Xenoanabasis 13july18w PDF

Xenophon’s Anabasis I
Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary
Geoffrey Steadman
Xenophon’s Anabasis Book I
Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary
First Edition
© 2018 by Geoffrey Steadman
All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may
not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by
Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the
public press), without written permission from the publisher.
The author has made an online version of this work available (via email) under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms
of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org.
Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work freely under the
following conditions:
(1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that
the author endorses your alterations to the work).
(2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
(3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting
work only under the same or similar license as this one.
The Greek text for the Anabasis Book 1 is taken from the Greek edition by E. C.
Marchant published by Oxford University Press in 1904.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9913860-1-7
Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Cover Design: David Steadman
Fonts: Times New Roman, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode
geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
Table of Contents
pages
Preface to the Series……………………………………………………………...v-vi
Running Core Vocabulary (8 or more times) ………………………..…….....xiii-xiv
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………….……..xiv
Greek Text and Commentary………………....………………………………...1-119
Greek-Only Text (For Classroom Use)..……………………………………..120-162
Nouns, Pronouns, Correlatives..……………………………………………..164-165

Synopses (regular and -µι verbs) …………………………………………….166-170
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary (10 or more times) …………………………172-175
v
Preface to the Series
The aim of this commentary is to make Xenophon’s Anabasis Book 1 as accessible

as possible to intermediate and advanced Greek readers so that they may experience
the joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of the greatest
works in classical antiquity in the original Greek.
Each page of the commentary includes 10 lines of Greek text (one-third of an
OCT page) from E. C. Marchant’s 1904 Oxford Classical Text with all
corresponding vocabulary and grammar notes below the Greek on the same page.
The vocabulary contains all words occurring 8 or fewer times, arranged
alphabetically in two columns. The grammatical notes are organized according to
line numbers and likewise arranged in two columns. The advantage of this format is
that it allows me to include as much information as possible on a single page and
yet insure that entries are distinct and readily accessible to readers.
To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a list of
words occurring 8 or more times at the beginning of this book and recommend that
readers review this list before they read each section. An alphabetized form of the
core list can be found in the glossary. Together, this book has been designed in such
a way that, once readers have mastered the core list, they will be able to rely solely
on the Greek text and commentary and not need to turn a page or consult
dictionaries as they read.
The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and
so I have passed over detailed literary and philosophical explanations in favor of
short and concise entries that focus exclusively on grammar and morphology. The
notes are intended to complement, not replace, an advanced-level commentary, and
so I recommend that readers consult an advanced-level commentary after each
reading from this book. Assuming that readers finish elementary Greek with varying
levels of ability, I draw attention to subjunctive and optative constructions, identify
unusual aorist and perfect forms, and in general explain aspects of the Greek that
they should have encountered in first year study but perhaps forgotten. As a rule, I
prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little.
vi
Better Vocabulary-Building Strategies
One of the virtues of this commentary is that it eliminates time-consuming

dictionary work. While there are many occasions where a dictionary is absolutely
necessary for developing a nuanced reading of the Greek, in most instances any
advantage that may come from looking up a word and exploring alternative
meanings is outweighed by the time and effort spent in the process. Many continue
to defend this practice, but I am convinced that such work has little pedagogical
value for intermediate and advanced students and that the time saved by avoiding
such drudgery can be better spent reading more Greek, reviewing morphology,
memorizing vocabulary, mastering principal parts of verbs, and reading advanced-
level commentaries and secondary literature.
As an alternative to dictionary work, this commentary offers two approaches to
building knowledge of vocabulary. First, I isolate the words that occur 8 or more
times for immediate drilling and memorization. Second, I include the number of
occurrences of each Greek word at the end of each definition entry. I encourage
readers who have mastered the core vocabulary list to single out, drill and memorize
moderately common words (e.g. 4-7 times) as they encounter them in the reading
and devote comparatively little attention to words that occur once or twice.
Altogether, I am confident that readers who follow this regimen will learn the
vocabulary more efficiently and develop fluency more quickly than with traditional
methods.
Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D.

geoffreysteadman@gmail.com
www.geoffreysteadman.com
vii
How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination
of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone.
One of the purposes of this book is to encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.
1. Master the list of words occurring 8 or more times as soon as possible.
A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary before you begin reading.
Memorize the words in the running list that occur 8 or more times before you
read the corresponding pages in Greek. When done, single out and memorize
words that occur 4 to 7 times as they appear the the corresponding vocabulary.
B. Research shows that you must review words at least 7-9 times before you can
commit them to long term memory, and flashcards are efficient at promoting
repetition. If cards are not available, copy and paste a list of vocabulary from this
pdf onto a site such as Quizlet or Anki, which will convert the list into flashcards.
2. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses
One of the benefits of traditional dictionary work is that it gives readers an
interval between the time they encounter a questionable word or form and the
time they find the dictionary entry. That span of time often compels readers to
make educated guesses and actively seek out understanding of the Greek.
Despite the benefits of corresponding vocabulary lists there is a risk that
without that interval of time you will become complacent in your reading habits
and treat the Greek as a puzzle to be decoded rather than a language to be learned.
Your challenge, therefore, is to develop the habit of making an educated guess
under your breath each time before you consult the commentary. If you guess
correctly, you will reaffirm your understanding of the Greek. If incorrectly, you
will become aware of your weaknesses and more capable of correcting them.
3. Reread a passage immediately after you have completed it.
Repeated readings not only help you commit Greek to memory but also promote
your ability to read the Greek as Greek. You learned to read in your first language
through repeated readings of the same books. Greek is no different. The more
comfortable you are with older passages, the more easily you will read new ones.
4. Reread the most recent passage immediately before you begin a new one.
This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary,
forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide
you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.
5. Consult an advanced-level commentary for a more nuanced interpretation
After your initial reading of a passage and as time permits, consult another
commentary. Your initial reading will allow you to better understand the
advanced commentary, which in turn will provide a more insightful literary
analysis than is possible in this volume.
viii
Xenophon’s Anabasis I Book I

Core Vocabulary (8 or more times)
The following is an running list of all words that occur eight or more times in Xenophon’s
Anabasis Book I. The glossary includes an alphabetized list of these same words. The number
preceding each dictionary entry is the page number where the word first occurs. The number at
the end of each dictionary entry is the number of occurrences of each word in the commentary.
1 ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 17

1 ἄρχω: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 20
1 αὐτός, -ή, -ό: -self; he, she, it; the same, 203
1 βούλοµαι: to wish, be willing, desire, 19
1 γίγνοµαι: to come to be, become, be born, 41
1 δέ: but, and, on the other hand, 405
1 δύο: two, 13
1 εἰς (ἐς): into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 89
1 Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος, ὁ: Greek, 55
1 ἐπεί: when, after, since, because, 35
1 ἔχω: have, possess; be able; be disposed, 71
1 καί: and, also, even, too, 562
1 Κῦρος, ὁ: Cyrus, 171
1 λαµβάνω: to take, receive, catch, grasp, 39
1 µέν: on the one hand, 101
1 ὁπλίτης, -ου ὁ: hoplite, armed soldier, 20
1 ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which, that, 73
1 ὅσος, -η, -ον: as many as; all who, all which 9
1 οὖν: and so, then; at all events, 32
1 παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: child, boy, girl; slave, 8
1 πάρ-ειµι: to be near, be present, be at hand, 13
1 πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: every, all, the whole, 46
1 πεδίον, τό: plain, 11
1 ποιέω: to do, make, create, compose, 53
1 στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 16
1 Τισσαφέρνης, ὁ: Tissaphernes, 20
1 τυγχάνω: chance upon, get; meet; happen 10
1 φίλος, -α, -ον: friendly, dear; friend, kin, 27
1 ὡς: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 82
2 ἀδελφός, ὁ: a brother, 9
2 ἀλλά: but, yet, 39
2 ἀπ-έρχοµαι: to go away, depart, 18
2 ἀφ-ικνέοµαι: to come, arrive, 9
2 βουλεύω: to deliberate, plan, take counsel, 9
2 δή: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 35
2 δύναµαι: to be able, can, be capable, 14
2 ἐάν (ἤν, κἄν, ἄν): εἰ ἄν, if (+ subj.), 18
2 εἰµί: to be, exist, 182
Running Core Vocabulary ix
2 ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 21

2 ἐπί: near (gen.), to, toward (acc); near, at, 69
2 ἔτι: still, besides, further, 14
2 ἤ: or (either...or); than, 37
2 ὅπως: how, in what way; so that, 13
2 ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, which-, whatever, 8
2 πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 11
2 παρά: from, at, to the side of, in respect to, 38
2 πείθω: to persuade, trust; mid. obey, 12
2 πρός: to (acc.), near, in addition to (dat.), 54
3 ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man, 30
3 βάρβαρος, -α, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 18
3 βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73
3 γάρ: for, since, 59
3 ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, her-, it-, thems-, 44
3 ἔκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 14
3 Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν, ὁ: Greek, Hellenic, 11
3 ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 70
3 µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 8
3 ὅτι: that; because, 51
3 οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 13
3 παρ-αγγέλλω: to tell, give orders, order, 8
3 πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, very many, 15
3 πολεµέω: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 9
3 πόλις, ἡ: a city, 32
3 τε: and, both, 51
3 ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 20
4 ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 59
4 αὖ: again, once more; further, moreover, 8
4 δίδωµι: to give, offer, grant, provide, 26
4 ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 32
4 θάλαττα, ἡ: the sea, 8
4 κατά: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 21
4 οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 173
4 πέµπω: send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 13
4 πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 9
4 στράτευµα, τό: army, expedition, campaign, 44
4 τότε: then, at that time, 10
4 φεύγω: to flee, escape; defend in court, 13
5 αἰσθάνοµαι: perceive, feel, learn, realize, 8
5 ἀµφί: on both sides, 14
5 Κλέαρχος, ὁ: Clearchus, 35
5 νοµίζω: to believe, think, deem, 15
5 οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 76
5 οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 28
x Running Core Vocabulary
6 ἄν: modal adv., 42

6 ἔρχοµαι: to come or go, 28
6 οἰκέω: to inhabit, dwell, live, 14
6 στρατιώτης, -ου, ὁ: soldier, 28
6 τρεῖς, τρία: three, 22
6 ὑπό: by, because of, from (gen) under (dat) 26
6 χρῆµα, -ατος, τό: money, goods, wealth, 12
7 δέοµαι: lack, need, want; ask for (+ gen.) 8
7 κελεύω: to bid, order, command, exhort, 23
7 µή: not, lest, 29
7 πρίν: until, before, 8
7 πρόσθεν: before, 12
7 σύν: along with, with, together (+ gen.), 31
7 χώρα, ἡ: land, region, country, 17
8 βαρβαρικός, -η, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 9
8 δοκέω: to seem (good), think, imagine, 28
8 ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2
8 ἐνταῦθα: here, hither, there, thither, then, 37
8 ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 10
8 ἥκω: to have come, be present, 12
8 πορεύοµαι: to travel, journey, march, 13
9 εἰ: if, whether, 38
9 καλέω: to call, summon, invite, 10
9 ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 12
10 ἀκούω: to hear, listen to, 22
10 ἱππεύς, ὁ: a horseman, cavalry, 21
10 ταχύς, εῖα, ύ: quick, swift, hastily, 11
10 πελταστής, ὁ: light troop (with light shield) 8
10 χίλιοι, -αι, -α: a thousand, 8
11 διά: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 35
11 δια-βαίνω: to walk across, pass over; cross 11
11 εἴκοσι: twenty, 12
11 εἷς, µία, ἕν: one, single, alone, 8
11 ἐξ-ελαύνω: march out, ride out, drive out, 24
11 εὐ-δαίµων, -ον: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9
11 εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 13
11 ἡµέρα, ἡ: day, 27
11 λέγω (fut. ἐρέω, aor. εἶπον): to say, speak; gather, 63
11 µέγας, µεγάλη, µέγα: big, great, important, 22
11 µένω: to stay, remain, 21
11 Μένων, Μένωνος ὁ: Meno, 15
11 παρασάγγης, ὁ: parasang (5.7 or 5.3 km), 27
11 πλοῖον, τό: ship, vessel, 8
11 ποταµός, ὁ: river, stream 30
11 σταθµός, ὁ: stage (a day’s travel); weight, 33
Running Core Vocabulary xi
12 βασίλειον, τό: palace, 10

12 ἐντεῦθεν: from here, from there, 24
12 ἵππος, ὁ: a horse, 16
12 µέσος, - η, -ον: middle, in the middle of, 20
13 µάχη, ἡ: battle, fight, combat, 13
13 νικάω: to conquer, defeat, win; outdo, 11
13 πέντε: five, 18
13 περί: around, about, concerning, 21
13 τριάκοντα: thirty, 9
15 δέκα: ten, 8
15 Κίλιξ (Κίλισσα), Κίλικος, ὁ: Cilician, 14
15 πλείων (πλέων), -ονος: more, greater, 8
16 ἐλαύνω: to march, ride, drive, 9
16 πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: much, many, 38
16 στρατία, ἡ: an army, expedition, land force, 8
16 Συέννεσις, -ιος, ὁ: Syennesis, 9
16 τέτταρες, -α: four, 12
17 ἐπι-δείκνυµι: to indicate, point out, prove, 8
17 ὁδός, ἡ: road, way, path, journey, 9
18 ἅρµα, τό: a chariot, 9
18 δεξιός, -ά, -όν: on the right hand or side, 9
18 εὐ-ώνυµος, -ον: of good name; left (side), 12
18 ἵστηµι: make stand, set up, stop, establish 11
18 πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 8
18 πρῶτος, -η, -ον: first, earliest, 13
18 τάξις, -εως, ἡ: unit, squandron; formation; tactics, 10
18 τάττω: to arrange, post, station, put in order, 10
19 Κιλικία, ἡ: Cilicia, 9
19 ὁράω (aor. εἶδον): to see, behold, 28
19 σκηνή, ἡ: tent, 9
20 πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 17
21 µετά: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 20
21 Πέρσης, -ου, ὁ: a Persian, 10
21 τις, τι: anyone, anything, someone, something, 75
24 οὐδέ: and not, but not, nor, not even, 19
24 φηµί: to say, claim, assert, 32
25 οὔ-τε: and not, neither...nor , 18
27 ἐγώ: I, 51
27 ὑµεῖς: you, 32
28 ἄγω: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 16
28 αἱρέω: seize, take; mid. choose, 10
28 εὖ: well, 9
29 ἐθέλω: to be willing, wish, desire, 10
29 εἶπον: aor. said, spoke, 21
29 ἕποµαι: to follow, accompany, escort, 12
xii Running Core Vocabulary
29 οἴοµαι (οἶµαι): to suppose, think, imagine, 12

30 ἡµεῖς: we, 26
30 ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 14
31 ἀ-δικέω: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 9
31 γε: at least, at any rate; indeed, 17
31 µέντοι: however, nevertheless; certainly, 8
31 οἶδα: to know, 17
33 ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 10
35 ἄνθρωπος, ὁ: human being, person, 10
36 κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 9
36 φαίνω: to show; mid. appear, seem, 9
37 Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 9
41 ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 8
43 διώκω: to pursue, follow; prosecute, 13
49 πιστός -ή -όν:: trusting, loyal; pledges, 10
55 ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 8
55 ἔνθα: here, there; then, 9
57 µάχοµαι: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute 14
63 Ὀρόντας, ὁ: Orontas, 13
66 σύ: you, 11
Abbreviations
abs. absolute impf. imperfect pl. plural

acc. accusative impers. impersonal plpf. pluperfect
act. active ind. indicative pred. predicate
adj. adjective ind. indirect prep. preposition
adv. adverb inf. infinitive pres. present
aor. aorist m. masculine reflex. reflexive
dat. dative mid. middle rel. relative
dep. deponent neut. neuter S1517 Smyth §1517
dir. direct nom. nominative seq. sequence
disc. discourse obj. object sg. singular
f. feminine opt. optative subj. subject,
fut. future pple. participle subj. subjunctive
gen. genitive pass. passive superl. superlative
imper. imperative pf. perfect voc. vocative
1s, 2s, 3s denote 1st, 2nd, and 3rd singular. 1p, 2p, 3p denote 1st, 2nd, and 3rd plural.
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
-von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
Anabasis I 1.1-2
I.1. Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύ- 1
τερος μὲν Ἀρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει

Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τὼ παῖδε
ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι. 2. ὁ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτερος παρὼν ἐτύγχανε·
Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς αὐτὸν σατράπην 5
ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς

Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζονται. ἀναβαίνει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος λαβὼν
Τισσαφέρνην ὡς φίλον, καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔχων ὁπλίτας
ἀνέβη τριακοσίους, ἄρχοντα δὲ αὐτῶν Ξενίαν Παρράσιον. 9
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 3
ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 5 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7
ἀπο-δείκνυµι: appoint; point out, indicate, 2 Παρράσιος –α -ον: of Parrhesia, Parrhesian, 1
Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 Παρύσατις, -ιδος, ἡ: Parysatis (female) 4
ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old, old (man), 3
ἀ-σθενω: to be weak, feeble, sick, 1 σατράπης, ὁ: satrap, 2
βίος, ὁ: life, 2 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 2
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4
Καστωλός, ὁ: Castolus, 2 ὑπ-οπτεύω: suspect, suppose; be suspicious 2
1 Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος: from…; gen. 5 ἧς…: of which; relative pronoun, gen. sg.
of source ἐποιήσε: made (x) (y); this verb governs a
γίγνονται: are born; a historical present; double acc.; σατράπην is predicative acc.
or ‘were born,” see the grammar box 8 καὶ…δὲ: and…also…; καί, ‘also’ is an adv.
2 Ἀρταξέρξης…Κῦρος: in apposition to 6 ἀπέδειξε: appointed, governs a double acc.
παῖδες πάντων ὅσοι: of all who…; ‘of all as many
πρεσβύτερος...νεώτερος: comparative adjs. as…’ introducing a relative clause
3 τῶ παῖδε ἀµφοτέρω: dual acc. endings, ἐς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον: at Castolus’ Plain;
acc. subject of παρεῖναι the lack of an article suggests that these
4 παρεῖναι: inf. πάρ-ειµι words are a proper name
ὁ µὲν…πρεσβύτερος…δὲ: the older one… 7 λαβὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple λαµβάνω
but… 8 ὡς…: as…
οὖν: then; temporal 9 ἀνέβη: 3s aor. ἀναβαίνω
παρὼν ἐτύγχάνε: happened to be present; ἄρχοντα δὲ…: ‘and as leader’ acc. of
τυγχάνω + complementary pple, here ἄρχων in apposition to Ξενίαν, which
πάρ-ειµι, often translates as ‘happens’+ inf. is the second direct object. of ἔχων
Historical Present
Xenophon frequently employs the present and aorist where English readers expect the simple
past and pluperfect. Some readers may wish to preserve the vividness of the Greek, but others
will translate present verbs, as γίγνονται above, in the simple past and aorists as pluperfects.
2 Anabasis I 1.3-6
3. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν 10
Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν

ἀδελφὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ. ὁ δὲ πείθεται καὶ συλλαμ-
βάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν· ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἐξαιτησαμένη αὐτὸν
ἀποπέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. 4. ὁ δ᾽ ὡς ἀπῆλθε κινδυνεύσας
καὶ ἀτιμασθείς, βουλεύεται ὅπως μήποτε ἔτι ἔσται ἐπὶ τῷ 15
ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλά, ἢν δύνηται, βασιλεύσει ἀντ᾽ ἐκείνου. Παρύ-

σατις μὲν δὴ ἡ μήτηρ ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον
ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην. 5. ὅστις δ᾽ ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ 18
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5

ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7
ἀπο-πέµπω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 κινδυνεύω: to risk, venture; it is likely, 4
Ἀρταξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Artaxerxes, 3 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6
ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 µή-ποτε: not ever, never, 2
ἀ-τιµάζω: to dishonor, insult, slight, 2 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3
βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ: a kingdom, kingship, 1 Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis, 4
βασιλεύω: to rule, be king, reign, 3 συλ-λαµβάνω: to carry off, arrest; help, 3
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 τελευτάω: to end, complete, finish; die, 2
δια-βάλλω: accuse falsely, slander, 1 ὑπ-άρχω: be there, be available for (dat.), 1
ἐξ-αιτέω: to ask for, seek out, demand, 1 φιλέω: to love, befriend, 2
10 ἐτελεύτησε: i.e. ended (his life); this verb ὡς: as…when…; temporal
is a common euphemism for dying ἀπῆλθε: aor. ἀπέρχοµαι
κατέστη: was appointed; ‘set down;’ 3s 15 ἀτιµασθείς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple
aor. act. καθ-ίστηµι used intransitively ὅπως…ἔσται: how…; ὅπως + fut. (3s fut.
11 πρὸς…: Tissaphernes addresses the εἰµί) in a desire to avert something, S1921
accusation to Artaxerxes ἐπὶ: under the power of…; + dative
12 ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι: (namely) that…; ind. 16 ἢν: if….; ἐάν + pres. subj. δύναµαι in a
disc. with pres. opt.: see the grammar box fut. more vivid (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.)
αὐτῷ: against him; dat. of compound verb, 17 µὲν δὴ: certainly; expressing certainty
as often, treat the prefix of the verb as φιλοῦσα: nom. sg. fem. pple
a preposition and follow with the dat. noun 18 ἤ: than
ὁ δὲ: and he; a lone article before δέ ὅστις: anyone who, whoever…; plural in
denotes a change of subject, i.e. Artaxerxes sense, the antecedent is παντάς below
13 ὡς ἀποκτενῶν: in order to…; ‘so as going ἀφικνεῖτο: 3s impf.; one would expect an
to…’ ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose opt. in an general relative clause
αὐτὸν: i.e. Cyrus τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως: of those from (the
14 ἐπὶ: to…; acc. of place to which court of) the king; partitive gen.; παρὰ +
ὁ δ(ὲ): and he; Cyrus, change of subject (‘from the side of’) gen. place from which
The historical present is a past tense and therefore subordinate clauses governed by an
historical present may be in secondary sequence. See line 12 above.
Cyrus gathers Persian and Greek forces against Artaxerxes 3
βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥστε 1
αὐτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. καὶ τῶν παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ

δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο ὡς πολεμεῖν τε ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν καὶ
εὐνοϊκῶς ἔχοιεν αὐτῷ. 6. τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἥθροιζεν
ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, ὅπως ὅτι ἀπαρασκευό- 5
τατον λάβοι βασιλέα. ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν.

ὁπόσας εἶχε φυλακὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι παρήγγειλε τοῖς
φρουράρχοις ἑκάστοις λαμβάνειν ἄνδρας Πελοποννησίους
ὅτι πλείστους καὶ βελτίστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσα-
φέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι. καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αἱ Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις 10
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5
ἀ-παράσκευος, -ον: unprepared, 1 Ἰωνικός, -ή, -όν: Ionian, 1
ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6
βέλτιστος, -η, -ον: best, 1 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as much, many, or great as, 4
δια-τίθηµι: treat, handle, arrange; dispose, 1 Πελοποννήσιος, -α, -ον: Peloponnessian, 1
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 συλ-λογή, ἡ: levying, raising, collecting, 1
ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5 φρουρ-άρχος: commander of a watch, 1
ἐπι-κρύπτω: conceal, cover over, 1 φύλαξ, -ακος, ὁ: guard, sentinal, protector, 1
ἐπι-µελέοµαι: take care of, take care that, 2 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4
εὐ-νοικός, -όν: well-disposed, favorable, 1
1 διατιθεὶς: treating…; nom. sg. pres. pple equiv. to ‘to be’ + adj.
ἀπεπέµπετο: impf. middle πολεµεῖν: explanatory (epexegetical) inf.
ὥστε…: so as…; + inf., a result clause with ἱκανοὶ
2 αὐτῷ…βασιλεῖ: to…to…; dat. of special 5 ὡς µάλιστα ἐδύνατο: as best as he could
adj. φίλους, which is pred. of the inf. εἰµί ὅπως...λάβοι so that…might…; purpose,
ἢ: than aor. opt. λαµβάνω in secondary seq.
καὶ…δὲ: and…also…; καί is adverbial; δέ ὅτι…: as…as possible; a usual translation
is postpositive but here removed to avoid for ὅτι/ὡς + superlative, see also ll. 5 and 9
separating words that naturallly go together 6 ἐποιεῖτο: impf. mid.
τῶν…βαρβάρων ἐπεµελεῖτο…ὡς... 7 εἶχε: ἐ-έχε, 3s impf. ἔχω
εἴησαν: took care of the barbarians…that παρήγγειλε: 3s aor., governs a dat. pl.
they be; i.e. took care that the barbarians…’ 9 ὅτι…: + superlative: see line 5 above
ἐπιµελέοµαι + gen. obj. + object clause 10 ὡς: on the grounds that…; ὡς + pple
παρὰ ἑαυτῷ: at his own side; in his power suggests alleged cause; here, it is used with
3 ὡς…εἴησαν…ἔχοιεν: that they be…and a gen. absolute
be…; 3p pres. opt. εἰµί, ἔχω in an object καὶ γὰρ: and in fact; introducing a new
clause in secondary seq. after ἐπεµελεῖτο thought (S2814)
(ὅπως + fut. ind. in primary seqeuence); ἦσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί
ἔχω (‘holds’ ‘is disposed’)+ adv. is often
4 Anabasis I 1.6-9
Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι, τότε δὲ 11
ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου· 7. ἐν Μιλήτῳ

δὲ Τισσαφέρνης προαισθόμενος τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευομένους
ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον, τοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν ἀπέκτεινε τοὺς δ᾽
ἐξέβαλεν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας συλλέξας 15
στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θά-

λατταν καὶ ἐπειρᾶτο κατάγειν τοὺς ἐκπεπτωκότας. καὶ αὕτη
αὖ ἄλλη πρόφασις ἦν αὐτῷ τοῦ ἁθροίζειν στράτευμα. 8. πρὸς
δὲ βασιλέα πέμπων ἠξίου ἀδελφὸς ὢν αὐτοῦ δοθῆναι οἷ ταύτας
τὰς πόλεις μᾶλλον ἢ Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ 20
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3

