Regine D. Banaag 10-1 Aluminum

Regine D.
Banaag 10-1 ALUMINUM
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are macronutrients, meaning they are one of the three
main ways the body obtains energy, or calories
POLYMER
 Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung
together to form really long chains (and sometimes more
complicated structures, too).
What makes polymers so fun is that how they act depends on
what kinds of molecules they're made up of and how they're put
together. The properties of anything made out of polymers
really reflect what's going on at the ultra-tiny (molecular) level.
So, things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act
depending on how their atoms and molecules are connected, as
well as which ones we use to begin with! Some are rubbery, like
a bouncy ball, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard
and tough, like a skateboard.
MONOMER
 A monomer (/ˈmɒnəmər/ MON-ə-mər[1]) (mono-, "one" + -mer,
"part") is a molecule that, as a unit, binds chemically
or supramolecularly to other molecules to form
a supramolecularpolymer.[2][3] Large numbers of monomer units
combine to form polymers in a process called polymerization. It
is a small molecule of an organic substance. A double bond
exists between the individual
STARCH & CELLULOSE

 Starch and Cellulose. Starch and cellulose are two very similar
polymers. In fact, they are both
made from the same monomer,
glucose, and have the same glucose-
based repeat units.
BIOMOLECULE
 A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term
for molecules or more commonly ions that are present
in organisms. Biomolecules include
large macromolecules (or polyanions)
such
as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
and nucleic acids, as well as small
molecules such as
primary metabolites, secondary
metabolites, and natural products.
MONOSACCHARIDES
 Monosaccharides
[Greek monos =
single; sacchar = sugar] or
simple sugars consist of
one sugar unit that cannot
be further broken down
into simpler sugars.
Examples of
monosaccharides in foods are glucose, fructose and galactose.
DISACCHARIDES
 A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar
formed when two
monosaccharides (simple
sugars) are joined by
glycosidic linkage. Like
monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water. Three
common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
GLUCOSE
 Glucose is a simple sugar with the
molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆, which
means that it is a molecule that is
made of six carbon atoms, twelve
hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen
atoms. Glucose circulates in the
blood of animals as blood sugar.
MALTOSE
 Maltose, also known as maltobiose
or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of
glucose joined with an α bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the
two glucose molecules are joined with an α bond.
GALACTOSE
 Galactose, sometimes
abbreviated Gal, is a
monosaccharide sugar that is
about as sweet as glucose, and
about 30% as sweet as sucrose. It
is a C-4 epimer of glucose.
LACTOSE
 Lactose is a
disaccharide. It
is a sugar
composed of
galactose and
glucose. Lactose
makes up around 2–8% of
milk. The name comes from lac, the Latin word for milk, plus
the suffix -ose used to name sugars.
SUCROSE
 Sucrose is common table
sugar. It is a disaccharide, a
molecule composed of the
two monosaccharides,
glucose and fructose.
Sucrose is produced
naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has the
formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.
LIPIDS
 In biology, a lipid is a substance of biological origin that is
soluble in nonpolar solvents.[3] It comprises a group of naturally
occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-
soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and
K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides,
and phospholipids.
The main biological
functions of lipids
include storing
energy, signaling, and
acting as structural
components of cell
membranes.
DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
 Denaturation of proteins involves the disruption and possible
destruction of both the secondary and tertiary structures.
Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break
the peptide bonds, the primary structure (sequence of amino
acids) remains the same after a denaturation process.

BAD CHOLESTEROL
 Cholesterol travels through the blood on proteins called
“lipoproteins.” Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol
throughout the body:
 LDL (low-density lipoprotein), sometimes called “bad”
cholesterol, makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High
levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and
stroke.
 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), or “good” cholesterol, absorbs
cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then
flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can
lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.
 When your body has too much LDL cholesterol, the LDL
cholesterol can build
up on the walls of
your blood vessels.
This buildup is called
“plaque.” As your
blood vessels build up
plaque over time, the
insides of the vessels
narrow. This
narrowing blocks
blood flow to and from
your heart and other
organs. When blood
flow to the heart is
blocked, it can cause
angina (chest pain) or
a heart attack.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

 The Law of Conservation of Mass dates from Antoine
Lavoisier's 1789 discovery that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of
any one element at the beginning of a reaction will equal the
mass of that element at the end of the reaction.
ACID RAIN
 Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that

it causes environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes.
The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other
fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and
nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to
form acids
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
 An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases
energy by light or heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic
reaction. Expressed in a
chemical equation:
reactants → products +
energy.
HABER PROCESS
 An industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen
and hydrogen, using an iron catalyst at high temperature and
pressure.
DETERIORATION
 The process of becoming progressively worse.
Autoxidation
 Autoxidation is any oxidation that occurs in open air or in
presence of oxygen and forms peroxides and hydroperoxides. A
classic example of autoxidation is that of simple ethers like
diethyl ether, whose peroxides can be dangerously explosive.
Penicillin
 Penicillin is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G,
penicillin V, procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin.
Tetracyclines
 Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics whose general
usefulness has been reduced with the onset of antibiotic
resistance. Despite this, they remain the treatment of choice for
some specific indications.
Morphine
 Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is
found naturally in a number of plants and animals. It acts
directly on the central nervous system to decrease the feeling
of pain. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain.
Heparin
 Heparin, also known as unfractionated heparin, is medication
which is used as an anticoagulant. Specifically it is used to
treat and prevent deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism,
and arterial thromboembolism.

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STARCH & CELLULOSE

acids) remains the same after a denaturation process.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

 Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that

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