Solar Load Through Transparent Surfaces
Solar Load Through Transparent Surfaces
Solar Load Through Transparent Surfaces
SOLAR LOAD
The heat gain due to transmission of solar energy from the sun passes through the
transparent building component such as glass especially the windows and becomes a heat
to the room. This will cause a load to a room or building. Its value varies with time,
orientation, shading and storage effect (Pita, 2002).
Maximum SHGF is the maximum solar heat gain factor for glass windows and glass
doors are expressed in W/m2. SHGF is affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, hour,
and latitude. The SHGF value is a statistical data; available in Air Conditioning Principle
and Systems by Pita (2002). This table shows the maximum SHGF for sunlit glass.
Since this process may involve a significant time lag, it is also usual practice to
include a cooling load factor (CLF) in calculating the cooling load attributable to
radiation through glass. In determining the CLF, will be used based from Air
Conditioning Principle and Systems.
Computation of solar heat gain through transparent surface is shown below is,
QGLASS = (SHGFMAX)(SC)(CLF)(A)
QGLASS = (127.76 W/m2)(0.95)(0.51)(1.32 m2)
QGLASS = 81.71 W
Most exterior surfaces of a building are exposed to direct sunlight during some
portion of the day. Solar heat energy is generated by the sun and radiated to earth. When
the sun’s rays strike an opaque surface, a certain amount of radiant heat energy is
transferred to the opaque surface resulting in an increase in the surface temperature. The
amount of heat transferred depends primarily on the color and smoothness of the surface,
and the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the opaque surface (Trane, 2004).
Q = U X A X CLTDC
Where:
Q - Heat gain due to transmission of solar energy on walls, W;
U - Overall heat-transfer coefficient of walls, W/ m2K;
A - Surface area of walls, m2 and;
CLTDC - Corrected Cooling Load Temperature Difference for wall, °C
Using the table from Air Conditioning Principle and Systems by Pita (2002), group
number of wall construction was determined. Figure 1.6 shows group number along with
the description of construction of the wall.
Light and Heavyweight Concrete block
Type E 8 in. Block
The assumed CLTD for the wall is type E which is 200 mm (8 inches) concrete block
with interior and exterior finish. The value for CLTD is 11. For the adjusted or corrected
cooling load temperature difference for wall, the computation is shown below.
CLTDC = CLTD + (25 – ) + (ta – 29)
CLTDC = 11 + (25 – 24) + (33 – 29)
CLTDC = 16
Substitute the given values, solar load through opaque surface can be computed
using equation 1.2.
QCONCRETE WALL C = UA (CLTDc)
QCONCRETE WALL C = (1.89 W/m2 K)(29.96 m2) (16) = 905.99 W = 0.906 kW
Where:
For the sensible heat gain (Qs), equation 1.2 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):
Qs = qs x n x CLF
Where:
qs – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants, and;
CLF - Cooling load factor.
For the latent heat gain (QL), equation 1.3 is used (Stoecker and Jones, 1982):
QL = ql x n
Where:
ql – Sensible heat, W;
n - Number of the occupants.
In determining the sensible heat produced by the occupants, representative rates
at which heat and moisture are given off by human beings in different states of activity
provided by 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals was used. Table 2.18 shows the equivalent
qs and qL of the occupants.
No. of People 20 Students 1 Professor
SHG 70w 75w
LHG 45w 55w
Where:
FU = Utilization Factor
Fb = Ballast Factor
CLF= Cooling load factor
No. of Lights 12
Wattage/Light 24
Fu (All lights are on) 36w
Fb 1.2
CLF 0.55
Consideration:
a. 14 Hours of usage
b. 15 Hours of after lights are turned on.
c. Fixture Y: Free- Hanging lights are vented.
N= No. of Lights
Reference: Table 4-10 “Sensible heat cooling load factors for people”
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by Stoecker & Jones, pg74.