HYDRAULICDESIGN CRITERIA

mm 310-1 Tc 310-1/2

WAVE PRESSURES ON CREST GATES

1. A theory for the pressure resulting from a wave striking a verti-

cal wall was developed by Sainflou (l). The particular phenomenon is known
as a “clapotis.” The incident wave combines with the reflected wave to
produce a wave height twice that of the incident wave. The theory is valid
only for wave heights which do not exceed the still-water depth. The depth
of water behind spillway crest gates is normally greater than the design
wave height. Therefore, the theory can be used to estimate pressure dis-
tributlon for the design of crest gates and for spillway stability analysis
problems.

2. Application of the Sainflou wave pressure theory to crest gates

and spillways.is illustrated on Hydraulic D&sign Chart 310-1. The first
equation Is a parameter of the clapotis and indicates the effective change
in mean water depth resulting from transition of the wave. The second
equation indicates the change in bottom pressure. The clapotis results in
pressure decrease as well a.s a pressure increase relative to the still-
water static pressure. Design problems
— are generally only concerned with
the maximum pressure.

3. overtopping of a gate by waves occurs when the clapotls rises

above the gate. For this condition the maximum pressure distribution would
be zero at the top of the gate and vary along a curve which would become
asymptotic to the straight-line distribution at the bottom of the spillway
structure. As data are not available to establish the true pressure dis-
tribution, it may be assumed for design purposes that the portion of the
pressure diagram above the top of the gate is ineffective and that the
pressure distribution below the top of the gate is a straight line as
indicated on Chart 310-1.

h. The equations of the clapotis involve hyperbolic fu~x%lons of the

cosine and cotangent. Hydraulic Design Chart 310-1/1 presents graphical
and tabulated values of these functions for depth-wave length ratios
(D/A) ofoootoo.8.

5. Hydraulic Design Chart 310-1/a is a sample computation illus-

trating use of the Salnflou theory for crest gate design and spillway
stability analysis. A wave length, wave height, and approach depth of las,
6, and ’75 ft, respectively, have been assumed for the computation. The
direction of approach is considered normal to the spillway.

(1) M. Sainflou, “Essay on vertical breakwaters,” Annales des Ponts et

Chaussees (July-August 1928), pp s-48. Translated by C. R. Hatch for
U. S. Army Engineer Division, Great Lakes, CE, Chicago, 111.
(No date.)

310-1 tO 3mI/2
 ASSUMED VERTICAL WALL

TOP OF CLAPOTIS
/ 4
TOP OF GATE

J
ho
STILL WA TEI? L E VEL

SPILLWAY
\

1--1--1
dd \

1—.

EQUATIONS

NOTE: VALUES OF COSH~ AND COTH~

ARE ON CHART 310-1/1.
a=
CoS:*

WHERE:
ho = A PARAMETER OF THE
CLAPOTIS, FT
a = A BOTTOti PRESSURE
PARAMETER, FT OF WATER
D = DEPTH OF WATER (STILL
WATER LEVEL TO BOTTOM), FT
H = WAVE HEIGHT> FT
A = WAVE LENGTH, FT

CREST GATES
WAVE PRESSURE
DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 310-1

.“1.. ”.0 .“ v, 8, ARM” . . ..”. s” WA, I” WAY, ,x P,”, M.”, ,..,,.”, .,. ”s,. ”6, ,4,,,,,,,..,
WES 8-60
 100 2.0

80 1.6
!

- CO TH COSH–

60 - 1.6

n
~4
(-u \

:
0
u

40 I .4

\‘
)
20 1.2
\

.
0 I .0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 I .0

TABLE OF VALUES

D
I-

0 1.000 00

0.1 1.204 1.796

0.2 1.898 1.177
0.3 3.366 1.047
0.4 6.205 1.013
0.5 11.574 1.004
0.6 21.659 1.001
0.7 40.569 1.000
0.8 76.013 1.000

NOTE: D= DEPTH OF WATER (sTiLL CREST GATES

WATER LEVEL TO BOTTOM), FT
L=WAVE LENGTH, FT WAVE PRESSURE
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART310-1/l

.“,,,”,. ., “. ,. A“M” ,“’,.,. ” W.,. ”wA,, .X. C”, M,”, ,, A*!.M. “,, ”s.””., ).4,ss, ss,.., WES 8-60
 U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION
COMPUTATION SHEET

-.
JOB CW 804 PROJECT John Doe Dam SUBJECT Crest Gates
COMPUTATION Effects of Wave Pressure

COMPUTEDBY RGC DATE 6/3/60 CHECKEDBY MBB DATE 6/7/60

GIVEN:
Gated spillways shown
Design wavelength (A) =125ft
STILL WATER
Design wave height (H) = 6ft
Sti 1l-water depth (D) = 75 ft 1 A i
21,

REQUIRED:
1. Maximum pressure distribution on gate and D
spi I I way structure
2. Maximum hydraulic load per ft of width of
gate \1
3. Maximum hydraulic load per ft of width of
II
structure +a~

COMPUTE:

1. Pressure distribution

(a) Maximum effective depth with wave

nH
2 27r D
hO=— coth — (Chart 310-1)
A A

D 75 21r D
= 0.6; coth — = 1.001 (Chart 310-1/1)
Y== A

3.14x62
ho = x 1.001 = 0.9 ft.
125

Effective depth = D + hO + H = 75.0+ 0.9 + 6.0 = 81.9 ft.

(b) Maximum effective bottom pressure with wave

H
a= (Chart 310-1 )
2mD
cosh —

D 21r D
— = 0.6; cosh — = 21.7 (Chart 310-1/1)
A A

6
- — = 0.3 ft.
a-21.7

Effective pressure = D + a = 75.0+ 0.3= 75.3 ft.

CREST GATES
WAVE PRESSURE
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 310 -1/2

PREPARED BY U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI

WES .9-60
SHEET 1 OF z

-—
 I

(c) Depth of gate overtopping

Depth = 81.9- (75.0 - 21.0+ 26.0)= 1.9 ft.

(d) Maximum pressure distribution graph

TOP OF CL APOTIS
0

1.9

1-
IL

27.9 1“
1-
n.
w
0

81.9
STRUCTURE 75.3 0

PRESSURE, FT OF WATER

2. Maximum hydraulic load per foot of width of gate (from Id above)

1.9
Maximum pressure at top of gate (Pl) = =9 x 75.3= 1.7 ft
.

27.9
Maximum pressure at bottom of gate (PJ == x 75.3= 25.7 ft
.

P,+P2
Maximum hydraulic load on gate (R) = y ~ x gate height
()

y = specific weight of water = 62.4 lb/ft3

()
1.7 + 25.7
R = 62.4 26
2

= 22,200 lb/ft of width

Note: For still-water level maximum gate pressure is 21 ft of water

and maximum hydraulic load is 13,750 lb/ft of width.

3. Maximum hydraulic load per foot of width of structure (fram 1 d above)

Maximum pressure at battom of structure (PJ = 75.3 ft

P,+P3
Maximum hydraulic load on structure (Rh) = y z x height of structure
()

()
1.7 + 75.3
= 62.4 80
2

= 192,000 I b/ft of width

Note: Equivalent for still-water level is 175,000 Ib/ft of width.

CREST GATES
WAVE PRESSURE
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 310-1/2

WES 8-60
PREPARED BY U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI
SHEET 2 OF 2
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

SHEETS 311-1 TO 311-5

--—

TAINTER GATES ON SPILLWAY CRESTS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. Discharge through a partially open tainter gate mounted on a

spillway crest can be computed using the basic orifice equation:

where,
Q= discharge in cfs
c= discharge coefficient
2
A = area of orifice opening in ft

H = head to the center of the orifice in ft.

The coefficient (C) in the above equation is primarily dependent upon

the characteristics of the flow lines approaching and leaving the orifice.
In turn, these flow lines are dependent upon the shape of the crest, the
radius of the gate, and the location of the trunnion.

2. Discharge Coefficients. Chart 311-1 shows a plot of average

discharge coefficients computed from model and prototype data for several
crest shapes and tainter gate designs for nonsubmerged flow. Data shown
are based principally on tests with three or more bays in operation.
Discharge coefficients for a single bay would be lower because of side
contractions although data are not presently available to evaluate this
factor. On this chart, the discharge coefficient (C) is plotted as a
function of the angle (B) formed by the tangent to the gate lip and the
tangent to the crest curve at the nearest point of the crest curve. The
net gate opening is considered to be the shortest distance from the gate
lip to the crest curve. The angle is a function of the major geometric
factors affecting the flow lines of the orifice discharge. One suggested
design curve applies to tainter gates having gate seats located downstream
from the crest axis. The other suggested design curve is based on tests
with the gate seat located on the axis and indicates the effects of the
masonry shape upstream from the crest axis.

3* Computation. Computation of discharge through a tainter gate

mounted on a spillway crest is considerably complicated by the geometry
involved in determining the net gate opening to be used in the orifice
formula. The problem is simplified by fitting circular arcs to the crest

311-1 to 311-5
curve used in the design of spillways. Chart 311-2 illustrates the nec-
essary computations to obtain the net gate opening and the angle !3de-
scribed in paragraph 2, for tainter gates mounted on spillway crests 4
1.85 0.85Y
shaped to X =-2Hd . All factors are expressed in terms of the
design head (Hal). The method shown is applicable to other crest shapes.
However, the accompanying design aids, Charts 311-3 and 311-4, apply
only to standard crests.

4. To initiate the computations, YL/Hd values of the gate lip are

assumed and corresponding values of XL/Hal are computed (columns 1 to 6,
Chart 311-2). These coordinates are then located on Chart 311-3 to de-
termine the characteristics of a substitute arc. The substitute arc is
then used to compute the net gate opening (columns 7 to 14). The point
of intersection of the masonry line by the gate opening is determined by
similar triangles (columns 14, 15, and 16). Design aid Chart 311-4 can
be used to determine the Yc/Hd coordinate of the gate opening and masonry
line intersection (column 17), and also the slope of the masonry line
(columns 18and 19) which in turn combines with the slope of the gate lip
tangent to form the angle f3(column 20). If graphical methods are pre-
ferred to analytical methods, a large-scale layout will enable the head,
net gate opening, and the angle ~ to be scaled so that the discharge can
be computed with fair accuracy.