ἀξιόω: deem worthy; lay claim to, request, 1 Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6
ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 προ-αισθάνοµαι: to perceive in advance, 1
γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2
ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4
ἐκ-πίπτω: to fall out, be driven out, 1 ὑπο-λαµβάνω: to take up, reply; suppose, 1
κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2
Τισσαφέρνους: Tissaphernes’; i.e. 16 καὶ…καὶ…: both…and…

belonged to Tissaphernes; Τισσαφέρνε-ος, κατὰ…κατὰ: on…on; ‘over…over…’
predicate gen. 17 ἐκπεπτωκότας: pf. act. pple., ἐκπίπτω
τὸ ἀρχαῖον: formerly; adverbial acc. αὕτη...ἦν: this was…; i.e. Tissaphernes’
δεδοµέναι: being given; pf. pass. pple behavior; τοῦτο attracted into the fem. sg.
δίδωµι; pf. denotes a state of the predicate ἄλλη πρόφασις
12 ἀφειστήκεσαν: had revolted; 3p plpf. 18 αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest or possibly
13 προαισθόµενος: aor. mid. pple dat. of possesion with impf. εἰµί
τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευοµένους: that τοῦ ἁθροίζειν: of…; gen. sg. articular inf.,
(they) were deliberating these same things; translate as a gerund (-ing) in English
ind. disc. (missing acc. + pple) governed by 19 ἠξίου: he requested…; ἐ-αξίοε, 3s impf.
προαισθόµενος ὢν: (since) being…; causal, nom. pple εἰµί
14 ἀποστῆναι: aor. inf. ἀφίστηµι in αὐτοῦ: i.e. Artaxerxes’, modifies ἀδελφὸς
apposition to to τὰ αὐτά δοθῆναι: that…be given; ind. disc.,
τοὺς µὲν… τοὺς δὲ: some….others… aor. pass. inf. δίδωµι; τὰς πόλεις (πόλις)
15 ὑπολαβὼν: i.e. welcoming; nom. sg. aor. is the acc. subject
pple οἷ: to himself; dat. sg. reflexive pronoun ἔ
τοὺς φεύτοντας: those…; pres. pple 20 Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν...: that…; ind. disc.
φεύγω, object of ὑπολαβὼν αὐτῶν: them; i.e. cities, obj. of ἄρχειν
συλλέξας: nom. sg. aor. pple
Clearchus the Lacedaemonian gathers more troops for Cyrus 5
συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα· ὥστε βασιλεὺς τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν 21
ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ᾐσθάνετο, Τισσαφέρνει δ᾽ ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα

αὐτὸν ἀμφὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δαπανᾶν· ὥστε οὐδὲν ἤχθετο
αὐτῶν πολεμούντων. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Κῦρος ἀπέπεμπε τοὺς γιγνο-
μένους δασμοὺς βασιλεῖ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων ὧν Τισσαφέρνους 25
ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων. 9. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο ἐν

Χερρονήσῳ τῇ κατ᾽ ἀντιπέρας Ἀβύδου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον.
Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν· τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ
Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε αὐτὸν καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους δαρεικούς. 29
Ἄβυδος, ὁ: Abydus (town) 1 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4

ἄγαµαι: admire, wonder, marvel at, 1 ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5
ἀντιπέρα, -ας, ἡ: opposite, over against 1 συγ-γίγνοµαι: associate or converse with, 3
ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4
δαπανάω: spend, consume, use up, 2 συν-πράττω: help in doing, do along with 1
Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3
δασµός, ὁ: tribute, a division (of spoils), 1 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5
ἐπι-βουλή, ἡ: plot, the plan against, 1 Χερρονήσος, ἡ: Chersonese, 3
ἔχθοµαι: to hate, 1
Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5
21 αὐτῷ: with…; dat. of compound verb 26 γιγνοµένους: pres. mid. pple

πρὸς...: against…; with reflexive pronoun 25 βασιλεῖ: dat. sg.
22 ὥστε...ᾐσθάνετο: so that…; result clause, ὧν: which; an acc. pl. ἅ, which was
impf. αἰσθάνοµαι; ὥστε + inf. denotes a attracted into the gen. of the antecedent
possible result while ὥστε + finite verb 26 Τισσαφέρνους: (belonging to)
denotes an actual result Tissaphernes;Τισσαφέρνε-ος; gen. of
22 Τισσαφέρνει: with…; dat. of association possession modifying ὧν
governed by acc. sg. pple πολεµοῦντα 26 ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων: happened to…;
23 αὐτὸν...δαπανᾶν: that…; ind. disc., acc. τυγχάνω + complementary pple, here
subj. αὐτὸν, i.e. Cyrus; α-verb pres. inf. ἔχω, often translates as ‘happens’+ inf.
23 ὥστε...ἤχθετο: so that…; result with 27 κατ᾽ ἀντιπέρας: over opposite + gen.
impf. mid., see 22 τόνδε...τρόπον: in this manner; adv. acc.
οὐδὲν: not at all; ‘feel no hate,’ inner acc. τούτῳ: with…; dat. of compound verb
24 αὐτῶν πολεµούντων: gen abs., pres. pple 29 ἠγάσθη: began to admire; inceptive aor.
καὶ γὰρ: and in fact; a new thought S2814 δίδωσιν: shift to 3s historica pres.
6 Anabasis I 1.9-11
ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν 1
χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ

τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας·
ὥστε καὶ χρήματα συνεβάλλοντο αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν τροφὴν τῶν
στρατιωτῶν αἱ Ἑλλησποντιακαὶ πόλεις ἑκοῦσαι. τοῦτο δ᾽ αὖ 5
οὕτω τρεφόμενον ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα. 10. Ἀρίστιππος

δὲ ὁ Θετταλὸς ξένος ὢν ἐτύγχανεν αὐτῷ, καὶ πιεζόμενος ὑπὸ
τῶν οἴκοι ἀντιστασιωτῶν ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ
αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθόν, ὡς
οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος 10
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4

ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4
faction, 3 περι-γίγνοµαι: prevail over; survive (gen.) 1
Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 πιέζω: press, weigh down, squeeze, 1
δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, assemble, 4
ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν: willing, intentionally, 2 συµ-βάλλω: to join (in battle), contribute, 1
Ἑλλησποντικακός -ή -όν: Hellespontian, 1 τρέφω: to rear, foster, nuture, 2
Ἑλλήσποντος, ὁ: the Hellespont, 1 τροφή, ἡ: feeding, food; rearing, upbringing 1
Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
Θρᾷξ, κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 Χερρονήσος, ἡ: Chersonese, 3
µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 χρυσίον, τό: gold piece, coin, money, 2
µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6
ὠφελέω: to help, to be of use, benefit, 3
ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6
1 ὁ δὲ: and he; i.e. Cyrus 6 τρεφόµενον ἐλἀνθανεν: was secretly

ὁρµώµενος: pres. mid. pple maintained; ‘escaped notice being
2 τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ: with the Thracians; i.e. against maintained’ λανθάνω commonly governs
the Thracians, dat. of association; the a complementary pple
Chersonese is a peninsula extending out αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest
into the Aegean sea on the northern 7 ὢν ἐτύγχανεν: happened to…; pple εἰµί;
(Thracian) side of the Hellespont ὑπὸ…: by…; gen. of agent with pass. voice
3 τοῖς…οἰκοῦσι: dat. pl. pres. pple οἰκέω in οἴκοι: adverb (old locative of οἶκος)
attributive position modifying Θρᾳξὶ, dat. 9 εἰς…µισθόν: for...; governs two accusatives
4 καὶ: also; adverbial ξένους: mercenaries; ‘foreign (troops)’
εἰς τὴν τροφὴν: for…; expressing purpose ὡς..: on the grounds that he would…; or
5 ἑκοῦσαι: willingly; adjectives in the nom. ‘since…’ ὡς + pple for alleged cause; ἄν
case are often translated as adverbs indicates the clause is equiv. to a potential
τοῦτο δὲ: modifies subject: τὸ στράτευµα optative (hence, the auxiliary ‘would’)
Aristippus and other Greek generals come to help Cyrus 7
δίδωσιν αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν, καὶ 11
δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτας

πρὶν ἂν αὐτῷ συμβουλεύσηται. οὕτω δὲ αὖ τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ
ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τρεφόμενον στράτευμα. 11. Πρόξενον δὲ τὸν
Βοιώτιον ξένον ὄντα ἐκέλευσε λαβόντα ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους 15
παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἐς Πισίδας βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι, ὡς

πράγματα παρεχόντων τῶν Πισιδῶν τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χώρᾳ. Σοφαί-
νετον δὲ τὸν Στυμφάλιον καὶ Σωκράτην τὸν Ἀχαιόν, ξένους
ὄντας καὶ τούτους, ἐκέλευσεν ἄνδρας λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ὅτι
πλείστους, ὡς πολεμήσων Τισσαφέρνει σὺν τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς 20
ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4

faction, 3 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5
Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian, 2 πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4
Βοιώτιος, -η, -ον: Boeotian, 1 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6
ἕξ: six, 1 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3
Θετταλία, ἡ: Thessaly, 1 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5
κατα-λύω: to dissolve, disband, destroy, 3 Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian, 2
λανθάνω: to escape notice, forget, 3 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberate together, advise, 3
µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3
µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2
ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6 τρέφω: to rear, foster, nuture, 2
παρ-έχω: to provide, furnish, supply, 1 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5
11 εἰς…µισθόν: (pay) for...; governs cause, but here with a gen. absolute
two acc.; the obj. of δίδωσιν is understood πράγµατα παρεχόνων: a common idiom
12 δεῖται αὐτοῦ: and asks from him; gen. of for ‘causing trouble’ or ‘causing problems’
source τῇ…χώρᾳ: for…; dat. of interest
καταλῦσαι: aor. inf.; µὴ is used instead of Σοφαίνετον…Ἀχαιόν: acc. obj. of
οὐ to indicate a wish ἐκέλευσεν
13 πρὶν: until; + ἂν + aor. mid. subj. in a 19 καὶ τούτους: these also…; in apposition to
general temporal cl., the names, modifed by acc. pl. pple εἰµί
αὐτῷ: with…; dat. of compound verb ἐλθεῖν: aor. inf., ἔρχοµαι
τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ: with neuter στράτευµα ὅτι πλείστους: see line 15 above
14 ἐλἀνθανεν τρεφόµενον: see note l. 6 pg. 6 20 ὡς πολεµήσων: in order to…; ‘so as
αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest going to’ ὡς + fut. pple expresses purpose
15 ὄντα: acc. sg. pple εἰµί, ξένον is a pred. Τισσαφέρνει: with…; dat. of association
ὅτι πλείστους: as…as possible; ὅτι ὡς + σὺν…φυγάσι: with…; i.e. ‘along side
superlative with,’ dat. of accompaniment; note the
16 ὡς…βουλόµενος: on the grounds that difference between ‘fighting with…’
he…; ‘since...’ ὡς + pple for alleged cause (dat. association) and ‘fighting along side
17 ὡς…παρέχόντων Πισιδῶν: on the with…’ (dat. accompaniment)
grounds that…; ‘since,’ a second alleged τοῖς Μιλησίων: modifying dat pl. φυγάσι
8 Anabasis I 1.11 – 2.3
Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι. 21
II.1. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐδόκει ἤδη πορεύεσθαι αὐτῷ ἄνω, τὴν μὲν πρό-
φασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παντάπασιν

ἐκ τῆς χώρας· καὶ ἁθροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους τό τε βαρβαρικὸν
καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραγγέλλει τῷ τε Κλεάρχῳ 25
λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ

συναλλαγέντι πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἀποπέμψαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὃ εἶχε
στράτευμα· καὶ Ξενίᾳ τῷ Ἀρκάδι, ὃς αὐτῷ προειστήκει τοῦ 28
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7

ἄνω: up, above; inland, 2 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4
ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 παντά-πασι: all in all, altogether, entirely, 3
Ἀρίστιππος, ὁ: Aristippus, 2 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5
Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian (Greek) 4 προ-ίστηµι: to set in charge over (gen), 1
ἐκ-βάλλω: to throw out of, cast away, 2 πρόφασις ὁ: pretence, alleged cause, excuse 2
Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian, 3 συναλλάσσω: reconcile, have dealings with 1
21 ἐποίουν: ἐποιε-ον; >ποιέω καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ…ἀποπέπψαι: dat. and

22 ἐδόκει: it seemed; impersonal impf. aor. inf. also governed by παραγγέλλει
αὐτῷ: to him; dat. of reference 27 συναλλαγέντι: being reconciled; dat.
23 ἐποιεῖτο: 3s impf. mid. ποιέω sg. aor. pass. pple
ὡς…βουλόµενος: on the grounds that…; τοῦς οἴκοι: those at home; οἴκοι is
‘since…’ see line 16 an adv. is the attributive position
24 ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους: as if against…; ἀποπέµψαι: whatever army he had
τὸ Βαρβαρκὸν (στράτευµα), τὸ ὃ…στράτευµα: whatever army…; object of
Ἑλληνικόν (στράτευµα): add στράτευµα inf. ἀποπέµψαι ; εἶχε (ἔ-εχε) is impf.
25 ἐνταῦθα: modifies ἥκειν καὶ Ξενίᾳ…ἥκειν: a third dat. and inf.
26 ὅσον…στράτευµα: as large…; object of governed like by the παραγγέλλει on the
dat. sg. aor. pple λαβόντι next line
ἦν αὐτῷ: he had; ‘there was to him’ a dat. 28 ὅς…προειστήκει: who…; relative clause
of possession with 3s plpf. προ-ίστηµι
Relative clauses with Missing Antecedents
In Greek, the demonstrative antecedent of a relative clause is often omitted when it is the same
case as the relative pronoun. When this occurs, the antecedent (e.g. στράτευµα) is often
included in the clause. In translation, it is acceptable to continue to omit the antecedent.
(τοσοῦτον στράτευµα) ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευµα line 26
(so large an army) as large an army as there was to him
(οὖτον στράτευµα) ὃ εἶχε στράτευµα line 27-8
(this army) what(ever) army he had
The soldiers gather at Sardis 9
ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα τοὺς 1
ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν.

ἐκάλεσε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μίλητον πολιορκοῦντας, 2. καὶ τοὺς
φυγάδας ἐκέλευσε σὺν αὐτῷ στρατεύεσθαι, ὑποσχόμενος
αὐτοῖς, εἰ καλῶς καταπράξειεν ἐφ᾽ ἃ ἐστρατεύετο, μὴ πρόσθεν 5
παύσεσθαι πρὶν αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπεί-

θοντο· ἐπίστευον γὰρ αὐτῷ· καὶ λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα παρῆσαν
εἰς Σάρδεις. 3. Ξενίας μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λαβὼν
παρεγένετο εἰς Σάρδεις ὁπλίτας εἰς τετρακισχιλίους, Πρό-
ξενος δὲ παρῆν ἔχων ὁπλίτας μὲν εἰς πεντακοσίους καὶ 10
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6

ἡδέως: sweetly, pleasantly, gladly, 2 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on, 5
ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5 πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3
καλῶς: well; beautifully, 5 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6
κατ-άγω: to bring back, lead back, 2 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) 5
κατα-πράττω: to accomplish, execute, 1 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5
Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3
Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7 τετρα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: four thousand, 2
ξενικός, -ή, -όν: of a stranger or foreigner, 1 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
οἴκα-δε: homeward, home, 2 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5
ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as many as, as great as, 4 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6
παύω: to stop, make cease, 5
1 πόλεσι: dat. pl. πόλις (ταῦτα) ἐφ᾽ ἃ: (these things) for which…;
τοῦ…ξενικοῦ: the foreign (army) ἐπὶ + acc. expresses purpose; a relative
λαβόντα: aor. pple modifies dat. sg. Ξενίᾳ clause with antecedent omitted; see pg. 8
but is so far removed that it agrees with the 6 πρὶν…καταγάγοι: until…; aor. opt. in a
understood acc. subj. of ἥκειν general temporal clause; an opt. replaces ἄν
2 πλὴν ὁπόσοι...φυλάττειν: except as many + subj. in secondary sequence
as…; relative clause; the antecedent is οἱ δε: and they…
omitted: see the grammar box on pg. 8 7 ὁπλίτας: in apposition to τοὺς above
ἢσαν: 3p impf. λαβόντες: i.e. taking up; aor. pple
φυλάττειν: explanatory (epexegetical) inf. παρῆσαν: 3p impf. πάρ-εἰµί
with ἱκανοὶ 8 εἰς: at
3 καὶ: also; adverbial Σάρδεις: acc., the city Sardis is pl. in form
4 ὑποσχόµενος: aor. pple ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι µὲν δὴ…δὲ: then; δή is temporal and is
5 εἰ καταπράξειεν, µὴ παύσεσθαι: that if he independent of µέν…δέ
accomplished…, (he) would…aor. opt. τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων: those…
and fut. inf.; ind. disc. with ὑποσχοµενος; 9 ὁπλίτας: in apposition to τοὺς above
equiv. to a fut. more vivid (ἐάν + subj., fut. εἰς: nearly; ‘up to’ in approximation
ind.) but in secondary sequence an opt. 10 παρῆν: 3s impf. πάρ-εἰµί
replaces ἄν + subj. εἰς: up to...; (S1686d)
10 Anabasis I 2.3-6
χιλίους, γυμνῆτας δὲ πεντακοσίους, Σοφαίνετος δὲ ὁ Στυμ- 11
φάλιος ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους, Σωκράτης δὲ ὁ Ἀχαιὸς ὁπλίτας

ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους, Πασίων δὲ ὁ Μεγαρεὺς τριακοσίους
μὲν ὁπλίτας, τριακοσίους δὲ πελταστὰς ἔχων παρεγένετο
ἦν δὲ καὶ 4. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης τῶν ἀμφὶ Μίλητον στρατευο- 15
μένων. οὗτοι μὲν εἰς Σάρδεις αὐτῷ ἀφίκοντο. Τισσαφέρνης

δὲ κατανοήσας ταῦτα, καὶ μείζονα ἡγησάμενος εἶναι ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ
Πισίδας τὴν παρασκευήν, πορεύεται ὡς βασιλέα ᾗ ἐδύνατο
τάχιστα ἱππέας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους. 5. καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν
δὴ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους τὸν Κύρου στόλον, ἀντιπαρε- 20
σκευάζετο.
ἀντι-παρασκευάζω: prepare in response, 1 Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4

Ἀχαιός, -όν: Achaian (Greek) 2 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6
γυµνής, -ῆτος, ὁ: nude/light-armed soldier,1 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5
ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) 5
κατα-νοέω: to understand well, perceive, 1 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3
Μεγαρεύς -έως: Megarian, of Megara, 2 στόλος, ὁ: expedition, journey, 2
µείζων, -ον (-ονος): greater, larger; better, 1 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5
Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 Στυµφάλιος, -η, -ον: Stymphalian (people) 2
παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4 Σωκράτης, ὁ: Socrates, 3
παρασκευή, ἠ: expedition; preparation, 1 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4
13 ὡς: about; ‘as if’ in approximation ὡς ἐπὶ Πισίδας: as if against the Pisidians;
14 µὲν…δὲ: (both)…and… ὡς with a pple or even a preposition often
15 ἦν: were; 3s impf. but subject is 3p expresses intention (S2996)
καὶ…καὶ…: both…and… 18 ὡς βασιλέα: to the king; ὡς is used as a
τῶν…: among those…; a partitive gen. as preposition only with people (S3003)
predicate of ἦν ᾗ (ὁδῷ) ἐδύνατο τάχιστα: in what
16 εἰς: at…; as often with ἀφικνέοµαι (aor.) (way)…; relative clause with dat.
αὐτῷ: for him; in reply to his command manner, the missing ὁδός is fem. dat. sg.;
κατανοήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple 19 ὡς: about; ‘as if,’ in approximation
17 εἶναι: that …; ind. disc. with inf. είµί καὶ…µὲν δὴ: and…indeed; µὲν δή is often
παρασκεύην is acc. subj., µείζονα is an used in transitions by historians (D 258)
acc. sg. predicate 20 Τισσαφέρνους: from…; Τισσαφέρνε-ος,
ἢ: than… gen. of source
Tissaphernes warns the King, Cyrus marches from Sardis 11
Κῦρος δὲ ἔχων οὓς εἴρηκα ὡρμᾶτο ἀπὸ Σάρδεων· καὶ 21
ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυδίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι

καὶ δύο ἐπὶ τὸν Μαίανδρον ποταμόν. τούτου τὸ εὖρος δύο
πλέθρα· γέφυρα δὲ ἐπῆν ἐζευγμένη πλοίοις. 6. τοῦτον διαβὰς
ἐξελαύνει διὰ Φρυγίας σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας ὀκτὼ εἰς 25
Κολοσσάς, πόλιν οἰκουμένην καὶ εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην.

ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά· καὶ ἧκε Μένων ὁ Θετταλὸς 27
γεφύρα, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 2 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3

ἐπ-είµι: to be on, be upon, 2 ὀκτώ: eight, 2
ἑπτά: seven, 4 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4
ζεύγνυµι: to join, unite, yoke, 1 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 6
Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3 Σάρδις, ίων, αἱ: Sardis, capital city of Lydia 5
Κολοσσαι, οἰ: Colossae, 1 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4
Λυδία, ἡ: Lydia, 2
21 οὓς εἴρηκα: (those) whom…; 1s pf. λέγω τὸ εὖρος: subject, supply a linking verb
ὡρµᾶτο: began to set out; ἑορά-ετο, 24 ἐπῆν: 3s impf. ἐπ-είµι; ‘over the river’ is
inchoative impf. omitted but understood
22 ἐξελαύνει: marches; historical present ἐζευγµένη: pf. pple ζεύγνυµι governing a
σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for three stages; acc. of dat. of means
extent; i.e. equiv. to a three-day march διαβὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple διαβαίνω
παρασάγγας: for 22 parasangs; acc. of 25 σταθµὸν ἕνα: for…; acc. of extent
extent; This is a Persian measurement. παρασάγγας: for…; acc. of extent
According to Herodotus, a typical soldier 27 οἰκουµένην: inhabited
could march 5 parasangs per day (V.53), καὶ…καὶ…: both…and
and so, if we assume a march of 15 miles 28 ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω
per day, a parasang is approximately 3 ἡµέρας ἑπτά: for…; acc. duration of time
miles.
23 τούτου: i.e. of the river
Distances
A παρρσάγγης, ‘parasang,’ (~3 miles) is a Persian unit of measurement. According to
Herodotus, a soldier could march 5-6 parasangs per day (V.53), and so, if we assume a march
of 15-18 miles per day, a parasang is approximately 3 to 3.3 miles.
A σταθµός, ‘stage’ or ‘station,’ (~15-17 miles) is a Persian unit of measurement and may refer
(1) to the place where one sleeps after a day’s march or, more often in Xenophon, (2) to the
distance traveled in a day’s march. Since a stage refers to a period of time rather than a fixed
distance, the number of parasangs covered in each stage will vary depending on the terrain.
Xenophon very frequently refers to both stages and parasangs when he describes distances.
When, for example, he states in line 22 that Cyrus marched σταθµοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας
εἴκοσι καὶ δύο, “for three stages for 22 parasangs,” he is indicating that Cyrus traveled in a
three-day march, in which he covered 22 parasangs (~66-70 miles).
12 Anabasis I 2.6-9
ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς πεντακοσίους, Δόλοπας 1
καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ Ὀλυνθίους. 7. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς

τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαινάς, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν
οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασί-
λεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ 5
ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο

ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. διὰ μέσου δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου
ῥεῖ ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός· αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν ἐκ τῶν
βασιλείων· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως. ἔστι δὲ
καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαιναῖς ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ 10
ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, fierce, 2 Ὀλύνθιοι, οἱ: Olynthians (a Greek people), 1
Αἰνιᾶνες, οἱ: Aenianians (a Greek people), 1 ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4
γυµνάζω: train, exercise, 1 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4
Δόλοπες, οἱ: Dolopians (a Greek people), 1 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6
ἐρυµνός, -ά, -όν: fortified, fenced, 1 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4
θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6
Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4
Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3
1 Δόλοπας…Ὀλυντίους: in apposition to 6 ἀπὸ ἵππου: on horseback

ὁπλίτας ὁπότε…βούλοιτο: whenever…; opt. in a
2 ἐξελαυνει: marches general temporal cl. in secondary sequence
σταθµοὺς τρεῖς: for…; acc. of extent; i.e. γυµνάσαι: aor. inf.
see information box on page 11 αὐτοῦ: it’s; i.e. the river’s
3 παρασάγγας: for…; acc. extent εἴκοσιν 8 εἰσιν: 3p pres. εἰµί
is the number εἴκοσι with a removable-ν ἐκ τῶν βασιλείων: (from) under the palace
4 οἰκουµένην: inhabited 9 ἔστι δὲ καὶ: there is also; adverbial καί
Κὐρῳ…ἦν: Cyrus had; ‘to Cyrus there 10 µεγάλου βασιλέως: of the Great King
was,’ impf. εἰµί and dat. of possession ἐπὶ…: on…; dat. of place where
βασίλεια: a palace; common in neut. pl.
5 ἃ: which…; antecedent is neut. pl. θηρίων
Palaces of Celaenae, Myth of Marsyas 13
ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει· ῥεῖ 11
δὲ καὶ οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Μαίαν-
δρον· τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε
ποδῶν. ἐνταῦθα λέγεται Ἀπόλλων ἐκδεῖραι Μαρσύαν νική-
σας ἐρίζοντά οἱ περὶ σοφίας, καὶ τὸ δέρμα κρεμάσαι ἐν τῷ 15
ἄντρῳ ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ὁ ποταμὸς καλεῖται

Μαρσύας. 9. ἐνταῦθα Ξέρξης, ὅτε ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς
τῇ μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει, λέγεται οἰκοδομῆσαι ταῦτά τε τὰ βασί-
λεια καὶ τὴν Κελαινῶν ἀκρόπολιν. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος
ἡμέρας τριάκοντα· καὶ ἧκε Κλέαρχος ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς 20
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5

ἄντρον, τό: cave, 1 Μαίνδρος, ὁ: Maeander (river), 3
ἀπο-χωρέω: go from, depart, 2 Μαρσύας, -ου, ὁ: Marsyas (river, god) 4
Ἀπόλλων, ὁ: Apollo, 1 Ξέρξης, -ου, ὁ: Xerxes, 1
δέρµα, -ατος, τό: the skin, hide, 1 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2
ἐκ-δέρω: to flay, 1 οἰκο-δοµέω: to build, build a house, 1
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6
ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4
ἐρίζω: to complete, rival, quarrel, wrangle, 1 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 5
ἡττάοµαι: be inferior to, be bested/beaten, 1 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6
Κελαιναί, αἰ: Celaenae (city), 4 σοφία, ἡ: wisdom, skill, intelligence, 1
κρεµάννυµι: to hang, 1 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5
12 καὶ: also κερµάσαι: aor. inf. κρεµάννυµι

ἐµβάλλει εἰς…: i.e. flows into 16 ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί (ῥέουσιν): relative clause,
13 εἴκοσι…ποδῶν: of…; gen. of measure as supply a main verb such as ‘flow’;
predicate διὰ: on account of + acc.
14 λέγεται: is said; pres. pass. καλεῖται: pass., governs a pred. nom.
ἐκδεῖραι: aor. inf.; Μαρσύαν is the obj. of 17 ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος: following ἀπεχώρει
both this inf. and the pple that follows; ἡττηθεὶς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple
Marsyas had found a double flute (aulos) 18 τῇ µάχῃ: in the battle; i.e. the battle of
and had challenged Apollo to a music Salamis, note the definite article; dat. of
competition time when
14 νικήσας: nom. aor. pple with Ἀπόλλων λέγεται: see line 14
15 ἐρίζοντα: (while) competing…; acc. sg. οἰκοδοµῆσαι: aor. inf.
pres. pple. with Μαρσύαν 19 ἔµεινε: aor. µένω
οἱ: with him; i.e. with Apollo; a dat. of ἡµέρας τριάκοντα: for…; acc. of duration,
association; dat. sg. of reflexive pronoun ἔ Cyrus was waiting for Clearchus
περὶ σοφίας: i.e. skill in music
14 Anabasis I 2.9-11
ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς Θρᾷκας ὀκτακοσίους 21
καὶ τοξότας Κρῆτας διακοσίους. ἅμα δὲ καὶ Σῶσις παρῆν

ὁ Συρακόσιος ἔχων ὁπλίτας τριακοσίους, καὶ Σοφαίνετος
Ἀρκάδας ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους. καὶ ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέ-
τασιν καὶ ἀριθμὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, 25
καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ σύμπαντες ὁπλῖται μὲν μύριοι χίλιοι, πελ-
ἅµα: at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 4 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4
ἀριθµός, ὁ: a count; number, amount, 2 Σοφαίνετος, ὁ: Sophaenetus, 3
Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 σύµ-πας, -πασα, -παν: every, all, whole, 2
διακόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 2 Συρακόσιος, -α, -ον: Syracusan, 2
ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 Σῶσις, ὁ: Sosis (a person) 1
Θρᾷξ, -κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 τοξότης, ὁ: an archer, bowman, 2
Κρής, Κρητός, ὁ: a Cretan, 1 τρι-ακόσιοι, -αι, -α: three hundred, 4
µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 φυγή, ἡ: flight, escape, exile, 2
ὀκτα-κόσιοι, -αι, -α: eight hundred, 1
22 καὶ: also; adverbial 26 ἐγένοντο: came to be; i.e. the count

παρῆν: 3s. impf. πάρ-ειµι
Review of Greek forces, March to Peltae 15
τασταὶ δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους. 10. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει στα- 1
θμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Πέλτας, πόλιν οἰκουμένην.

ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς· ἐν αἷς Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς τὰ
Λύκαια ἔθυσε καὶ ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε· τὰ δὲ ἆθλα ἦσαν στλεγ-
γίδες χρυσαῖ· ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ Κῦρος. 11. ἐντεῦθεν 5
ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δώδεκα ἐς Κεράμων

Ἀγοράν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, ἐσχάτην πρὸς τῇ Μυσίᾳ χώρᾳ.
ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας τριάκοντα
εἰς Καΰστρου-πεδίον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν
ἡμέρας πέντε· καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο μισθὸς πλέον 10
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 Κεράµων, -ονος, ὁ: Ceramon, 1

ἀγών, ὁ: contest, competition, 4 Λύκαῖα, τά: Lycaea (festival for Zeus), 1
ἆθλον, τό: prize, reward, 1 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6
Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 Μύσιος, -η, -ον: Mysian, 1
δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7
δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4 ὀφείλω: to owe, have to pay, 1
ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 Πέλται, αἰ: Peltae (city), 1
θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 στλεγγις, -ίδος, ἡ: scraper, strigil (for skin),1
θύω: to sacrifice, celebrate with sacrifice, 2 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
Καΰστρου-πεδίον, τό: Caystrou-pedion, 1 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
1 σταθµοὺς… παρασάγγας: see pg. 11 for 5 χρυσαῖ: χρυσέαι, fem. pl. χρύσεος
translation καὶ: also
3 ἐν αἷς: in which (days); dat. of time within 6 Κεράµων Ἀγοράν: Ceramon Market; a
4 τὰ Λύκαια ἔθυε: celebrated the Lycaea with proper name
sacrifice; τὰ Λύκαια is an inner acc.; 7 ἐσχάτην (πόλιν): acc. in apposition
The Lycaea was celebrated in Arcadia, πρὸς: near…; usual with dat. place where
Xenias’ birthplace. 10 στρατιώταις: to…; dat. of interest
ἔθηκε: put on, produced; 3s aor. τίθηµι ὠφείλετο: impf. mid. ὀφείλω
ἤσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί
ἢ τριῶν μηνῶν, καὶ πολλάκις ἰόντες ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἀπῄτουν. 11
ὁ δὲ ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε καὶ δῆλος ἦν ἀνιώμενος· οὐ γὰρ

ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι. 12. ἐνταῦθα
ἀφικνεῖται Ἐπύαξα ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ τοῦ Κιλίκων βασι-
λέως παρὰ Κῦρον· καὶ ἐλέγετο Κύρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα πολλά. 15
τῇ δ᾽ οὖν στρατιᾷ τότε ἀπέδωκε Κῦρος μισθὸν τεττάρων

μηνῶν. εἶχε δὲ ἡ Κίλισσα φυλακὴν [καὶ φύλακας] περὶ
αὑτὴν Κίλικας καὶ Ἀσπενδίους· ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ συγγενέσθαι
Κῦρον τῇ Κιλίσσῃ. 13. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐλαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο
παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Θύμβριον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα 20
ἀνιάω: to grieve, distress, 1 Θύµβριον, τό: Thumbrium, 1

ἀπ-αιτέω: demand, ask back (what is due), 1 θύρα, ἡ: a door, 2
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) 5 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6
Ἀσπενδίοι, οἰ: Aspendians (S Asia Minor), 1 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6
γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 συγ-γίγνοµαι: to be with, converse with, 3
δι-άγω: go on, continue, carry over, 1 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way; turn, direction, 3
ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 4
Ἐπύαξα, ἠ: Epyaxa (a female), 2 φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ: a watch, guard, 1
11 τριῶν µηνῶν (µισθὸς): (wages) of...; gen. 14 Συεννέσιος: genitive sg.

measure 15 παρὰ Κῦρον: to Cyrus; place to which
ἰόντες: pple ἔρχοµαι ἐλέγετο: and she…; impf. pass.
ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας: up to…; acc. place to which; δοῦναι: aor. inf. δίδωµι + dat. ind. obj.
likely, the entranceway to the headquarters, 16 δ᾽οὖν: at any rate; or ‘but in any case’
where they asked for their pay (S2959) (D 462)
ἀπῄτουν: iterative or customary 3p impf., ἀπέδωκε: aor. ἀποδίδωµι
ἀπ-αιτέω may be translated ‘used to…’ or τεττάρων µηνῶν: of…; gen. of measure
‘kept…’ or ‘would…’ 17 εἶχε: impf. ἔχω
12 ὁ δὲ: and he…; i.e. Cyrus ἡ Κίλισσα: The Cilician (queen); i.e
λέγων διῆγε: continued expressing… Epyaxa; mentioned just lines earlier
δῆλος ἦν: he was clearly…; as often, 18 αὑτὴν: around herself; ἑαυτὴν contracted
translate the adj. δῆλος as an adverb Κίλικας…Ἀσπενδίους: Cilicians and
ἀνιώµενος: pres. passive ἀνιάω Aspendians; in apposition to φυλακὴν
13 οὐ γᾶρ ἦν πρὸς…τρόπου: for it was not ἐλέγετο: it was said; here, impersonal
like the character of Cyrus; ‘it was not συγγενέσθαι: have sexual intercourse
from the character of Cyrus…; gen. of with; ‘associate with;’ Κῦρον is acc. subj.
source as predicate Κιλίσσῃ: dat. of compound verb
14 ἔχοντα µὴ ἀποδιδόναι: having (money) 19 σταθµοὺς… παρασάγγας: see pg. 11
not to pay it; the acc pple modifies the
missing acc. subject of inf. ἀποδίδωµι
Visit of Epyaxa, March continues through Phrygia 17
ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἡ Μίδου καλουμένη τοῦ Φρυγῶν 21
βασιλέως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ λέγεται Μίδας τὸν Σάτυρον θηρεῦσαι οἴνῳ

κεράσας αὐτήν. 14. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρα-
σάγγας δέκα εἰς Τυριάειον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα
ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς. καὶ λέγεται δεηθῆναι ἡ Κίλισσα 25
Κύρου ἐπιδεῖξαι τὸ στράτευμα αὐτῇ· βουλόμενος οὖν ἐπι-

δεῖξαι ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν
βαρβάρων. 15. ἐκέλευσε δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς 28
ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 νόµος, ὁ: law, custom, 4

θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6
κεράννυµι, -εος, τό: to mix, 1 Σάτυρος, ὁ: Satyr, 1
κρήνη, ἡ: spring, fountain, 1 Τυριάειον, τό: Tyriaeum, 1
Μίδας, Μίδου, ὁ: Midas, 2 Φρύξ, Φρυγός, ὁ: Phrygian, 1
21 ἦν: 3s impf. εἰµί αὐτήν: it; i.e. spring water

παρὰ: alongside 25 δεηθῆναι: to have asked; ‘to have been in
κρήνη…καλουµένη: the so-called Spring of need,’ aor. pass. inf. deponent, δέοµαι
Midas ἡ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen); i.e
τοῦ…βασιλέως: in apposition to Μίδου 26 Κύρου: from…; abl. of source with inf.
22 ἐφ᾽ ᾗ (κρήνῃ): at which (spring) ἐπιδεῖξαι: aor. inf. ἐπι-δείκνυµι
τὸν Σάτυρον: the Satyr; A satyr is half- 27 ποιεῖται: makes; pres. middle
man and half-goat. In the myth, the satyr τῶν Ἑλλήνων…βαρβάρων: i.e. the two
Silenus, companion and tutor to Dionysius, armies, Greek and foreign
is captured by Midas. 28 ὡς νόµος αὐτοῖς: as (is) their custom: ‘as
θηρεῦσαι: aor. inf., i.e. chased down, Midas the custom for them’
captures but does not kill Silenus.
23 κεράσας: nom. sg. aor. pple κεράννυµι
εἰς μάχην οὕτω ταχθῆναι καὶ στῆναι, συντάξαι δ᾽ ἕκαστον 1
τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ. ἐτάχθησαν οὖν ἐπὶ τεττάρων· εἶχε δὲ τὸ μὲν

δεξιὸν Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὸ δὲ εὐώνυμον Κλέαρχος
καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου, τὸ δὲ μέσον οἱ ἄλλοι στρατηγοί. 16. ἐθεώρει
οὖν ὁ Κῦρος πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς βαρβάρους· οἱ δὲ παρήλαυνον 5
τεταγμένοι κατὰ ἴλας καὶ κατὰ τάξεις· εἶτα δὲ τοὺς Ἕλλη-

νας, παρελαύνων ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος καὶ ἡ Κίλισσα ἐφ᾽ ἁρμαμάξης.
εἶχον δὲ πάντες κράνη χαλκᾶ καὶ χιτῶνας φοινικοῦς καὶ κνη-
μῖδας καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐκκεκαλυμμένας. 17. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντας
παρήλασε, στήσας τὸ ἅρμα πρὸ τῆς φάλαγγος μέσης, πέμψας 10
ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 κράνος, -εος, τό: a helmet, 2

ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 προ-εῖπον: to proclaim, order, 1
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 συν-τάττω: arrange or draw up with, order, 6
ἐκ-καλύπτω: to uncover, 1 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 φοίνικεος, -α, -ον: crimson-red, red, 1
θεωρέω: to see, watch, look at, 2 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 2
ἴλη, ἡ: company, band; troop of horses, 1 χιτών, -ῶνος, ἡ: tunic, 2
κνηµίς, -ῖδος, ἡ: greave, leggings, 1
1 εἰς: for…; expressing purpose τὸ εὐώνυµον (κέρας): εὐώνυµον ‘of good

ταχθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. τάττω name’ is a euphemism for the ‘left’ side
στῆναι: to take their stations; aor. act. inf. 4 οἱ ἐκείνου: those…; cf. note for l. 3
ἵστηµι 5 πρῶτον µὲν: first, for the first time; adv.
συντάξαι: aor. act. inf. συν-τάττω acc.; corresponding with εἶτα δὲ below
ἔκαστον (στρατηγόν): acc. subject of οἱ δὲ: and they; i.e. the barbarians
συντάξαι 6 τεταγµένοι: pf. pass. pple τάττω
2 τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ: his own men; ‘those of his’ κατὰ…κατὰ: by…by; distributive κατά
ἐτάχθησαν: 3p aor. pass. τάττω 7 ἐφ᾽ἅρµατος: on…
ἐπὶ τεττάρων: in fours; in lines four men ἡ Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen)
deep ἐφ᾽ἁρµαµάξης: on…
εἶχε: impf. ἔχω 8 κράνη χαλκᾶ: κράνε-α χαλκέ-α, neut. pl.
τὸ…δεξιὸν: add neuter κέρας (horn, wing); 9 ἐκκεκαλυµµένας: pf. pass. with ἀσπίδας
a position of honor 10 παρήλασε: aor. παρ-ελαύνω (ελα)
3 οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ: those with him; prepositional στήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἵστηµι
phrase in the attributive position
Review of all soldiers at Tyriaeum 19
Πίγρητα τὸν ἑρμηνέα παρὰ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων 11
ἐκέλευσε προβαλέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ ἐπιχωρῆσαι ὅλην τὴν

φάλαγγα. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα προεῖπον τοῖς στρατιώταις· καὶ ἐπεὶ
ἐσάλπιγξε, προβαλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπῇσαν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου
θᾶττον προϊόντων σὺν κραυγῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος 15
ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς, 18. τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων

φόβος πολύς, καὶ ἥ τε Κίλισσα ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ τῆς ἁρμαμάξης
καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καταλιπόντες τὰ ὤνια ἔφυγον. οἱ δὲ
Ἕλληνες σὺν γέλωτι ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνὰς ἦλθον. ἡ δὲ Κίλισσα
ἰδοῦσα τὴν λαμπρότητα καὶ τὴν τάξιν τοῦ στρατεύματος 20
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 λαµπρότης, -τητος, ἡ: splendor, brilliancy, 1

ἁρµάµαξα, ἡ: covered carriage, 2 ὅλος, -η, -ον: whole, entire, complete, 1
αὐτόµατος, -η, -ον: spontaneous, of one’s Πίγρης, -ητος, ἡ: Pigres, 3
own will, 2 προ-βάλλω: to throw before, put forward, 2
γέλως, ὁ: laughter, 1 προ-εῖπον: to proclaim, order, 1
δρόµος, ὁ: run, running; flight, 4 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6 σαλπίζω: sound a trumpet, 1
ἐπι-χωρέω, -ον: move toward, advance, 1 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5
ἑρµηνεύς, ὁ: interpreter, 2
φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3
θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 ὤνια, τά: wares, goods for sale, 1
κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2
κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, 5
11 παρὰ: to…; acc. place to which attack

12 προβαλέσθαι: aor. mid. inf., the English τῶν βαρβάρων: subjective gen.; i.e. the
idiom is “to present arms” barbarians feel fear
13 οἱ δὲ: and they…; i.e. the generals φόβος: supply a linking verb
14 ἐσάλπιγξε: supply a subject 17 ἥ…Κίλισσα: the Cilician (queen)
προβαλόµενοι τὰ οπλα: see line 12 ἔφυγεν: aor. φεύγω
ἐπῇσαν: 3p impf. ἐπέρχοµαι ἐπὶ: on…
15 θᾶττον: comparative adverb 18 οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς: those people in the
(αὐτῶν) προιόντων: gen. abs.; supply marketplace
pronoun in the gen.; pple προέρχοµαι καταλιπόντες: aor. pple καταλείπω
ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοµάτου: on their own 19 ἦλθον: 3p aor. ἔρχοµαι
16 ἐπὶ: to…; acc. place to which; i.e. the 20 ἰδοῦσα: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω
Greeks gave the impression that they would
ἐθαύμασε. Κῦρος δὲ ἥσθη τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς 21
βαρβάρους φόβον ἰδών. 19. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς

παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Ἰκόνιον, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν ἐσχ-
άτην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε τρεῖς ἡμέρας. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει
διὰ τῆς Λυκαονίας σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριάκοντα. 25
ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἐπέτρεψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς

πολεμίαν οὖσαν. 20. ἐντεῦθεν Κῦρος τὴν Κίλισσαν εἰς τὴν
Κιλικίαν ἀποπέμπει τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν· καὶ συνέπεμψεν
αὐτῇ στρατιώτας οὓς Μένων εἶχε καὶ αὐτόν. Κῦρος δὲ 29
ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 Ἰκόνιον, τό: Iconium, 1

δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 Λυκαονία, ἡ: Lycaonia (S. Central Turkey) 1
ἐπι-τρέπω: to turn (over) to, entrust, 2 συµ-πέµπω: to send along with, 1
ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 4 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia, 4
θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be astonished 5
21 ἥσθη: 3s aor. pass. deponent ἥδοµαι ‘since,’ ὡς + pple expresses alleged cause;
τὸν…φόβον: i.e. the fear the Greeks pple εἰµί modifying fem. acc. sg. χώραν
inspired in the barbarians 27 τὴν Κίλισσαν: the Cilician (queen)
22 ἰδὼν: fem. sg. aor. pple ὁράω 28 τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν: along…; an acc. of
σταθµοὺς… παρασάγγας: see pg. 11 extent common with verbs of motion
23 εἴκοσιν: εἴκοσι (S1581a)
26 διαρπάσαι: to plunder; aor. inf. of purpose 29 αὐτῇ: with…; dat. compound verb
26 τοῖς Ἕλλησιν: dat. ind. object governing οὓς Μένων εἶχε: relative clause, impf. ἔχω
ἐπέτρεψε αὐτόν: i.e. Meno
ὡς…οὖσαν: on the grounds that (it)…;
March through Cappadocia, Epyaxa returns home 21
μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐξελαύνει διὰ Καππαδοκίας σταθμοὺς τέτ- 1
ταρας παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε πρὸς Δάναν, πόλιν

οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας
τρεῖς· ἐν ᾧ Κῦρος ἀπέκτεινεν ἄνδρα Πέρσην Μεγαφέρνην,
φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον, καὶ ἕτερόν τινα τῶν ὑπάρχων δυνά- 5
στην, αἰτιασάμενος ἐπιβουλεύειν αὐτῷ. 21. ἐντεῦθεν ἐπειρῶντο

εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν· ἡ δὲ εἰσβολὴ ἦν ὁδὸς ἁμα-
ξιτὸς ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς καὶ ἀμήχανος εἰσελθεῖν στρατεύματι,
εἴ τις ἐκώλυεν. ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ Συέννεσις εἶναι ἐπὶ τῶν
ἄκρων φυλάττων τὴν εἰσβολήν· διὸ ἔμεινεν ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ 10
αἰτιάοµαι: accuse, charge; blame, 1 ἕτερος, -α, -ον: one of two, other, different, 2
ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 4 ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4
ἁµαξιτός, -όν: traversed by wagons, 1 Καππαδοκία, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2
ἀ-µήχανος, -ον: impossible, inconceivable, 1 κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 Μεγαφέρνής, ὁ: Megaphernes, 1
Δάνα, ἠ: Dana (city), 1 ὀρθίος, -α, -ον: steep, straight up, sheer, 1
διό: δι ᾿ ὅ, on account of which, 1 ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, 5
δυνάστης, ὁ: leader; lord, master, ruler, 1 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5
εἰσ-βάλλω: put into; embark; assail; 2 ὕπ-αρχος, ὁ: sub-commander, lieutenant, 2
εἰσ-βολή, ἡ: entrance; inroad; attack, 2 φοινικιστής, ὁ: wearer of purple (dignitary), 1
εἰσ-έρχοµαι: to go to, approach; enter, 2 φυλάττω: to keep watch over, guard, 6
ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5
1 µετὰ: with… ἐπειρῶντο: impf. mid. πειράω

3 οἰκοµένην: inhabited 7 εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τῆν Κιλικίαν: enter into
4 ἐν ᾧ (χρόνῳ): Meanwhile; ‘in which time’ Cilicia; “put into Cilicia”
Πέρσην: the Persian; 1st dec. masculine 8 ἰσχυρῶς: severely; “strongly”
5 φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον: a royal wearer of εἰσελθεῖν: to enter; aor. inf., explanatory
purple; a wearer of purple at the royal court (epexegetical) inf. with ἀµήχανος
i.e. member of the royal court στρατεύµατι: for…; dat. of interest
ἕτερόν τινα…δυνάστην: a certain leader 9 ἐκώλυεν: tried to prevent (them); conative
τῶν ὑπάρχων: among…; partitive gen. impf.
6 ἐπιβουλεύειν: that they…; supply acc. subj. ἐπὶ…ἄκρων: upon the hilltops
αὐτῷ: against…; dat. of compound verb 10 ἡµέραν: for one day; acc. of duration
πεδίῳ. τῇ δ᾽ ὑστεραίᾳ ἧκεν ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι λελοιπὼς 11
εἴη Συέννεσις τὰ ἄκρα, ἐπεὶ ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στρά-

τευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν εἴσω τῶν ὀρέων, καὶ ὅτι τριήρεις
ἤκουε περιπλεούσας ἀπ᾽ Ἰωνίας εἰς Κιλικίαν Ταμὼν ἔχοντα
τὰς Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ αὐτοῦ Κύρου. 22. Κῦρος δ᾽ οὖν ἀνέβη 15
ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος, καὶ εἶδε τὰς σκηνὰς οὗ οἱ

Κίλικες ἐφύλαττον. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ κατέβαινεν εἰς πεδίον
μέγα καὶ καλόν, ἐπίρρυτον, καὶ δένδρων παντοδαπῶν σύμ-
πλεων καὶ ἀμπέλων· πολὺ δὲ καὶ σήσαμον καὶ μελίνην καὶ
κέγχρον καὶ πυροὺς καὶ κριθὰς φέρει. ὄρος δ᾽ αὐτὸ περι- 20
ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 2 λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 2

ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent; peaks, 4 µελίνη, ἠ: millet, millet-grain, 2
ἄµπελος, ὁ: grape-vine, 1 ὄρος, -εος, τό: mountain, hill, 5
ἀνα-βαίνω: go up, climb, mount, 5 παντο-δαπός, -ή, -όν: of every kind or sort, 1
δένδρον, τό: tree, 3 περι-έχω: to put around, surround, 1
εἴσω: inwards, inside, within, 4 περι-πλέω: to sail around, 1
ἐπι-ρρυτος, -ον: overflowing, abundant, 1 πυρός, ὁ: wheat, a grain of wheat, 1
Ἰωνία, ἡ: Ionia, 2 σήσαµον, τό: sesame, 1
καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fair, 5 σύµ-πλεως, -εων: quite full, 1
κατα-βαίνω: tostep, come down, 2 Ταµώς, ὁ: Tamus, 2
κέγχρος, ὁ: panic-millet, millet, 1 τριήρης, ὁ: trireme, 4
κριθή, ἠ: barley-grain, barley, 1 ὑστεραῖος, -α, -ον: the next (day); later, 2
κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaimonian, 5 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6
11 τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ (ἡµέρᾳ): on…; time when (S2959) (D 462); i.e. whatever reason
λελοιπὼς εἴη: has left; periphrastic pf. opt. Syennesis had for leaving the hills…
(nom. sg. pf. pple + 3s opt. of εἰµί ) in ind. 16 ἐπὶ: into…; ὄρε-α is neut. acc. ὄρος
disc. in secondary seq. (λέλοιπε in primary οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος: gen. absolute
seq.) εἶδε: 3s aor. ὁράω
τὰ ἄκρα: the summits, hills; substantive οὗ: where…; relative adverb
ᾔσθετο: 3s aor. mid. αἰσθάνοµαι 17 καὶ δένδρων…καὶ ἀµπέλων: both of…and
τριήρεις…περιπλεούσας: ind. disc. (acc. + of…; partitive genitives governed by the
pres. pple (fem. pl.) neuter sg. σύµπλεων, which modifies
15 τὰς Λακεδαιµονίων: with fem. τριήρεις πεδίον
αὐτοῦ Κύρου: of Cyrus himself; intensive 20 ὄρος: a mountain (range)
ἀνέβη: 3s aor. ἀναβαίνω αὐτὸ: it; i.e. the plain, neuter sg. πεδίον
δ᾽οὖν: at any rate; or “in any case”
Syennesis abandons pass into Cilicia, Cyrus descends to Tarsus 23
εῖχεν ὀχυρὸν καὶ ὑψηλὸν πάντῃ ἐκ θαλάττης εἰς θάλατταν. 21
23. καταβὰς δὲ διὰ τούτου τοῦ πεδίου ἤλασε σταθμοὺς τέτταρας

παρασάγγας πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν εἰς Ταρσούς, τῆς Κιλικίας
πόλιν μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα, οὗ ἦν τὰ Συεννέσιος βασίλεια
τοῦ Κιλίκων βασιλέως· διὰ μέσου δὲ τῆς πόλεως ῥεῖ ποτα- 25
μὸς Κύδνος ὄνομα, εὖρος δύο πλέθρων. 24. ταύτην τὴν πόλιν
ἐξέλιπον οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες μετὰ Συεννέσιος εἰς χωρίον ὀχυρὸν 27
ἐκ-λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 1 πλέθρον, τό: plethron (=100 feet), 6

ἐν-οικέω: to inhabit, dwell in, live in, 3 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6
κατα-βαίνω: to step, come down, 2 Ταρσός, ὁ (Ταρσοί, οἰ): Tarsus (Tarsi), 3
Κύδνος, ὁ: Cydnus, 1 ὑψηλός, -ή, -όν: lofty, high, 1
ὄνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 5 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 2
ὀχυρός, -ή, -όν: secure, strong, firm, 2
21 περιεῖχεν: impf. περιέχω ἦν: impf. εἰµί

πάντῃ: on every side; ‘in every way;’ dat. βασίλεια: palace; neuter pl.
of manner 25 τοῦ βασιλέως: in apposition to Συεννέσιος
23 καταβὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple ὄνοµα: by name; acc. of respect
ἤλασε: aor. ἐλαύνω (aor. ἐλα) εὖρος: in…; acc. of respect with gen. of
σταθµοὺς: for…; acc. of extent measure
παρασσάγγας: for…; acc. of extent 27 ἐξέλιπον: aor. ἐκ-λείπω
24 οὗ: where…; relative adverb εἰς: for…; English idiom
ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη πλὴν οἱ τὰ καπηλεῖα ἔχοντες· ἔμειναν δὲ καὶ 1
οἱ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν οἰκοῦντες ἐν Σόλοις καὶ ἐν Ἰσσοῖς.

