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Application of GIS in precision agriculture

Conference Paper · October 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2221.3368

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 Application of GIS in precision agriculture
Kunal Sood1*, Sharda Singh1, Ranbir Singh Rana1, Aditya Rana2 ,Vaibhav Kalia1, Arun Kaushal1
1Centrefor Geo-Informatics Research and Training, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur
2 Ph.D. Scholar, Environmental Science, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan.
Key speaker and corresponding author: Kunal Sood, GIS/MIS Expert (kunalsood03@gmail.com )

Introduction:
Remote sensing and GIS has emerged as an effective tool for the macro and micro level
mapping of natural resources. Hilly states with highly diversified terrain ranging from low hills to
high mountain ranges has provided a challenge in the agriculture from further enhancing and
utilising the latest technologies as compared to the rest of the states of the country. Many
technological developments occurred in 20th century led to the development of the concept of
precision farming. The success of the precision farming system relies on the integration of these
technologies into a single system that can be operated at farm level with sustainable effort.
Precision farming is very vital in the mountainous terrain as it is becomes more site specific as
compared to the rest of the flat agricultural fields. In order to manage the agriculture at such
small site specific crop areas it becomes very important to actually identify the each field
location. The precision agriculture can thus be implemented by improvising the traditional
farming practices to maximum benefits to these small site specific locations. GIS and Remote
Sensing(RS) plays a very significant role in implementing and monitoring farm practices at this
scale. Use of GPS devices whether in built with smart phones or hand held devices leads to
actual mapping of the fields and farmers can actually get site specific and more precise solutions
for their problems. With the help of GIS and Remote sensing not only the field mapping is
carried out but if spatial content is related to the other web based application its provides a very
powerful tools which can be used to monitor the crop stages, disease management, yield
estimation, soil mapping , weeds mapping, hotspots for disease incidences. Use of GIS and RS in
the field of agriculture is increasing day by day and the applications varying from Spatial Decision
support system (SDSS), yield estimation, food and security analysis, Crop simulation models,
Pest management, Livestock mapping, potential sites identification etc. are some of the most
commonly used ones. Today’s necessity has also raised a need to share the information over
internet and thus many online web based real-time application have replaced the traditional stand
alone applications. One of the major advantages of such applications is it provides a spatial
library which can be referenced by millions of users. Hence it results in easy accessible
information that can be used for policy making and implementing the new strategies in precision
farming.

Importance of Precision Farming (PF): It is defined as the application of technologies and

principles to manage spatial and temporal variability associated with all aspects of agricultural
production (Pierce and Nowak, 1999). Many technological developments occurred in the last
decade that has improvised the concept of precision farming. The adaptability of PF relies on the
integration and utilisation of modern days technologies such new advance farm technologies
with the single system site specific technologies. The technology varies from high speed
connectivity of internet, farmer awareness. PF is an integrated, information and agricultural
management system that is designed to improve the whole farm production efficiency with the
low cost effect while avoiding the unwanted effects of chemical loading to the environment. The
focus under PF is to gather information regarding the soil and crop condition and capture the
sequence on the soil and crop conditions at spatial level.

Figure: Precision farming integration of technologies

The database for Precision farming generally includes (Venkataratnam,2001):

 Crop information such as growth stage, health, nutrient requirement

 Soil physical and chemical properties, depth, texture, nutrient status, salinity and toxicity,
soil temperature, productivity potential
 Microclimatic data (seasonal and daily) such as canopy temperature, wind direction and
speed, humidity
 Surface and sub surface drainage conditions
 Irrigation facilities, water availability and planning of other inputs

Global Positioning system (GPS):

The technology is utilised The advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS)has not only
enhanced the ease and versatility of spatial data acquisition, but has also diversified the
approaches by which it is integrated with remote sensing and geographic information systems
(GISS). In the late 1980s a new technology, the Global Positioning System (GPS) became a
valuable tool in spatial data acquisition. The GPS devices have improved form traditional hand
held devices having accuracy of nearly 10 m on ground to now with differential GPS (DGPS) to
accuracy in cms. Scenarios in hilly terrain like Himachal becomes much more adverse where the
field areas are very small. The cropping pattern in such terrain already leaves farmers with less
options and to implement PF is itself a bit impossible. The global positioning system (GPS)
makes possible to record the in-field variability as geographically encoded data. It is possible to
determine and record the correct position continuously. This technology considers the
agricultural areas, fields more detailed than previously; therefore, a larger database is available for
the user. The accurate yield data can be reported only in the points where GPS position
recording has happened.GPS receivers coupled with yield monitors provide spatial coordinates
for the yield monitor data. This can be made into yield maps of each field. Information collected
from different satellite data and referenced with the help of GPS can be integrated to create field
management strategies for chemical application, cultivation and harvest. (Liaghat and
Balasundram 2010). The development and implementation of precision agriculture or site-
specific farming has been made possible by combining the Global Positioning System (GPS) and
geographic information systems (GIS). These technologies enable the coupling of real-time data
collection with accurate position information, leading to the efficient manipulation and analysis
of large amounts of geospatial data. GPS-based applications in precision farming are being used
for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate
applications, and yield mapping.