5* Chart 311-5 is a sample computation of the steps involved in the

development of a rating curve for a partially open tainter gate. The
final computations are dimensional and are believed accurate to within
~ 2 per cent, for gate opening-head ratios (Go/H) less than 0.6. —

S1l-lto311-5
 110

105

100

95

90

85

80

-— 75

70

65

60

55

m
--0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT (C)

FORMULA TAINTER GATES ON

Q= CGOBf29H
SPILLWAY CRESTS
WHERE:
Go= NET GATE OPENING DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
B= GATE WIDTH
H= HEAD TO CENTER OF GATE OPENING HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-1

WES 3-56
._
 (

COMPUl_A170N SHEET
JO13 cweo4 -ROJCC7 JOHN DOE DAM GATE OPENINGS AND ANGLE @ t
su9JlzcT SPILLWAY DISCHARGF
CO&lPUTCD e’f AAMS DATE 8-24-54
CHECKED =Y HAB DATE 8-26-54

GIVEN DEFINITIONS (CONT)

DESIGN HEAD (Hd) = 37.0 FT. a IS THE ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE CONNECTING THE
RADIUS OF GATE (RG) = 0.831 Hd, GATE LIP AND THE TRUNNION CENTER, AND A
HORIZONTAL LINE THROUGH THE TRUNNION, CON-
TRUNNION COORDINATES (XT,YT). SIDERED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WHEN THE GATE
AT=0.907Hd, ‘fT= o.324Hd. LIP IS ABOVE AND BELOW THE TRUNNION, RESPEC-
TIVELY.
DEFINITIONS
GATE LIP COORDINATES (XL, YL).
SPILLWAY CREST COORDINATES (XC,YC).
SLOPE OF TANGENT TO CREST (MC), NEGATIVE
WHEN DOWNSTREAM FROM CREST. NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS USED IN COMPUTATIONS ARE
SHORTEST DISTANCE FROM GATE LIP TO CREST (GO). IN TERMS OF DESIGN HEAD (Hd).

DEFINITION SKETCH
I[d x

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)

I I I FROM P
FROM CHART 311-3 x
YL YT -YL slNa )(L- )(R TAN-l Mc 90°+TAN-’Mc+tl
(11) X(14)
“ P=T-f 900 +(19) + (4)
CLASS x~ Y~ R
(2)+q )EGREES 10.631 cosal XT-(5) (6) - (6) (13) (6)-(15)1 ‘c I ‘c DEGREES DEGREES

0.100 0.224 0.270 -15.67 I 0.800 I 0.107 II -0.050 -1.329 1.330 0.157 0.0 I2 0.095 1-0.00651-0.125 -7.13 67.20
* -

0.200 0.124 0.149 -6.57 I 0.621 I 0.088 11 -0.050 -1.329 1.330 0.136 1.529 I 1.535 I 0.205 0.016 0.068 1-0.0035 I -0.094 -5.35 I 76.06
I

0.3000.024 0,029 -1.66 I 0.830 I 0.077 II -0.050 -1.329 1.330 0.127 1.629 I 1.634 I 0.304 0.024 0.053 -0.0022 -0.076 -4.36 I 83.98 I

0.400-0.070 -0.091 11 -0.050 -1.329 I .330 0.128 1.729 I 1.733 I 0.403 0.030 0.048 -0.0018 -0.070 -4.02 91.20
I I
I
$ TAINTER GATES ON SPILLWAY CRESTS
SAMPLE GEOMETRIC COMPUTATION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-2

Wl?e a.%4
-———
1.2

I .0

0.8

0.6
.

\
0.4

>1#

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
.-—

-0.6
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I .0 1.2

CLASS ‘R/Hal ‘RIH.

-‘/Hd —- —-
1 0.500 0.000 -0.500
11 I .330 -0.050 -1.329
111 1,359 -0.100 -1,351
IV 1,472 -0.164 -1.452

TAINTER GATES ON
DEFINITION SKETCH SPILLWAY CRESTS
GEOMETRIC FACTORS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-3

WCS 3-56
 -0.0006

-0.0007

1 ! I 1! ~1 1 1 1 I 1 1 i I 1111111 I I I 1~

I II II I,l!l! I I I I I I II I 1 I I I I I I I !!!! !!! [!!! ),, ! !I

L-u- I.1.’,
I
I I I I i I I I ! II
H
1 1 1 I 1
I
1 11 I 1 Ill
----
~ - J
I I I I I I
I I
-0.00 f

I I + - - :
-0.008* -1
~ [ I
I
I I II x
-0.008
I 1 x 1 I i-l ----

f
0 r-”
-1
(n

1 1 1 1 I I 1 ) 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I II
-0.041, ,

-0.06 ~~:” r“’” +T~*-” ‘“-” :+:~’ +t t L 8+

t t{
L J
t t t +{ – -,
L
- r+- L-++ +}+
‘ -0.06
, I ![]
-0.07
1

Ii; I I I Ii II !’!; I I I &‘ !1! - -0.07

, [,1
I ~ - ( I ! 1: 1; I I I I I I I II
-0.08 + 1, 1 1::1
T
, ! 1 ! ,

-0.09
-0.10

I I t I t I I I I I I I 11 ! Ill I I I I I I 1I I I %8
1 II 11, ))1 I I I

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40
0.002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.20 0.30 -
x.
Hd

TAINTER GATES ON
SPILLWAY CRESTS
. CREST COORDINATES AND
SLOPE FUNCTION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-4

WE!5 3-56
 WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION
COMPUTATION SHEET

JOE CW804 PROJECT JOHN DOE DAM SUBJECT SPILLWAY DISCHARGE

COMPUTATIONS COORDINATES FOR RATING CURVE (POOL VS DISCHARGE FOR VARIOUS GATE OPENINGS>

COMPUTED BY AAM5 DATE 8-25-54 CHECKED 6Y RRW DAl_ E 8-27-54

GIVEN FORMULAS

DESIGN HEAD (Hd) = 37.0 FT Q = CGOBj~

GATE WIDTH (B) = 42.0 FT H = pODL ELEV -0,5 [ELEV YL + ELEV YC]
CREST ELEV = 288.0 FT

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

ELEV Y~= :8y+ ;:= (9) + (lo) H ‘/2

‘O/Hal* GtJ ‘L/&* YL ‘C/Hal* Yc Q
288 + Y~ f’OOL (12)~(11)
2
DEGREES FT FT FT FT FT FT FT CFS
67.20 0.676 0.107 3.96 0.100 3.70 -0.0085 -0.24 291.70 287.76 289.73 300 10.27 3.20 2,900
315 25.27 5.03 4,500

76.06
4 325 ‘35.27 5.94 5,400

0.683 0.205 7.59 0.200 7.40 -0.0035 -0.13 295.40 287.87 291.64 310 18.36 4.28 7,500
315 23.36 4.83 8,400
325 33.38 5.78 10,100

83.98 0.694 0.304 11.25 0.300 11.10 -0.0022 -0.06 299.10 287.92 293.51 310 [6.49 4.06 10,700
315 21.49 4.64 12,200
325 31.49 5.61 14.800
91.20 0.707 0.403 14.91 0.400 14.80 -0.0018 -0.07 302.80 287.93 295.37 3[5 19.63 4.43 15,800
320 24.63 4.96 17,600
325 29.63 5.44 19,300

* FROM DESIGN
HyDRAIJLlc CHART 3!1 -2
TAINTER GATES ON SPILLWAY CRESTS
x x FRoM HyDRAuLlc DEs[GN cHART 311- I
SAMPLE DISCHARGE COMPUTATIONS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-5

WES 3-SS
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

‘—
SHEETS 311-6 A.ND 311-6/1

CREST PRESSURES

1. General. Pressures on standard spillways with partly open

tainter gates are principally affected by the gate opening, gate geometry,
and head on the gate. The effects of gate radius and trunnion elevation
can be generally neglected within the limits of practical design.

Background. A laboratory study of the effects of gate seat loca-

tion o~”pressur$s for standard shaped spillway crests (HDC 111-1 to 111-2/1)
was made at WES1 prior to 1948. A design head of 0.75 ft was used. The
results of an extensive study by Lemos 2 of all geometric variables including
gate seat locations upstream and downstream of the crest were published in
1965. A desi n head of 0.5 ft was used in this study. Comparable mode13
and prototype 8 data are also available.

3. Design Criteria. Dimensionless crest pressure profiles for

small, medium, and large gate openings for the design head and 1.33 times
the design head are given in HDC 311-6 and 311-6/1. The data are for gate
seat locations of from O.OHd to 0.6Hd downstre~ of the crest. The study
by Lemos2 included gate seat locations from -0.2Hd upstream to 0.6Hd down-
stream of the crest, gate radii of 1.0 and.1.25~, trunnion elevations of
from 0.2 to l.OHA above the crest, and heads of 1.0 and 1.25 ~. Lemos’
results indicate-that the minor relative differences in gate radii, trun-
--— nion elevations, and gate openings of the experimental data shown on
charts 311-6 and 311-6/1 should have negligi~le effect ~n crest pressures
estimated from the charts. The Chief Joseph3 and Altus4 model curves were
interpolated from observed data.

4. Application. The data given in the charts should be adequate for

estimating crest pressures to be expected under normal design and operating
conditions. When unusual design or operating conditions are encountered,
the extensive work of Lemos can be used as a guide in estimating pressure
conditions to be expected.