25. Ἐπύαξα δὲ ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ προτέρα Κύρου πέντε ἡμέραις
εἰς Ταρσοὺς ἀφίκετο· ἐν δὲ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ὀρέων τῇ εἰς
τὸ πεδίον δύο λόχοι τοῦ Μένωνος στρατεύματος ἀπώλοντο· 5
οἱ μὲν ἔφασαν ἁρπάζοντάς τι κατακοπῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Κιλίκων,

οἱ δὲ ὑπολειφθέντας καὶ οὐ δυναμένους εὑρεῖν τὸ ἄλλο στρά-
τευμα οὐδὲ τὰς ὁδοὺς εἶτα πλανωμένους ἀπολέσθαι· ἦσαν
δ᾽ οὖν οὗτοι ἑκατὸν ὁπλῖται. 26. οἱ δ᾽ ἄλλοι ἐπεὶ ἧκον, τήν
τε πόλιν τοὺς Ταρσοὺς διήρπασαν, διὰ τὸν ὄλεθρον τῶν 10
ἀπ-όλλυµι: to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 3 κατα-κόπτω: to cut to pieces, chop down, 4
ἁρπάζω: plunder, carry off, kidnap, 4 λόχος, ὁ: a company (~100 men), group, 1
γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 ὄλεθρος, ὁ: death, ruin, destruction, 1
δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 ὄρος, -εος, τό: a mountain, hill, 5
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 πλανάω: make wander; mid. wander, 1
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 3 πρότερος, -α, -ον: before, in front of; earlier 5
Ἐπύαξα, ἠ: Epyaxa, 2 Σόλοι, οἱ: Soli (city of Cilicia), 1
εὑρίσκω: to find, discover, devise, invent, 2 Ταρσός, ὁ (Ταρσοί, οἱ): Tarsus (Tarsi), 3
᾽Ισσός, ὁ (᾽Ισσοί, οἱ): Issus (or Issi) (a city), 2 ὑπερ-βολή, ἡ: crossing (over); excess, 1
καπηλεῖον, τό: shop, tavern, 1 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 2
1 ἐπὶ: to…; ‘onto…’ ὄρε-α, neuter pl. ὑπὸ…: by…; gen. of agent
πλἠν οἱ…ἔχοντες: except those… 7 οἰ δὲ (ἔφασαν): the others (said that)…;
ἔµειναν: 3p aor. µένω supply ἔφασαν
καὶ: also ὑπολειφθέντας...ἀπολέσθαι: that (they)…;
2 οἱ…οἰκοῦντες: those… ind. disc. with missing acc. subject; aor.
3 προτέρα Κύρου πέντε ἡµέραις: five days pass. pple modifying the missing acc. subj.
before Cyrus; ‘earlier than Cyrus by five εὑρεῖν: aor. inf. governed by δυναµένους
days,’ gen. of comparison; dat. of degree of τὸ ἄλλο στράτευµα: the rest of the army
difference; the adjective is equiv. to an adv. 8 οὐδὲ τὰς ὁδοῦς: second object of εὑρεῖν
4 τῇ εἰς τὸ πεδίον: modifying ὑπερβολῇ εἶτα πλανωµένους: pres. mid. pple
5 ἀπώλοντο: perished; aor. mid. ἀπόλλυµι ἀπολέσθαι: perished; aor. inf.
6 οἱ µὲν...οἱ δὲ...: some…others… ἧσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί
ἔφασαν: 3p aor. φηµί 9 δ᾽οὖν: but at any rate; or “but in any case”
ἁρπάζοντάς: (that they) while plundering; (S2959) (D 462); i.e. whatever reason they
pres. pple modifies missing acc. subj. in perished
indirect discourse; governs indefinite τι 10 διὰ: on account of…+ acc.
κατακοπῆναι: aor. passive. inf.
Cyrus finds Tarsus abandoned and meets Syennesis 25
συστρατιωτῶν ὀργιζόμενοι, καὶ τὰ βασίλεια τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ. 11
Κῦρος δ᾽ ἐπεὶ εἰσήλασεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν, μετεπέμπετο τὸν

Συέννεσιν πρὸς ἑαυτόν· ὁ δ᾽ οὔτε πρότερον οὐδενί πω κρείτ-
τονι ἑαυτοῦ εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν ἔφη οὔτε τότε Κύρῳ ἰέναι
ἤθελε, πρὶν ἡ γυνὴ αὐτὸν ἔπεισε καὶ πίστεις ἔλαβε. 27. μετὰ 15
δὲ ταῦτα ἐπεὶ συνεγένοντο ἀλλήλοις, Συέννεσις μὲν ἔδωκε

Κύρῳ χρήματα πολλὰ εἰς τὴν στρατιάν, Κῦρος δὲ ἐκείνῳ
δῶρα ἃ νομίζεται παρὰ βασιλεῖ τίμια, ἵππον χρυσοχάλινον
καὶ στρεπτὸν χρυσοῦν καὶ ψέλια καὶ ἀκινάκην χρυσοῦν καὶ
στολὴν Περσικήν, καὶ τὴν χώραν μηκέτι διαρπάζεσθαι· τὰ δὲ 20
ἀκινάκης, -ου, ὁ: (Persian) sword, 2 πρότερος, -α, -ον: before, in front of; earlier 5
ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 πω: yet, up to this time, 1
γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 στολή, ἡ: robe, dress; apparel, armament, 1
δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 στρεπτός, ὁ: necklace, 3
δῶρον, τό: a gift, present, 4 συ-στρατιώτης, -ου, ὁ: fellow-soldier, 1
εἰσ-ελαύνω: march into, ride in, drive in, 1 συγ-γίγνοµαι: to be with, converse with, 3
κρείττων, -ον: better, stronger, superior, 2 τίµιος, -α, -ον: honored, worthy, 2
µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
µηκέτι: no longer, no more, 3 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
ὀργίζοµαι: be angry; be provoked 2 χρυσο-χάλινος -όν: with goldstudded bridle 1
Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 2 ψέλιον, τό: armlet, anklet, 3
πίστις, -εως ὁ: trust, loyalty; pledge, 2
11 βασίλεια: the palace; plural for singular µετὰ: after...

12 ἐισήλασεν: aor. εἰσ-ελαύνω (ελα) 16 ἔδωκε: aor. δίδωµι
13 ὁ δ᾽: and he; i.e. Syennesis 17 εἰς: for…; expressing purpose
οὔτε…ἐις…ἐλθεῖν ἐφὴ: he both said that he Κῦρος δὲ (ἔδωκε): supply verb
had not previously yet come into blows with 18 νοµίζεται: is believed (to be); 3s pres.
anyone yet stronger than himself; i.e. never pass., the neuter pl. relative ἃ is subject;
surrendered; impf. φηµί, aor. inf. ἔρχοµαι; the verb governs a pred. nom.
εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν , “enter into blows” is an παρὰ βασιλεῖ: in the court of the king
idiom with dat. of association (S1523a); ἵππον…διαρπάζεσθαι: in apposition to
gen. of comparison δῶρα
14 οὔτε τότε Κύρῳ (εἰς χεῖρας) ἰἐναι ἤθελε: 20 διαρπάζεσθαι: and (a pledge) that…be
nor was he willing to come into blows with plundered; note the lack of parallel with
Cyrus…; + inf. ἔρχοµαι; see note for l. 13 horses; χώραν is acc. subj.
πρὶν…ἔπεισε: until…; aor. πείθω; πρίν τὰ δὲ…ἀπολαµβάνειν: and (a pledge)
governs a indicative of definite time and that (they)…; another acc. + inf. governed
subj. with indefinite time (S2432) by ἔδωκε above
15 ἔλαβε: Syennesis is subject
26 Anabasis I 2.27 – 3.4
ἡρπασμένα ἀνδράποδα, ἤν που ἐντυγχάνωσιν, ἀπολαμβάνειν. 21
III.1. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ὁ Κῦρος καὶ ἡ στρατιὰ ἡμέρας εἴκοσιν·

οἱ γὰρ στρατιῶται οὐκ ἔφασαν ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω· ὑπώπτευον
γὰρ ἤδη ἐπὶ βασιλέα ἰέναι· μισθωθῆναι δὲ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτῳ
ἔφασαν. πρῶτος δὲ Κλέαρχος τοὺς αὑτοῦ στρατιώτας 25
ἐβιάζετο ἰέναι· οἱ δ᾽ αὐτόν τε ἔβαλλον καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια

τὰ ἐκείνου, ἐπεὶ ἄρξαιντο προϊέναι. 2. Κλέαρχος δὲ τότε μὲν
μικρὸν ἐξέφυγε μὴ καταπετρωθῆναι, ὕστερον δ᾽ ἐπεὶ ἔγνω 28
ἀνδρά-ποδον, τό: captive slave, slave, 1 µικρός, ή, όν: small, little; trifle, 1
ἀπο-λαµβάνω: to take back; cut off, 2 µισθόω: to hire, hire, 1
ἁρπάζω: plunder, carry off, kidnap, 4 που: somewhere, anywhere; I suppose, 1
βάλλω: to throw, cast; shoot, 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
βιάζω: to force, overpower, 3 πρόσω: forwards, onwards, 1
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 ὑπο-ζύγιον, τό: a yoke-animal, ox, 3
ἐκ-φεύγω: to flee away, escape, 2 ὑπ-οπτεύω: suspect, suppose; be suspicious 2
ἐν-τυγχάνω: to chance upon, encounter, 3 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
κατα-πετρόω: to stone to death, 1 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
21 τὰ δὲ…ἀπολαµβάνειν: and (a pledge) µισθωθῆναι: that (they)…; ind. disc., aor.

that (they)…; another acc. + inf. governed pass. inf.
by ἔδωκε above; Syennesis and Cilicians ἐπὶ τούτῳ: for this (purpose)
are the understood subject 25 αὑτοῦ: his own; ἑαυτοῦ, reflexive
ἡρπασµένα: pf. pass. pple ἁρπάζω ἐβιάζετο: tried to force; conative impf.
ἢν: if….; ἐάν + pres. subjunctive, in a 26 οἱ...ἔβαλλον: those hit (with stones)
present general condition (ἐάν + subj., pres) 27 ἐπεὶ…ἀρξαιντο: whenever…; 3p aor. opt.
supply “slaves” as object ἄρχω; a general temporal clause in
23 οὐκ ἔφασαν: said that…not; or ‘denied’ secondary sequence
aor. φηµί προϊέναι: inf. προ-έρχοµαι
ἰέναι: that (they)…; ind. disc. inf. ἔρχοµαι 28 µικρὸν: a little; “for a little,” acc. of extent
τοῦ πρόσω: forward; gen. of place where ὕστερον: later; adv. acc.
24 ἐπὶ βασιλέα: against the king ἔγων: 3s aor. γιγνώσκω
δὲ: but…; adversative
Clearchus is in danger and speaks to his men 27
ὅτι οὐ δυνήσεται βιάσασθαι, συνήγαγεν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν αὑτοῦ 1
στρατιωτῶν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐδάκρυε πολὺν χρόνον ἑστώς·

οἱ δὲ ὁρῶντες ἐθαύμαζον καὶ ἐσιώπων· εἶτα δὲ ἔλεξε τοιάδε.
3. “ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, μὴ θαυμάζετε ὅτι χαλεπῶς φέρω τοῖς
παροῦσι πράγμασιν. ἐμοὶ γὰρ ξένος Κῦρος ἐγένετο καί με 5
φεύγοντα ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος τά τε ἄλλα ἐτίμησε καὶ μυρίους

ἔδωκε δαρεικούς· οὓς ἐγὼ λαβὼν οὐκ εἰς τὸ ἴδιον κατεθέμην
ἐμοὶ οὐδὲ καθηδυπάθησα, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἐδαπάνων. 4. καὶ
πρῶτον μὲν πρὸς τοὺς Θρᾷκας ἐπολέμησα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς
Ἑλλάδος ἐτιμωρούμην μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν, ἐκ τῆς Χερρονήσου αὐ- 10
βιάζω: to force, overpower, 3 ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6

δακρύω: to weep, shed tears, 1 πατρίς, -ίδος: fatherland, native land, 2
δαπανάω: spend, consume, use up, 2 πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4
Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 σιωπάω: to be silent, keep secret, 1
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 συν-άγω: bring together, collect, gather, 3
ἐκκλησία, ἡ: an assembly, 3 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 6
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4 τιµωρέω: exact or seek vengeance, 2
θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be amazed at, 5 τοιόσδε, -άδε, -όνδε: such, 3
Θρᾷξ, -κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
ἴδιος, -η, -ον: one’s own; private, lone, 1 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
καθ-ηδυ-παθέω: to squander in luxury, 1 χαλεπός, -ά, -όν: difficult, hard, harmful, 2
κατα-τίθηµι: to put down, deposit, settle, 1 Χερρονήσος, ἡ: Chersonese, 3
µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 5
1 βιάσασθαι: aor. mid. inf.; add obj. “them” τοῖς…πράγµασιν: because of..; dat. cause
συνήγαγεν: 3s aor. συνάγω 5 παροῦσι: dat. pl. pple πάρ-ειµι
αὑτοῦ: his own; ἑαυτοῦ, reflexive 6 τά…ἄλλα: both in other respects; acc.
2 πρῶτον µὲν: first; adv. parallel to εἶτα δὲ respect
πολὺν χρόνον: for…; acc. duration of time 7 οὓς: which…; relative clause
ἑστώς: standing; nom. sg. pf. act. pple εἰς τὸ ἴδιον: for private (use)
ἵστηµι; the pf. indicates a state not an κατεθέµην: 1s aor. mid. κατα-τίθηµι
action: “having stood up’ =‘now standing’ 8 ἐµοὶ: for myself; reflexive with κατεθέµην
3 ἔλεξε: aor. λέγω ἐδαπάνων: ἐδαπάνα-ον, 1s impf.
τοιάδε: the following; ‘these such things’ εἰς ὑµᾶς: on you
Clearchus begins his speech to his men 9 πρὸς: against…
4 ἄνδρες στρατιῶται: fellow soldiers ὑπὲρ: on behalf of…, for the sake of…
χαλεπῶς: with difficulty 10 ἐτιµωρούµην: supply “Thracians” as obj.
φέρω: I endure µεθ᾽: µετά
28 Anabasis I 3.4-7
τοὺς ἐξελαύνων βουλομένους ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας 11
Ἕλληνας τὴν γῆν. ἐπειδὴ δὲ Κῦρος ἐκάλει, λαβὼν ὑμᾶς

ἐπορευόμην, ἵνα εἴ τι δέοιτο ὠφελοίην αὐτὸν ἀνθ᾽ ὧν εὖ
ἔπαθον ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑμεῖς οὐ βούλεσθε συμ-
πορεύεσθαι, ἀνάγκη δή μοι ἢ ὑμᾶς προδόντα τῇ Κύρου 15
φιλίᾳ χρῆσθαι ἢ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ψευσάμενον μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν εἶναι.

εἰ μὲν δὴ δίκαια ποιήσω οὐκ οἶδα, αἱρήσομαι δ᾽ οὖν ὑμᾶς
καὶ σὺν ὑμῖν ὅ τι ἂν δέῃ πείσομαι. καὶ οὔποτε ἐρεῖ οὐδεὶς
ὡς ἐγὼ Ἕλληνας ἀγαγὼν εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους, προδοὺς τοὺς
Ἕλληνας τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων φιλίαν εἱλόμην, 6. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπεὶ 20
ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, 2 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 7

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 προ-δίδωµι: to betray, give over, 2
γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 συµ-πορεύοµαι: join in traveling, 3
δεῖ: it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 4 φιλία, ἡ: friendship, affection, love, 5
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 4 χράοµαι: use, employ, enjoy, indulge (dat) 7
ἐν-οἰκέω: to inhabit, dwell in , live in, 3 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile 4
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 ὠφελέω: to help, to be of use, benefit, 3
ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 4
11 αὐτοὺς: i.e. the enemy Thracians προδοντα: acc. aor. pple προδίδωµι
ἐξελαύνων: driving out…; nom. sg. pple 16 χρῆσθαι: mid. inf. governs a dat. obj.
ἀφαιρεῖσθαι: to take (acc) from (acc); mid. πρὸς ἐκεῖνον: toward that one; i.e. Cyrus
inf. governs a double acc. 17 εἰ µὲν δὴ…ποιήσω: whether indeed I…;
12 ἐκάλει: impf. καλέω ind. question with 1s aor. subj. governed by
13 ἵνα…ὠφελοίην: so that… I might...; οἶδα (S2900)
purpose clause, 1s opt. in secondary seq. δίκαια: just (things); neuter pl. adjective
εἴ τι δέοιτο: if he should…; i.e. Cyrus; 3s δ᾽οὖν: but at any rate; or ‘but in any case’
opt. δέοµαι, ‘need’ or ‘ask’ (S2959) (D 462)
ἀν(τὶ) ὧν: in return for what…; (τούτων αἱρήσοµαι: fut. mid. αἱρέω, ‘choose’
ἃ); acc. relative pronoun attracted into gen. 18 ὃ τι ἂν δέῃ (πάσχειν): whatever it is
of the missing antecedent necessary (to suffer); ὃ τι is a neuter nom.
εὗ ἔπαθον: 1s aor., εὗ πάσχειν is an idiom sg. relative pronoun ὅστις; 3s subj. δεῖ;
for ‘to be treated well’ in a general relative clause
14 ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου: because of…; or ‘at the hands πείσοµαι: fut. dep. πάσχω
of…’ gen. of agent ἐρεῖ: 3s fut. λέγω (ἐρέω)
15 ἀνάγχη (ἐστί): (it is) necessary that (I); 19 ὡς: that…; ind. disc.
δὴ: accordingly, then; δή is here ἀγαγὼν, προδοὺς: aor. pple ἄγω,
inferential rather than intensive προδίδωµι
ἢ…ἢ: either…or… 20 εἱλόµην: aor. mid. αἱρέω (ἑλ-), ‘chose’
Clearchus finishes his speech and his men approve 29
ὑμεῖς ἐμοὶ οὐ θέλετε πείθεσθαι, ἐγὼ σὺν ὑμῖν ἕψομαι καὶ 21
ὅ τι ἂν δέῃ πείσομαι. νομίζω γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐμοὶ εἶναι καὶ

πατρίδα καὶ φίλους καὶ συμμάχους, καὶ σὺν ὑμῖν μὲν ἂν
οἶμαι εἶναι τίμιος ὅπου ἂν ὦ, ὑμῶν δὲ ἔρημος ὢν οὐκ ἂν
ἱκανὸς οἶμαι εἶναι οὔτ᾽ ἂν φίλον ὠφελῆσαι οὔτ᾽ ἂν ἐχθρὸν 25
ἀλέξασθαι. ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς οὕτω τὴν

γνώμην ἔχετε.” 7. ταῦτα εἶπεν· οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται οἵ τε αὐτοῦ
ἐκείνου καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες ὅτι οὐ φαίη παρὰ
βασιλέα πορεύεσθαι ἐπῄνεσαν· παρὰ δὲ Ξενίου καὶ Πασίωνος
πλείους ἢ δισχίλιοι λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα καὶ τὰ σκευοφόρα 30
ἀλέξοµαι: to ward off, turn aside; requite, 2 ὅπου: where, 5

γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose 6 οὔ-ποτε: never, 1
δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4
ἐπαίνω: to praise, approve, commend, 3 πατρίς, -ίδος: fatherland, native land, 2
ἐρῆµος, -ον: deserted, desolate, 5 σκευο-φόρον, τό,: baggage, baggage train, 4
ἐχθρός, -οῦ, ὁ: enemy, 3 συµ-µάχος, -ον: ally, co-fighter, 2
ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5 τίµιος, -α, -ον: honored, worthy, 2
ὅπῃ: where, in what way, how; 3 ὠφελέω: to help, to be of use, benefit, 3
21 (ἐ)θέλετε: 2s pres. ἐθέλω ὅπῃ ἂν (ἴητε) καὶ ὑµεῖς: wherever you also
πείθεσθαι: to obey; + dat. (go); ἄν + missing subj. in a general
ἕψοµαι: fut. ἕποµαι relative clause
ὅ τι…πείσοµαι: see line 18 οὕτω…γνώµην ἔχετε: hold (your)
22 ὑµᾶς...εἶναι: that…; ind. disc., inf. είµί opinion in this way; pl. imperative
ἐµοὶ: to me; dat. interest Clearchus’ speech is over
καὶ…καὶ…καὶ: equally…and…and…; 27 οἵ τε αὐτοῦ ἐκείνου: both his own men…;
joining three pred. nom. in a series ‘those of that one himself’ intensive
24 οἷµαι: οἴοµαι, the main verb pronoun; i.e. Clearchus’
ἂν… εἶναι: that (I) would…; ind. disc. with 28 καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι: i.e. those under another’s
ἄν + inf. είµί equiv. to a potential opt.; the command
predicate is nom. agreeing with the subject ὅτι…φαίη: that that he said that…; ind.
ὅπου ἂν ὦ: wherever…; 1s pres. subj. είµί disc. with 3s pres. opt. φηµί; an opt. may
in a general relative clause replace an indicative in secondary seq.;
24 ἂν…ἱκανὸς…εἶναι: that (I)…; see above note that οὐ φηµί does not mean ‘not say’
25 οἷµαι: see line 24 above but ‘say that…not’ or ‘deny that’
οὔτ(ε)…οὔτ(ε): neither…nor..; aor. act. παρὰ: to…; ‘to the side of…’acc. place to
and mid. infs. respectively are explanatory which
(epexegetical) infs. with ἱκανὸς 29 ἐπῄνεσαν: 3p aor. ἐπαινέω
26 ὡς…ἰοντος: on the grounds that I am παρὰ: from…; gen. place from which
going; ὡς + pple expressing alleged cause, πλείους: more; πλείο(ν)ες, comparative
here with a gen. abs.
ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο παρὰ Κλεάρχῳ. 8. Κῦρος δὲ τούτοις 1
ἀπορῶν τε καὶ λυπούμενος μετεπέμπετο τὸν Κλέαρχον· ὁ

δὲ ἰέναι μὲν οὐκ ἤθελε, λάθρᾳ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πέμπων
αὐτῷ ἄγγελον ἔλεγε θαρρεῖν ὡς καταστησομένων τούτων
εἰς τὸ δέον. 9. μεταπέμπεσθαι δ᾽ ἐκέλευεν αὐτόν· αὐτὸς δ᾽ 5
οὐκ ἔφη ἰέναι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συναγαγὼν τούς θ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ

στρατιώτας καὶ τοὺς προσελθόντας αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων
τὸν βουλόμενον, ἔλεξε τοιάδε. “ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, τὰ μὲν
δὴ Κύρου δῆλον ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὥσπερ τὰ ἡμέτερα
πρὸς ἐκεῖνον· οὔτε γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἐκείνου ἔτι στρατιῶται, ἐπεί 10
ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 2 λυπέω: to cause pain, distress, grief, 1

ἀ-πορέω: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
δέον, τό: what is right, proper, 1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 στρατοπεδεύω: to encamp, take a position, 1
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 3 συν-άγω: bring together, collect, gather, 3
θαρρέω: be confident, take courage; be bold 1 συν-έποµαι: follow along with, accompany, 3
καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 σύν-οιδα: witness, be conscious with (dat), 1
λάθρῃ: secretly, in secret, 1 τοιόσδε, -άδε, -όνδε: such, 3
1 παρὰ Κλεάρχῳ: in Clearchus’ camp θ᾽: both…; τε

τούτοις: because of…, by…; dat. of cause αὐτῷ: to…; dat. of compound verb
2 ὁ δὲ: and he; i.e. Clearchus 8 τὸν βουλόµενον: and (anyone) wishing;
3 ἰέναι: inf. ἔρχοµαι here with a partitive gen.
στρατιωτῶν: from the soldiers; gen. of ἔλεξε: aor. λέγω
separation with λάθρᾳ τοιάδε: the following; ‘these such things’
4 αὐτῷ: to him; i.e. to Cyrus Clearchus delivers a speech
ὡς καταστησοµένων: on the grounds that ἄνδρες στρατιῶται: fellow soldiers
these things will be settled; i.e. will come to τὰ...Κύρου: the affairs of Cyrus; subject
be; ὡς + pple (here, gen. abs.) expressing µὲν δὴ: certainly; expressing certainty
alleged cause; fut. mid. pple 9 δῆλον (ἐστί) ὅτι: clearly; ‘(it is) clear that’
5 εἰς τὸ δέον: for what is right; “for what is οὕτως ἔχει: are thus…; ἔχω (‘hold’ or ‘is
needed,” an idiom from neut. sg. pple δεῖ disposed’) + adv. is equiv. to εἰµί + adj.
αὐτὸς: and he himself; intensive τὰ ἡµέτερα: i.e. affairs
6 οὐκ ἔφη: said that …not; or “refuse,” but 10 ἡµεῖς (ἐσµεν): we (are)…
never “say not;” 3s impf. φηµί ἐπεὶ γε: since in fact; γε lends emphasis
συναγαγὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple συνάγω
Clearchus refuses to see Cyrus and delivers a second speech 31
γε οὐ συνεπόμεθα αὐτῷ, οὔτε ἐκεῖνος ἔτι ἡμῖν μισθοδότης. 11
10. ὅτι μέντοι ἀδικεῖσθαι νομίζει ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οἶδα· ὥστε καὶ
μεταπεμπομένου αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐθέλω ἐλθεῖν, τὸ μὲν μέγιστον
αἰσχυνόμενος ὅτι σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ πάντα ἐψευσμένος αὐτόν,
ἔπειτα καὶ δεδιὼς μὴ λαβών με δίκην ἐπιθῇ ὧν νομίζει ὑπ᾽ 15
ἐμοῦ ἠδικῆσθαι. 11. ἐμοὶ οὖν δοκεῖ οὐχ ὥρα εἶναι ἡμῖν καθεύ-
δειν οὐδ᾽ ἀμελεῖν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ βουλεύεσθαι ὅ τι χρὴ
ποιεῖν ἐκ τούτων. καὶ ἕως γε μένομεν αὐτοῦ σκεπτέον
μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ὅπως ἀσφαλέστατα μενοῦμεν, εἴ τε ἤδη
δοκεῖ ἀπιέναι, ὅπως ἀσφαλέστατα ἄπιμεν, καὶ ὅπως τὰ 20
αἰσχύνω: shame, dishonor; mid. feel shame, 2 µέγιστος, -η, -ον: greatest, mightiest, 2
ἀ-µελέω: have no care for, neglect (gen) 2 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: safe, secure, not liable to fall 4 µισθο-δότης, ὁ: paymaster, wagemaster, 1
δείδω: to fear, 4 σκεπτέος, -ον: to be considered, 1
δίκη, ἡ: penalty, justice,; lawsuit, trial, 2 συν-έποµαι: follow along with, accompany, 3
ἐµαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: myself, 1 σύν-οιδα: witness, be conscious with (dat), 1
ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 3 χρή: it is necessary, it is fitting; must, ought 2
ἐπι-τίθηµι: to put upon; add; set upon, attack 2 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile 4
ἕως: until, as long as, 2 ὥρα, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 3
καθ-εύδω: to lie down to sleep, sleep, 1
11 αὐτῷ: with…; dat. of compound of the relative clause is an inner acc. with
ἐκεῖνος (ἐστίν): that one (is) ἠδικῆσθαι: ‘which (wrongs) he suffered’
12 ἀδικεῖσθαι: that (he)…; ind. disc. with ὑπὸ ἐµοῦ: because of…, by…; gen. of agent
pres. pass. inf.; supply the acc. subject 16 ἠδικῆσθαι: that (he); ind. disc. with pf.
ὑφ᾽ ἡµῶν: by…; ὑπὸ, gen. of agent pass. inf. after νοµίζει
13 µεταπεµποµένου αὐτοῦ: gen. abs. δοκεῖ ὥρα εἶναι: it seems to be the time;
ἐλθεῖν: aor. inf. ἔρχοµαι ὤρα is the subject (hence, nom.); δοκεῖ is
τὸ µὲν µέγιστον: especially; adv. acc., not impersonal
followed by ἔπειτα καὶ below 17 ἡµῶν αὐτῶν: ourselves; reflexive
14 πάντα: entirely, utterly; ‘in all respects’ ὅ τι: what; ὅ-τι, neut. sg. of ὅσ-τις,
acc. of respect γε: at least; γε is restrictive
ἐψευσµένος: pf. mid. pple + acc. object αὐτοῦ: here; adv. ‘in the same place’
15 καὶ: also 19 σκεπτέον…εἶναι: that it must be
δεδιὼς: nom. sg. pf. δείδω considered; ‘it is to be considered’ verbal
µὴ…ἐπιθῇ: lest…impose (upon me); fearing adj. + inf. εἰµί often expresses necessity
clause; aor. subj. ἐπι-τίθηµι ὅπως…µενοῦµεν: how…; clause of effort,
λαβών µε: aor. pple λαµβάνω as often with fut. ind. (fut. stem µένε-)
ὧν: (for the things) which; (τοῦτων) ἃ, ἀσφαλέστατα: superlative adv.
acc. pl. relative attracted into gen. pl. of 20 ἀπίεναι: inf. ἀπ-έρχοµαι
missing antecedent; gen. of charge; the acc. ὅπως...ἄπιµεν: see above, fut. ἀπ-έρχοµαι
ἐπιτήδεια ἕξομεν· ἄνευ γὰρ τούτων οὔτε στρατηγοῦ οὔτε 21
ἰδιώτου ὄφελος οὐδέν. 12. ὁ δ᾽ ἀνὴρ πολλοῦ μὲν ἄξιος ᾧ ἂν