Geographic Information System (GIS):

GIS is powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, and retrieving the data at will, transforming
and displaying the spatial data for particular purpose (Burrogh and McDonnell, 1998). The ability
of GIS to analyze and visualize agricultural environments and work flows has proved to be very
beneficial to those involved in the farming industry. Balancing the inputs and outputs on a farm
is fundamental to its success and profitability. Spatial data are commonly in the form of layers
that may depict topography or environmental elements. Nowadays, GIS technology is becoming
an essential tool for combining various map and satellite information sources in models that
simulate the interactions of complex natural systems. GIS can be used to produce images, not
just maps, but drawings, animations, and other cartographic products. From mobile GIS in the
field to the scientific analysis of production data at the farm manager's office, GIS is playing an
increasing role in agriculture production throughout the world by helping farmers increase
production, reduce costs, and manage their land more efficiently. While natural inputs in farming
cannot be controlled, they can be better understood and managed with GIS applications such as
crop yield estimates, soil amendment analyses, and erosion identification and remediation. To
simulate regional crop productivity, the spatial crop model is developed firstly in this study by
integrating Geographical Information System (GIS) with Environmental Policy Integrated
Climate (EPIC) model. (Wu Bingfng and Liu Chenglin .2000) worked on Crop Growth Monitor
System with Coupling of AVHRR and VGT data. GIS provides ways to overlay different ‘layers’
of data: the ecological conditions, the actual physiognomy and human pressure indices. GIS is a
layer based and thematic system which provides the flexibility to overlay and review the indices
for various changes in the site. The technology is utilised to its fullest in the planning and
managing.

Remote Sensing (RS):

Remote sensing has a great potential for PF as it provides the solution of monitoring the spectral
and spatial changes over time at high resolution (Moran, et.al.,1997). The spatio-temporal
changes provide a benchmark to understand the variability that has occurred over the period of
time. The hilly terrain of Himachal undergoes various changes over period of time varying from,
infrastructure development, and stress on forest area for more agricultural areas and fodder
grounds, competition over limited resources for agriculture etc. The new modern day
technologies in agriculture have to be induced in to the ongoing mechanism of farm practices
which needs to be monitored regularly. Remote sensing provides a better option for precision
agriculture like providing frequent turnaround time (24-48 hrs), High spectral resolution, low
cost data, high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution.(10-15 days)

Integrated applications of GIS and RS in Precision Farming:

GIS distinguishes itself from the other two technologies in that it enables data from diverse
sources to be integrated, analyzed, and even modeled owing to its powerful analytical
functionality. These functions, however, cannot be fully realized if the GIS database is
incomplete, inaccurate, or obsolete. By their nature, the data contained in a GIS database are
either spatial (e.g., administrative boundaries and boundaries of land-cover parcel) or thematic
(e.g., types of land cover). Traditionally, spatial data and some thematic data associated with
them are digitized from existing topographic or land-use maps. Nevertheless, these maps are
secondary in nature. They may not show all desired features because of map generalization.
Second, topographic or land-use maps may be obsolete due to rapid changes on the ground.
These limitations can be overcome with the use of remote sensing and/or GPS. Aerial
photographs and satellite images are original and are able to offer more current areal-based data
than do topographic and thematic maps, while GPS is an efficient method of collecting
data in a timely fashion.

Figure: Integration of technologies

GIS and GPS are intrinsically complementary to one another in their primary functions. Each of
the technologies has its limitations. Only through integration can their strengths be fully utilized.
Integration will not only ease their applications in resource management and environmental
monitoring (e.g ,pest incidences, hot spots), but also broaden the scope to which they are
applicable (e.g., real-time emergency disease response and early warning mechanism). As a matter
of fact, the integration of GPS, remote sensing, and GIS in combination with ground monitoring
systems has proved to be an efficient method of managing, analyzing, and outputting spatial
data for regional water resources management (Chen et a]., 1997). Such integration is
indispensable in devising an effective approach for selectively applying pesticides and fertilizers
to improve farming efficiency and reduce environmental hazards (Runyon, 1994).