59 The data presented in charts 311-6 and 311-6/1 show that crest
pressures resulting from normal design and operation practices are not con-
trolling design factors. For partial gate openings the expected minimum _
crest pressures may range from about -0.lHd for pools at design head to
about -0.2Hd for heads approximating 1.3%. Gated spillways are presently
being built with 50-ft design heads; so for an underdesigned crest, the
minimum pressure to be expected with gate control would be about -10 ft of
water. This pressure would increase to -5 ft if design head was the maxi-
mum operating head. Pressures of these magnitudes should be free of cavi-
tation. Periodic surges upstream of partially open tainter gates have been
observed for certain combinations of head and gate width. Criteria for

311-6 and 311-6/1

Revised 7-71
surge prevention are given in ETL 1110-2-51.5

6. The pressure profiles in charts 331-6 and 311-6/1 can be used to

estimate crest pressures for the design head for various gate openings and
gate seat locations. The general absence of excessive negative presspres
is noteworthy. Structural economy should no doubt have a strong influence
on the selection of the gate seat location.

7. References.
(1) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, General Spill-
way Tests (CW 801). Unpublished data.
(2) National Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulics,
Ministry of Public Works, Instability of the Boundary Layer - Its
Effects Upon the Concept of Spillways of Dams, by F. O. Lemos. Pro-
ceedings 62/43, Lisbon, Portugal, 1965. WES Translation No. 71-3
by Jan C. Van Tienhoven, August 1971.

(3) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Prototype

Spillway Crest Pressures, Chief Joseph Dam, Columbia River,
Washington. Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-26 6, Vicksburg, Miss.,
April 1958.
(4) Rhone, T. J., “Woblems concerning use of low head radial gates.”
l%oceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of
the ~draulics Division, paper 1935, vol 85, No. HY2 (February 1959).

(5) U. S. Army, Office, Chief of Engineers, Engineering and.Design;

Design Criteria for Tainter Gate Controlled Spillways. Engineer
Technical Letter No. 1110-2-51, Washington, D. C., 22 Au~st 1968.

311-6 and 311-6/1

Revised 7-71
 1.2 1.2
I I I

~}~ =0.400 (WES)

1.0 I .0 :]% = 0.400 (LEMOS) -

❑ * =0.400 (ALTUS)

0.8 0.8 V ~ =0.400 (CHIEF JOSEPH)- 0.8

—
; I“
— 0.6 0.6 R 0.6 -
n
u <
~ ~
u-l
: $ 0.4 0.4 0.4
u m
n- U
Q

0.2 0,2 0.2

1- 1-
(/-J~ ~ fn
0 0 0 w. .~ i
z
: <
u

-0.21 I I I I I -0.2
-0.2
-0.2 0 0.2 0,4 0.6 0.8 I .0 -0.2 o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x
lid

LEGEND

SYMBOL TEST GATE SEAT (x/H.d) F?/Hd 6/Hal

o o CW 801 (M) 0.000 1.27 0.385
● ● CW 801 (M) 0.167 1.27 0.367
A \ LEMOS(M) 0.000 1.25 0.560
A A LEMOS (M) 0.400 1.25 0.520
v v CHIEF JOSEPH(P) 0.258 1.00 0.444
(Interpolated)
ALTUS(M) 0.342 1.27 0.500
(INTERPOLATED)
_ (M) MODEL
‘d
“+F1 (P) PROTOTYPE
(n
—1

-1
r
b
L+ 2
1-
m —
x
~185=2,0H:.85y
TAINTER GATES ON SPILLWAY CRESTS
w EFFECT OF GATE SEAT LOCATION ON
n
a
+
v CREST PRESSURES FOR H=1.00Hd
JJ
=
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-6
4

PREPAREO
(%
BY IJ. S, ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBVRG, MISSISSIPPI
REV 7-71 Wcs 8-60
 (

1.2 1.2 1.2

I I I 1

~ ~ = 0.033 (WES) 0.200 (WES) ~ ~ =0.500 (WES)

1
1 : 1~ =
1.0 A ~ = 0.025 (LEMOS)– 1.0 - A ~ ‘0.200 (LEMos) — ~=0.500(LEMos)*

A ~=0.040(LEM0s) A ~=0.190(LEM0s)
‘“Ot-t-t-tA A ~ =0.490 (LEMOS)

0.8 I I
0.8 0.6 * INTERPOLATED 1
0.6 0.6
i

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2

1-
~ gY
0 0 0

-0.2 -0.2 .0.2

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I .0 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

LEGEND
SYMBOL TEST GATE SEAT (x/Hal) R/Hd B/Hd H/Hal
— . _
o 0 CW 801 (M] 0.000 1.27 0.385 1.33
● ● CW 801 (M) 0.167 1.27 0.367 1.33
A A LEMOS(M) 0.000 1.25 0.560 1.25
A A LEMOS (M) 0.400 1.25 0.520 1.25

H,j R
\ 8
\
\ GO
fi 1
m
-1
2 TAINTER GATES ON SPILLWAY CRESTS
XI.85=Z.0HCJ95Y
t- X
U) —
w EFFECT OF GATE SEAT LOCATION ON
E
h v
CREST PRESSURES FOR H-l.sHd
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 311-6/1

PREPARED BY U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI WCS 7-71
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRTTERIA

SHEET 312
-

VERTICAIILIFT GATES ON SPILLWAYS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. Purpose. Vertical lift gates have been used on hlgh-overflow-

dam spillways. However, they are more commonly found on low-ogee-crest
dams and navigation dams with low sills where reservoir pool control nor-
mally requires gate operation at partial openings. Hydraulic Design
Chart 312 provides a method for computing discharge for partly opened,
vertical lift gates.

2. Background. Discharge under high head, vertical lift gates can

be computed using the standard orifice equation given in Sheets 311-1 to
311-5. The equation recommended by Kingl for discharge through low head
orifices involves the head to the three-halves power. For flow under a
low head gate, this equation can be expressed as

(1)

where QG is the gate controlled discharge, C~ the discharge coefficient,

g the acceleration of gravity, L the gate width, and HI and H? — are
the heads on the gate lip and gate seat, respectively. –

3* A recent U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Exper” ent Station2 study

of discharge data from four laboratory investigations3-r failed to indi-
cate correlation of discharge coefficients computed using equation 1 above
or the equation given in Sheets 311-1 to 311-5. However, the concept of
relating gate-controlled discharge to free discharge was developed in that
study. The free discharge equation is

where H is the head on the crest. The relation of controlled to free

discharge was obtained by dividing equation 1 by equation 2.
H3/2 - H3/2
QG . cdl 2 1
T H3/2 (3)
cd (-)

4. Analysis. The analysis of data taken from references 3 through

7 indicated reasonable correlation between free and controlled dischar~e.
The results are shown in Chart 312. This study indicated that the rel~-
tion Cdti(!d varied slightly with the discharge ratio but could be assumed

312
Revised 1-68
as unity. Data from studies6 ~7 with the gate seat located appreciably down-
stream from the crest showed good correlation with data for on-crest gate
seat locations.

59 Application. Application of Chart 312 to the gate-discharge prob-

lem requires information on the head-discharge relation for free overflow
for the crest under consideration. These data are usually available from
spillway rating curves. Chart 312 should be a useful tool for the develop-
ment of rating curves for vertical lift gates.

6. References.

(1) King, H. W., Handbook of Hydraulics for the Solution of Hydraulic

Problems, revised by E. F. Brater, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N. Y., 1954, PP 3-9*

(2) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Discharge Rat-

ing Curves for Vertical Lift Gates on Spillway Crests, by R. H. Multer.
Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-606, Vicksburg, Miss., October 1963.

(3) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Hydraulic Model Studies of Falcon Dam,

by A. S. Reinhart. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. HYD-276, July 1950.

(4) , Hydraulic Model Studies of Gorge High Dam Spillway and

Outlet Works, by W. E. Wagner. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.
HYD-403, September 1955.

(5) Carnegie Institute of Technology, Laboratory Tests on Hydraulic Models

of Bluestone Dam, New River, Hinton, W. Va. Final report, prepared —
for the U. S. Army Engineer District, Huntington, W. Vs., February
1937.

(6) Case School of Applied Science, A Report on Hydraulic Model Studies

for the Spillway and Outlet Works of Mahoning Dam on Mahoning Creek,
Near Punxsutawney, Pa., by G. E. Barnes. Prepared for the U. S. Army
Engineer District, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 1938.

(7) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Hydraulic Model Studies of Flaming Gorge

Dam Spillway and Outlet Works, by T. J. Rhone. Hydraulic Laboratory
Report No. HYD-531, May 1964.

312
Revised 1-68
 ..._
I .C

0.s

O.e

I , ! , I 1 1

0.‘7

o. E
+
* A o
C& O-G ‘o
Q- o
SUGGESTED DESIGN CURVE

0.4 +
+
a
* a

0.3

0.2 LEGEND
‘------

+ + FLAMING GORGE
a FALCON
U GORGE HIGH
@ MAHONING: UPSTREAM GATE LOCATION
0. I O MAHONING: DOWNSTREAMGATE LOCATION
o BLUESTONE
I 1 I I I I
/ I I I

o
/l I
o 0. I 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

“~/2 _ H~/2

H3Z2

NOTE: Q= FREE-FLOW DISCHARGE AT

HEAD H
POOL EL
—— QG=DISCHARGE AT HEAD H AND
—— ib T
— GATE OPENING GO
HI
GATE LIP EL HI= H2-G0
H
Hz
CREST EL r

GATE SEAT EL

VERTICAL LIFT GATES

DEFINITION SKETCH
ON SPILLWAYS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 312
REV 1-68 WES 1-66

PREPARED BY u. s. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXperiment STATION, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI

 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

SHEET 320-1

CONTROL GATES

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. General. The accompanying Hydraulic Design Chart &O-1 repre-

sents test data on the discharge coefficients applicable to partial
openings of both slide and tractor gates. The basic orifice equation
is expressed as follows:

Q= cGoBj2gH’ ..

The coefficient C is actually a contraction coefficient if the gate is

located near the tunnel entrance and the entrance energy loss is neg-
lected. When the gate is located near the conduit entrance the head
(H’) is measured from the reservoir water surface to the top of the vena
contracta. Hawever, when the gate is located a considerable distance
downstream of the conduit entrance, H’ should be measured from the
energy gradient just upstream of the gate to the top of the vena
contracta because of appreciable losses upstream of the gate. The eval-
uation of H’ requires successive approximation in the analysis of test
data. However, the determination of H’ in preparation of a rating
— curve can be easily accomplished by referring to the chart for C .