φίλος ᾖ, χαλεπώτατος δ᾽ ἐχθρὸς ᾧ ἂν πολέμιος ᾖ, ἔχει δὲ
δύναμιν καὶ πεζὴν καὶ ἱππικὴν καὶ ναυτικὴν ἣν πάντες
ὁμοίως ὁρῶμέν τε καὶ ἐπιστάμεθα· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ πόρρω 25
δοκοῦμέν μοι αὐτοῦ καθῆσθαι. ὥστε ὥρα λέγειν ὅ τι τις
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 2 κάθ-ηµαι: to sit, settle, 2

ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of (gen) 5 ναυτικός, ή, όν: naval; navy; neut. fleet, 1
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 ὁµοίως: similarly, likewise, 1
ἐπίσταµαι: to know, know how, understand, 4 ὄφελος, τό: advantage, use, profit, benefit, 1
ἐπιτήδεια, τά: necessities, provisions, 4 πεζός, ή, όν: on foot, 3
ἐχθρός, -οῦ, ὁ: enemy, 3 πόρρω: far from (gen); far off; forward, 1
ἰδιώτης, -ου, ὁ: private soldier and citizen, 1 χαλεπός, -ά, -όν: difficult, hard, harmful, 2
ἱππικός, -ή, -όν: of a horse; cavalry, 2
21 τὰ ἐπιτήδεια: provisions; i.e. necessities 23 ἐχθρὸς (έστίν): pred. nom.; ὁ ἀνὴρ

ἕξοµεν: a 3rd clause of effort; fut. ἔχω remains the subject
οὔτε στρατηγοῦ…ὄφελος οὐδὲν: (there is) ῷ ἂν πολέµιος ᾗ: see line 22
no advantage either of a general or of a 24 καὶ…καὶ…καὶ…: equally…and…and…;
private soldier; ἰδιώτης elsewhere refers to three adjectives in series with fem. δύναµιν
a private citizen not engaged in politics but ἣν: which…; fem. δύναµιν is antecedent
may refer to a private soldier, as here 25 καὶ γὰρ: and in fact; a new point
22 ὁ δὲ ἀνήρ: the man is…; i.e. Cyrus οὐδὲ: not even; adv.
ἄξιος (έστίν): pred. nom., supply verb πόρρω…αὐτοῦ: far from him
ῷ ἂν…ᾗ: to whomever…; ἄν + 3s pres. 26 ὥρα (ἐστί): (it is) time
subj. εἰµί in a general relative clause; dat. ὅ τι: what; ὅ-τι, neut. sg. of ὅσ-τις
with special adj.
Clearchus finishes his second speech and others speak 33
γιγνώσκει ἄριστον εἶναι.” 13. ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἐπαύσατο. ἐκ δὲ 1
τούτου ἀνίσταντο οἱ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου, λέξοντες ἃ ἐγί-

γνωσκον, οἱ δὲ καὶ ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου ἐγκέλευστοι, ἐπιδεικνύντες
οἵα εἴη ἡ ἀπορία ἄνευ τῆς Κύρου γνώμης καὶ μένειν καὶ
ἀπιέναι. 14. εἷς δὲ δὴ εἶπε προσποιούμενος σπεύδειν ὡς τάχιστα 5
πορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα στρατηγοὺς μὲν ἑλέσθαι ἄλλους

ὡς τάχιστα, εἰ μὴ βούλεται Κλέαρχος ἀπάγειν· τὰ δ᾽
ἐπιτήδει᾽ ἀγοράζεσθαι (ἡ δ᾽ ἀγορὰ ἦν ἐν τῷ βαρβαρικῷ
στρατεύματι) καὶ συσκευάζεσθαι· ἐλθόντας δὲ Κῦρον αἰτεῖν
πλοῖα, ὡς ἀποπλέοιεν· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ διδῷ ταῦτα, ἡγεμόνα 10
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose 6

ἀγοράζω: to purchase in the market, 2 ἐγ-κέλευστος, -ον: urged on, bidden, 1
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4
ἄνευ: without (+ gen.), 2 ἐπιτήδεια, τά: necessities, provisions, 4
ἀν-ίστηµι: to arise, stand up, raise up, 7 ἡγεµών, ὁ: leader, commander, guide, 7
ἀπ-άγω: march back; lead or bring away, 3 οἷος, -α, -ον: of what sort, as, 4
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 2 παύω: to stop, make cease, 5
ἀ-πορία, ἡ: difficulty, bewilderment, 1 προσ-ποιέοµαι: pretend, feign; win over, 1
αὐτόµατος, -η, -ον: of one’s own will, 2 σπεύδω: to be eager, be urgent, 2
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 συσκευάζοµαι: to pack up together, prepare, 1
1 εἰπὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple εἶπον (λέγω) εἶπε: 3s sg. aor. εἶπον (λέγω)
ἐπαύσατο: aor. mid. παύω (act. ‘make ὡς τάχιστα: as…as possible; usual
cease,’ mid. ‘cease’) translation for ὡς + superlative (here, adv.)
2 ἀνίσταντο: impf. mid. ἀν-ίστηµι σπεύδειν…Ἑλλάδα: governed by the pple
οἱ µὲν…οἱ δὲ: some (speakers)…other προσποιούµενος; i.e. the man pretends to
(speakers); people rose to speak advocate a plan but really does not believe
ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοµάτου: on their own; idiom in it; perhaps instigated by Clearchus
λέξοντες: fut. pple λέγω pple 6 ἑλέσθαι: that (they) choose; aor. mid.
ἃ: what; ‘(the things) which’; (ταῦτα) ἃ αἱρέω; στρατηγοὺς ἄλλος is acc. obj.
relative pronoun with missing antecedent 8 τὰ ἐπιτήδεια: provisions; i.e. necessities
3 ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου: by that one; i.e. Clearchus ἀγοράζεσθαι: that (they…; ind. disc.
4 ὅια εἴη…: what…; ind. question with 3s governed by εἶπε
opt. είµί in secondary seq. (direct question: ἦν: impf. εἰµί
ποία ἐστίν...); in secondary seq. an opt. may 9 ἐλθόντας: aor. pple ἔρχοµαι
replace an indicative (ποία ἐστίν...) αἰτεῖν: they ask (acc) for (acc); after εἶπε
καὶ…καὶ: both…and 10 ὡς ἀποπλέοιεν: so that…might; purpose
µένειν, ἀπιέναι: explanatory (epexegetical) in secondary seq.; ὡς + opt. (3p pres)
infs. with ἁπορία; ἀπ-έρχοµαι ἐὰν…διδῷ: if…; pres. subj.
5 εἷς δὲ δὴ: but one in particular; δή is
intensive or resumptive (‘but then one…’)
αἰτεῖν Κῦρον ὅστις διὰ φιλίας τῆς χώρας ἀπάξει. ἐὰν δὲ 11
μηδὲ ἡγεμόνα διδῷ, συντάττεσθαι τὴν ταχίστην, πέμψαι

δὲ καὶ προκαταληψομένους τὰ ἄκρα, ὅπως μὴ φθάσωσι μήτε
Κῦρος μήτε οἱ Κίλικες καταλαβόντες, ὧν πολλοὺς καὶ
πολλὰ χρήματα ἔχομεν ἀνηρπακότες.” οὗτος μὲν τοιαῦτα 15
εἶπε· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Κλέαρχος εἶπε τοσοῦτον. 15. “ὡς μὲν

στρατηγήσοντα ἐμὲ ταύτην τὴν στρατηγίαν μηδεὶς ὑμῶν
λεγέτω· πολλὰ γὰρ ἐνορῶ δι᾽ ἃ ἐμοὶ τοῦτο οὐ ποιητέον·
ὡς δὲ τῷ ἀνδρὶ ὃν ἂν ἕλησθε πείσομαι ᾗ δυνατὸν μάλιστα,
ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι καὶ ἄρχεσθαι ἐπίσταμαι ὥς τις καὶ ἄλλος 20
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 µή-τε: and not, 2

ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 4 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 7
ἀν-αρπάζω: to snatch up, 1 ποιητέος, -ον: to be made, to be done, 1
ἀπ-άγω: march back; lead or bring away, 3 προσ-κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize beforehand, 2
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 3 στρατηγέω: wage war, campaign against 2
ἐν-οράω: to perceive, see in, 1 στρατηγία, ἡ: generalship, leadership, 1
ἐπίσταµαι: to know, know how, understand, 4 συν-τάττω: to arrange together, order, 6
ἡγεµών, ὁ: leader, commander, guide, 7 τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 5
ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 4 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much,
κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize, lay hold of, find, 4 so many, 5
µηδέ: and not, but not, nor, 1 φθάνω: to do first, anticipate (+ pple) 1
µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 4 φιλία, ἡ: friendship, affection, love, 5
11 ἡγεµόνα αἰτεῖν Κῦρον: that they ask lead this army; ὡς + pple. suggests alleged
Cyrus (for) a guide; ind. disc. with εἶπε l. 5 cause (fut. pple expresses purpose); one
ἐὰν…διδῷ: if…; 3s pres. subj. δίδωµι expects ind. disc., but this is not ind. disc.
12 τὴν ταχίστην: very quickly; adv. acc. 17 µηδεὶς…λεγέτω: let no one speak of…; 3rd
πέµψαι: aor. inf. pers. imperative; ἐµὲ is the acc. object
προκαταληψοµένους: (some soldiers)…; 18 δι(ὰ) ἃ: on account of which
fut. mid. pple. expressing purpose; translate ἐµοὶ: by…; dat. of agent with verbal adj.
as ‘intending to…’ or simply ‘in order to...’ ποιητέον (ἐστί): must be done; ‘(is) to be
τὰ ἄκρα: the heights, the hills done’ verbal adj. expresses necessity
13 ὅπως µὴ…µήτε…µήτε...: so that neither… 19 ὡς δὲ: but (say) that…; genuine ind. disc.
nor…may…; purpose clause with 3p aor. ὃν…ἕλησθε: whomever…; general relative
subj.; φθάνω + pple (Xing) is translated as cl. with aor. mid. subj. αἱρέω (choose)
‘anticipate in Xing’ or more often ‘X first,’ πείσοµαι: fut. deponent πείθω (obey) + dat
where the pple is the main verb ᾗ δυνατὸν (ἐστὶ) µάλιστα: in what way…;
14 ὧν: whose…; οἱ Κίλικες is antecedent relative clause with dat. of manner
15 ἀνηρπακότες: pf. act. pple ἀναρπάζω; 20 ἵνα: so that…; purpose, aor. subj. ὁράω
both pple and verb have the same acc. obj. καὶ ἄρχεσθαι: how to be led also; pass. inf.
16 τοσοῦτον: (only) this much ὥς…: as well as any…; ‘just as any…;
ὡς...στρατηγίαν: me as if (one) about to introducing a clause of comparison
Clearchus refuses to take the lead 35
μάλιστα ἀνθρώπων. 16. μετὰ τοῦτον ἄλλος ἀνέστη, ἐπιδεικνὺς 21
μὲν τὴν εὐήθειαν τοῦ τὰ πλοῖα αἰτεῖν κελεύοντος, ὥσπερ

πάλιν τὸν στόλον Κύρου ποιουμένου, ἐπιδεικνὺς δὲ ὡς εὔηθες
εἴη ἡγεμόνα αἰτεῖν παρὰ τούτου ᾧ λυμαινόμεθα τὴν πρᾶξιν.
εἰ δὲ καὶ τῷ ἡγεμόνι πιστεύσομεν ὃν ἂν Κῦρος διδῷ, τί 25
κωλύει καὶ τὰ ἄκρα ἡμῖν κελεύειν Κῦρον προκαταλαβεῖν;

17. ἐγὼ γὰρ ὀκνοίην μὲν ἂν εἰς τὰ πλοῖα ἐμβαίνειν ἃ ἡμῖν δοίη, 27
αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 λυµαίνοµαι: outrage, inflict (acc) on (dat), 1
ἄκρος, -η, -ον: topmost, excellent, 4 ὀκνέω: to shrink from, hestitate to (+ inf.) 1
ἀν-ίστηµι: to rise, stand up, raise up, 7 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on, 5
ἐµ-βαίνω: to step in, embark, walk in, 2 πρᾶξις, -εως, ἡ: action, deed, transaction, 3
εὐ-ήθεια, ἡ: silliness, folly; good nature, 1 προ-κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize beforehand, 2
εὐ-ήθης, -ες: silly, foolish, 1 στόλος, ὁ: expedition, journey, 2
ἡγεµών, ὁ: leader, commander, guide, 7 τίς, τί: who? which?, what? 4
κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5
21 ἀνέστη: 3s aor. ἀν-ίστηµι subject; provide the object

ἐπιδεικνὺς µὲν: nom. sg. pple ἐπιδείνυµι 26 καὶ: also
τοῦ…κελεύοντος: of the one…; i.e. the τὰ ἄκρα: the heights, the hills; obj. of inf.
speaker who pretended in 3.14 26 ἡµῖν: before us; ‘in advance of us,’ dat. of
22 ὥσπερ…: just as if…; here with gen. abs. compound verb, προκαταλαβεῖν`
τὸν στόλον is obj. of the pres. mid. pple κελεύειν: (from) bidding…; + acc. + inf.,
ἐπιδεικνὺς δὲ: corresponding to line 21 this translation is common with κωλύω;
23 ὠς…εἴη: that it was…; ind. disc., opt. εἰµί; The speaker is being sarcastic and pointing
opt. replaces indicative in secondary seq. out how foolish this course of action is.
23 ἡγεµόνα αἰτεῖν: to ask…; the logical subj. 27 δοίη: which he should give; aor. opt.
of εἴη; translate after the predicate εὔηθες ὀκνοίην…ἂν: I would…; 1s pres. potential
24 παρὰ τούτου: from this one; gen. source opt.
ᾧ: on whom; relative, dat. ind. object ἃ…δοίη: whichever…; 3s aor. subj. δίδωµι
25 ὃν…διδῷ: whomever…; 3s pres. subj. in a in a general relative clause in secondary
general relative clause sequence (opt. replaces ἄν + subj.)
τί κωλύει (ἡµᾶς): what …?; interrogative as
μὴ ἡμᾶς ταῖς τριήρεσι καταδύσῃ, φοβοίμην δ᾽ ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι 1
ὃν δοίη ἕπεσθαι, μὴ ἡμᾶς ἀγάγῃ ὅθεν οὐκ ἔσται ἐξελθεῖν·

βουλοίμην δ᾽ ἂν ἄκοντος ἀπιὼν Κύρου λαθεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθών·
ὃ οὐ δυνατόν ἐστιν. 18. ἀλλ᾽ ἐγώ φημι ταῦτα μὲν φλυαρίας
εἶναι· δοκεῖ δέ μοι ἄνδρας ἐλθόντας πρὸς Κῦρον οἵτινες 5
ἐπιτήδειοι σὺν Κλεάρχῳ ἐρωτᾶν ἐκεῖνον τί βούλεται ἡμῖν

χρῆσθαι· καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ἡ πρᾶξις ᾖ παραπλησία οἵᾳπερ καὶ
πρόσθεν ἐχρῆτο τοῖς ξένοις, ἕπεσθαι καὶ ἡμᾶς καὶ μὴ κακίους
εἶναι τῶν πρόσθεν τούτῳ συναναβάντων· 19. ἐὰν δὲ μείζων
ἡ πρᾶξις τῆς πρόσθεν φαίνηται καὶ ἐπιπονωτέρα καὶ ἐπικιν- 10
ἄκων (ἀ-έκων), ἄκουσα, ἄκον: unwilling, 1 ξένος, ὁ: guest-friend; foreigner; mercenary, 6

δεῦρο: here, to this point, hither, 3 ὅ-θεν: from where, from which, 2
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 3 οἷοσπερ, -α, -ον: which very sort, 1
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 παραπλήσιος, α, ον: resembling; similar to, 2
ἐπι-κίνδυνος, -ον: dangerous, in danger, 1 πρᾶξις, -εως, ἡ: action, deed, transaction, 3
ἐπί-πονος, -ον: painful, laborious, 1 συν-ανα-βαίνω: go up with, walk up with, 1
ἐπιτήδειος, -η, -ον: suitable subst. a friend, 1 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
ἐρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 τριήρης, ὁ: trireme, 4
κατα-δύω: to go down, sink, set, 1 φλυαρία, ἡ: nonsense, silly talk, foolery, 1
λανθάνω: to escape notice, forget, 3 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 3
µείζων, -ον (-ονος): greater, better, 1 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
1 µὴ…καταδύσῇ: lest (Cyrus) sink; 3s aor. οἵτινες (εἰσι) ἐπιτήδειοι: whoever (are)…
subj., clause of fearing 6 τί…χρῆσθαι: what use he wishes to make
ταῖς τριήρεσι: dat. of means of us; ind. question, τί is an inner acc.
φοβοίµην ἂν: I would…; 1s potential opt. 7 ἐὰν…ᾗ: if the task is…; 3s subj. εἰµί
τῷ ἡγεµόνι: dat. obj. of inf. ἕποµαι οἵᾳπερ…ξένοις: to the very sort of use
2 ὃν δοίη: whomever…; Cyrus is subject; 3s which he made of the foreigners; (τοίᾳ)
opt.; general relative in secondary seq. οἵανπερ; parallel to line 6, the relative is
µὴ…ἀγάγῃ: lest he..; fearing clause with originally an inner acc. with ἐχρῆτο (impf.
3s aor. subj. ἄγω χράοµαι) attracted into the dat. of the
ἔσται: it will be possible; 3s fut. εἰµί missing antecedent (dat. of special adj.)
3 βουλοίµην ἂν: I would…; 1s potential opt. 8 ἕπεσθαι καὶ ἡµᾶς: that we also…; governed
ἄκοντος...Κύρου: Cyrus (being)...; gen abs. by δοκεῖ µοι above; καί is adverbial
ἀπιὼν: nom. sg. pple ἀπ-έρχοµαι καὶ µὴ...εἶναι: and that (we)...; ἡµᾶς is subj.
λαθεῖν: aor. inf. ‘escape notice of (acc.) κακίους: more cowardly; κακίο(ν)ες,
while (pple)’ 9 τῶν…: than those; gen. of comparison
ἀπελθών: aor. pple ἀπ-έρχοµαι τούτῳ: with this one; dat. of compound
4 ταῦτα…εἶναι: that…; ind. disc., εἰµί ἐὰν…φαίνηται: µείζων…καὶ…καὶ
5 δοκεῖ µοι: it seems best to me… ἐπικινδυτέρα; extended nom. pred.
ἄνδρας…ἐρωτᾶν: that…; inf. ἐρωτάω 10 τῆς πρόσθεν (πράξεως): than the previous
Cyrus reveals his plan and offers more pay to Clearchus’ men 37
δυνοτέρα, ἀξιοῦν ἢ πείσαντα ἡμᾶς ἄγειν ἢ πεισθέντα πρὸς 11
φιλίαν ἀφιέναι· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἑπόμενοι ἂν φίλοι αὐτῷ καὶ

πρόθυμοι ἑποίμεθα καὶ ἀπιόντες ἀσφαλῶς ἂν ἀπίοιμεν·
ὅ τι δ᾽ ἂν πρὸς ταῦτα λέγῃ ἀπαγγεῖλαι δεῦρο· ἡμᾶς δ᾽ ἀκού-
σαντας πρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθαι. 20. ἔδοξε ταῦτα, καὶ ἄνδρας 15
ἑλόμενοι σὺν Κλεάρχῳ πέμπουσιν οἳ ἠρώτων Κῦρον τὰ

δόξαντα τῇ στρατιᾷ. ὁ δ᾽ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι ἀκούει Ἀβροκόμαν
ἐχθρὸν ἄνδρα ἐπὶ τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ εἶναι, ἀπέχοντα
δώδεκα σταθμούς· πρὸς τοῦτον οὖν ἔφη βούλεσθαι ἐλθεῖν·
κἂν μὲν ᾖ ἐκεῖ, τὴν δίκην ἔφη χρῄζειν ἐπιθεῖναι αὐτῷ, ἢν 20
Ἀβροκόµης, ὁ: Ambrocomas (person), 7 δίκη, ἡ: penalty, justice,; lawsuit, trial, 2

ἀξιόω: request, ask; deem worthy, think, 1 δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4
ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 ἐπι-τίθηµι: put upon; impose; set on, attack 2
ἀπ-έχω: to be distant/away, keep away, 1 ἐρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 ἐχθρός, -οῦ, ὁ: enemy, 3
ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: safe, secure, not liable to fall 4 πρό-θυµος, ον: eager, willing, ready, 5
ἀφ-ίηµι: send away, let loose; give up, 1 φιλία, ἡ: friendship, affection, love, 5
δεῦρο: here, to this point, hither, 3 χρῄζω: to need, lack; want, ask for, 2
11 ἐπικινδυτέρα: more dangerous; fem. pred. πρὸς ταῦτα: regarding these things
ἀξιοῦν: (that the men) ask (Cyrus); inf. ο- 14 ἀπαγγεῖλαι: that (the men)…; aor. inf.
verb governed by δοκεῖ µοι; άνδρὲς following δοκεῖ µοι
continues to be the acc. subject πρὸς ταῦτα: regarding these things
ἢ…ἢ…: either…or… ἔδοξε: seemed best; aor., neut. pl. subject
πείσαντα: by…; i.e. by offering money; 16 ἑλόµενοι: aor. mid. pple αἱρέω, “choose”
aor. pple πείθω modifying ‘Cyrus,’ the οἳ: who
understood acc. object of ἀξιοῦν ἡρώτων: 3p impf. ἐρωτάω
πεισθέντα: aor. pass. pple πείθω modifying τὰ δόξαντα: things agreed upon by; i.e.
‘Cyrus,’ the understood obj. of ἀξιοῦν. things seeming best; + dat. of reference
πρὸς φιλίαν: in friendship 17 ὅ δ(ἐ): and he; i.e. Cyrus
12 ἀφιέναι: inf. ἀφίηµι; ἡµᾶς is obj. Ἀβροκόµαν…εἶναι: that Ambrocamas…
καὶ ἑπόµεναι…ἀπιόντες: both (if) ind. disc. with inf. εἰµί
following…and (if) leaving…; both pples 18 ἐπὶ: on…; dat. place where
are conditional in sense 19 δώδεκα σταθµούς: for…; acc. of extent
ἂν…ἑποίµεθα: we would…; potential opt. πρὸς τοῦτον: against this one
φίλοι..πρόθυµοι: as...; nom. pred. ἔφη: 3s impf. φηµί, Cyrus is subject
13 ἂν ἀπίοιµεν: we would…; potential opt. 20 κἂν…ᾗ: and if he is there; καὶ ἐάν, in a
ἀπ-έρχοµαι present general condition, just as below
14 ὅ τι…λέγῃ: whatever…; neut. acc. ὅστις χρῄζειν ἐπιθεῖναι: wants to impose
general relative clause with 3s subj. λέγω αὐτῷ: upon him; dat. of compound
the missing antecedent is obj. of the inf. ἢν δὲ: but if…; ἐάν, aor. subj. φεύγω
38 Anabasis I 3.20 – 4.2
δὲ φύγῃ, ἡμεῖς ἐκεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα βουλευσόμεθα. 21. ἀκούσαντες 21
δὲ ταῦτα οἱ αἱρετοὶ ἀγγέλλουσι τοῖς στρατιώταις· τοῖς δὲ

ὑποψία μὲν ἦν ὅτι ἄγει πρὸς βασιλέα, ὅμως δὲ ἐδόκει
ἕπεσθαι. προσαιτοῦσι δὲ μισθόν· ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπισχνεῖται
ἡμιόλιον πᾶσι δώσειν οὗ πρότερον ἔφερον, ἀντὶ δαρεικοῦ 25
τρία ἡμιδαρεικὰ τοῦ μηνὸς τῷ στρατιώτῃ· ὅτι δὲ ἐπὶ βασιλέα

ἄγοι οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἤκουσεν οὐδεὶς ἐν τῷ γε φανερῷ.
IV.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα ἐπὶ 28
ἀγγέλλω: to announce, proclaim, report, 3 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6