Spatial Decision support system (SDSS):

An integrated system with the three technologies leads to an intelligent system which is designed
to help policy planners, farmers to solve complex spatial problems and to make decision
concerning the pest management, hotspots identification, niche areas identification for disease
outbreaks, irrigation, fertilization and other chemical usage. The traditional DSS models like
DSAT, Info crop models provide the crop simulation scenarios. These models help the policy
makers to finalise the farm practices. Just for instance varying the fertilizer dose, irrigation
schedule and time of sowing, the scenario can be simulated and the best variety can be opted for
better yields. The marginal yield response can be obtained by describing the yield response to the
level of particular input.
Integrating the Spatial aspect to the traditional DSS leads to much more intelligent SDSS which
can now overlay all the thematic base line spatial datasets. Here user can identify the agro
ecological zonation and the parameters can be automatically fed into the system which now only
requires minor modification in the inputs like fertilizer dose, irrigation timing, variety selection
etc. and high yield scenarios can be simulated. The SDSS provide the spatial data input to teh
system. It allows the storage of complex analytical structures that are unique to spatial analysis.
SDSS provides a framework for integrating:
1. Crop modelling capabilities
2. Database management system
3. Policy makers expert knowledge
4. Map based outputs.

Crop Growth stages:

The three technologies discussed above can be used to monitor the crop growth. The maturity
period, crop stresses such as nutrient and water stress, disease, pest and weed infestation can be
identified by using RS and GIS. Information gathered via different sensors and referenced using
GPS can be integrated to create field management strategies for chemical application, cultivation
and harvest.

Weed Insect and Disease infestation:

Mapping of hotspots for disease infestations is something like a post disaster management which
is carried out when crop is almost destroyed. GIS and RS in integrated form provide a solution
where mapping for the disease incidences can be carried out. Once mapped the experts can
actually understand the causes which led to the crop infestations. Mapping the disease
occurrences areas it can be spatially integrated with the agro ecological zones which can help in
making simulating the other hotspots for similar infestation in future. This is the one of the
major advantages of the GIS and Remote sensing it not only provides maps but its analytical
tools can be used to simulate and provide the farmers with the early warning system.

Soil fertility, Micro and Macro nutrients:

GIS and RS are layer based systems. This system provides the user with the flexibility of
overlaying the various real world layers and finding the best model for précising the agriculture
practices. The mapping of soil status as evident from the latest on-going National level projects
where the soil sampling have been carried out. A national level datasets is being generated at
village level scale. Mobile soil sampling units being run by National and State level Govt. not
only conduct the soil test but also take sampling coordinated on the GPS . These datasets are
then maintained at state level spatial inventory. An interpolated surface can be generated for soil
type keeping in view the terrain, slope and aspect in hilly areas. Soil mapping once done can be
used for simulating crop yield with different sets of varieties and other agriculture inputs.
Precision conservation:
The agricultural practices in hill terrain not only face the topographic limitations, but also the
scarcity of natural resources available for irrigation. Since most of the area in Himachal is totally
rain-fed and there is very sources for irrigation in the form of rivers, or natural wells. In order to
improve the crop yield , there is always a competition between the farmers. The stake holders
always have to manage in the limited resources which ever are available and most of the farmers
relies on the monsoon for better cultivation. GIS plays a very important role in identifying the
potential sites for irrigation. Using the GIS and remote sensing technology experts can provide
the location where the farmers can make use of natural slopes and use the same for retaining
water in the form of water storage tanks or rain harvesting tank. With the help of the of GIS
intervention farmers can set up new channels for irrigation. The steep gradient in the terrain
need such technology for identifying potential sites for trapping ground water as well as run-off
water during rainy season.