2. Discharge Coefficients. Discharge coefficients for tractor .

and slide gates are sensitive to the shape of the gate lip. Also, coef-
ficients for small gate openings are materially affected by leakage over
and around the gate. Chart 320-1 presents discharge coefficients deter-
mined from tests on model and prototype structures having various gate
clearances and lip shapes. The points plotted on the 100 per cent
opening are not affected by the gate but rather by friction and other
loss factors in the conduit. For this reason the curves are shown by
dashed lines above 85 per cent gate opening.

3* Suggested Criteria. Model and prototype tests prove that the

45° gate lip is hydraulically superior to other gate lip shapes. There-
fore, the 45° gate lip has been recommended for high head structures.
In the 1949 model tests leakage over the gate was reduced to a minimum.
Correction of the Dorena Dam data for leakage results in a discharge
coefficient curve that is in close agreement with the 1949 curve. The
average of these two curves shown on Chart 320-1 is the suggested design
curve. For small gate openings special allowances should be made by the
designer for any expected excessive intake friction losses and gate
leakage.

320-1
 J. Values from the suggested design curve are tabulated below
for the convenience of the designer.
—.
Gate Opening, Discharge
Per Cent Coefficient

10 0.73
20 0.73
30 0.74
40 0.74
50 0.75
60 0.77
70 0.78
80 0.80

-—.

320-1
100

90

80

70

60

50
KANOPOLis
DAM

BASIC EQUATION
40
CGOB=
GATE OPENING ABOVE INVERT IN FEET
WIDTH OF GATE OPENING IN FEET
ENERGY GRAD. ELEV. - (INvERT ELEV + cGO)
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT

30

20

10

0
0~65 0.70 0.75 0.80 085 0.90 0.95 1.00
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT- C

LEGEND

h FORT RANDALL MODEL I

O WES MODEL TESTS CW 803 > 45” LIP
A DORENA PROTOTYPE
CONTROL GATES
-1
II DENISON PROTOTYPE
X MADDEN PROTOTYPE
DISCHARGE CO~FFICIENTS
V KANOPOLIS PROTOTYPE HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-1

WES 4-I-53
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

.._ SHEETS 320-2 TO S20-21S

VERTIC~L LIFT GATES

HYDRAULIC AND GRAVITY FORCES

1. Purpose. The purpose of HN’s 320-2 to 320-2/2, which apply tO

the hydraulic forces on vertical lift gates, is to make the results of in-
vestigations of such forces available in a convenient nondimensional form.
These charts are equally applicable to tractor gates and slide gates.

2. Definition. HDC 320-2 is included to simplify the definition of

the hydraulic forces involved. For purposes of discussing buoyancy, a gate
may be assumed to be a rectangular parallelepipeds with the vertical axis
coincident with the direction of gravity. If the body is completely in-
closed, the buoyant force in still water is equal to the difference between
the total pressure on top (downthrust) and the total pressure on the bottom
(upthrust ). For such an inclosed vertical body, water pressure on the up-
stream face has no vertical component of pressure.

39 Some engineers use the expression, the “wet weight” of a gate.

This is simply the dry weight in air minus the buoyant force. If the body
is cellular or lacks an upstream skin plate, the wet weight differs from
that of a completely inclosed body. The gate shown in HIX S20-2 is an in-
closed body and is further considered to have no horizontal projections
such as gate seals.

4. The unit pressure on top of the gate, or downthrust, is dependent

on the head of water in the gate well or the pressure head in the bonnet.
This head in turn depends on the relation of the pressure difference across
the gap and the area of the upstream gap coupled to the pressure differ-
ences and area of the downstream gap. Actually, the flow across the top of
the gate has a hydrodynamic effect; but, for the purpose of these char’ts,
this effect is not considered important.

54 The hydrodynamic effect of wa’terflowing past the bottom of the

gate is substantial. A reduction of pressure on the bottom from the theo-
retical static head is generally called “downpull,” which may be viewed
either as a reduction in upthrust or a reduction in buoyancy. Downpull is
dependent upon the geometry of the gate bottom. HDC’S 320-2 to S20-21S are
concerned principally with the @-degree gate bottom, for which experi-
mental data are presented.

6. Vertical Stability. The ga’tewell can be sucked completely dry

of water with certain combinations of upstream and downstream gap areas be-
tween the gate and the roof of the conduit. If the upthrust then exceeds
the weight of the gate, the entire body of the gate will be thrust

s20-2to 320-2/3
— Revised 1o-61
vertically upward. The experimental data on upthrust are of value in
checking the design for such a possibility. However, discharge coeffi-
cients for the upstream and downstream gaps must be assumed to determine
whether a gate opening exists that could cause a practically dry well.

7* Upthrust. Dimensionless plots of unit upthrust on the sloping

bottom of four 4J-degree gate-bottom designs are shown inHDC s20-@l.
The data sources are listed in paragraph 11. The data include both model
and prototype pressure measurements. The Fort Randall gate has a down-
stream skin plate and downstream seals, and the kJ-degree sloping gate
bottom has an upstream skin plate. The Pine Flat and Norfork gates have
upstream skin plates and downstream seals.

8. The upthrust force was computed from observed pressure data on

the sloping gate bottom. These data were plotted on the horizontal plane
of projection of the gate bottom. Pressure contours in feet of water were
drawn, integrated, and divided by the area of projection between the con-
duit walls to determine the upthrust per unit area of cross section. The
plots of data indicate that the conduit width-average gate thickness ratio
is a factor in the magnitude of upthrust per unit area. The average gate
thickness includes the gate bottom seal.

9* Pressure per unit area on top of the gate can be determined from
HN 320-2/2. The Fort Randall Dam data shown in the chart are based on
field and model measurements of gate-well water-surface elevations. The
Pine Flat and Norfork Dam data result from field measurements of bonnet
pressures at these structures. Details of clearances between the gates
and the gate recesses are also shown. The area of the top of the gate tc
be used in computation of the downthrust should include the area of the
gate within the gate slots, the area between the conduit walls and the
area of the gate top seal.

10. Application. HDC s20-2/s is a sample computation illustrating

the use of HDC’S s20-2/l and s20-2/2 in the solution of a hydraulic and
gravity force problem. In this computation the hydraulic force is based
on the cross-sectional area of the gate between the conduit walls. In
actual design, the effects of the top and bottom gate seals and the area
of the gate within the gate slots should also be considered.

11. Data Sources.

(1) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vibration, Pres-

sure and Air-Demand Tests in Flood-Control Sluice, Pine Flat Dam,
Kings River, California. Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-75, Vicksburg,
Miss., February 1954, and subsequent unpublished test data.

(2) , Slide Gate Tests, Norfork Dam, North Fork River, Arkansas.
Technical Memorandum No. 2-389, Vicksburg, Miss., July 1954.

(3) , Vibration and Pressure-Cell Tests, Flood-Control Intake

s20-2to s20-2/s
Revised 1o-61 -
 Gates, Fort Randall Dam, Missouri River, South Dakota. Technical
Report No. 2-435} Vicksburg, Miss.} June 1956.
—
(4) U. S. _ Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Spillway and
Outlet Works, Fort Randall Dam, Missouri River, South Dakota.
Technical Report No. 2-528} Vicksburg, Miss., October 1959.

320-2 to 320-2/3
.-. Revised 1o-61
 P

BASIC EQUATION

p=w+A(df-uf)y
df = DOWNTHRUST
I
PER UNIT
OF AREA w WHERE:

P=hydraul ic and gravity forces in tons

W= dry weight of gate in tons

A=cross-secticmal area of gate in sq ft

df = average downthrust per unit of area on

topof gate in feet of water

Uf= average upthrust perunit of area on

sloping bottom of gate in feet of water

y= ;.s:~~i;tweight of water, 0.0312 ton

uf=UPTHRUST PER
UNIT OF AREA

DOWNPULL ‘

Note: Does not include factor for frictional

and other mechanical forces.

df = gate well water surface above

conduit invert (Hw) minus sum of gate
height (D) and gate opening (Go).

VERTICAL LIFT GATES

HYDRAULIC AND GRAVITY FORCES
DEFINITION AND APPLICATION

HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-2

PREP AF?ED B“ U s AFIM” ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI

REV 10-61 WES 0-58
 I 00

90
NORFORK MODEL F > / - FORT RANDALL PROTOTYPE
H=30-240FT H=93-IIIFT

80
I I I I lx I W’w I

70

1-
Z
w 60
0
K
PINE FLAT PROTOTYPE
Id H=loo-flo FT
a.
~
I
, w~ --M t~ + 1- — –—

I ~

Id
t- 40
<
0

30

IVORFORK A40DEL B —____

--m
H=28-207FT
20
\ A

NORFORK PROTOTYPE B — “
H= f43-160 FT
— 10

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 I .0
U*
T

NORFORK TYPE B

+= 5.00 FORT RANDALL

r

7
93 ~~~
H

NOTE: T =AVERAGE THICKNESS OF

W = WIDTH OF CONDUIT -FT ~ u{

-1

PINE FLAT DEFINITION SKETCH

:=4.16

K- NORFORK TYPE F
VERTICAL
UPTHRUST ON
LIFT
GATE
GATES
BOTTOM

+’=7.34 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-2/1

PREPARED BY u s ARMY ENGINEER WA TERWAVS ExpERIMEN7 5TAT10N, VICKSBURG MISSISSIPPI REV 10-61 WES 8-58
 I

100 ●

90 .

/ ‘ / -

80
m

70 .

