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Bryozoa
Introduction
Also called moss animals are aquatic animals that often encrust hard surfaces. Mostly sessile but
some slide or crawl slowly. Bryozoans are colony builders. They live in freshwater and marine habitats
but largely on shallow waters.
Integumentary system
An individual organism called zooids secrete small containers from their epidermis that becomes
their exoskeleton. The exoskeleton or zooeciummay vary according to species. Zooecium might be
gelatinous, chitinous, or hardened by calcium. The zooecium may also contain foreign components like
sand. The shape also varies ranging from box-like, vaselike, oval, or tubular. Cystidis the collected term
of the secreted exoskeleton and the body wall. It also has an operculum near the lophophore that acts
as a door when the zooid retract its polypide.
Skeletal system
Bryozoans have no skeleton.
Muscular system
Occlusor muscles is responsible for the closing of operculum when the zooid is retracted.
Originate from the dorsal walls and insert to the ridge or thickening of the operculum. Bryozoans have
also parietal muscle that attaches frontal membrane to the lateral walls. These muscles are also
responsible for the hydrostatic pressure acting on the animal when it protrudes its lophophore. In
retracting, lophophore retractors muscle is contracting. Originating from posterior wall of the zooid and
insert on the lophophoral base.
Digestive system
Bryozoans eat minute organisms or particle food like phytoplankton and diatom. It uses its
tentacles filled with mucous to catch food particles and moving it towards the mouth by cilia. After the
mouth, the food will go the pharynx and oesophagus. Then, stomach. The stomach is divided into
anterior tubular cardia, caecum, and posterior tubular pyloris. Next the food will go to the intestine and
leads to the anus. Bryozoans are lophophore that’s why its digestive tract is U-shaped.
Tentacles – Mouth – Pharynx – Oesophagus – Anterior Tubular Cardia – Caecum – Posterior

Tubular Pyloris – Intestine – Anus
Respiratory system
Respiratory is absent and the gaseous exchange occurs on the surface of the body. Since
bryozoans are small, body fluids are enough to distribute the nutrients in the body.
Excretory system
Excretory are also absent. Coelomocyte engulf and store waste materials.
Endocrine System
Endocrine are also absent in byozoans.
Circulatory System
Coelomic fluid is enough for internal transport. Colonies are able to distribute and share
nutrients by each other by using pores on their body walls.
Nervous System
Only contains ganglionic mass and a nerve ring surrounding the pharynx.
Reproductive
Some bryozoans are hermaphrodite: male gonads and female gonads are both present in one
organism. The sperm and egg are excreted on pores within the body wall of the organism. Some species
excrete sperm and egg on the surrounding water for it to fertilize externally. Some fertilized egg inside
the coelom. Some species has ovicell, a specialized zooecium for breeding of eggs. Bryozoans can also
reproduce asexually by means of polyembryony. A swimming larvae will seek a substrate for it to be
attached and form a colony. This primary zooid is called Ancestrula which initiates the formation of a
colony. Statoblast can also be used by bryozoans to reproduce asexual by storing a germinating cells to a
hard and resistant capsules and giving rise to a polypide eventually.
Brachiopoda
Introduction
Also called lamp shells. Brachiopods are attached, bottom-dwelling, marine forms that mostly
prefer shallow waters but are known also from nearly all ocean depths. Contains about 325 species and
has a 12,000 fossil species. It is considered as “living fossil” for existing and not changing virtually since
Ordovician times.
Integumentary System
The mantle of the brachiopods secretes two calcareous shells that resembles bivalve. The
difference of it is, the shells are dorsal and ventral instead of left and right. Pedicel is a fleshy stalk that
brachiopods uses to attach itself to a substrate. Body wall of brachiopods consists of epidermis that is
lined with epithelial cells.
Skeletal System
Brachiopods have no skeleton
Muscular System
The muscle of brachiopods are mainly involve in the opening and closing of its shells. There are
three muscles associated with shell valves: adductor, divaricator, and adjustors. Specialized muscles are
also present to support the movement of pedicle and the lophophore.
Digestive System
Brachiopods eat organic detritus and some algae. They uses their tentacles to catch the food
from the ciliary water currents between the gaping valve and the lophophore. It uses the tentacles to
move the food particle towards the mouth. The mouth then leads to the gullet and then open to the
dilated stomach that has digestive glands where intracellular digestion occurs. Brachiopods have blind
gut that’s why when it reaches the intestine, the food will go back to the stomach until it reaches the
mouth to be excreted.
Tentacles – Mouth – Gullet – Stomach – Intestine – Stomach – Gullet – Mouth
Respiratory System
The gaseous exchange occurs in the mantle and the lophophore of the organism
Excretory System
One or two nephridiaopen into the coelom and empty to the mantle cavity. Coelomocytes that
helps in ingesting particulate waste are expelled through the duct of nephridia.
Endocrine System
Endocrine system is absent in brachiopods.
Circulatory System
Brachiopods have two circulating fluids: coelomic and blood fluids. It has an open circulatory
with a contractile heart. Middorsal vessel is the main blood vessel of brachiopods containing a pulsating
vesicle. The middorsal vessel divides into anterior branches. These branches communicates to sinuses
across the gut extending to the lophophore. Middorsal vessel also divided into two posteriorly: forming
dorsal and ventral mantle vessels. These vessels extend to the mantle and able to communicate with
sinuses of nephridia and gonad
 Vesicle – Middorsal Vessel – Anterior Branches – Sinuses around gut – Sinuses of

lophophore
 Vesicle – Middorsal Vessel – Dorsal and Ventral Mantle Vessels – Sinuses of Nephridia
and Gonad
Nervous System
Brachiopods has a nerve ring with a small dorsal and a larger ventral ganglion. The ring connects
larger subenteric and smaller enteric ganglia. Different species have specialized sense organs: Statocyst
for Lingula, Rudimentary eyes for Magellania, and patches of sensory epithelium in Cistella.
Reproductive System
Most species have separated sexes and temporary gonads discharge from the nephridia. Most
fertilization occurs external but some brood their eggs and young in the mantle cavity, lophophore arm,
even in nephridia. Four pair of gonads are usually present in peritoneum.

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Bryozoa

Bryozoans have no skeleton.

Tentacles – Mouth – Pharynx – Oesophagus – Anterior Tubular Cardia – Caecum – Posterior

Endocrine are also absent in byozoans.

Brachiopods have no skeleton

Tentacles – Mouth – Gullet – Stomach – Intestine – Stomach – Gullet – Mouth

Endocrine system is absent in brachiopods.

 Vesicle – Middorsal Vessel – Anterior Branches – Sinuses around gut – Sinuses of

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