Climate suitability and crop suitability:

New RS multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are swiftly generating vast amounts of data in a
cost effective manner and at higher spatial and spectral resolutions. Hyperspectral and
multispectral images, consisting of reflectance from the visible, near infrared and mid-infrared
regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, can be interpreted in terms of physical parameters
(such as crop cover, crop health and soil moisture) and are useful for operations such as stress
mapping, fertilization and pesticide application and irrigation management (Barnes and Baker,
2000; Barroso et al., 2008; Hinzman et al., 1986; Lelong et al., 1998; Pal and Mather, 2003; Singh
et al., 2007; Tilling et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2003). Nutrient contents of different crops such as
wheat (Lelong et al., 1998; Silva and Beyl, 2005; Tilling et al., 2007), paddy rice (Stroppiana et al.,
2008), sorghum (Zhao et al., 2005), corn (Samson et al., 2000), broccoli (Shikha et al.,2007),
citrus (Min, 2008), grape (Smart et al., 2007), apple (Perry and Davenport, 2007) have also been
assessed using hyperspectral and multispectral RS data. Interpretation of RS data is often aided
by specialized techniques such as geostatistics, image analysis and classification, and artificial
intelligence. RS applications in agriculture have progressed to a stage where information from RS
imagery is being used for a number of policy level decisions related to food security, poverty
alleviation and sustainable development. Decision on buffer stock of food grains could be based
on pre-harvest crop acreage and production estimates while the ground water potential maps
serve as a major source of information in ensuring drinking water and other needs in rain-fed
and less favorable areas. Nationwide land use, land cover, soil and wasteland mapping have
helped in expansion and intensification of agricultural activities and also in identification of land
capability classes and crop suitability indices (Venkataratnam, 2001). Using the technology
climatic girds can be prepared with interpolation. With the help of Digital elevation model the
suitable range for crops can be identified. The climatic grids can help in identifying the crop
specific parameters. The latest trend in shift of apple belt shows the significant changes in the
climate and the areas which are more suitable for growing same horticulture crops can be easily
isolated and mapped.
Mobile mapping:

Mapping of linear features (e.g., roads, pipelines, power lines, river networks, coastlines, etc)
(Cooper et al., 1995) and, to some extent, areal features, is achievable with GPS alone by logging
data along the features or their perimeters. Special point features such as black mangrove
populations can be mapped from geo-referenced video imagery in a GIS in terms of the
latitude/longitude coordinates of mangroves (Everitt et al., 1996). Furthermore, GPS and GIS in
combination with aerial photographs can be used to accurately locate trees and to create
appropriate maps that highlight individual trees and other landmarks (Kane and Ryan, 1998).
Road network plays an essential role in certain GIS applications (e.g., vehicle tracking) that
require road or road related information. Road maps may be produced using innovative methods
of combining GPS with digital orthophotography (Joffe, 1994). Mobile mapping systems have
proven to be by far, the most accurate and efficient in automatically collecting road data and
relating them to other information. Through a combination of GPS with digital cameras, amobile
mapping system is able to acquire geo-referenced images in a real-time fashion (Tao, 2000). This
system consists mainly of a moving platform, navigation sensors, and mapping sensors (Li,
1997). The mobile platform can be a vehicle, a vessel, or an aircraft. A successful extension of
this technology to helicopter-borne and airborne systems provides a powerful tool for large- and
medium-scale spatial data acquisition and database updating. Navigation sensors (i.e., GPS
receivers) track the vehicle and provide positional and orientational parameters of the mapping
sensors. Spatial objects and their attributes are extracted from the georeferenced mapping sensor
data in the form of digital and video images either automatically on the mobile platform or
during post-processing (Novak, 1995). The comprehensive set of multi-media information
captured by mobile mapping systems can be used for highway and railway maintenance, softcopy
photogrammetry, and utility mapping (Novak, 1993). Mobile mapping technology has evolved to
such a stage that it is able to capture more information with less time and effort while still
offering high flexibility in data acquisition (Li, 1997).

Conclusions:

Precision farming allows the precise tracking and tuning of production. Precision farming makes
farm planning both easier and more complex. There is much more map data to utilize in
determining long term cropping plans, erosion controls, salinity controls and assessment of
tillage systems. But as the amount of data grows, more work is needed to interpret the data and
this increases the risk of misinterpretation. Farmers implementing precision farming will likely
work closer with several professionals in the agricultural, GPS and computing sciences. The
value of integrating GPS with remote sensing and GIS is the greatest in applications that require
comprehensive, georeferenced, real-time or almost real-time data. These applications include
mobile mapping, disaster mitigation, and emergency response. The future prospects for
integrating GPS with remote sensing and GIS are in the development of enhanced location-
aware multi-media PDA systems. Many new applications will become possible if the obstacles to
integration and mobile communications are successfully tackled.
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