- PINE FLAT PROTOTYPE

60

50

40 -

FORT RANDALL -—

30

20 r
\

10 ~ ~ — —
NORFORK TYPE B -
PROTOTYPE
H=143-160 FT

‘7).1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 I .0

Hw
H

d
+ I I
I
m

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

4
I
I

@5’9
1

I
m+’
0.375’4 *
~&_
t
@

DEFINITION SKETCH
1 11 1

PINE FLAT
(NORFORK)
VERTICAL LIFT GATES
GATE WELL WATER SURFACE
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-2/2

PREPARED BY U S ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI REV 10-61 WES 8-58
 U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION
COMPUTATION SHEET
.—
JOB CW 804 PROJECT John Doe Dam SUBJECT Vertical Lift Gates
COMPUTATION Hydraulic and Gravity Forces
COMPUTEDBY MBB DATE 4/10/61 CHECKEDBY CWD DATE 4/20/61

GIVEN:

Gate -Pine Fiat tYPe (HDC 320-2/1) P

ENERGY GRADIENT
Height (D)=9.O —
Width (B)=5.O

Average thickness (T)= l.2ft

Upstream gate clearance =O.4 in. h

Downstream gate clearance= 1.5 in.

Dry weight (W)= 8 tons

Gate opening (GO) =3.0ft

0.4 it+
Discharge (Q)= 1200cfs HW H

DETERMINE:
I
1. Energy head above conduit invert (H)
I
Gate opening (GO) percent

G 1
;X 100=;X 100=33.3

Gate coefficient (C)= O.737 (HDC 320-1) ICGO

Velocity of jet (Vj)

Q 1200
= 108.5 ft/sec
CGOB =0.737X3X5

Velocity head of jet (Vj2/2g)

V2
j _(108.5)2
= 182.8 ft
g- 64.4 4. Hoist load (P) (HDC 320-2)

Energy head above conduit invert P= W+ A(df-uf)y

H= CGO+Vj2/2g = 8 +(5 X 1.2) (86.0 -94.4) 0.0312

=8–1.6=6.4 tons
= (0.737 X 3) + (182.8)= 185.0 ft
5. Repeat computations for other gate openings
2. Unit upthrust (uf)
ta develop gate hoist load curve.
For Pine Flat from HDC 320-2/1
Nate: 1. The vertical load resulting from the
friction between the gate and the gate
~= 0.51 for GO =33.3 percent
guides has not been included in this

UI =0.51 (185.0) =94.4ft computation.

2. In actual problems the difference be-

3. Unit dawnthrust (df)
tween the proiected areas of the top
and bottom of the gate including seals
For Pine F tat from HDC 320-2/2 and areas within the gate slots should

Gate well water surface above conduit be considered.

invert (Hw)

HW
—=0.53 for GO=33.3 percent
H
HW = 0.53 (185.0) = 98.0 ft VERTICAL LIFT GATES
Unit downthrust
HYDRAULIC AND GRAVITY FORCES
df=HW-(D +GO) =98.0-(9+3)
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
= 86.0 ft HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-2/3

pREPAREO BY u s ARMY ENGINEER WA TERWAyS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG M!ss Iss IPP# REV 10-61 WES 8-58
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

SHEET 320-3
.
TAINTER GATES IN CONDUITS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. HDC 320-3 presents coefficient curves for tainter gates in con-

duits for use in the discharge equation:

Q=CGoB~2gH

The coefficient C is actually a contraction coefficient when the head H

is measured from the energy gradient just upstream from the gate to the top
of the vena contracta downstream.

2. The curves shown in HDC 320-3 are based on an equation by

R. von Mises* for the contraction coefficient for two-dimensional flow
through slots. The solution of this equation requires successive approxi-
mation of the contraction coefficient. The computations were made on an
electronic digital computer. The sketch shown in the chart is considered
to be a half-section of the symmetrical slot condition investigated by
Von Mises. The conduit invert represents the center line of his geometry
and the roof one of the parallel approach boundaries. The tangent to the
\ gate lip is assumed to be the sloping boundary from which the jet issues.
The plotted data result from controlled tests on the Garrison tunnel
model** in which leakage around or over the gate was negligible and dis-
charge under the gate was carefully measured. The agreement between the
curves and Garrison data indicates the applicability of the curves to
tainter gates in conduits with straight inverts.

* Mises, R. von, “Berechnung von Ausfluss - und ueberfallzahlen (Compu-

tation of coefficients of out-flow and overall),” Zei’tschriftdes
Vereines deutscher Ingenieure, Band 61, Nr. 22 (2 June 191’7),p 473.
** U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Outlet Works and
Spillway for Garrison Dam, Missouri River, North Dakota, Technical
Memorandum No. 2-431 (Vicksburg, Miss., March 1s56).

320-3
Revised 1o-61
-..----

-’3D H Go

DEFINITION
L\
—._

SKETCH
——.

\
52”

—0
‘c
8 a

4 A!

10 0.65 0.70 0.80 c 5

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT -C

LEGEND
BASIC EQUATION
— VON MISES
Q= CGOB@ ● GARRISON MODEL

WHERE :
Q =DISCHARGE-CFS
C =DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
GO= GATE OPENING-FT.
B =WIDTH OF GATE OPENING-FT.
H =ENERGY GRAD. ELEV.
-(INvERT ELEv. + CGO)

TAINTER GATES IN CONDUITS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-3

.“,., ”,. ., u. ,. .“”, ,Ne,”,.. w,,,, w., s .,,, ”,!4,”, s,.,,.”, “,.”., ””., ?4,ss, s.,.., WES 8-60
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

.
SHEETS 320-4 T(? 320-7

TAINTER GATES IN OPEN CHANNELS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. Free discharge through a partially open tainter gate in an open

channel can be computed using the equation:

Q = C1C2 Go Bd2gh

The coefficient (Cl) depends on the vena contracta, the shape of which is a
function of the gate opening (Go), gate radius (R), trunnion height (a),
and upstream depth (h) for gate sills at streambed elevations. When the
gate sill is above streambed elevation, the coefficient also depends upon
sill height (P) and sill length (L).

2. Hydraulic Design Charts 320-4 to 320-6 present discharge coeffi-

cients (Cl) for tainter gates with sills at streambed elevation. The in-
sert graphs on the charts indicate adjustment factors (C2) for raised sil~
conditions. Charts are included fo~ a/R ratios of 0.1, O.~, and 0.9.
Coefficients for other a/R values can be obtained by interpolation between
the charts. The coefficient is plotted in terms of the h/R ratio for Go/R
-—- values of 0.05 to 0.5. The effect of Go/h is inherent in the solution and
is indicated by the limit-use curve Go/h = 0.8.

3* The basic curves on Charts 320-4 to 320-6 were prepared from

tests reportedby Tech (3), Metzler (2), and Gentilini (l). The method of
plotting was developed by Tech. Cross plots of the Tech, Metzler, and
Gentilini data resulted in the interpolated curves. Good correlation of
test results was obtained for the larger gate openings. Similar correla-
tion was not obtained in all cases for the smaller gate openings. The
Gentilini data for the smaller Go/R ratios and their general correlation
with Metzler’s data resulted in the interpolated curves for Go/R values of
0.05 and 0.1. The 0.2 curve is in close agreement with results reported by
Tech . Interpolated coefficients from the cl curve indicate general
agreement with experimental results to within —+3 per cent.

4. Charts 320-4 to 320-6 also apply to raised sill design problems

when the adjustment factor curve shown on the auxiliary graph is considered.
The C2 curve was developed from U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (4-7)
studies and indicates the effects of the L/P ratio on the discharge coeffi-
cient. This adjustment results in reasonable agreement with experimental
data. Sufficient information is not available to determine the effects,
if any, of the parameter P/R.

320-1 to 320-7
 5* Hydraulic Design Chart 320-7 is a sample computation sheet
illustrating application of Charts 320-4 to 320-6.
.—.
6. References.

(1) Gentilini, B., “Flow under inclined or radial sluice gates - technical
and experimental results. ” La Houille Blanche, vol 2 (1947), p 145.
WES Translation No. 51-9 by Jan C. Van Tienhoven, November 1951.

(2) Metzler, D. E., A Model Study of Tainter Gate Operation. State Univer-
sity of Iowa Master’s Thesis~ August 1948.

(3) Tech, A., The Effect of a Lip Angle Upon Flow Under a Tainter Gate.
State University of Iowa Master’s Thesis, February 1952.

(4) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Model Study of

the Spillway for New Lock and Dam No. 1, St. Lucie Canal, Florida.
Technical Memorandum No. 153-1, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1939.

(5)
1 , Spillway for New Cumberland Dam, Ohio River, West Virginia.
Technical Memorandum No. 2-386, Vicksburg, Miss., July 1954.

(6)
i , Stilling Basin for Warrior Dam, Warrior River, Alabama.
Technical Report No. 2-485, Vicksburg, Miss., July 1958.

(7) * SPillwavs and Stillin~ Basins, Jackson Dam. Tombi~bee

River, Alabama. Technical Report No. 2-531, Vicksburg, Miss.,
.Tanuary 1960.

