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    Civil Engineering Formulas

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    Jonathan
    This document discusses key concepts and formulas related to hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It covers properties of fluids like density, compressibility, and viscosity. It also covers principles of hydrostatics such as pressure variation, buoyancy, and stability of floating bodies. Finally, it discusses fundamentals of fluid flow including energy, head, flow measurement devices, and weirs. The key topics covered are properties of fluids, principles of hydrostatics, and fundamentals of fluid flow and measurement.

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    Civil Engineering Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan
    1K views6 pages
    This document discusses key concepts and formulas related to hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It covers properties of fluids like density, compressibility, and viscosity. It also covers principles of hydrostatics such as pressure variation, buoyancy, and stability of floating bodies. Finally, it discusses fundamentals of fluid flow including energy, head, flow measurement devices, and weirs. The key topics covered are properties of fluids, principles of hydrostatics, and fundamentals of fluid flow and measurement.

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    Civil Engineering Formulas

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    This document discusses key concepts and formulas related to hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It covers properties of fluids like density, compressibility, and viscosity. It also covers principles of hydrostatics such as pressure variation, buoyancy, and stability of floating bodies. Finally, it discusses fundamentals of fluid flow including energy, head, flow measurement devices, and weirs. The key topics covered are properties of fluids, principles of hydrostatics, and fundamentals of fluid flow and measurement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    1K views6 pages

    Civil Engineering Formulas

    Uploaded by

    Jonathan
    This document discusses key concepts and formulas related to hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It covers properties of fluids like density, compressibility, and viscosity. It also covers principles of hydrostatics such as pressure variation, buoyancy, and stability of floating bodies. Finally, it discusses fundamentals of fluid flow including energy, head, flow measurement devices, and weirs. The key topics covered are properties of fluids, principles of hydrostatics, and fundamentals of fluid flow and measurement.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways from the document are the basic properties of fluids and various hydrostatics and hydraulics formulas for calculating things like pressure, buoyant force, flow rate, head loss, etc.

    The main principles of hydrostatics discussed in the document include variations in pressure with depth, total hydrostatic force, buoyant force, stability of floating bodies, and stress on thin-walled pressure vessels.

    Some important concepts related to fluid flow measurement discussed in the document include the use of device coefficients like the coefficient of discharge and velocity, equations for calculating flow through orifices and nozzles, and methods for measuring unsteady flow.

    HYDRAULICS FORMULAS Compressibility, β

    1. PROPERTIES OF FLUID −ΔV


    𝑉 1
    Mass Density, ρ (kg/m3) β= =
    ΔP 𝐸
    𝑀
    ρ=
    𝑉
    Modulus of Elasticity, E
    𝑃
    ρ= 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ΔP
    𝑅𝑇
    E= = ΔV
    M – mass 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
    𝑉
    V – volume
    P – absolute pressure (Pa) Pressure Disturbances
    R – 287 J/kg-K
    – 1716 lb-ft/slug-R 𝐸 1
    T – absolute temperature (K) c=√ =√
    ρ βρ
    K = C +273
    R = F + 460 Property Changes in Ideal Gas
    Specific Volume, Vs (m3/kg) 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
    =
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    1
    Vs = P1V1 = P2V2 – Boyle’s Law
    ρ

    Unit Weight, γ (kN/m3) 𝑉1 𝑉2


    = – Charle’s Law
    𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
    𝑇1 𝑇2
    γ= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
    , ρg

    Specific Gravity, s
    𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
    S=
    𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
    Viscosity, μ (Pa-sec, lb sec/ft2, poise)
    τ
    μ=
    𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦

    Kinematic Viscosity, ν (m2/s, ft2/s)


    μ
    ν=
    ρ
    𝜏 = shear stress (lb/ft2 or Pa)

    Surface Tension, σ (N/m)


    4σ
    P=
    𝑑
    4σ cos 
    h=
    γd

    d – diameter of droplet (m)


