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    Link Budget: Fading and Fade Margins

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    SarojTimsina
    The link budget calculates gains and losses of system components to determine the maximum distance a transmitter and receiver can operate. It accounts for: - Receiver sensitivity threshold - System gain depending on modulation and radio design - Antenna gains at each end - Free space loss increasing with distance - Fade margin to account for signal variations The calculation determines the received signal level and compares it to the threshold for a given bit error rate to assess link feasibility. Fade margins are larger for more reliable links with lower bit error rates.

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    Link Budget: Fading and Fade Margins

    Uploaded by

    SarojTimsina
    55 views1 page
    The link budget calculates gains and losses of system components to determine the maximum distance a transmitter and receiver can operate. It accounts for: - Receiver sensitivity threshold - System gain depending on modulation and radio design - Antenna gains at each end - Free space loss increasing with distance - Fade margin to account for signal variations The calculation determines the received signal level and compares it to the threshold for a given bit error rate to assess link feasibility. Fade margins are larger for more reliable links with lower bit error rates.

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    Link Budget

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    The link budget calculates gains and losses of system components to determine the maximum distance a transmitter and receiver can operate. It accounts for: - Receiver sensitivity threshold - System gain depending on modulation and radio design - Antenna gains at each end - Free space loss increasing with distance - Fade margin to account for signal variations The calculation determines the received signal level and compares it to the threshold for a given bit error rate to assess link feasibility. Fade margins are larger for more reliable links with lower bit error rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    55 views1 page

    Link Budget: Fading and Fade Margins

    Uploaded by

    SarojTimsina
    The link budget calculates gains and losses of system components to determine the maximum distance a transmitter and receiver can operate. It accounts for: - Receiver sensitivity threshold - System gain depending on modulation and radio design - Antenna gains at each end - Free space loss increasing with distance - Fade margin to account for signal variations The calculation determines the received signal level and compares it to the threshold for a given bit error rate to assess link feasibility. Fade margins are larger for more reliable links with lower bit error rates.

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    Link Budget

    The link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss factors associated with
    the antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation environment, to
    determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter and receiver can
    successfully operate
     Receiver sensitivity threshold is the signal level at which the radio runs
    continuous errors at a specified bit rate
     System gain depends on the modulation used (2PSK, 4PSK, 8PSK, 16QAM,
    32QAM, 64QAM,128QAM,256QAM) and on the design of the radio
     The gains from the antenna at each end are added to the system gain (larger
    antennas provide a higher gain).
     The free space loss of the radio signal is subtracted. The longer the link the
    higher the loss
     These calculations give the fade margin
     In most cases since the same duplex radio setup is applied to both stations the
    calculation of the received signal level is independent of direction

    Receive Signal Level (RSL): RSL = Po – Lctx + Gatx – Lcrx + Gatx – FSL
    Link feasibility formula: RSL ≥ Rx (receiver sensitivity threshold)
    Po = output power of the transmitter (dBm)
    Lctx, Lcrx = Loss (cable,connectors, branching unit) between
    transmitter/receiver and antenna(dB)
    Gatx = gain of transmitter/receiver antenna (dBi)
    FSL = free space loss (dB)
    • The fade margin is calculated with respect to the receiver threshold level for a given bit-error rate
    (BER).The radio can handle anything that affects the radio signal within the fade margin but if it is
    exceeded, then the link could go down and therefore become unavailable
    • The threshold level for BER=10-6 for microwave equipment used to be about 3dB higher than for
    BER=10-3. Consequently the fade margin was 3 dB larger for BER=10-6 than BER=10-3. In new
    generation microwave radios with power forward error correction schemes this difference is 0.5 to 1.5 dB

    Fading and Fade margins


    Fading is defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric
    changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path. Four fading types are considered
    while planning links. They are all dependent on path length and are estimated as the probability of
    exceeding a given (calculated) fade margin

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