320-4 to 320-7
 1.12
ru

I
1.08
z
LEGEND
o
. u3— ~ TOCH DATA
—— INTERPOLATED*
● *TOCH, METZLER, AND GENTILINI
I.04
● DATA

●
I
●
● X AVERAG E POIN:S
I.00
z 4 6 8 10
L/P
}

0.7

. Go/R=b.05
4

0.6

.-

[ 1
0.40
- d“cn
(/. t
0.5 — I
1 I I I

-..
04
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
h/R
BASIC EQUATION

Q= C, C2 GOB@

TAINTER GATE IN OPEN CHANNELS

iL .
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
h a FREE FLOW
AL \\
GO ‘--_–-–_ a/R=o. I
!1 !/ 11 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-4

DEFINITION SKETCH
.“,..”.0
.“ U. . . A“MY l“S1” ..” WAT. ”WA” S . . . ..!”=”7 STAT,.”. “,..s .””., M, SS, SSIPPI
WCS 8-60
-

LEGEND
~ TOCH DATA
—— INTERPOLATED*
*TOCH. METZLER.AND GENTILINI
-1-— 1 Ii I II I
a T-~X-
:
1.00 ~
●] lx AVERAGE POINTS
2 4 6 8 10
LIP

u t I 1/ I

I \ I -1

.\ 0
/0

0.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
h/R
BASIC EQUATION

Q= Cl C2GOBti2gh

_ TAINTER GATE IN OPEN CHANNELS

ii —
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
h FREE FLOW
i \
GO ‘L--- —--- a/R= 0.5
11 !! HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-5

DEFINITION SKETCH
.“..,”.. ,, .. ,.
A“My *“*, ”..” Iw.,, ”w.,. ,“,,,, M,”, S,.,,.”. “,,... ””.. “,. s,.,,,., WES 8-60
 I ~ I I

--—

1’”’2BEL4?
LEGEND
~ TOCH DATA
‘— INTERPOLATED*
1.04 *TOCH, METZLER,AND GENTILINI
DATA

I 00
2 4 6 8 10

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I .0 l.’ 1.4
h/R
BASIC EQUATION

Q=c, c2Go B@

TAINTER GATE IN OPEN CHANNELS

ii . J\ DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
h ii \\ a FREE FLOW
GO ‘_______ a/R=o.9
!I v 1f HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-6

DEFINITION SKETCH
.“,..,,. ., .. ,. .*M,C.G,”
CC”
WA,.”
WA,,,x,,,,”.”, ,,,,,.”. “,,.,.. ”6,“,*,,,=,,,, WES 6-60
 U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYSEXPERIMENT STATION
COMPUTATION SHEET

JOB CW 804 PROJECT John Doe River SUBJECT Tainter Gate in Open Channels
COMPUTATION Free Discharge for Gate Rating
COMPUTEDBY MBB DATE 5/9/60 CHECKEDBY RGC DATE 5/17/60

GIVEN:
Tainter gate installations shown
Upstream depth (h)= 15ft
Gate opening (GO) =4ft
Gate radius (R)= 25ft T
Trunnion height (a)= 20ft t
Bay width (B)= 60ft
Length- step to gate seat (L) =20 ft
Height of step (P)=5fi

~
REQUIRED:
Q= C1C2GOB~
Free discharge for gate rating

COMPUTE:

1. Parameters

a/R= O.8, h/R= O.6, GO/R =0.16, L/P=4

2. Discharge coefficient (Cl ) for unstepped condition for

a/R = 0.8

Chart 320-5 (a/R = 0.5, h/R = 0.6, GO/R= O. 16),

C, = 0.587

Chart 320-6 (a/R = 0.9, h/R = 0.6, GO/R= O. 16),

Cl = 0.664

By interpolation for a/R = 0.8

Cl = 0.587+ 0
0-8g -0.5o s (0.664 - 0.587)
.-.

= 0.645

3. Adjustment for stepped si II

For L/P = 4

Adjustment factor (Cz) = 1.05 (see chart insert)

C, C2 = 0.645 (1.05) = 0.678

4. Discharge

Q= C, C2GOB~

= 0.678 (4) (60) ~~

= 5050 Cfs

TAINTER GATE IN OPEN CHANNELS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
FREE FLOW
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-7
,“... ”,. .“ . . . . .“”, ,“.,”.’, W.,,” w.,. .,*m”, M.., .T.,,w, “,....””.. ~,..,..,,,,
wES 0-60
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

SWTS 320-8 AND320-8/1

TAINTER GATES IN OPEN CHANNELS

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

SUBMERGED FLOW

1. Tainter gates on low sills at navigation dams frequently operate

at tailwater elevations resulting in submerged flow conditions. The dis-
charge under the gate is controlled by the difference in the upper and
lower pool elevations, the degree of sill submergence by the tailwater, the
gate opening, and, to a lesser extent, the stilling basin apron elevation.
Hydraulic Design Charts 320-8 and 320-8/1 present discharge coefficient
data for computing flows under tainter gates on low sills operating under
submerged conditions.

Basic Data. The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

(WES)12~as developed the following equation for computing flows under gates
on low sills with tailwater elevations greater than gate sill elevation.

Q = CsLhsG (1)

1. where
Q = discharge, cfs

Cs = submerged flow discharge coefficient, a function of the sill

submergence-gate opening ratio

L = bay width, ft

hs = tailwater depth over sill, ft

g = acceleration , gravitational, ft per sec2

h = total head differential pool to tailwater, ft (including approach

velocity head)

Equation 1 results in good correlation of experimental data when Cs is

plotted as a function of the submergence-gate opening ratio (hs/Go). The
equation was developed by modifying the standard orifice equation as
follows

Q= cLGod2gh (2)

320-8 and320-8/l
or

‘($)
”c’Go(
$)&
(3)

where
c~ = C(Go/h~)

‘0 = gate opening

3* Chart 320-8 prese ts the results of extensive model tests2>3>4>5

and limited prototype data. 8 The plotted curves are based on careful meas-
urements and are believed to be representative of the best available data.
The model data and most of the prototype data were obtained with the gates
adjacent to the test gate open the sane amount as the test gate. The
plotted curves indicate the effects of the relation of the elevation of
the stilling basin apron to that of the gate sill. The portions of the
curves having Cs values less than 0.1 are based on prototype gate open-
ings of 1 ft or less and on model gate openings of about 0.05 ft. The
experimental data are omitted from this chart in the interest of clarity.
Chart 320-8/1 is included to illustrate the degree of data correlation
resulting in the curves presented in Chart 320-8.

4. Application. The suggested design curve in Chart 320-8 should

be useful for developing pool regulation curves for navigation dam spill-
ways consisting of tainter gates on low sills. The curves presented
generally represent sill elevations about 5 ft above streambed and stilling
basin apron elevations 3.5 to 31 ft below sill elevation. The Hannibal
and Cannelton spillway sills are located about 15 and 19 ft above stream-
bed, respectively. The height of the sill above the approach bed does not
seem to be an important factor in submerged flow controlled by gates.
However, the coefficient data presented include all the geometric effects
of each structuxe as well as the effects of adjacent gate operation. The
curve most applicable to spillway design conditions should be used for
developing discharge regulation curves.

5. References.
(1) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Typical Spill-
way Structure for Central and Southern Florida Water-Control Pro.fiect:
)

Hydraulic Model Investigation, by J. L. Grace, Jr. Technical Re~ort

No. 2-633, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1963.

320-8 and 320-8/1

 (2) , Spillway, Millers Ferry Lock and Dam, Alabama River,
Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investigation, by G. A. Pickering. Technical
Report No. 2-643, Vicksburg, Miss., February 1964.

(3) , Spillway for Typical Low-Head Navigation Dam, Arkansas

River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation, by J. L. Grace, Jr.
Technical Report No. 2-655, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1964.

(4) j Spillway for Cannelton Locks and Dam, Ohio River,

Kentucky and Indiana; Hydraulic Model Investigation, by G. A. Pickering
and J. L. Grace, Jr. Technical Report No. 2-710, Vicksburg, Miss.,
December 1965.

(5) , Spillway, Hannibal Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ohio and
West Virginia; Hydraulic Model Investigation. Technical Report
No. 2-731, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1966.

(6) Denzel, C. W., Submerged Tainter Gate Flow Calibration. 1965, U. S.

Army Engineer District, St. Louis, Mo. (unpublished memorandum).

.—.

320-8 and 320-8/1

 40 y

30

\
x I I I I I I I I I

‘k
b

B =3.5 TO T5 FT, I?EF 6 (PROT OTYPE) *

+, ‘~ ‘ II
20
REF 3 (MODEL)
) 1 1 1 I I I / I I I I I I I I I

m
O F~, REF 3 ‘tMODEi) ~ 1111 Ill Ill

10

8 .
7
1 1 1 I I I [ >N 1
8=18
I —
1 FT ., RFF’.5 ------{tiODEL)
..-
61
1 I I I I I

-— 2

I I
0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.I 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Cs

BASIC EQUATION

Q=C~Lh~~ * MISSISSIPPI RIVER DAMS 2,5 A, AND 26

L
t /\ —

I h

FLOW _
.V v
%
I

r
1 I

TAINTER GATES IN
DEFINITION SKETCH OPEN CHANNELS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
SUBMERGED FLOW
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320-8

pREp ARED BY u. s. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION. VI CK50u RG. Mississippi WES 1-68
 I 5.0 ,

LEGEND
GATE OPENING
P
\ SYMBOL (FT, PROTOTYPE)
\ ● 2
I 0.0 A 4
\ o 6
9.0 \ ❑ 8
Wq A IO
8.0 - \ ■ 12 k
\
h
v 14
II
7.0
\
\
6.0 w
● \
\
\
5.0

\
~A
\o
4.0
Y,
● \
*<
●4 ❑
3.0
AA*
&
2.5 u

2.0

m
1.5 “

v
■ v> ~
■

1.0
0.06 0.08 0. 0.15 0.2 0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 ( 8 0.9 1.0

BASIC EQUATION
NOTE: DATA FROM HANNIBAL MODEL, REF 5

TAINTER GATES IN
OPEN CHANNELS
DEFINITION SKETCH
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
SUBMERGED FLOW
TYPICAL CORRELATION
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 320- 8/1
PREPARED e’i “, s. ARMY EN G,NEER wATERwkys EXPERIMENT STAT,ON, “,CKSB”R’, ~,~~,~~,pp, WES I-68
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

-—
SHEETS 330-l AND 330-1/1

GATE VALVES

DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

1. The discharge characteristics of a flow control valve may be

expressed in terms of a loss coefficient for valves along a full-flowing
pipeline, or in terms of a discharge coefficient for free flow from a
valve located at the downstream end of a pipeline. Loss and discharge
coefficients for gate valves are given on Hydraulic Design Charts 330-1
and 330-1/1, respectively.