αἱρετός, -ή, -όν: selected, choiceworthy, 1 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 3
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 προσ-αιτέω: to ask for in addition, 1
Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 πρότερος, -α, -ον: before, in front of; earlier 5
ἐκεί: there, in that place, 5 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
ἡµι-δαρεικόν, τό: half-daric, 1 ὑπ-οψία, ἡ: suspicion, jealousy, 1
ἡµι-όλιος, η, ον: one and a half, a half more, 1 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
21 φύγῃ: 3s aor. subj. φεύγω in a fut. more gen. of the missing antecedent; a gen. of
vivid condition (ἐάν + subj, fut.) comparison following ἡµιόλον
πρὸς: regarding… πρότερον: comparative adverb
22 τοῖς στρατιώταις: to…; dat. ind. object ἔφερον: i.e. paid
τοῖς δὲ…ἦν: but they had; ‘to them there 26 τοῦ µηνὸς: (in) a month; gen. time within
was’, dat. of possession and 3s impf. εἰµί τῷ στρατιώτῃ: for (each)…; dat. ind. obj.
ὅτι: that; in apposition to ὑποψία ὅτι…ἄγοι: that…; ind. disc. with 3s pres.
ἄγει: the subject is Cyrus, the soldiers are opt. in secondary sequence governed by
the understood object aor. ἀκούω
23 πρὸς: against… 27 οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα: (not) even then
25 ἡµιόλιον: supply µισθόν ἐν...φανερῷ: clearly at least; ‘in the clear
πᾶσι: to…; dat. pl. indirect object πᾶς at least;’ i.e. in the open; γε is restrictive in
δώσειν: fut. inf. δίδωµι sense
οὗ: than that (which)…; (τούτου) ὅ; the 28 σταθµοὺς...παρασάγγας: see pg. 11
acc. sg. relative has been attracted into the
Cyrus advances to Issus and is reinforced by his fleet 39
τὸν Ψάρον ποταμόν, οὗ ἦν τὸ εὖρος τρία πλέθρα. ἐντεῦθεν 1
ἐξελαύνει σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε ἐπὶ τὸν Πύραμον

ποταμόν, οὗ ἦν τὸ εὖρος στάδιον. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει στα-
θμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας πεντεκαίδεκα εἰς Ἰσσούς, τῆς Κιλικίας
ἐσχάτην πόλιν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ 5
εὐδαίμονα. 2. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς· καὶ Κύρῳ παρῆσαν

αἱ ἐκ Πελοποννήσου νῆες τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς
ναύαρχος Πυθαγόρας Λακεδαιμόνιος. ἡγεῖτο δ᾽ αὐταῖς Ταμὼς
Αἰγύπτιος ἐξ Ἐφέσου, ἔχων ναῦς ἑτέρας Κύρου πέντε καὶ
εἴκοσιν, αἷς ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον, ὅτε Τισσαφέρνει φίλη ἦν, 10
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 2 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6

ἔσχατος, -η, -ον: extreme, last, furthest, 3 Πελοπόννησος, ἡ: the Peloponnesus, 1
ἕτερος, -α, -ον: one of two, other, different, 2 πεντε-καί-δεκα: fifteen, 2
Ἐφέσος, ὁ: Ephesus, 1 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 6
ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5 πολιορκέω: to beseige, blockade, 3
᾽Ισσός, ὁ (᾽Ισσοί, οἱ): Issus (or Issi) (a city), 2 Πυθαγόρας, ὁ: Pythagoras, 1
Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5 Πύραµος, ὁ: Pyramus (river), 1
Μίλητος, ὁ: Miletus, 6 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (pl. at times στάδιοι), 5
ναύ-αρχος, ὁ: admiral, naval commander, 1 Ταµώς, ὁ: Tamus, 2
ναῦς, ναός, ἡ: a ship, boat, 5 Ψάρος, ὁ: Psarus (river), 1
1 οὗ: whose; modifies τὸ εὖρος 7 ἐπῖ αὐταῖς: over these; i.e. in charge of
ἦν: impf. εἰµί these
2 σταθµοὺς ἕνα: for…; acc. of extent 8 ἡγεῖτο: guided; impf. ἡγέοµαι + dat. obj.
παρασάγγας πέντε: for…; acc. of extent 9 ναῦς: acc. pl. ναῦς
5 οἰκοµένην: situated; ‘inhabited’ 10 αἷς: by which; dat. of means
6 ἔµειναν: aor. µένω; and acc. of duration Τισσαφέρνε-ι: dat. with predicate φίλη
Κύρῳ: for Cyrus; dat. of interest/compound ἦν: impf. εἰµί, add fem. Μίλητος as subj.
παρῆσαν: 3p impf. πάρ-ειµι
40 Anabasis I 4.2-5
καὶ συνεπολέμει Κύρῳ πρὸς αὐτόν. 3. παρῆν δὲ καὶ Χειρίσοφος 11
Λακεδαιμόνιος ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν, μετάπεμπτος ὑπὸ Κύρου, ἑπτα-

κοσίους ἔχων ὁπλίτας, ὧν ἐστρατήγει παρὰ Κύρῳ. αἱ δὲ νῆες
ὥρμουν παρὰ τὴν Κύρου σκηνήν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ οἱ παρὰ
Ἀβροκόμα μισθοφόροι Ἕλληνες ἀποστάντες ἦλθον παρὰ 15
Κῦρον τετρακόσιοι ὁπλῖται καὶ συνεστρατεύοντο ἐπὶ βασιλέα.

4. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε ἐπὶ πύλας
τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ τῆς Συρίας. ἦσαν δὲ ταῦτα δύο τείχη, καὶ τὸ
μὲν ἔσωθεν <τὸ> πρὸ τῆς Κιλικίας Συέννεσις εἶχε καὶ Κιλίκων
φυλακή, τὸ δὲ ἔξω τὸ πρὸ τῆς Συρίας βασιλέως ἐλέγετο 20
Ἀβροκόµης, ὁ: Ambrocomas (person), 7 πύλη, ἡ: one wing of a pair of double gates, 4

ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand apart, desert, revolt, 4 στρατηγέω: wage war, campaign against 2
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 6 συµ-πολεµέω: join in war, 1
ἑπτακόσιοι, -αι, -α: seven hundred, 1 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 7
Λακεδαιµόνιος, -η, -ον: Lacedaemonian, 5 συστρατεύω: to (join/share in a) campaign, 1
µετά-πεµπτος, -ον: sent for, summoned, 1 τεῖχος, -εος τό : wall, city-wall, 5
µισθο-φορος, ὁ: mercenary, serving for hire, 1 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 3
ναῦς, ναός, ἡ: a ship, boat, 5 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 4
ὁρµέω: to lie at anchor, 2 Χειρίσοφος, ὁ: Cheirisophus, 1
11 Κύρῳ: along with…; dat. accompaniment 16 ἐπὶ: against…

πρὸς: against…; αὐτόν is Tissaphernes 17 σταθµὸν…παρασάγγας: see p. 11
παρῆν: impf. πάρ-ειµι 18 ἦσαν ταῦτα: these (gates) were; 3p impf
12 ἐπὶ: on (board)… εἰµί; fem. αὗται attracted into the neuter pl.
ὑπὸ Κύρου: by…; gen. of agent of the predicate τείχη (τείχε-α)
13 ὧν ἐστρατήγει: of whom he was general τὸ ἔσωθεν: the one (wall) within; the
παρὰ Κύρῳ: in the court of Cyrus adverb is in the attributive position
14 ὥρµουν: 3p impf. ὁρµέω 19 πρὸ τῆς Κιλικίας: facing…; ‘in front of…’
παρὰ: under (the command of)…; else εἶχε: plural subject but 3s impf. verb, ἔχω
‘alongside;’ para + dat. of expresses a 20 τὸ ἔξω: the one (wall) outside; acc. object
superior in command τὸ πρὸ τῆς Συρίας: facing Syria; ; the
15 παρὰ Ἀβροκόµα: from Ambrocomas; a adverb is in the attributive position
Doric gen. sg. (separation) with the pple with τὸ ἔξω
ἀποστάντες: aor. pple. ἀπ-ἰστηµι, βασιλέως: gen. modifies φυλακή
ἦλθον: 3p aor. ἔρχοµαι ἐλέγετο: impf. pass. λέγω
παρὰ: to…; acc. place to which
Cyrus enters Syria 41
φυλακὴ φυλάττειν. διὰ μέσου δὲ ῥεῖ τούτων ποταμὸς Κάρσος 21
ὄνομα, εὖρος πλέθρου. ἅπαν δὲ τὸ μέσον τῶν τειχῶν ἦσαν

στάδιοι τρεῖς· καὶ παρελθεῖν οὐκ ἦν βίᾳ· ἦν γὰρ ἡ πάροδος
στενὴ καὶ τὰ τείχη εἰς τὴν θάλατταν καθήκοντα, ὕπερθεν δ᾽
ἦσαν πέτραι ἠλίβατοι· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς τείχεσιν ἀμφοτέροις ἐφει- 25
στήκεσαν πύλαι. 5. ταύτης ἕνεκα τῆς παρόδου Κῦρος τὰς ναῦς

μετεπέμψατο, ὅπως ὁπλίτας ἀποβιβάσειεν εἴσω καὶ ἔξω τῶν
πυλῶν, καὶ βιασόμενος τοὺς πολεμίους εἰ φυλάττοιεν ἐπὶ ταῖς 28
ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 ὄνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 5
ἀπο-βιβάζω: make go or make disembark, 1 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 6
βία, βιας, ἡ: force, might, bodily strength, 1 πάρ-οδος, ἡ: passage, entrance, approach, 4
βιάζω: to force, overpower, 3 πέτρα, ἡ: a rock, a ledge, 1
εἴσω: inwards, inside, 4 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 6
ἕνεκα: for the sake of, because of, for (gen.), 5 πύλη, ἡ: one wing of a pair of double gates, 4
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 6 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6
ἔσω-θεν: from within, within, 1 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (pl. at times στάδιοι), 5
ἐφ-ίστηµι: stand upon, set upon, 1 στενός, -ή, -όν: narrow, 2
ἠλι-βατος, -ον: high, steep; deep, 1 τεῖχος, -εος τό : wall, city-wall, 5
θάλαττα, ἡ: the sea, 8 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 3
καθ-ήκω: come down, extend; it is fitting, 2 ὕπερ-θεν: from above; above, over, 1
Κάρσος, ὁ: Carsus, 1 φυλακή, ἡ: a watch, guard, 4
µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6
ναῦς, ναός, ἡ: a ship, boat, 5
22 ὄνοµα: by name; acc. of respect 25 ἐπὶ: in

εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect ἐφειστήκεσαν: 3p plpf. ἐπ-ίστηµι
πλέθρου: gen. of measure 26 ναῦς: acc. pl. ναῦς
ἅπαν τὸ µέσον: the entire space between 27 ὅπως…ἀποβιβάσειεν: so that…might…;
23 παρελθεῖν: aor. inf. παρ-έρχοµαι purpose clause with aor. opt. in secondary
οὐκ ἦν: it was not possible; impf. εἰµί sequence
βίᾳ: dat. of means 28 βιασόµενος: having overpowered; aor. mid
24 τείχη: τείχε-α εἰ φυλάττοιεν: if they should…; 3p opt.
καθήκοντα: acc. sg. pres. pple καθ-ήκω ἐπὶ: on…
42 Anabasis I 4.5-8
Συρίαις πύλαις, ὅπερ ᾤετο ποιήσειν ὁ Κῦρος τὸν Ἀβροκόμαν, 1
ἔχοντα πολὺ στράτευμα. Ἀβροκόμας δὲ οὐ τοῦτ᾽ ἐποίησεν,

ἀλλ᾽ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα, ἀναστρέψας ἐκ
Φοινίκης παρὰ βασιλέα ἀπήλαυνεν, ἔχων, ὡς ἐλέγετο, τριά-
κοντα μυριάδας στρατιᾶς. 6. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ Συρίας 5
σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε εἰς Μυρίανδον, πόλιν οἰκου-

μένην ὑπὸ Φοινίκων ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ· ἐμπόριον δ᾽ ἦν τὸ
χωρίον καὶ ὥρμουν αὐτόθι ὁλκάδες πολλαί. ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν
ἡμέρας ἑπτά· 7. καὶ Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς στρατηγὸς καὶ Πασίων ὁ
Μεγαρεὺς ἐμβάντες εἰς πλοῖον καὶ τὰ πλείστου ἄξια ἐνθέ- 10
Ἀβροκόµης, ὁ: Ambrocomas (person), 7 µυριάς, -άδος, ἡ: 10,000; myriad, countless 5

ἀνα-στρέφω: to turn, wheel around; subvert 3 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of (gen) 5 ὁλκάς, -αδος, ἡ: merchant ship, 1
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to drive away, expel from, 2 ὁρµέω: to lie at anchor, 2
Ἀρκάς, Ἀρκάδος, ὁ: Arcadian, 4 ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ: very one who, which, 2
αὐτό-θι: on the very spot or moment, 2 Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4
ἐµ-βαίνω: to step in, walk in, 2 πύλη, ἡ: one wing of a pair of double gates, 4
ἐµπόριον, τό: trading-station, market, 1 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 7
ἐν-τίθηµι: to put on, impose, 1 Φοινίκη, ἡ: Phoenicia, 2
ἑπτά: seven, 4 Φοῖνιξ, Φοίνικος, ὁ: Phoenician, 1
Μεγαρεύς -έως: Megarian, of Megara, 2 χωρίον, τό: place, spot, region, 2
Μυρίανδος, -ου, ὁ: Myriandus, 1
1 ὅπερ: the very thing which; the antecedent 6 σταθµὸν…παρασάγγας: see pg. 11
is the preceding clause οἰκουµένην: inhabited
ᾤετο: impf. mid. ὄιοµαι 7 ὑπὸ…: by…; gen. of agent
ποιήσειν…τὸν Ἀβροκόµαν: that…; ind. ἦν: impf. εἰµί
disc. with fut. inf.; ὅπερ is the object 8 ὥρµουν: 3p impf. ὁρµέω
2 ἔχοντα: (since)…; causal ἔµεινεν: impf. µένω; and acc. of duration
3 ὄντα: acc. sg. pple εἰµί in ind. disc. 9 καὶ…καὶ: both…and
ἀναστρέψας: nom. aor. pple ἀνα-στρέφω 10 ἐµβάντες: aor. pple. ἐµ-βαίνω (βα)
4 παρὰ…: to…; place to which τὰ...ἄξια: their most valuable possessions;
ὡς ἐλέγετο: as it was said; impersonal or ‘(their) things worthy of very much’
personal: ‘as he was said (to have)’ ἐνθέµενοι: aor. mid. pple. ἐν-τίθηµι
The Greeks Xenias and Pasion abandon the expedition 43
μενοι ἀπέπλευσαν, ὡς μὲν τοῖς πλείστοις ἐδόκουν φιλοτιμη- 11
θέντες ὅτι τοὺς στρατιώτας αὐτῶν τοὺς παρὰ Κλέαρχον

ἀπελθόντας ὡς ἀπιόντας εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα πάλιν καὶ οὐ πρὸς
βασιλέα εἴα Κῦρος τὸν Κλέαρχον ἔχειν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἦσαν
ἀφανεῖς, διῆλθε λόγος ὅτι διώκει αὐτοὺς Κῦρος τριήρεσι· 15
καὶ οἱ μὲν ηὔχοντο ὡς δειλοὺς ὄντας αὐτοὺς ληφθῆναι, οἱ δ᾽

ᾤκτιρον εἰ ἁλώσοιντο. 8. Κῦρος δὲ συγκαλέσας τοὺς στρατη-
γοὺς εἶπεν· “ἀπολελοίπασιν ἡμᾶς Ξενίας καὶ Πασίων. ἀλλ᾽
εὖ γε μέντοι ἐπιστάσθων ὅτι οὔτε ἀποδεδράκασιν· οἶδα γὰρ
ὅπῃ οἴχονται· οὔτε ἀποπεφεύγασιν· ἔχω γὰρ τριήρεις ὥστε 20
ἁλίσκοµαι: to be caught, be conquered, 2 εὔχοµαι: to pray, offer prayers, 3

ἀπο-διδράσκω: to run away, escape, 1 λόγος, ὁ: word, speech, account, argument 2
ἀπο-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 1 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7
ἀπο-πλέω: to sail away, sail off, 2 οἰκτείρω: to pity, feel pity for, 1
ἀπο-φεύγω: to flee from, escape, 1 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 3
ἀ-φανής, ές: disappeared, unseen, 1 ὅπῃ: where; in what way, how, 3
δειλός, -ή, -όν: timid, cowardly, 2 Πασίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4
δι-έρχοµαι: to go or pass through, 1 συγ-καλέω: to call together, assemble, 3
ἐάω: to allow, 4 τριήρης, ὁ: trireme, 4
Ἑλλάς, -άδος, ἡ : Greece, 4 φιλο-τιµέοµαι: to love honor, be ambitious,
ἐπίσταµαι: to know, know how, understand, 4 envy, 1
11 ἀπέπλευσαν: aor. ἀπο-πλέω ὡς…ὄντας: on the grounds of being…; ὡς

ὡς µὲν…ἐδόκουν: as they seemed to very + pple expressing alleged cause
many; parenthetical clause (S2992) αὐτοῦς ληφθῆναι: that they…; ind. disc.
φιλοτιµηθέντες: (since) being envious; aor. with aor. pass. λαµβάνω governed by
pass. dep. pple φιλο-τιµέω is causal sense ηὒχοντο
modifying Xenias and Megareus above 17 εἰ ἀλωσοιντο: if they were to be…; ‘if
12 ὅτι… ἔια Κῦρος: because Cyrus allowed they should…’ a fut. opt. ἁλίσκοµαι
Clearchus…; causal ὅτι; 3s impf. ἐάω replacing fut. ind. in an emotional fut. more
τοὺς στρατιώτας…ἀπελθόντας: their vivid in secondary sequence; the fut. ind.
soldiers having gone over to Clearchus; replaces the ἄν + subj. in a future more
aor. pple ἀπ-έρχοµαι; αὐτῶν refers to vivid (ἐάν + subj., fut.) when expressing
Xenias and Megareus heightened emotion
13 ὡς ἀπιόντες…βασιλέα: intending to…; or 18 ἀπολελοίπασιν: 3p pf. ἀπολείπω
‘as about to…’ὡς + fut pple expressing ἀλλὰ…µέντοι: but nevertheless
purpose εὖ γε: very well; γε is emphatic
14 ἦσαν: impf. εἰµί; i.e. Xenias, Megareus 19 ἐπιστάθων: let them know; 3p pres.
15 διῆλθε λόγος ὅτι: a report came that…; imperative
aor. διέρχοµαι ἀποδεδράκασιν, ἀποπεφεύγασιν 3p pf.
16 οἱ µὲν…οἱ δὲ: some…others 20 ὥστε ἑλεῖν: so as to…; result, aor. αἱρέω
ἑλεῖν τὸ ἐκείνων πλοῖον· ἀλλὰ μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐκ ἔγωγε 21
αὐτοὺς διώξω, οὐδ᾽ ἐρεῖ οὐδεὶς ὡς ἐγὼ ἕως μὲν ἂν παρῇ

τις χρῶμαι, ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀπιέναι βούληται, συλλαβὼν καὶ αὐ-
τοὺς κακῶς ποιῶ καὶ τὰ χρήματα ἀποσυλῶ. ἀλλὰ ἴτωσαν,
εἰδότες ὅτι κακίους εἰσὶ περὶ ἡμᾶς ἢ ἡμεῖς περὶ ἐκείνους. 25
καίτοι ἔχω γε αὐτῶν καὶ τέκνα καὶ γυναῖκας ἐν Τράλλεσι

φρουρούμενα· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τούτων στερήσονται, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπολή-
ψονται τῆς πρόσθεν ἕνεκα περὶ ἐμὲ ἀρετῆς.” 9. καὶ ὁ μὲν ταῦτα
εἶπεν· οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες, εἴ τις καὶ ἀθυμότερος ἦν πρὸς τὴν ἀνά- 29
ἀ-θυµός, -όν: fainthearted, unenthused, 1 θεός, ὁ: a god, divinity, 3

ἀνά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a way up, ascent, 1 καί-τοι: and yet, and indeed, and you know 1
ἀπο-λαµβάνω: to receive back; cut off 2 µά: by…(in oaths, ), 1
ἀπο-συλάω: to steal, plunder, strip off, 1 ίων, -ωνος, ὁ: Pasion, 4
ἀρετή, ἡ: excellence, goodness, virtue, 2 στερέω: to deprive, rob, defraud from (gen) 1
γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ: a woman, wife, 4 συλ-λαµβάνω: to carry off, arrest; help, 3
ἐγώγε: I, for my part; I indeed, 2 τέκνον, τό: a child, 1
ἕνεκα: for the sake of, because of, for (gen.), 5 Τράλλες, οἱ: Tralles (city) 1
ἐπειδάν: whenever, 1 φρουρέω: to keep watch, guard 1
ἕως: until, as long as, 2 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
21 µὰ τοὺς θεοὺς: by the gods!; as in an oath introduces a further point (D560, S2893)
22 διώξω: fut. and with γε emphasizes the intervening
οὐδὲ…οὐδεὶς: nor…anyone word
ἐρεῖ: 3s fut. λέγω (ἐρέω) 26 αὐτῶν: their; i.e. Xenias and the rest
ὡς…χρῶµαι: that I use (someone) so long καὶ…καὶ…: both…and…
as he is here with me…; ind. disc. with a φρουρούµενα: pass. pple modifying both
general temporal clause with 3s pres. subj. acc. objects
πάρ-ειµι 27 ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ: but…not even
23 ἐπειδὰν δὲ…βούληται: but whenever…; τούτων: gen. of separation
general temporal clause with pres. subj. στερήσονται: fut. pass. (a fut. mid. form
ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπέρχοµαι used passively)
καὶ…καὶ…: both…and… ἀπολήψονται: fut. pass. ἀπολαµβάνω
24 κακῶς ποιῶ: I treat badly; ποιέω (fut. mid. in form used passively); the
τὰ χρήµατα: (their)…; i.e. the wealth of subject are the children and wives
those faithful to Cyrus who have decided to 28 τῆς πρόσθεν…περὶ ἐµὲ ἀρετῆς: gen. object
leave of ἕνεκα
ἴτωσαν: let them…; 3p imperative ἔρχοµαι ὁ µὲν: he; i.e. Cyrus
25 εἰδότες: nom. pl. pple οἶδα 29 εἴ τις καὶ: if he indeed…even if he…; καί is
κακίους εἰσι: they are worse; κακίο(ν)ες adverbial
a comparative nom. predicate πρὸς: regarding…
καίτοι…γε: and you know…; καίτοι
Cyrus does not pursue deserters and advances to the Euphrates 45
βασιν, ἀκούοντες τὴν Κύρου ἀρετὴν ἥδιον καὶ προθυμότερον 1
συνεπορεύοντο.
μετὰ ταῦτα Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τέτταρας παρα-
σάγγας εἴκοσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Χάλον ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος
πλέθρου, πλήρη δ᾽ ἰχθύων μεγάλων καὶ πραέων, οὓς οἱ Σύροι 5
θεοὺς ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ εἴων, οὐδὲ τὰς περιστεράς. αἱ

δὲ κῶμαι ἐν αἷς ἐσκήνουν Παρυσάτιδος ἦσαν εἰς ζώνην δεδο-
μέναι. 10. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριά-
κοντα ἐπὶ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ Δάρδατος ποταμοῦ, οὗ τὸ εὖρος
πλέθρου. ἐνταῦθα ἦσαν τὰ Βελέσυος βασίλεια τοῦ Συρίας 10
ἀρετή, ἡ: excellence, goodness, virtue, 2 περιστερά, ἡ: pigeon, dove, 1

Βέλεσυς, -συος, ὁ: Belesys, 1 πηγή, ἡ: spring (of a river), 4
Δάρδας, -ατος, ὁ: Dardas river, 1 πλέθρον, τό: a plethron (=100 feet), 6
ἐάω: to allow, 4 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4
ζώνη, ἠ: belt, girdle; girdle-money, 2 πρᾶος, -ον: tame, mild, meek, 1
ἡδύς, -εῖα, -ύ: sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 πρό-θυµος, ον: eager, willing, ready, 5
θεός, ὁ: a god, divinity, 3 σκηνόω: to pitch tents, encamp, 1
ἰχθύς, -ύος, ὁ: fish, 1 συµ-πορεύοµαι: join in traveling, 3
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, 4 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 7
πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6 Σύρος, ὁ: a Syrian, 1
Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis (female) 4 Χάλος, ὁ: Chalus river, 1
1 ἥδιον καὶ προθυµότερον: comparative 7 ἐν αἷς: in which

adverbs; as often, these are adverbial acc. Παρυσάτιδος ἦσαν: were Parysatis’;
2 µετὰ: after… predicate gen.; compare Τισσαφέρνους…
4 σταθµοὺς…παρασάγγας: for…; see p. 11 δεδοµέναι in I.6 (p. 4) for a similar use of
εἴκοσιν: twenty; εἴκοσι with movable-ν this construction and pf. pple
τὸ εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect εἰς ζώνην: for girdle-money; i.e. personal
5 πλέθρου: a plethron; gen. of measure as a expenses
predicate following the pple εἰµί δεδοµέναι: pf. pass. pple δίδωµι modifying
οὓς…: whom; acc. pl. relative pronoun fem. pl. κῶµαι
6 ἐνόµιζον: governs a double acc., νοµίζω 9 οὗ: whose…
εἴων: ε-ἐα-ον; 3p impf. ἐάω 10 πλέθρου: (is) a plethron; gen. of measure
ἀδικεῖν: i.e. harm; supply τινά , ‘anyone,’ ἦσαν...βασίλεια: there was…; the subject,
as acc. subj. ‘palace,’ is pl. in form, but sg. in meaning
οὐδὲ: not even…; emphastic τοῦ...ἄρξαντος: in apposition to βελέσυος
ἄρξαντος, καὶ παράδεισος πάνυ μέγας καὶ καλός, ἔχων πάντα 11
ὅσα ὧραι φύουσι. Κῦρος δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐξέκοψε καὶ τὰ βασίλεια

κατέκαυσεν. 11. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας
πεντεκαίδεκα ἐπὶ τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος
τεττάρων σταδίων· καὶ πόλις αὐτόθι ᾠκεῖτο μεγάλη καὶ 15
εὐδαίμων Θάψακος ὄνομα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας πέντε.

