the terms being reversed.

32. TRAPEZIUM

A = area.
A
 H  h  a  bh  ch
2

A Trapezium can also be divided into two triangles as indicated by the dotted
line. The area of each of these triangles is computed, and the results added to find the
area of trapezium.
 Page 18
33. REGULAR HEXAGON

A = area; R = radius of circumscribed circle; r = radius of

inscribed circle
A = 2.598.S2 = 2.598 R2 = 3.464.r 2
R = S = 1.155.r
r = 0.866.s = 0.866 R
S = R = 1.155.r

34. REGULAR OCTAGON

A = area;
R = radius of circumscribed circle;
r = radius of inscribed circle;
A = 4.828 S2 = 2.828 R2 = 3.141.r 2
R = 1.307 S = 1.082 r
r = 1.207 S = 0.924 R
S = 0.765 R = 0.828 r
 Page 19
35. REGULAR POLYGON

A = area; n = number of sides.

  360  n   180   

n.s.r n.s s2
A  R2 
2 2 4

s2 s2
R  r2  r  R2  s  2 R2  r 2
4 4

36. CIRCLE

A = area; C = circumference. A = π.r2 = 3.1416 r2 = 0.7854.d2

C = 2.π.r = 6.2832 r = 3.1416 d
r  C  6.2832  A  3.1416  0.564 A

d  C  3.1416  A  0.7854  1.128 A

Length of arc for center-angle of 1o = 0.008727 d
Length of arc for center-angle of no = 0.008727 n d

Page 20
37. CIRCULAR SECTOR

A = area; l = length of arc; α = angle in degrees.

1
A .r.l  0.008727   .r 2
2

r    3.1416 2A
l  0.01745.r. 
180 r

57.296.l 2a 57.296.l
  r 
r l 

38. CIRCULAR SEGMENT

A = area; l = length of arc; α = angle, in degrees.

1
c  2 h 2r  h  A  rl  c r  h  
2
 Page 21

c 2  4h 2
r l  0.01745.r.
8h
57.296.l
hr1 4r 2  c 2  
2 r

h  r 1  cos 2 

39. CIRCULAR RING

A = area.

  
A   R 2  r 2  3.1416 R 2  r 2 
 3.1416 R  r  R  r 


 0.7854 D 2  d 2 

Page 22
 40. CIRCULAR RING SECTOR

A = area; α = angle, in degrees.

A
 . 2
 R  r2  0.00873. . R 2  r 2 
360
 .

4  360
 D 2  d 2   0.00218.  D 2  d 2 

41. SPANDREL OR FILLET

A = area;
 .r 2
A  r2   0.215.r 2
4
 0.1075.c 2

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 42. SQUARE

A  s2

1 2
A d
2
s  0.7071.d  A

d  1.414.s  1.414 A
Page 24
43. RECTANGLE

A = area.
A=a.b
Aa d 2

 a2  b d 2  b2

d a2  b2

a d 2  b2  A  b

b d 2  a2  A  a

44. PARALLELOGRAM

A = area.
A = a.b
a = A÷b
b = A÷a
Note: That dimension a is measured at right angle to line b.

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 45. ACUTE-ANGLED TRIANGLE

A = area.

b.h b  a2  b2  c2 
A  a 2   
2 2  2.b 
If S = ½(a + b + c), then

A S  S  a  S  b  S  c 

46. RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE

A = Area;
b.c
A
2
a b2  c2

b  a2  c2

c a 2  b2

Page 26
FORMULAS FOR FINDING FUNCTION OF ANGLES
 side opposite
Sine 
hypotenuse
side adjacent
Cosine 
hypotenuse
side opposite
Tangent 
side adjacent

side adjacent
Cotangent 
side opposite
hypotenuse
Secant 
side opposite
hypotenuse
Cosecant 
side opposite

FORMULAS FOR FINDING THE LENGTH OF THE SIDES OF RIGHT ANGLE

TRIANGLES WHEN AN ANGLE AND SIDE ARE KNOWN
 Hypotenuse  Sine 
 Hypotenuse  Cosecant 
 
length of side opposite   
Side adjacent  Tangent 

Side opposite  Tangent 

 Hypotenuse  Cosine 
 Hypotenuse  Secant 
 
length of side adjacent   
Side opposite  Cotangent 

 Side opposite  Tangent 
Side opposite  Cosecant 
 Side opposite  Sine 
 
length of Hypotenuse   
 Side adjacent  Secant 

 Side adjacent  Cosine 


Page 27

RIGHT TRIANGLES
To find
Angles FORMULAS
c
C a
 Sine C 90   B

b
C  Cosine C 90   B
a
c
C  Tangent C 90   B
b
b
C  Cotangent C 90   B
c
a
C  Secant C 90   B
b
a
C  Cosec. C 90   B
c
b
B  Sine B 90   C
a
c
B a
 Cosine B 90   C

b
B  Tangent B 90   C
c
c
B  Cotangent B 90   C
b
a
B  Secant B 90   C
c
a
B  Cosec B 90   C
b
Page 28

RIGHT TRIANGLES

To find
Sides FORMULAS
a. b 2
 c2 
c
a. c  Co sec C
Sine C
c
a. c  Secant B
Cosine B
b
a. b  Cosec B
Sine B
b
a. b  Secant C
Cosine C
b. a 2
 c2 
a
b. a  Sine B
Cosecant B
a
b. a  Cos C
Secant C
c
b. c  Tan B
Cotangent B
c
b. c  Cot C
Tangent C
c. a 2
 b2 
a
c. a  Cos B
Secant B
a
c. a  Sine C
Cosecant C
b
c. b  Cot B
Tangent B
b
c. b  Tan C
Cotangent C
Page 29