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    Thermal Energy

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    Kella Ortega
    Thermal energy refers to the energy of atoms and molecules due to their movement or vibration. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows between objects due to temperature differences. Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow - heat will flow from hotter to colder objects. The three main methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

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    Thermal Energy

    Uploaded by

    Kella Ortega
    258 views30 pages
    Thermal energy refers to the energy of atoms and molecules due to their movement or vibration. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows between objects due to temperature differences. Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow - heat will flow from hotter to colder objects. The three main methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

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    Thermal Energy

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    Thermal energy refers to the energy of atoms and molecules due to their movement or vibration. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows between objects due to temperature differences. Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow - heat will flow from hotter to colder objects. The three main methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    258 views30 pages

    Thermal Energy

    Uploaded by

    Kella Ortega
    Thermal energy refers to the energy of atoms and molecules due to their movement or vibration. Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows between objects due to temperature differences. Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow - heat will flow from hotter to colder objects. The three main methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30

    THERMAL ENERGY

    Thermal Energy
    • THERMAL ENERGY – the total energy of atoms and molecules due to their
    movement or vibration

    • HEAT – thermal energy that flows from one object to another because of
    a difference in temperatures

    Symbol: Q
    Unit: joule (J) or calorie (cal)

    • TEMPERATURE – quantity that indicates which way, if any, thermal energy


    will naturally flow between two objects

    Scales: Celsius (C), Farenheit (F), Kelvin (K)


    • An object with a higher temperature will
    always transfer thermal energy to an object
    with a lower temperature.

    • If no thermal energy flows when two objects


    touch, then these objects are in THERMAL
    EQUILIBRIUM and their temperatures are the
    same.
    • If you pick up an ice cube, your hand suddenly
    feels cold. Which way is heat flowing?
    Heat Transfer
    • Heat transfers throughout our environment all
    the time.
    • Heat transfers to and through some materials
    better than others, depending on the capacity
    of the material.
    • Three ways:
    – Conduction
    – Convection
    – Radiaton
    Conduction
    • The transfer of heat within a substance, molecule by
    molecule.
    • The transfer of heat energy arising from temperature
    differences between adjacent parts of a body.
    • The measurement of how well a material can conduct
    heat depends on how it's molecules are structurally
    bonded together.
    The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will
    transfer.

    Molecules at the hot end of a rod vibrate faster and


    faster as the temperature increases. When these
    molecules collide with their less energetic neighbors,
    some kinetic energy is transferred to them. Through such
    molecular collisions, energy travels down the rod.
    Convection
    • The transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid
    in the vertical (up/down) direction.
    • This type of heat transfer takes place in liquids and
    gases.
    • Examples:
    – Wind currents
    – Hot air balloon
    As gas or a liquid is heated, it warms,
    expands and rises because it is less dense.

    When gas or a liquid cools, it becomes


    denser and falls.

    As the gas or liquid warms and rises, cools and falls,


    it creates a convection current.
    Radiation
    • The transfer of heat by radiant heat from a hot
    object to a cooler object through space
    • It is in the form of electromagnetic waves
    emitted by a heated body
    • Examples:
    – Sun
    – Camp fire
    – Microwave oven
    – Light bulb
    Important thermal properties:

    • Thermal conductivity
    • Heat Capacity
    • Thermal expansion
    HEAT CAPACITY
    – a property that is indicative of a material’s ability to
    absorb heat from the external surroundings
    – it represents the amount of energy required to
    produce a unit temperature rise

    C = Q/T
    where C: heat capacity
    Q: amount of heat required to
    produce T
    T : change in temperature
    Unit: J/C or cal/C
    SPECIFIC HEAT
    • represents the heat capacity per unit mass
    • depends on the material from which the
    object is made
    c = Q/mT
    where c: specific heat
    Q: amount of heat required to
    produce T
    T : change in temperature
    Unit: J/kgC or cal/gC
    Specific heat of some common materials
    (cal/gC)
    Water 1
    Wood 0.4
    Glass 0.2
    Aluminum 0.215
    Iron 0.107
    Copper 0.092
    Zinc 0.0922
    Silver 0.0324
    Lead 0.0305
    Conservation of Energy
    When two or more substances are in thermal
    contact:
    The heat lost by the cooling objects must equal
    the heat gained by the substances being
    warmed.
    Heat lost = Heat gained

    Qlost = Qgained
    Examples
    1. Find the amount of heat required to raise the
    temperature of 193 g of glass from 19C to
    35C.
    2. An 800 g chunk of unknown metal (initially at
    100C) is dropped into 1 kg water (initially at
    20C). The final temperature of the system is
    22C. Find the specific heat and material of
    the metal.
    THERMAL EXPANSION
    1. LINEAR EXPANSION – the change in any linear
    dimension of the solid, such as its length,
    width, or thickness L