καὶ Κῦρος μεταπεμψάμενος τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων
ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς ἔσοιτο πρὸς βασιλέα μέγαν εἰς Βαβυ-
λῶνα· καὶ κελεύει αὐτοὺς λέγειν ταῦτα τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ
ἀναπείθειν ἕπεσθαι. 12. οἱ δὲ ποιήσαντες ἐκκλησίαν ἀπήγγελλον 20
ἀνα-πείθω: persuade, convince, 1 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 2

ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 µετα-πέµπω: send after, send for, summon, 7
αὐτό-θι: on the very spot or moment, 2 ὄνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 5
Βαβυλών, -ῶνος, ἡ: Babylon, 3 παρά-δεισος, ὁ: park, enclosed park, 4
ἐκ-κόπτω: to knock down; cut out, 1 πεντε-καί-δεκα: fifteen, 2
ἐκκλησία, ἡ: an assembly, 3 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (pl. at times στάδιοι), 5
Θάψακος, ὁ: Thapsacus (city), 1 φύω: bring forth, beget; be by nature, 1
καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 5 ὥρα, ἡ: season, time, period of time, 3
11 πάντα ὅσα: all that; ‘all as many as…’ ἔµεινεν: aor. µένω; acc., duration of time
12 αὐτὸν: i.e. the park, παράδεισος 17 ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς ἔσοιτο: that the journey
14 τὸ εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect would...; ind. disc.; a fut. opt. replaced a
15 τεττάρων σταδίων: gen. of measure as fut. ind. in secondary sequence (in English,
predicate of the pple εἰµί use ‘would’ instead of ‘will’); fut. opt. εἰµί
ᾠκεῖτο: was inhabited; i.e. ‘was situated’ 18 βασιλέα µέγαν: to the Great King; a title
impf. pass. οἰκέω 20 ἀναπείθειν: supply ‘soldiers’ as object
16 ὄνοµα: by name; acc. of respect οἱ δὲ: and they; i.e. the στρατηγοί
At Thapsacus Cyrus reveals the true purpose of the expedition 47
ταῦτα· οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται ἐχαλέπαινον τοῖς στρατηγοῖς, καὶ 21
ἔφασαν αὐτοὺς πάλαι ταῦτ᾽ εἰδότας κρύπτειν, καὶ οὐκ ἔφασαν

ἰέναι, ἐὰν μή τις αὐτοῖς χρήματα διδῷ, ὥσπερ τοῖς προτέροις
μετὰ Κύρου ἀναβᾶσι παρὰ τὸν πατέρα τοῦ Κύρου, καὶ ταῦτα
οὐκ ἐπὶ μάχην ἰόντων, ἀλλὰ καλοῦντος τοῦ πατρὸς Κῦρον. 25
ταῦτα οἱ στρατηγοὶ Κύρῳ ἀπήγγελλον· 13. ὁ δ᾽ ὑπέσχετο ἀνδρὶ

ἑκάστῳ δώσειν πέντε ἀργυρίου μνᾶς, ἐπὰν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα
ἥκωσι, καὶ τὸν μισθὸν ἐντελῆ μέχρι ἂν καταστήσῃ τοὺς
Ἕλληνας εἰς Ἰωνίαν πάλιν. τὸ μὲν δὴ πολὺ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ 29
ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 5

ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 5 µισθός, ὁ: wages, pay, hire, 6
ἀργύριον, τό: silver (coin); piece of silver, 1 µνᾶ, -ᾶς, ἡ: a mina (100 drachmae), 1
Βαβυλών, -ῶνος, ἡ: Babylon, 3 πάλαι: long ago, formerly, of old, 1
ἐν-τελής, -ές: complete, full, 1 πατήρ, ὁ: a father, 4
ἐπάν (ἐπεὶ ἄν): whenever, 1 πρότερος, -α, -ον: before, in front of; earlier 5
Ἰωνία, ἡ: Ionia, 2 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 χαλεπαίνω: to be sore, be angry with (dat) 2
κρύπτω: to conceal, hide, cover, cloak, 3
21 τοῖς στρατιώταις: dat. obj. of main verb 25 (ἐκείνων)…ἰόντων: with (those) coming...;
22 ἔφασαν: 3p aor. φηµί a gen. abs. with pple ἔρχοµαι
αὐτοὺς…κρύπτειν: that they…; ind. disc., ἐπὶ µάχην: to battle
i.e. the generals καλοῦντος τοῦ πατρὸς: another gen. abs.
πάλαι…εἰδότας: (although)…; acc. pl., pf. 26 ὁ δὲ: and he…
pple οἶδα concessive in sense, modifying 27 δώσειν: fut. inf. δίδωµι
αὐτοὺς ἐπὰν…ἥκωσι: whenever…; ἐπεί ἄν; 3p
οὐκ ἔφασαν ἰέναι: they said that (they) subj. ἥκω in a general temporal clause
would not go; inf. ἔρχοµαι 28 ἐντελῆ: ἐντελέ-α; 3rd decl. adj., acc. sg.
23 ἐὰν…διδῷ: if…; 3s pres. subj. δίδωµι καταστήσῃ: brought; ‘set down,’ 3s aor.
equiv. to a fut. more vivid condition subj. καθ-ίστηµι in a general temporal
αὐτοῖς: to…; dat. indirect obj. clause
τοῖς προτέροις: to the previous (men) 29 τὸ πολὺ: much; i.e. the greater part
24 ἀναβᾶσι: dat. pl. aor. pple ἀνα-βαίνω τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ (στρατεύµατος) : of the
παρὰ: to…; acc. place to which Greek (army)
καὶ ταῦτα: and what is more; ‘and in µὲν δὴ: certainly; expressing certainty
respect to these things,’ and acc. of respect
οὕτως ἐπείσθη. Μένων δὲ πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι τί ποιήσουσιν 1
οἱ ἄλλοι στρατιῶται, πότερον ἕψονται Κύρῳ ἢ οὔ, συνέλεξε

τὸ αὑτοῦ στράτευμα χωρὶς τῶν ἄλλων καὶ ἔλεξε τάδε.
14. “ἄνδρες, ἐάν μοι πεισθῆτε, οὔτε κινδυνεύσαντες οὔτε πονή-
σαντες τῶν ἄλλων πλέον προτιμήσεσθε στρατιωτῶν ὑπὸ 5
Κύρου. τί οὖν κελεύω ποιῆσαι; νῦν δεῖται Κῦρος ἕπεσθαι

τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπὶ βασιλέα· ἐγὼ οὖν φημι ὑμᾶς χρῆναι
διαβῆναι τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι ὅ τι οἱ
ἄλλοι Ἕλληνες ἀποκρινοῦνται Κύρῳ. 15. ἢν μὲν γὰρ ψηφί-
σωνται ἕπεσθαι, ὑμεῖς δόξετε αἴτιοι εἶναι ἄρξαντες τοῦ 10
αἴτιος, -α, -ον: responsible, blameworthy, 1 προ-τιµάω: to honor before, prefer, 2

ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 συλ-λέγω: to collect, gather, 4
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
κινδυνεύω: to risk, venture; it is likely, 4 χρή: it is necessary, it is fitting; must, ought 2
νῦν: now; as it is, 3 χωρίς: separately; apart from, without (gen) 1
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5 ψηφίζοµαι: to vote, 1
πονέω: to work, toil, 2
1 ἐπείσθη: 3s aor. pass. pple πείθω ὑπὸ: by…; gen. of agent

πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι: before it was clear 6 κελεύω: am I to bid you; 1s pres.
τί…πότερον: what…(and) whether…; ind. deliberative subj. with aor. inf.
questions following δῆλον εἶναι δεῖται: pres. mid. δέοµαι
2 ἕψονται: fut. deponent ἕποµαι + dat. 7 ἐπὶ βασιλέα: to…; supply ἐκείνην
3 αὑτοῦ: ἑαυτοῦ, gen. possession, 3rd pers. χρῆναι: that it…; pres. inf. impersonal χρή
reflexive pronoun 8 διαβῆναι: aor. inf. διαβαίνω
ἔλεξε: 3s aor. λέγω πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι: before it is clear
τάδε: the following; ‘these here (words)’ ὅ τι: what…; an ind. question, ὅ τι is an.
4 ἄνδρες: voc. direct address acc. neut. sg. interrogative ὅστις
ἐάν…πεισθῆτε, προτιµήσεσθε: if you ἀποκρινοῦνται: fut. deponent (stem κρινε-)
obey…you will…; 2s aor. pass. dep. πείθω 9 ἤν …ψηφίσωνται: if…; ἐάν + aor. mid.
and 2s fut. pass. ind. in a future more vivid subj. in a future more vivid condition
condition 10 αἴτιοι: nom. pred. of the inf. εἰµί
5 τῶν ἄλλων…στρατιωτῶν: than…; gen. τοῦ διαβαίνειν: the crossing; an articular
of comparison inf. (verbal noun), gen. object of ἄρξαντες
πλέον: comparative adverb from πλέων
The Greeks threaten to leave, Menon speaks in favor of Cyrus 49
διαβαίνειν, καὶ ὡς προθυμοτάτοις οὖσιν ὑμῖν χάριν εἴσεται 11
Κῦρος καὶ ἀποδώσει· ἐπίσταται δ᾽ εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος· ἢν δὲ

ἀποψηφίσωνται οἱ ἄλλοι, ἄπιμεν μὲν ἅπαντες τοὔμπαλιν,
ὑμῖν δὲ ὡς μόνοις πειθομένοις πιστοτάτοις χρήσεται καὶ εἰς
φρούρια καὶ εἰς λοχαγίας, καὶ ἄλλου οὗτινος ἂν δέησθε οἶδα 15
ὅτι ὡς φίλοι τεύξεσθε Κύρου.” 16. ἀκούσαντες ταῦτα ἐπείθοντο

καὶ διέβησαν πρὶν τοὺς ἄλλους ἀποκρίνασθαι. Κῦρος δ᾽ ἐπεὶ
ᾔσθετο διαβεβηκότας, ἥσθη τε καὶ τῷ στρατεύματι πέμψας
Γλοῦν εἶπεν· “ἐγὼ μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐπαινῶ· ὅπως
δὲ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐμὲ ἐπαινέσετε ἐμοὶ μελήσει, ἢ μηκέτι με Κῦρον 20
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) 5 λοχαγία, ἡ: office of captain, captain, 1
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 µέλει: there is a care for (dat.) for (gen.) , 2
ἀπο-ψηφίζοµαι: to vote against, 1 µηκέτι: no longer, no more, 3
Γλοῦς, ὁ: Glus, 2 µόνος, -η, -ον: alone, only, solitary, 1
ἔµπαλιν: back, backwards 1 πρό-θυµος, ον: eager, willing, ready, 5
ἐπαίνω: to praise, approve, commend, 3 φρούριον, τό: garrison, watch-tower, 1
ἐπίσταµαι: to know, know how, understand, 4 χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ: gratitude, thanks, favor, 1
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 4 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
11 ὡς…οὖσιν ὑµῖν: to you on the grounds of εἰς…: for…; expressing purpose

…; ὑµῖν is a dat. ind. object; ὡς + pple 15 ἄλλου οὗτινος…δέησθε: anything else
expresses alleged cause (from Cyrus’ point which you want; ἄλλου is partitive gen.
of view); dat. pl. pple εἰµί governing a dat. obj. of τεύξεσθε , οὖτινος is gen. of
pl. predicate separation ὅστις with 2p subj. δέησθε in a
εἴσεται…ἀποδώσει: 3s fut. οἶδα and general relative clause
ἀποδίδωµι 16 ὡς φίλοι Κύρου: as…
12 ἐπίσταται (χάριν ἀποδιδόναι): he knows τεύξεσθε: fut. of τυγχάνω (gain) which
how…; i.e. Cyrus governs a partitive gen.
εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος (ἐπίσταται): if anyone 17 διέβησαν: 3p aor. διαβαίνω
else at all (does); καί following an indef. 18 ᾔσθετο: aor. mid. αἰσθάνοµαι
pronoun is often emphatic and rendered ‘at διαβεβηκότες: (them)…; pf. act. pple.
all’ (S2884) διαβαίνω, modifies missing αὐτούς
ἤν…ἀποψηφίσωνται: if…; ἐάν + aor. subj. ἥσθη: 3s aor. pass. deponent, ἥδοµαι
in a future more vivid condition with a 1p governs a dat. object
fut. ἀπ-έρχοµαι ὅπως…ἐπαινέσετε: that…; ὄπως + fut.
13 τοὔµπαλιν: τὸ ἔµπαλιν = ἔµπαλιν in a clause of effort, object of µελέσει
14 ὑµῖν: dat. pl,. ὐµεῖς, obj. of fut. χρήσεται 20 ἐµοὶ µελέσει: fut. impersonal verb µέλει
ὡς…πειθοµένοις: on the grounds of…; ὡς which governs a clause of effort as object
+ pple expresses alleged cause
50 Anabasis I 4.16 – 5.2
νομίζετε. 17. οἱ μὲν δὴ στρατιῶται ἐν ἐλπίσι μεγάλαις ὄντες 21
ηὔχοντο αὐτὸν εὐτυχῆσαι, Μένωνι δὲ καὶ δῶρα ἐλέγετο

πέμψαι μεγαλοπρεπῶς. ταῦτα δὲ ποιήσας διέβαινε· συνεί-
πετο δὲ καὶ τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα αὐτῷ ἅπαν. καὶ τῶν δια-
βαινόντων τὸν ποταμὸν οὐδεὶς ἐβρέχθη ἀνωτέρω τῶν μαστῶν 25
ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. 18. οἱ δὲ Θαψακηνοὶ ἔλεγον ὅτι οὐπώποθ᾽

οὗτος ὁ ποταμὸς διαβατὸς γένοιτο πεζῇ εἰ μὴ τότε, ἀλλὰ
πλοίοις, ἃ τότε Ἀβροκόμας προϊὼν κατέκαυσεν, ἵνα μὴ Κῦρος
διαβῇ. ἐδόκει δὴ θεῖον εἶναι καὶ σαφῶς ὑποχωρῆσαι τὸν
ποταμὸν Κύρῳ ὡς βασιλεύσοντι. 19. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς 30
Ἀβροκόµης, ὁ: Ambrocomas (person), 7 θεῖος, -α, -ον: divine, sent by the gods, 1
ἀνωτέρω: higher, 1 ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 4
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 κατα-καίω: to burn down, burn completely, 2
βασιλεύω: to rule, be king, reign, 3 µαστός, ὁ: a breast, 1
βρέχω: to wet, make wet, soak, 1 µεγαλοπρεπής, -ές: magnificent, 1
δια-βατός, -η, -ον: to be crossed, fordable, 1 οὐ-πω-ποτε: not yet ever, never yet, 1
δῶρον, τό: a gift, present, 4 πεζός, ή, όν: on foot; πεζῇ, by foot, 3
ἐλπίς, -ίδος, ἡ: hope, expectation, 2 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
εὐ-τυχέω: to be prosperous, turn out well, 1 σαφής, -ές: clear, distinct, definite, 1
εὔχοµαι: to pray, offer prayers, 3 συν-έποµαι: follow along with, accompany, 3
Θαψακηνοί, οἱ: Thapsacians, 1 ὑπο-χωρέω: to go back, retire, recoil, 2
21 νοµίζετε: believe (x) (y); an imperative εἰ µὴ τότε: if not at that moment; i.e. if you
governing a double acc.; are going to cross, cross now
µὲν δὴ: certainly; expressing certainty 28 ἃ…: which…; the antecedent is neuter pl.
22 εὐτυχῆσαι: aor. inf. εὐ-τυχέω πλοῖα; this clause is added by Xenophon
ἐλέγετο: he was said; personal impf. pass., and is not part of the ind. discourse
23 πέµψαι: aor. inf. πέµπω προϊὼν: nom. sg. pple προέρχοµαι
συνείπετο: impf. mid. συν-έποµαι + dat. 29 ἵνα µὴ…διαβῇ: so that…may…; negative
24 ἄλλο: i.e. the rest or remaining part purpose, aor. subj. διαβαίνω
ἅπαν: neuter sg. ἅ-πας with στράτευµα 30 ἐδόκει: it seemed; i.e. the low level of the
25 διαβαινόντων: among…; partitive gen. river that is normally high
ἐβρέχθη: 3s aor. pass. δή: then, accordingly; inferential
τῶν µαστῶν: than…; gen. of comparison Κύρῳ: for Cyrus; dat. of interest or dat. of
with the comparative adv. compound aor. inf. ὑποχωρῆσαι
27 γένοιτο: was; aor. opt. γίγνοµαι in ind. ὡς βασιλεύσοντι: ὡς + fut. pple typically
disc. in secondary seq. (originally ἐγἐνετο) expresses purpose
πεζῇ: on foot; dat. of manner
Cyrus crosses the Euphrates and heads into the Arabian desert 51
Συρίας σταθμοὺς ἐννέα παρασάγγας πεντήκοντα· καὶ ἀφι- 1
κνοῦνται πρὸς τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν. ἐνταῦθα ἦσαν κῶμαι

πολλαὶ μεσταὶ σίτου καὶ οἴνου. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας
τρεῖς καὶ ἐπεσιτίσαντο. V.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Ἀραβίας
τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων σταθμοὺς ἐρήμους πέντε 5
παρασάγγας τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τόπῳ ἦν

μὲν ἡ γῆ πεδίον ἅπαν ὁμαλὲς ὥσπερ θάλαττα, ἀψινθίου δὲ
πλῆρες· εἰ δέ τι καὶ ἄλλο ἐνῆν ὕλης ἢ καλάμου, ἅπαντα ἦσαν
εὐώδη ὥσπερ ἀρώματα· 2. δένδρον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἐνῆν, θηρία δὲ
παντοῖα, πλεῖστοι ὄνοι ἄγριοι, πολλαὶ δὲ στρουθοὶ αἱ μεγάλαι· 10
ἄγριος, -α, -ον: wild, fierce, 2 κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, 4

Ἀραβία, ἡ: Arabia, 1 µεστός, -ή, -όν: full, filled, filled full, 2
Ἀράξης, ὁ: Araxes river, 1 οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6
ἀρῶµα, -ατος, τό: spices, aromatic herbs, 1 ὁµαλής, -ές: level (ground), even, 2
ἀψινθίον, τό: wormwood, absinthe (plant), 1 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a mule, 3
γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 παντοῖος, -α, -ον: of all sorts, various, 1
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, 3 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 2
ἐν-ειµί: to be, be in, 4 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4
ἐννέα: nine, 1 σῖτος, ὁ: grain, bread, food, 4
ἐπισιτίζοµαι: furnish oneself with food, 2 στρουθός, ὁ: the osterich, 2
ἐρῆµος, -ον: deserted, desolate, 5 Σύριος, -η, -ον: Syrian, 7
εὐ-ώδης, ές: sweet-smelling, fragrant, 1 τόπος, ὁ: a place, region, 1
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 ὕλη, ἡ: woods, forest-tree, brushwood, 1
κάλαµος, ὁ: reed, 1
1 σταθµοὺς…παρασάγγας: for…; see p. 11 ἅπαν: neuter sg. ἅ-πας

2 ἦσαν: there were; 3p impf. εἰµί πλῆρες: neuter sg. with πεδίον
3 ἔµειναν: aor. µένω and acc. of duration. 8 εἰ δὲ τι καὶ ἄλλο ἐνῆν: if anything else was
6 ἦν: 3s impf. εἰµί on (the plain); impf. ἐν-ειµι, καί following
µὲν πεδίον…δὲ πλῆρες: leave µὲν…δὲ an indefinite pronoun is often emphatic and
untranslated; the contrast of predicates is so rendered ‘at all’ (S2884)
weak that δέ simply offers an additional ὕλης ἢ καλάµου: partitive gen.
point and may be translated as ‘and’ 9 εὐώδη: εὐώδε-α
52 Anabasis I 5.2-5
ἐνῆσαν δὲ καὶ ὠτίδες καὶ δορκάδες· ταῦτα δὲ τὰ θηρία οἱ 11
ἱππεῖς ἐνίοτε ἐδίωκον. καὶ οἱ μὲν ὄνοι, ἐπεί τις διώκοι,

προδραμόντες ἕστασαν· πολὺ γὰρ τῶν ἵππων ἔτρεχον θᾶττον·
καὶ πάλιν, ἐπεὶ πλησιάζοιεν οἱ ἵπποι, ταὐτὸν ἐποίουν, καὶ οὐκ
ἦν λαβεῖν, εἰ μὴ διαστάντες οἱ ἱππεῖς θηρῷεν διαδεχόμενοι. 15
τὰ δὲ κρέα τῶν ἁλισκομένων ἦν παραπλήσια τοῖς ἐλαφείοις,

ἁπαλώτερα δέ. 3. στρουθὸν δὲ οὐδεὶς ἔλαβεν· οἱ δὲ διώξαντες
τῶν ἱππέων ταχὺ ἐπαύοντο· πολὺ γὰρ ἀπέσπα φεύγουσα, τοῖς
μὲν ποσὶ δρόμῳ, ταῖς δὲ πτέρυξιν αἴρουσα, ὥσπερ ἱστίῳ χρω-
μένη. τὰς δὲ ὠτίδας ἄν τις ταχὺ ἀνιστῇ ἔστι λαμβάνειν· 20
αἴρω: to lift, raise up, get up, 1 θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4
ἁλίσκοµαι: to be caught, be conquered, 2 ἱστίον, τό: sail, web, 1
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise, rise, 7 κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 3
ἁπαλός, -ή, -όν: soft, tender, delicate, 1 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a mule, 3
ἀπο-σπάω: to tear away, drag away, 1 παραπλήσιος, -α, -ον: resembling; similar, 2
δια-δέχοµαι: receive from another, succeed 1 παύω: to stop, make cease, 5
δι-ίστηµι: to stand apart, separate, 2 πλησιάζω: to approach, come near, 1
δορκάς, -άδος, ὁ: a gazelle, 1 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 5
δρόµος, ὁ: run, running; flight, 4 προ-τρέχω: to run forward, 1
ἐλαφείος, -ον: of deer (i.e. venison), 1 πτέρυξ, -υγος, ὁ: wing, 1
ἐν-ειµί: to be, be in, 4 στρουθός, ὁ: the osterich, 2
ἐνι-οτε: at times, sometimes, 1 τρέχω: to run, 3
θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
θηρεύω: to hunt, chase, 3 ὠτίς, ὠτίδος ἡ: bustard (large bird) 2
11 ἐνῆσαν: 3p impf. ἐν-ειµι διαδεχόµενοι: being in relays; ‘receiving

12 ἐπεὶ…διώκοι: whenever…; pres. opt. from another’
in past general temporal clause 16 ἦν: was; neuter pl. subject
13 προδραµόντες: aor. pple. προ-τρέχω ἐλαφείοις (κρέασι): to venison; ‘deer meat’
ἕστασαν: aor. ἵστηµι, ‘stop’ 17 ἁπαλώτερα: acc. sg. comparative adj.
πολύ: much, far; adv. acc. (acc. of extent 18 τῶν ἱππέων: partitive gen. ἱππεύς
by degree) with comparative adv. θᾶττον ἐπαύοντο: impf. mid. παύω
τῶν ἵππων: gen. of comparison ἀπέσπα: would pull away; iterative impf;
14 ἐπεὶ πλησιάζοιεν: whenever…; see l. 12 ἀπέσπα-ε, 3s α-contract impf.
ταὐτὸν: the same thing; crasis, τὸ αὐτό πολύ: for much (distance); see note l. 13
15 ἦν: it was possible 19 ποσὶ, πτέρξιν: dat. means; πούς, πτέρυξ
λαβεῖν: aor. inf., add τούτους as object δρόµῳ: in a run; dat. of manner
εἰ µὴ… θηρῷεν: unless…hunted; 3p aor. αἴρουσα: i.e. themselves; pres. pple
opt., past general condition (εἰ opt., ind.) 20 ἄν…ἀνιστῇ: if one…; = ἐάν + pres. subj.
διαστάντες: i.e. at intervals; aor. pple in a present general condition
οἱ ἱππεῖς: nom. pl. ἱππεύς, ‘horseman’ ἔστι: it is possible; + inf.
Food is scarce as they cross the desert 53
πέτονται γὰρ βραχὺ ὥσπερ πέρδικες καὶ ταχὺ ἀπαγορεύουσι. 21
τὰ δὲ κρέα αὐτῶν ἥδιστα ἦν. 4. πορευόμενοι δὲ διὰ ταύτης τῆς

χώρας ἀφικνοῦνται ἐπὶ τὸν Μάσκαν ποταμόν, τὸ εὖρος πλε-
θριαῖον. ἐνταῦθα ἦν πόλις ἐρήμη, μεγάλη, ὄνομα δ᾽ αὐτῇ
Κορσωτή· περιερρεῖτο δ᾽ αὕτη ὑπὸ τοῦ Μάσκα κύκλῳ. 25
ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἐπεσιτίσαντο. 5. ἐντεῦθεν

ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς ἐρήμους τρισκαίδεκα παρασάγγας ἐνενή- 27
ἀπ-αγορεύω: to forbid; grow weary, 1 Μάσκα, ἡ: Mascas (river), 2

βραχύς, -έα, -ύ: short, brief; little; few, 1 ὄνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 5
ἐνενήκοντα: ninety, 2 πέρδιξ, -κος, ὁ: partridge (bird), 1
ἐπισιτίζοµαι: furnish oneself with food, 2 περι-ρρέω: to stream around, 1
ἐρῆµος, -ον: deserted, desolate, 5 πετοµαι: to fly, flutter, 1
ἡδύς, -εῖα, -ύ: sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 πλεθριαῖος, -α, -ον: a plethron long, 2
Κορσωτή, ἡ: Corsote (city) 1 τρισ-καί-δεκα: thirteen, 1
κύκλος, ὁ: a circle, round, ring, 2
21 βραχὺ: for…distance; adv. acc. (acc. of a linking verb

extent) 25 αὕτη: demonstrative pronoun; i.e. Corsote
ταχὺ: adv. ταχύς ὑπὸ…: by…; gen. of agent
22 ἥδιστα: predicate, superlative of ἡδύς κύκλῳ: in…; dat. of manner
23 τὸ εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect 26 ἔµειναν: aor. µένω
24 αὐτῇ: its; ‘to it,’ dat. of possession, supply
54 Anabasis I 5.5-8
κοντα τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων, καὶ ἀφικνεῖται 1
ἐπὶ Πύλας. ἐν τούτοις τοῖς σταθμοῖς πολλὰ τῶν ὑποζυγίων

ἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λιμοῦ· οὐ γὰρ ἦν χόρτος οὐδὲ ἄλλο οὐδὲν
δένδρον, ἀλλὰ ψιλὴ ἦν ἅπασα ἡ χώρα· οἱ δὲ ἐνοικοῦντες
ὄνους ἀλέτας παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν ὀρύττοντες καὶ ποιοῦντες 5
εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἦγον καὶ ἐπώλουν καὶ ἀνταγοράζοντες σῖτον

ἔζων. 6. τὸ δὲ στράτευμα ὁ σῖτος ἐπέλιπε, καὶ πρίασθαι οὐκ
ἦν εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ Λυδίᾳ ἀγορᾷ ἐν τῷ Κύρου βαρβαρικῷ, τὴν
καπίθην ἀλεύρων ἢ ἀλφίτων τεττάρων σίγλων. ὁ δὲ σίγλος
δύναται ἑπτὰ ὀβολοὺς καὶ ἡμιωβέλιον Ἀττικούς· ἡ δὲ καπίθη 10
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 χοίνικες, 2