20 Loss Coefficient. The loss of head caused by a valve occurs

not only in the valve itself but also in the pipe as far downstream as
the velocity distribution is distorted. Tests to determine this total
10ss, exclusive of friction, have been conducted on several makes and
sizes of gate valves at the University of Wisconsin(1) and the Alden
Hydraulic Laboratory.(2) The results of these tests on the larger sizes
of valves are given on Chart 330-1 as loss coefficients in terms of the
velocity head immediately upstream from the valve. Data are given for
both a simple disk gate valve having a crescent-shaped water passage at
partial openings and a ring-follower type of gate valve having a lens-
shaped water passage at partial openings. The scatter in the Wisconsin
data is attributed to minor variations in the geometry of the different
-. makes of valves tested.

3* Discharge Coefficients. Discharge coefficients for free flow

from a gate valve at the downstream end of a pipeline have been deter-
mined by the Bureau of Reclamation(3) for several makes and sizes of
simple disk gate valves. The results of these tests are given on Chart
330-1/1 as discharge coefficients in terms of the total energy head
immediately upstream from the valve. The scatter in these data is
attributed to minor variations in geometry of the valves tested.

4. Application. The loss data given on Chart 330-1 are appli-

cable to valves installed in full-flowing pipelines having no bends or
other disturbances within several diameters upstream and downstream from
the valve. The discharge coefficients on Chart 330-1/1 are for valves
installed at the downstream end of several diameters of straight pipe
and discharging into the atmosphere.

5* List of References.

(1) Corps, C. I., and Ruble, R. o., Experiments on Loss of Head in

Valves and Pipes of One-half to Twelve Inches Diameter. University
—-u

of Wisconsin Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin,. vol. IX,

.
No. 1, Madison, Wis., 1922.

330-land 330-1/1
(2) Hooper, L. J., Tests of 4-, 8-, and 16-Inch Series 600 Rising Stem
Valves for the W-K-M Division of ACE Industries, Houston, Texas.
Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic Institute,
Worcester, Mass., Sept. 1949●

(3) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Study of Gate Valves and Globe Valves

as Flow Regulators for Irrigation Distribution Systems Under Heads
Up to About 125 Feet of Water. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.
Hyd-337, Denver, Colo., 13 Jan. 1956.

—
330-1 and 330-1/1
 1000.0
i I I I

800.0 c%
I I I

‘oo-o~
4000H%—t—t— ,

200.0
c)

I 00.0 1
\- I
\v u~
80.0 0 4 -IN.
\
❑ 8-IN.
60.0 i v 16-IN.
u
E OPENING

4ooFPF#FRLDEN
‘yDRAu.tcLABORAToRyn \ 4
0
1
B

20.0 7

()

o
I 0.0 I 1 1 \l 1 \ I I I I I
, 1
1 I l\ I An I 1 I I
8.0
I

6.0

4.0

2.0

I.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.I
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00
VALVE OPENING IN PER CENT
HL
BASIC EQUATION
Kv= v2/2q
WHERE:
Kv = VALVE LOSS COEFFICIENT
HL = HEAD LOSS THROUGH VALVE GATE VAl_VES
V = AVERAGE VELOCITY IN PIPE
LOSS COEFFICIENTS
NOTE :
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 330-1
DATA ARE FOR VALVES HAVING SAME DIAMETER AS
PIPE AND FOR DOWNSTREAM PIPE FLOWING FULL.
WES 6-57
 1.2

I.c

O.e

0.6

SUGGES TED DESIGN CURVE —

h
0.4 4B/

/ 0

ih

0.2 1/

VALVE OPENING
B

0
o 20 40 60 80 100
VALVE OPENING IN PER CENT

BASIC EQUATION Q= CA_

WHERE:
C =VALVE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
A =AREA BASED ON NOMINAL VALVE DIAMETER
He= ENERGY HEAD MEASURED TO CENTER LINE OF
CONDUIT IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM FROM VALVE

NOTE :
DATA ARE FROM USBR TESTS FOR FREE FLOW
FROM 8-TO 12-INCH-DIAMETER GATE VALVES
AT DOWNSTREAM
NOMINAL DIAMETER
END OF CONDUIT
AS VALVE.
OF SAME GATE VALVES
FREE FLOW
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 330-1/1

WES 6-57
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

..— SHEETS 331-1 to 331-3

BUTTERFLY VALVES

DISCHARGE AND HYDRAULIC TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS

1. The discharge and torque characteristics of butterfly valves can

be expressed in terms of discharge and torque coefficients as functions of
the angle of rotation of the valve vane from opened position. The dis-
charge coefficient is primarily a function of the orifice opening whereas
the hydraulic torque coefficient depends upon the geometry of the valve
vane. Thus, differences in torque coefficients are to be expected for
various shaped vanes at the same opening. Although considerable data have
been published(2), only data indicated as the original computations or
curves of the investigators have been included in Design Charts 331-1 to
331-2/1.

2. Discharge Coefficients. A modified form of the standard orifice

equation has been used for computation of valve discharge. The area used
in the equation is based on the nominal diameter of the valve because of
difficulty in determining the actual areas of the orifice openings for
partially opened valves. The discharge coefficient varies inversely with
the angle of rotation of the valve from opened position. Two valve loca-
tions have been tested; one in which the valve is near the outflow end of
the pipe, and the other in which the valve is well within a straight reach
of pipe. Hydraulic Design Chart 331-1 presents discharge coefficients for
valves located within the pipe. Chart 331-1/1 presents similar data for
valves located near the end of the pipe. The material used in these charts
is taken from the following investigators: McPherson(y), Dickey-Coplen(4),
Gaden(5), Colleville(8), DeWitt(3), and Armanet(l). The Dickey-Coplen data
are from air tests on a thin circular damper. The Armanet tests reflect
the effects of convergence in the valve housing downstream from the vane
pivot.

3* Torque Coefficients. Torque coefficient data are presented in

Charts 331-2 and 2/1. The available information is limited. Chart 331-2
pertains to valves located within the pipe and Chart 331-2/1 applies to
valves located near the end of the pipe. The Keller and Salzmann(6) data
in Chart 331-2 were obtained from air tests. The DeWitt curve in Chart
331-2/1 was computed from published prototype torque curves. The Gaden
curves are based on carefully controlled laboratory tests which included
measurement of and correction for pressure distribution on the downstream
face of the valve vane. The Armanet curves reflect the effects of con-
vergence in the valve body. The scarcity of torque coefficient data is
indicative of the need for torque tests on butterfly valves of American
manufacture.

331-1 to 331-3
 4. Application. A sample computation for torque is given in Chart
331-3. Final computations should be based on the recommendations of the
valve manufacturer at which time friction torque and seating torque data
should be considered.

5= List of References.

(1) Armanet, L., “Vannes-Papillon Des Turbines.” G~nissiat, Num~ro Hors

S6rie De La Houille Blanche, pp 199-219.

(2) Cohn, S. D., “Performance analysis of butterfly valves.” Instruments,

VO1 24, No. 8 (August 1951), p 880-884.

(3) Dewitt, C., “Operating a 2h-in. butterfly valve under a head of 223
ft.” Engineering News-Record (18 September 193o), pp 460-462.

(4) Dickey, P. S., and Coplen, H. L., “A study of damper characteristics.”

Transactions, ASME, VO1 64, NO. 2 (February 1942) .

(5) Gaden, D., “Contribution to study of butterfly valves.” Schweizerische

Bauzeitung, vol III, Nos. 21, 22, and 23 (May 21 and 28 and June 4,
1938 ) . Similar material by D. Gaden was als~ published in England in
Water Power (December 1951 and January 1952).

(6) Keller, C., and Salzmann, F., “Aerodynamic model tests on butterfly
valves.” Escher-Wyss News, vol IX, No. 1 (January-March 1936).

(7) Mcpherson, M. B., Strausser, H. S., and Williams, J. C., Jr., “Butter-
fly valve flow characteristics.” Proceedings, ASCE, paper 1167, vol
83, No. HY1 (February 1957).

(8) Voltmann, Henry, discussion of reference 7. Proceedings, ASCE, vol

83, No. HY4 (August 1957), pp 1348-48 and 49.

331-1 to 331-3
 2.8

AH
2.8 HI
t H2
~
VI— V2 —
Y1P 1
2.4
AH= HI-H2 Tl McPHERSON

DEFINITION SKETCH
1 1
2.2

I - ~
GA DEN
2.0
I
1 t
I
\ DICKEY & COPLEN
1.8
\l
\\
Q
-SUGGESTED DESIGN CURVE ARMANET
~
1.6 \
1- \ VALVE SHAPES
z \
g
g 1
k
IA
I .4 \
8 0
u \
w
o 1
m
<
x
1.2
:
LEGEND
E
MCPHERSON-4”
● k4c PHERSON - 6“
v McPHERSON-4” WITH DIFFUSOR
I .0

— GADEN DISK A
—.— GADEN DISK B
1r ——— DICKEY 6COPLEN DISK I(AIR)
— — ARMANET(CONVERGING)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

----
no
0 10 20 30 70 80 90
OPEN VALVE OP~NING IN D~GREES (CC? CLOSED

BASIC EQUATION

Q= CQD2~fi

WHERE : BUTTERFLY VALVES

Q = DISCHARGE IN CFS
CQ = DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
D = VALVE DIAMETER IN FT VALVE IN PIPE
9 = GRAVITY CONSTANT =32.2 FT/SEC2
AH = PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 331- I
VALVE IN FT OF WATER
WES 8-58
 I .4

H
1.3

I .2 -
MCPHERSON
4 I I I
AH= HI + .12/29
1.1

1.0
DEFINITION SKETCH
~

~
GADEN
H
1--1

ARMANET
0.9

VALVE SHAPES
u I I I
~
&
0.8
1-
z
w
+
G Su EM& RGED FLO w
c
L
8 0.7
u
U
: y Su GGES TED 0 ESIGN CU RVES
4)
< 4
1
: 0.6

E 4)
LEGEND
FREE FLOW
0.5
F REE FL ow~ ● MCPHERSON-6”
\ + DEWITT
— GADEN DISK A
—.— GADEN DISK B
\
0.4 — — ARMANET (COnVerging)
\
SUBMERGED FLOW

MCPHERSON-441
\
0.3 \

0.2 J

0. I

---
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
OPEN VALVE OPENING IN DEGREES (m) CLOSED

BASIC EQUATION

Q= CQD2~@

WHERE : BUTTERFLY VALVES

Q = DISCHARGE IN CFS
C~ = DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
D = VALVE DIAMETER IN FT VALVE IN END OF PIPE
9 = GRAVITY CONSTANT =32.2 FT/SEC2
AH = TOTAL ENERGYHEAD IN FT OF WATER HYDRAULICDESIGNCHART 331- I ZI
UPSTREAMOF VALVE
WES 8-58
 I

0.70
‘.-.