    P – gage pressure (Pa)
    h – capillary rise or depression (m)
    γ – unit weight (N/m3)
    2. PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS 3. TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE
    Unit Pressure, P (N/m2, Pa) F = γhA = pcgA
    𝐹 Eccentricity, e
    P=
    𝐴 𝐼𝑔
    e=
    Absolute Pressure, Pabs 𝐴𝑦

    Pabs = Pgage + Patm a. Gravity Dam

    1atm = 2166 lb/ft2 μRy


    Rx = ΣFh FSs = >1.0
    = 14.7 psi Rx
    = 29.9 inches of mercury 𝑅𝑀
    = 760 mmHg Ry = ΣFv FSo = >1.0
    𝑂𝑀
    = 101.325 kPa
    𝑅𝑀−𝑂𝑀
    x=
    Variation in Pressure 𝑅𝑦

    p2 - p1 =γh Foundation Pressure


    For e ≤ B/6
    Pressure Head
    e = B/2 – x
    𝑝
    h= 𝑅𝑦
    𝛾 q=-
    𝐵
    (1 ± 6𝑒
    𝐵
    )
    q+ = qtoe
    q– = qheel

    For e >B/6
    x = a/3
    2𝑅𝑦
    qe =
    3𝑥
    Buoyant Force, BF v = volume of the wedge either immersion or emersion
    s = horizontal distance between the center of gravity of the
    BF = γVD wedges
    𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 θ = angle of tilting
    VD = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉 = γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
    𝑉 I = moment of inertia of the waterline section of the body
    RM = righting moment
    𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
    D = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐻 = γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
    𝐻 OM = overturning moment

    𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
    As = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐴 c. Stress on Thin-walled Pressure Vessel
    γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
    Tangential Stress, σt (Circumferential Stress)
    b. Stability of Floating Bodies
    RM or OM = Wx = W(MGsinθ) 2T = F
    2(σttL) = pDL
    Metacentric Height, MG
    𝑝𝐷
    MG=MBO ± GBO σt =
    2𝑡
    Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO. Longitudinal Stress, σl
    Note that M is always above BO
    PT = F
    σl (πDt) = p (1/4πD2)
    𝑝𝐷
    σl =
    4𝑡
    Spacing of Hoops of Wood Stave Vessels
    2𝜎𝑡 𝐴ℎ
    s=
    𝑝𝐷

    s = spacing of hoops
    σt = allowable tensile stress of the hoop
    Ah = cross-sectional area of the hoop
    p = internal pressure in the vessel
    D = internal diameter of the vessel

    Value of MBo
    BF(z) = F(s)
    𝑣(𝑠)
    MBO =
    𝑉𝐷 sin𝜃
    Initial Value of MBo
    For small value of θ, tan θ ≡ sin θ
    Note that 1/12 LB3 = I
    𝐼
    MBO =
    𝑉𝐷
    For Rectangular Section, MBo
    MBo =
    W = weight of the body
    BF = buoyant force
    M = metacenter
    G = center of gravity of the body
    BO = center of buoyancy in upright position
    BO' = center of buoyancy in tilted position
    MG = metacentric height or the distance from M to G
    MBO = distance from M to BO
    GO = distance from G to BO
    4. RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
    a. Rectilinear Translation Volume flow rate, Q = Av
    Horizontal Motion Mass flow rate, M = ρQ

    tan  =
    𝑎 Weight flow rate, W = γQ
    𝑔
    a. Energy and Head of Flow
    Inclined Motion
    Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
    𝑎ℎ
    tan  =
    𝑔 ±𝑎𝑣

    Vertical Motion
    𝑎
    p = γh( 1 ± 𝑔 )
    Velocity Head of Circular Pipes
    b. Rotating Vessel
    Rotation
    tan = ω2x / g
    y = ω2x2 / 2g Elevation Energy and Elevation Head

    h = ω2r2 / 2g
    squared property of parabola :
    x2 / y = r 2 / h
    volume of paraboloid of revolution : Pressure Energy and Pressure Head