    L = LT
    where: L – change in length
     - coefficient of linear expansion L

    L – original length
    T – change in temperature
    Some Average Coefficient of Linear
    Expansion
    Substance  (x 10-6 / C)
    Lead 29
    Aluminum 23
    Brass 19
    Copper 17
    Steel 11
    Glass (ordinary) 9
    Glass (pyrex) 3.2
    2. AREA EXPANSION
    A = 2AT
    where: A – change in area
     - coefficient of linear expansion
    A – original area
    T – change in temperature

    Question: Do holes expand or contract when the temperature


    increases?
    Answer: A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated
    and contracts when cooled, just as if it were filled with the
    material that surrounds it.
    3. VOLUME EXPANSION

    V = 3VT
    where: V – change in volume
     - coefficient of linear expansion
    V – original volume
    T – change in temperature
    Example
    1. A metal rod that is 100 cm long at 10C is
    observed to be 100.2 cm long at a
    temperature of 80C. What is its coefficient of
    linear expansion?
    Exercises
    1. Find the mass of the water used to cool a 240 g of
    lead from 37.2C to 22.5C. The initial temperature
    of the water is 100C. (clead = 0.0305 cal/g0C, cwater =
    1.0 cal/g0C)

    2. A machinist bores a hole of diameter 1.35 cm in a


    steel plate at a temperature of 25C. What is the
    area of the hole (a) at 25C? (b) when the
    temperature is increased to 175C?
    (steel = 11 x 10-6 / C)
    Conceptual Problems:

    1. How does the thickness of a pot or frying pan affect the way it
    cooks? What effect does the pot’s composition (e.g. aluminum,
    steel, or ceramic) have on the way it cooks?

    2. Why can potatoes be baked more quickly when a metal skewer


    has been inserted through them?

    3. A king decreed that there be made three equally massive coffee


    mugs, one made of gold for him, one of iron for his army chief
    and one of aluminum for the court jester. The king always
    complains that his coffee is too hot while the jester complains
    his is too cold. Can you think for an explanation for this? The
    mugs hold equal volumes of coffee.
    Phase Changes
    • Transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous
    phases typically involve large amounts of energy
    compared to the specific heat.
    • The graph below presumes that the pressure is
    one standard atmosphere.

    http://justcallmemsfrizzle.wordpress.com/2008/12/05/phase-change-graph/
    Heat of Transformation
    • Sometimes called the latent heat of
    transformation, L

    Q=mL

    Question:
    Why does exposure to steam at 1000C produce a
    more severe burn than exposure to the same
    amount of hot water at 100 0C
    Heat of Fusion
    The energy required to change a gram of a substance from the
    solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature is
    commonly called it's "heat of fusion". This energy breaks
    down the solid bonds, but leaves a significant amount of
    energy associated with the intermolecular forces of the liquid
    state.

    𝒎𝒊 𝑳𝒇 = mass of ice x latent heat of fusion


    Melting Points and Heat of Fusion
    Boiling point Boiling point Heat of vaporization
    Substance
    K °C (103 J/kg)

    Helium 4.216 -268.93 20.9


    Hydrogen 20.26 -252.89 452
    Nitrogen 77.34 -195.81 201
    Oxygen 90.18 -182.97 213
    Ethyl alcohol 351 78 854
    Mercury 630 357 272
    Water 373.15 100.00 2256
    Sulfur 717.75 444.60 326
    Lead 2023 1750 871
    Antimony 1713 1440 561
    Silver 2466 2193 2336
    Gold 2933 2660 1578
    Copper 2840 2567 5069
    Heat of Vaporization
    • The energy required to change a gram of a
    liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling
    point is called the "heat of vaporization".

    𝒎𝒔 𝑳𝒗 = mass of steam x latent heat of vaporization


    Boiling Points and Heat of Vaporization
    Melting point Melting point Heat of fusion
    Substance
    K °C (103 J/kg)
    Helium 3.5 -269.65 5.23
    Hydrogen 13.84 -259.31 58.6
    Nitrogen 63.18 -209.97 25.5
    Oxygen 54.36 -218.79 13.8
    Ethyl alcohol 159 -114 104.2
    Mercury 234 -39 11.8
    Water 273.15 0.00 334
    Sulfur 392 119 38.1
    Lead 600.5 327.3 24.5
    Antimony 903.65 630.50 165
    Silver 1233.95 960.80 88.3
    Gold 1336.15 1063.00 64.5
    Copper 1356 1083 134
    Examples
    1. A 105-g copper calorimeter contains 307 g of
    water at room temperature (T= 25.0 0C). If
    52.0 g ice at 00C is added to the calorimeter,
    what is the final temperature of the system?

    2. If 20.0 g of steam at 1000C is mixed into 80.0


    g of water at 20.0 0C, what will be the final
    temperature if no thermal energy is lost and
    no steam escapes?

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