I
0.65

0.60

AP=(HI-H2) Y
Y =SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF FLUID

0“’5H-tH+tH i DEFINITION SKETCH

I
0.50

I
~

0.45 I
~
I GADEN

~
\ \
& 0.40
KELLER & SALZMANN
+
z \\
g
u
E
k
0.35
\ ARMANET
—
o
0
\
U I VALVE SHAPES
z KELLER 8 SAL ZA4ANN
g 0.30 @lR TESTS.)
t-
\ 111
ARhfAIVE T @01vvER6M6>
(
\, il ~ - 1111
/
0.25 ~ GADEIV - DISK A

/
\, -
Ill
- GADEIV - DISK B

0.20
i \

b
\ \
\

0.15 I \ \{
r

I \ \ \
1 \
. \ \
0.10 I \
I N,\
\
I
. N
I \,
k

0.00
0 lo 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 90
OPEN VALVE OpENING IN DEGREES(a) CLOSED

BASIC EQUATION

T’CTD3AP
BUTTERFLY VALVES
WHERE:
T = TORQUE IN FT-LB TORQUE COEFFICIENTS
CT = TORQUE COEFFICIENT
VALVE IN PIPE
D = VALVE DIAMETER IN FT
AP = PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 331-2
IN LB/SQ FT
 0.14

lq2/29
0.13
A
h’,
!! II
~. j /
vi ~
0.12
t %?’() –

AP=(HI+V12/2g)~
Y= SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF FLUID
0.11
DEFINITION SKETCH

0.10 k

0.09
~
GADEN
~
& 0.08
1-
Z ARMANET
g
g
k VALVE SHAPES
: 0.07 - DEWITT - COA4PUTE0
o @ApE UNKNOWN)
u
w
\ .
z
\
a
0 006 { / GAOEN - DISK A -
1-
/ \
I I
/ / -, J GA DEN - DISK B
I I I
0.05 {
/
/
, ARhfANE T @oNvERGING) -

0.04 / (/
I i
i
k

/, ‘/’
0.03 .
\ s
/ I \

\
I .
0.02 \ \

\ \

\
001

<
~ .
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
OPEN VALVE OPENING IN DEGREES (a) CLOSED

BASIC EQUATION

T= CT D3AP
BUTTERFLY VALVES
WHERE :
T =TORQUE IN FT-LB TORQUE COEFFICIENTS
CT = TORQUE COEFFICIENT
VALVE IN END OF PIPE
D = VALVE DIAMETER IN FT
AP = TOTAL ENERGY HEAD AT UPSTREAM
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 331-2/l
SIDE OF VALVE IN LB/.SQ FT
 U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION

COMPUTATION SHEET
.-..—
JOB CW804 PROJECT John Doe Dam SUBJECT Butterfly Valves

COMPUTATION Valve Opening and Hydraulic Torque

COMPUTEDBY WCB DATE 2/26/58 CHECKEDBY RGC DATE 2/27/58

GIVEN:

Total available head (H~) =225ft

Valve diameter (D) = 4 ft

Valve shape- Gaden-Disk Aon Chart 331-1

Energy Iussin system without valve

(HL) = 0.3 V2/2g

ASSUME:

Discharge (Q) = 600 cfs

COMPUTE:

1. Head luss(H~)in system without valve 2. Required valve luss(AH) for Q=600cfs

Q AH= H~-H~- Hv=225-10-35=180ft

V=z= 48 ft per sec
Discharge coefficient (CQ)
-------
Hv = V2/2g= 35 ft

H~ = 0.3 H, = 10 ft
600
= 0.49
cQ=16x~x@

From suggested design curve on Chart 331-1, valve

opening (~) = 36° for CQ of 0.49.

3. Hydraulic torque (T) for Q = 600 cfs and ~ = 36°. From

Chart 331-2, torque coefficient (CT) for Gaden-Di sk A

valve open 36° = 0.10.

T = CT D3 A P (Chart 331-2)

Where AP= (H, -H2)Y=AHy

T = 0.10X 64 X 180 X 62.5= 72,000 ft-lb

Repeat computations for other assumed discharges to determine discharge and hydraulic torque curves.

BUTTERFLY VALVES
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
DISCHARGE AND TORQUE
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 331-3

WES 8-58
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRI’I’ERIA

----
SHEETS 332-1 AND 1/1

HOWELL-BUNGER VALVES

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

1. General. The Howell-Bunger valve is essentially a cylinder

gate mounted with the axis horizontal. A conical end piece with its apex
upstream is connected to the valve body by vanes. A movable external
horizontal sleeve controls the discharge by varying the opening between
the sleeve and the cone. The discharge is in the form of a diverging
hollow conical jet. Diameters of valves range from 1.5 to 9 ft. Some
valves have four vanes while others have six vanes. Separate discharge
coefficient charts are presented for four- and six-vane valves.

20 Discharge Coefficien-ts. Discharge coefficients for Howell-

Bunger valves have been computed for various dimensional features of
the valves. However, the discharge coefficients shown on Charts 332-1
and 1/1 are based on the area of the conduit immediately upstream from
the valve. The basic equation used is shown on each chart. The computed
coefficients are plotted against the dimensionless factor, sleeve travel
divided by conduit diame-ter.

3* Experimental Data. Discharge coefficients for Chatuge,

Nottely, Watauga, and Fontana Dams were com uted from prototype data
--
publishedby the Tennessee Valley Authority ? 1)0 Coefficients for RO s
Dam are based on model data published by the Bureau of Reclamation (27
Coefficients for Nimrod Dam result from discharge measurements made b;
the Little Rock District, CE. Coefficients for Narrows Dam result from
model data obtained by the Waterways Experiment Station. The data
presented on Charts 332-1 and 332-1/1 indicate discharge coefficients of
0.82 and 0.87 for full openings of the four- and six-vane valves,
respectively.

(1)
R. A. Elder and G. B. Dougherty, “Hydraulic Characteristics of Howell-
Bunger Valves and Their Associated Structures,” TVA Report dated
1 Nov. 1950.

(2)
“Investigation of Hydraulic Properties of the Revised Howell-Bunger
Valve, City of Seattle, Ilashington,” Hydraulic Laboratory Report
No. 168, Bureau of Reclamation, April 1945.

332-1 to 1/1
 ..

2
w
g

k
u
0
v

:
0!
<
x
0
g
n

‘-

0.0 0.I 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

SLEEVE TRAVEL
DIAMETER
BASIC EQUATION

Q=CA~~
HOWELL -BUNGER VALVES
WHERE

C= DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

A nAREA OF CONDUIT IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM
FOUR VANES
FROM VALVE IN SQ FT
He, ENERGY HEAD MEASURED TO CENTERLINE OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 332-1
CONDUIT IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM FROM VALVE IN FT
 SLEEVE TRAVEL
DIAMETER
BASIC EQUATION
Q=cA~ HOViELL - BUNGER VALVES
WHERE:
CZDISCHARGE COEFFICIENT DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS
A EAREA OF CONDUIT IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM
FROM VALVE IN SQ FT
SIX VANES
He= ENERGY HEAD MEASURED TO CENTERLINE OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 332 -1/1
CONDUIT IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM FROM VALVE IN FT WES 2-54
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA

‘=—— SHEET340-1
FLAP GATES

HEAD Loss COEFFICIENTS

1. Flap gate head losses can be determined by the equation:

1?
‘L ‘K~

where

H = head loss in ft of water

i! = headloss coefficient
v= conduit velocity in ft per sec
2. Hydraulic Design Chart 340-1 presents head loss coefficients for
submerged flap gates. The data result from tests by Nagler (1) on 18-in.-,
24-in.-, and 30-in.-diameter gates.

3. Modern flap gates are heavier but similar in design to those

tested by Nagler. It is suggested that Chart 340-1 be used for design pur-
poses for submerged flow conditions until additional data become available.
Head loss coefficient data are not available for free discharge.

(1) F. A. Nagler, “Hydraulic tests of Calco automatic drainage gates,”

The Transit, State University of Iowa, vol 27 (February 1923).

.— 340-1
 10.00 .

8.00

6.00

4.00
/

/ ‘

A /

2.00 A

I.00 , u
%
/
0.80

/’
y 0.60
1-
Z
u
u 3
c 0.40
IA
id
o
u 4
W
w 0
o
-1
; 0.20
u
x
o

=...- 0.10
i
/ LEGEND
0.08
/ ~ c1 18-IN. GATE
A 24-IN. GATE
/
0.06 O 30-IN. GATE
/
DATA ARE FROM “HYDRAULIC TESTS OF
CALCO AUTOMATIC DRAINAGE GATES”
0.04 BY F.A. NAGLER,THE TRANSIT, STATE
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, VOL. 27, FEB. 1923.

0.02

0.01 f
I.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 I0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 I80.0 100.0 200.0
D/Hv

EQuATIONS

HL V2
/(.== ; Hv=~

NOTE : K ❑HEAD LOSS COEFFICIENT

HL=HEAD LOSS, FT
D =CONDUIT DIAMETER, FT
V =CONDUIT VELOCITY, FT/SEC
9 =ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY, FT/SEC 2 FL( AP GATES
HEAD LOSS COEFFICIENTS
SUBMERGED FLOW
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CHART 340-1

.“.,. ”.0., . , ARM”

,.., ”..” W. TC” WA,, . . ..”. .4,”, ,,.,,O. , “,. ”,.””.. M,, s,, s,,., WES 8-60