    1
    V = 2 πr2h

    Total Energy of Flow

    Power and Efficiency


    6. FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT for 90 weir
    a. Device Coefficient Q = 1.4H5/2
    Coefficient of Discharge, Cd or C Trapezoidal Weir
    𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 Q = Cw1 LH3/2 + Cw2 ZH5/2 , Z = b/H
    C= =
    𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄𝑡
    Cipolletti Weir (side slope 1H:4V)
    Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
    Q = 1.859LH3/2
    𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉
    Cv = = Unsteady Flow Weir
    𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑡
    𝐻1 𝐴𝑠𝑑𝐻
    Coefficient of Contraction, Cc t=∫ , Qo = CwLH3/2
    𝐻2 𝑄𝑜
    𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎
    Cc = = 2𝐴𝑠 1 1
    𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 t= ( - )
    𝐶𝑤𝐿 √𝐻2 √𝐻1
    Relationship
    Point it strikes the ground (p. 314)
    C = Cv x Cc
    y = x tan  - ( gx2 / 2vo2 cos2  )
    Orifice
    2
    Q= C√2𝑔 L(h23/2 - h13/2)
    3
    Nozzle

    Q = CAn√2𝑔𝐻

    Unsteady Flow
    ℎ2 𝐴𝑠𝑑ℎ
    t=∫
    ℎ1 𝑄𝑖𝑛−𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

    when Qin = 0 (no inflow)


    ℎ1 𝐴𝑠𝑑ℎ
    t=∫
    ℎ2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

    for tanks with constant As and outflow through


    orifice or tube:
    𝐻2 𝐴𝑠𝑑𝐻
    t=∫
    𝐻1 𝐶𝐴𝑜√2𝑔𝐻

    2𝐴𝑠
    t = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
    𝐶𝐴𝑜√2𝑔

    b. Weirs (p. 298 Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics)


    Rectangular Weir
    Q = CwL [(H + hv)3/2 – hv3/2]
    Q = 1.84 LH3/2
    Velocity of approach, va = Q/A
    Triangular V-notch Weir
    8 
    Q= C√2𝑔 tan H5/2
    15 2
    7. FLUID FLOW IN PIPES 8. OPEN CHANNEL
    Reynolds Number, Re Specific Energy
    𝑣𝐷ρ 𝑣𝐷 μ 𝑣
    Re = = , ν= H= +d
    μ ν ρ 2𝑔

    Centerline or maximum velocity Chezy Formula

    vc = v (1 + 1.33√𝑓 ) hL = SL
    a. Head Loss in Pipe Manning Formula
    1
    Darcy-Weisbach Formula, hf v = 𝑛 R2/3 S1/2
    𝑓𝐿 𝑣 1
    hf = Q =A R2/3 S1/2
    𝐷 2𝑔 𝑛
    1
    0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 C = R1/6
    hf = 𝑛
    𝐷
    Boundary Shear Stress, τ0
    Manning Formula, hf
    τ0 = γRS
    10.29𝑛 𝐿𝑄
    hf =
    𝐷 Froude Number, FN
    1 𝑣 𝑣
    v = R2/3 S1/2 , R = A/P FN = =
    𝑛
    √𝑔𝐿 √𝑔𝑑
    Hazen Williams Formula, hf
    for rectangular channel, L is depth of flow d
    10.67𝐿𝑄
    hf = Critical Depth, dc
    𝐶 𝐷
    Pipes in Series Rectangular Section

    Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q dc = 2/3H

    HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 3 𝑞


    dc = √𝑔
    Pipes in Parallel
    Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Critical Slope, Sc
    𝒈𝒏
    HL = hf1 = hf2 = hf3 Sc =
    𝒅
    Equivalent Pipe
    QE = QO
    HLE = HLO

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