ἀλέτης, -ες: grinding; noun, grinder, 1 λιµός. ὁ, ἡ: hunger, famine, 3
ἀλεύρον, τό: wheat-meal, 2 Λυδίος, -α, -ον:: of Lydia, Lydian, 1
ἄλφιτον, τό: barley-meal, 1 ὀβολός, ὁ: obol, 1
ἀντ-αγοράζω: buy with money, 1 ὄνος, ὁ, ἡ: a mule, 3
ἀπ-όλλυµι: to lose, destroy, kill, ruin, 3 ὀρύττω: to dig, dig up, 1
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, of Attica, 2 πρίαµαι: to buy, purchase, 1
Βαβυλών, -ῶνος, ἡ: Babylon, 3 Πύλαι, αἱ: Pylae (town), 1
δένδρον, τό: tree; also, 3 πωλέω: to sell, 1
ἐν-οἰκέω: to inhabit, dwell in , live in, 3 σίγλος, ὁ: siglus (Persian coin= ~7.5 obols), 2
ἐπι-λείπω: be lacking for, fail (acc), 1 σῖτος, ὁ: grain, bread, food, 4
ἑπτά: seven, 4 ὑπο-ζύγιον, τό: a yoke-animal, ox, 3
ζάω: to live, 4 χόρτος, ὁ: fodder (for feeding animals), 2
ἡµι-ωβέλιον, τό: half-obol, 1 ψιλός, -όν: bare, stript, simple, 3
καπίθη, ἡ: capith, a Persian unit of two
2 πολλὰ: many; neut. pl. in agreement with 7 ἔζων: 3p impf. ζάω

the neuter partitive gen. ἐπέλιπε: 3s aor. ἐπι-λείπω
3 ἀπώλετο: perished; aor. mid. ἀπόλλυµι 8 ἦν: it was possible; impf. εἰµί
ὑπὸ: because of…; gen. of cause εἰ µὴ: except…; + acc., the verb ἦν
4 οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες: the inhabitants; pres. pple πρίασθαι is understood from context
5 ὄνους ἀλέτας: millstones; ‘grinding τῷ…βαρβαρικῷ: barbarian (army)
donkeys,’ an idiom, i.e. the upper millstone 9 ἀλεύρων, ἀλφίτων: of…or of…; partitive
that is tied to a donkey and turned over a gen.
stationary millstone in order to grind grain τεττάρων σίγλων: for…; gen. of price
grinders,’ turned by an ass 10 δύναται: is worth; i.e. is able (to be)…
6 ἤγον: they brought (them); impf. ἄγω
The grain supply begins to fail 55
δύο χοίνικας Ἀττικὰς ἐχώρει. κρέα οὖν ἐσθίοντες οἱ στρα- 11
τιῶται διεγίγνοντο. 7. ἦν δὲ τούτων τῶν σταθμῶν οὓς πάνυ

μακροὺς ἤλαυνεν, ὁπότε ἢ πρὸς ὕδωρ βούλοιτο διατελέσαι ἢ
πρὸς χιλόν. καὶ δή ποτε στενοχωρίας καὶ πηλοῦ φανέντος
ταῖς ἁμάξαις δυσπορεύτου ἐπέστη ὁ Κῦρος σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν 15
ἀρίστοις καὶ εὐδαιμονεστάτοις καὶ ἔταξε Γλοῦν καὶ Πίγρητα

λαβόντας τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ συνεκβιβάζειν τὰς ἁμάξας.
8. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐδόκουν αὐτῷ σχολαίως ποιεῖν, ὥσπερ ὀργῇ ἐκέλευσε
τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν Πέρσας τοὺς κρατίστους συνεπισπεῦσαι
τὰς ἁμάξας. ἔνθα δὴ μέρος τι τῆς εὐταξίας ἦν θεάσασθαι. 20
Ἀττικός, -ή, -όν: Attic, of Attica, 2 ὀργή, ἡ: anger; temperment, 1

Γλοῦς, ὁ: Glus, 2 πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6
δια-γίγνοµαι: to survive, go through, pass, 1 πηλός, ὁ: mud; clay, earth, 2
δια-τελέω: continue, perservere (to the end) 1 Πίγρης, -ητος, ἡ: Pigres, (person) 3
δυσ-πόρευτος, -ον: hard to pass, 1 ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
ἐπ-ίστηµι: stop, stand still on, set upon, 1 στενο-χωρία, ἡ: narrow or confined space, 1
ἐσθίω: to eat, 1 συν-εκ-βιβάζω: to help bring out, 1
εὐ-ταξία, -ας, ἡ: good order, good discipline 1 συν-επι-σπεύδω: to join in urging forward, 1
θεάοµαι: to see, watch, look at; consider, 2 σχολαῖος, -η, -ον: leisurely, tardy, 2
κράτιστος, -η, -ον: strongest, mightiest, 5 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 2
κρέας, τό: meat, piece of meat, 3 χιλός, -όν: forage, fodder (often for cattle), 4
µακρός, ά, όν: long, far, distant, large, 1 χοῖνιξ, ἡ: a choenix (dry measure of unit), 1
µέρος, -έος, τό: a part, share, portion, 2 χωρέω: to go forward, come, 2
ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4
11 ἐχώρει: contained; ‘had room for’ ‘appearing’

12 ἦν…σταθµῶν: there was among these 15 ταῖς ἁµάξαις: for…; dat. interest with the
stages; 3s impf. with parttive gen.; a adj. δυσπορεύτου
stage is a day-long march, which varies in ἐπέστη: 3s aor. ἐπίστηµι
length depending on terrain and speed σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν ἀρίστοις: with the
οὓς…ἤλαυνεν: which he drove very long; nobles around him
µακροὺς is predicative in sense; i.e. Cyrus 16 εὐδαιµονεστάτοις: i.e. the most-esteemed
made the soldiers cover more miles in a dignitaries, a superlative adj.
single stage (a day’s march) than normal ἔταξε: aor. τάττω
14 ὁπότε…βούλοιτο: whenever…; mid. opt. 17 λαβόντας: taking hold of; + partitive gen.
in a past general temporal clause 18 σχολαίως: adverb
διατελέσαι: aor. inf. ὥσπερ ὀργῇ: as if in anger; dat. manner
καὶ δὴ: and in particular, and indeed, 20 ἔνθα δὴ: exactly then, just then; (S2843)
a common lively connective (D249) τῆς εὐταξίας: of good discipline; partitive
ποτε: once; ‘at some time’ gen.
στενοχωρίας…φανέντος…δυσπορεύτου: ἦν: it was possible
a gen. abs. with an aor. dep. pple φαίνω
ῥίψαντες γὰρ τοὺς πορφυροῦς κάνδυς ὅπου ἔτυχεν ἕκαστος 21
ἑστηκώς, ἵεντο ὥσπερ ἂν δράμοι τις ἐπὶ νίκῃ καὶ μάλα κατὰ
πρανοῦς γηλόφου, ἔχοντες τούτους τε τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας
καὶ τὰς ποικίλας ἀναξυρίδας, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ στρεπτοὺς περὶ τοῖς
τραχήλοις καὶ ψέλια περὶ ταῖς χερσίν· εὐθὺς δὲ σὺν τούτοις 25
εἰσπηδήσαντες εἰς τὸν πηλὸν θᾶττον ἢ ὥς τις ἂν ᾤετο

μετεώρους ἐξεκόμισαν τὰς ἁμάξας. 9. τὸ δὲ σύμπαν δῆλος ἦν 27
ἀναξυρίδες, οἱ: trousers, pants, 1 πηλός, ὁ: mud, clay, earth, 2

γήλοφος, ὁ: hill, 2 ποικίλος, -η, -ον: many-colored, varied, 1
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 πολυτελής, -ές: very expensive, very costly, 1
εἰσ-πηδάω: to leap on, jump upon, 1 πορφύρεος, -η, -ον: purple-dyed, dark, 1
ἐκ-κοµίζω: to carry out, bring out; bury, 1 πρανής, -ες: headlong, steep, 1
ἔνιοι, -αι, -α: some, 2 ῥίπτω: to throw, cast, hurl, 1
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 στρατός, τό: army, encamped army, 1
θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 στρεπτός, ὁ: necklace, 3
ἵηµι: send forth, throw, cast, 3 σύµ-πας, -πασα, -παν: every, all, whole, 2
κάνδυς, υος, τό: Median cloak (with sleeves)1 τράχηλος, ὁ: throat, 1
µάλα: very, very much, exceedingly, 1 τρέχω: to run, 3
µετέωρος, ον: high, raised off the ground, 1 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
νίκη, ἡ: victory (in battle), 2 χιτών, -ῶνος, ἡ: tunic, 2
ὅπου: where, 5 ψέλιον, τό: armlet, anklet, 3
21 ῥίψαντες: i.e. throw off; aor. pple exceedingly...; + gen.; πρανοῦς =

ἔτυχεν…ἑστηκώς: happened to…; idiom, πρανέ-ος
aor. τυγχάνω + complementary pple 26 θᾶττον: more quickly; comparative adv.
(nom. sg. pf. pple. ἵστηµι as often is an adverbial acc.
22 ἵεντο: rushed; ‘sent themselves,’ 3p impf. ὥς…ᾤετο: as one would have thought; ἄν
mid. ἵηµι + impf. ind. οἴοµαι expresses past potential
ἂν δράµοι: one would…; potential aor. opt. 27 τὸ σύµπαν: On a whole; ‘in respect to the
τρέχω (δροµ-) whole,’ i.e. altogether; an acc. of respect
ἐπὶ νίκῃ: for victory; i.e. to win a victory that is commonly used as an adverb
καὶ µάλα κατὰ: and down from and δῆλον ἦν: it was clear that…
The expedition finally buys provisions at Charmande 57
Κῦρος ὡς σπεύδων πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδὸν καὶ οὐ διατρίβων ὅπου 1
μὴ ἐπισιτισμοῦ ἕνεκα ἤ τινος ἄλλου ἀναγκαίου ἐκαθέζετο,

νομίζων, ὅσῳ θᾶττον ἔλθοι, τοσούτῳ ἀπαρασκευαστοτέρῳ
βασιλεῖ μαχεῖσθαι, ὅσῳ δὲ σχολαίτερον, τοσούτῳ πλέον
συναγείρεσθαι βασιλεῖ στράτευμα. καὶ συνιδεῖν δ᾽ ἦν τῷ 5
προσέχοντι τὸν νοῦν τῇ βασιλέως ἀρχῇ πλήθει μὲν χώρας

καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἰσχυρὰ οὖσα, τοῖς δὲ μήκεσι τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ τῷ
διεσπάσθαι τὰς δυνάμεις ἀσθενής, εἴ τις διὰ ταχέων τὸν
πόλεμον ποιοῖτο. 10. πέραν δὲ τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ κατὰ
τοὺς ἐρήμους σταθμοὺς ἦν πόλις εὐδαίμων καὶ μεγάλη, 10
ἀναγκαῖος, -η, -ον: necessary, inevitable, 1 µῆκος, τό: length, 1

ἀ-παράσκεύαστος, -ον: unprepared, 1 νοῦς, ὁ: mind, perception, heart, 1
ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 ὅπου: where, 5
ἀ-σθενής, -ές: without strength, weak, feeble 1 πέραν: beyond, across (gen) 1
δια-σπάω: to tear asunder, separate, 1 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 3
δια-τρίβω: to spend time, waste time, 1 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 προσ-έχω: to offer, provide; direct, 1
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 σπεύδω: to hasten, be eager, be urgent, 2
ἕνεκα: for the sake of, because of, for (gen.), 5 συν-άγειρω: gather together, assemble, 1
ἐπισιτισµός, ὁ: foraging, store of provisions, 1 συν-οράω: to look upon, see, (συν-ειδον)1
ἐρῆµος, -ον: deserted, desolate, 5 σχολαῖος, -η, -ον: leisurely, tardy, 2
θάττων, θᾶττον: faster, quicker, swifter, 4 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much,
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4 so many, 5
κατ-έζοµαι: to sit down; encamp, 1
1 ὡς σπεύδων: hastening; ὠς (since) + pple σχολαίτερον (ἔλθοι) is a relative clause

expresses alleged cause from Cyrus point πλείον συναγείρεσθαι…στράτευµα: the
of view but can be omitted in translation greater the army gathers for the king; ind.
ὅπου µὴ: except where…; ‘not where’ disc. with νοµίζων; βασιλεῖ is dat. interest
2 ἐπισιτισµοῦ…ἀναγκαίου: with ἕνεκα 5 καὶ…δὲ: and also; i.e. and moreover…
3 ὅσῳ…τοσούτῳ: by as much as…by so ἦν: it was possible; + aor. inf.
much…; dat. of degree of difference 6 προσέχοντι τὸν νοῦν: for one paying
modifying the two comparatives attention to; common idiom; dat. pres. pple
θᾶττον: comparative adv. τῇ…ἀρχῇ: to…; dat. of compound verb
ἔλθοι: he went; aor. opt. ἔρχοµαι in a πλήθει µὲν…οὖσα: (although) being strong
general relative clause, secondary seq. in…; nom. pple modifies dat. ἀρχῇ; πλήθει
4 ἀπαρασκευαστοτέρῳ βασιλεῖ µαχεῖσθαι: is dat. of respect; χώρας is partitive gen.
the more unprepared the king he fights; 7 τοῖς δὲ…ἀσθενής (οὖσα): but (being) weak
ind. disc. governed by νοµίζων; the acc. in…and in…; dat. of respect
subject is Cyrus and βασιλεῖ is a dat. of τῷ διεσπάσθαι...: in the forces being
association: i.e. fights with the king scattered; dat. of respect articular inf.
ὅσῳ…τοσούτῳ: see line 3 above; ὅσῳ 8 διὰ ταχέων: quickly; ‘through speed’
ὄνομα δὲ Χαρμάνδη· ἐκ ταύτης οἱ στρατιῶται ἠγόραζον τὰ 11
ἐπιτήδεια, σχεδίαις διαβαίνοντες ὧδε. διφθέρας ἃς εἶχον

στεγάσματα ἐπίμπλασαν χόρτου κούφου, εἶτα συνῆγον καὶ
συνέσπων, ὡς μὴ ἅπτεσθαι τῆς κάρφης τὸ ὕδωρ· ἐπὶ τούτων
διέβαινον καὶ ἐλάμβανον τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, οἶνόν τε ἐκ τῆς 15
βαλάνου πεποιημένον τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ φοίνικος καὶ σῖτον μελίνης·

τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ πλεῖστον. 11. ἀμφιλεξάντων δέ τι
ἐνταῦθα τῶν τε τοῦ Μένωνος στρατιωτῶν καὶ τῶν τοῦ
Κλεάρχου ὁ Κλέαρχος κρίνας ἀδικεῖν τὸν τοῦ Μένωνος
πληγὰς ἐνέβαλεν· ὁ δὲ ἐλθὼν πρὸς τὸ ἑαυτοῦ στράτευμα 20
ἀγοράζω: to go or purchase in the market, 2 ὄνοµα, -ατος, τό: name, 5

ἀµφι-λέγω: dispute about, question, 1 πίµπληµι: to fill, fill (+ acc.) full of (+ gen.) 1
ἅπτω: to touch, fasten, grasp (+ part. gen.) 1 πληγή, ἡ: blow, strike, beating, 1
βάλανος, ὁ: date (fruit); acorn; 1 σῖτος, ὁ: grain, bread, food, 4
διφθέρα, ἡ: hide, tanned skin, leather, 1 στέγασµα, -µατος, τό: covering, tent, 1
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 συν-άγω: bring together, collect, gather, 3
ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 συ-σπάω: to sew, draw together, 1
ἐπιτήδεια, τά: necessities, provisions, 4 σχέδια, ἡ: raft, make-shift boat, 1
κάρφη, ἡ: hay, dry grass, 1 ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό: water, 2
κοῦφος, -η, -ον: light, nimb, 1 φοῖνιξ, φοίνικος, ὁ: palm, date-palm, 1
κρίνω: choose, decide; interpret, 5 Χαρµάνδη, ἡ: Charmande (a city) 1
µελίνη, ἡ: millet, millet-grain, 2 χόρτος, ὁ: fodder (for feeding animals), 2
οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4
11 ὄνοµα: by name; acc. of respect 16 πεποιηµένον: pf. pass. pple ποιέω

ἐκ ταύτης: i.e. in this city τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ φοίνικος: modifies τῆς
12 εἶχον: 3p impf. ἔχω βαλάνου
στεγάσµατα: as tent-coverings µελίνης: (made) from millet
13 ἐπιµπλασαν: 3p impf. πίµπληµι 17 τοῦτο: this; i.e. millet
συνῆγον: drew together; impf. συνάγω πλεῖστον: i.e. plentiful; superlative
14 συνέσπων: συνέσπα-ον; 3p impf. ἀµφιλεξάντων…Κλεάρχου: gen. absolute
συν-σπάω 19 κρίνας: nom. sg. aor. pple κρίνω
ὡς µή ἅπτεσθαι: so that the water…; τὸν τοῦ Μένωνος: that Meno’s (soldier);
a result clause (ὡς + inf.) ind. disc., acc. subject of ἀδικεῖν
τῆς κάρφης: partitive gen. with mid. inf. 20 ἐνέβαλεν: inflicted; ‘imposed’ aor.
14 ἐπὶ τούτων: upon these ὁ δὲ ἐλθων: and he coming…; i.e the
15 τὰ ἐπιτήδεια: necessities; i.e. provisions soldier of Meno punished by Clearchus
A quarrel arises between Clearchus’ and Menon’s men 59
ἔλεγεν· “ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται ἐχαλέπαινον καὶ ὠργί- 21
ζοντο ἰσχυρῶς τῷ Κλεάρχῳ. 12. τῇ δὲ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ Κλέαρχος

ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τὴν διάβασιν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἐκεῖ κατασκεψά-
μενος τὴν ἀγορὰν ἀφιππεύει ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σκηνὴν διὰ τοῦ
Μένωνος στρατεύματος σὺν ὀλίγοις τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν· Κῦρος δὲ 25
οὔπω ἧκεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι προσήλαυνε· τῶν δὲ Μένωνος στρατιωτῶν

ξύλα σχίζων τις ὡς εἶδε Κλέαρχον διελαύνοντα, ἵησι τῇ ἀξίνῃ· 27
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 κατα-σκεπτοµαι: to examine, look carefully 1

ἀξίνη, ἡ: axe, axe-head, 1 ξύλον, τό: wood, firewood, 2
ἀφ-ιππεύω: to ride back, 1 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 4
διά-βασις, -εως, ἡ: a (means of) crossing, 1 ὀργίζοµαι: be angry; be provoked 2
δι-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive through, 3 οὔ-πω: not yet, 3
ἐκεῖ: there, in that place, 5 προσ-ελαύνω: to drive to, ride to, 2
ἵηµι: send forth, throw, cast, 3 σχίζω: to split, cleave, 1
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4 χαλεπαίνω: to be sore, be angry with, 2
22 τῷ Κλεάρχῳ: at Clearchus; ind. obj. τῶν…στρατιωτῶν…τις: one among…;

τῇ αὐτῇ ἡµέρᾳ: on the same…; dat. of partitive gen.
time when; αὐτῇ in the attributive position ὡς εἶδε: when..; 3s aor. ὁράω
ἐπὶ: to…; acc. of place to which 27 ἵησι: throws; + dat. means, 3s pres. ἵηµι
25 συν ὁλίγοις: with…; i.e Clearchus’ own τῇ ἀξίνῃ: dat. of means; we usually would
men; dat. of accompaniment expect the object thrown to be an acc. obj.
26 ἧκεν: 3s ἥκω
καὶ οὗτος μὲν αὐτοῦ ἥμαρτεν· ἄλλος δὲ λίθῳ καὶ ἄλλος, εἶτα 1
πολλοί, κραυγῆς γενομένης. 13. ὁ δὲ καταφεύγει εἰς τὸ ἑαυτοῦ

στράτευμα, καὶ εὐθὺς παραγγέλλει εἰς τὰ ὅπλα· καὶ τοὺς μὲν
ὁπλίτας αὐτοῦ ἐκέλευσε μεῖναι τὰς ἀσπίδας πρὸς τὰ γόνατα
θέντας, αὐτὸς δὲ λαβὼν τοὺς Θρᾷκας καὶ τοὺς ἱππέας οἳ ἦσαν 5
αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ στρατεύματι πλείους ἢ τετταράκοντα, τούτων δὲ

οἱ πλεῖστοι Θρᾷκες, ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Μένωνος, ὥστ᾽ ἐκείνους
ἐκπεπλῆχθαι καὶ αὐτὸν Μένωνα, καὶ τρέχειν ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα· οἱ
δὲ καὶ ἕστασαν ἀποροῦντες τῷ πράγματι. 14. ὁ δὲ Πρόξενος
(ἔτυχε γὰρ ὕστερος προσιὼν καὶ τάξις αὐτῷ ἑπομένη τῶν 10
ἁµαρτάνω: miss (the mark), fail ( + gen.) 1 κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, 5
ἀ-πορέω: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3 λίθος, ὁ: a stone, 1
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6
γόνα, γούνατος, τό: the knee, 1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 τετταράκοντα: forty, 1
ἐκ-πλήσσω: to strike; stun, amaze, frighten, 2 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 τρέχω: to run, 3
Θρᾷξ, -κος, ὁ: Thracian, 5 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
κατα-φεύγω: to flee to refuge, 1
1 ἥµαρτεν: aor. governs a partitive gen. εἰµί, dat. of possession

αὐτοῦ: him; i.e. Clearchus, partitive gen. 6 πλείους: πλείο(ν)ες, comparative, nom. pl.
ἄλλος (ἴησι): another (throws); + dat. obj. τούτων: partitive gen.
of means; supply ἴησι, ‘sends (at him)’ 7 οἱ πλεῖστοι (ἦσαν): supply a linking verb
λίθῳ: dat. of means; compare with ἀξίνῃ ἐπὶ τοὺς: against the (soldiers)
καὶ ἄλλος: and then another; ellipsis 8 ὥστε…ἐκπεπλῆχθαι: so that…were…;
2 κραυγῆς γενοµένης: gen. abs.; γίγνοµαι result clause with pf. pass. inf. ἐκ-πλήσσω;
ὁ δὲ: and he…; i.e. Clearchus ἐκείνους…Μένωνα is the acc. subject
3 εἰς τὰ ὅπλα: to arms αὐτὸν: himself; intensive pronoun
4 αὐτοῦ: there; an adverb; if a genitive, we τρέχειν: in the same result clause
would expect reflexive ἑαυτοῦ ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα: to arms
µεῖναι: aor. inf. µένω οἱ δὲ: but others…
πρὸς: against…; a defensive posture 9 ἕστασαν: 3s aor. ἵστηµι
5 θέντας: acc. pl. aor. pple τίθηµι; modifies τῷ πράγµατι: by…; dat. of cause
ὁπλίτας, the acc. object is ἀσπίδας 10 ἔτυχε…προσιὼν: happened to…; aor.
αὐτὸς: (he) himself…; relative clause τυγχάνω + complementary pple (here,
ἵππέας: acc. pl. ἱππεύς nom. sg. προσ-έρχοµαι)
οἳ: who…; relative clause ἑποµένη: mid. pple governs a dat.
ἦσαν αὐτῷ: he had; ‘were to him,’ impf.
Cyrus intercedes to stop the quarrel 61
ὁπλιτῶν) εὐθὺς οὖν εἰς τὸ μέσον ἀμφοτέρων ἄγων ἔθετο τὰ 11
ὅπλα καὶ ἐδεῖτο τοῦ Κλεάρχου μὴ ποιεῖν ταῦτα. ὁ δ᾽ ἐχαλέ-

παινεν ὅτι αὐτοῦ ὀλίγου δεήσαντος καταλευσθῆναι πράως
λέγοι τὸ αὑτοῦ πάθος, ἐκέλευσέ τε αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου
ἐξίστασθαι. 15. ἐν τούτῳ δ᾽ ἐπῄει καὶ Κῦρος καὶ ἐπύθετο τὸ 15
πρᾶγμα· εὐθὺς δ᾽ ἔλαβε τὰ παλτὰ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ σὺν

τοῖς παροῦσι τῶν πιστῶν ἧκεν ἐλαύνων εἰς τὸ μέσον, καὶ
λέγει τάδε. 16. “Κλέαρχε καὶ Πρόξενε καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι οἱ παρόντες
Ἕλληνες, οὐκ ἴστε ὅ τι ποιεῖτε. εἰ γάρ τινα ἀλλήλοις μάχην
συνάψετε, νομίζετε ἐν τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐμέ τε κατακεκόψεσθαι 20
ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 παλτός, -ή, -όν: brandished; subst. javelin, 3
ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4
ἐξ-ίστηµι: to stand aside; displace, move, 1 πρᾶος, -ον: tame, mild, meek, 2
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 πυνθάνοµαι: learn (by inquiry or hearsay), 2
κατα-κόπτω: to cut to pieces, chop down, 4 συν-απτω: fasten together, join together, 1
κατα-λεύω: to stone to death, 1 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5 χαλεπαίνω: to be sore, be angry with, 2
ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 4 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
πάθος τό: suffering, experience, misfortune 1
11 ἄγων: leading the unit; supply acc. τάξιν ἐπύθετο: aor. πυνθάνοµαι
ἔθετο τὰ ὅπλα: presented arms; ‘set arms,’ 16 εἰς: into…
an idiom; 3s aor. mid. τίθηµι 17 τοῖς παροῦσι: those present; dat., pres.
12 ἐδεῖτο: asked; impf. δεόµαι + gen. of pple πάρειµι
source πιστῶν: among the loyal; partitive gen.
µὴ ποιεῖν: that he…; ind. disc., µή instead ἐλαύνων: marching
of οὐ because he is expressing a wish 18 Κλέαρχε…Ἕλληνες: voc. direct address
ὁ δὲ: and he…; a change of subject παρόντες: see l. 17
13 αὐτοῦ...δεήσαντος: with him lacking 19 ἴστε: 2p οἶδα
little in being stoned; i.e. When he ὅ τι: what; ‘that which,’ neut. sg. of ὅστις
barely escaped being stoned; a gen. abs. γάρ: (I say this) because…
with aor. pple; ὀλιγοῦ is abl. of separation ἀλλήλοις: with…; i.e. against…; dat. of
(e.g. ‘lacks from a little’); the inf. is an compound verb or association
explanatory (epexegetical) aor. pass. inf. 20 νοµίζετε: pl. imperative
(e.g. ‘in (respect to) being stoned’) ἐµέ…κατακεκόψεσθαι: both that I will
πράως λέγοι: Proxenus spoke too lightly of instantly be cut to pieces; ind. disc. with
14 αὑτοῦ: his; ἑαυτοῦ, i.e. Clearchus’ fut. pf. passive inf., ‘will have been cut to
ἐκ τοῦ µέσου: see line 11 pieces;’ the perfect aspect denotes a state
15 ἐξίστασθαι: pres. mid. inf. not an actively and is best translated her as
ἐν τούτῷ: in this (time); i.e. meanwhile ‘instantly’
ἐπῄει: 3s impf. ἐπέρχοµαι
62 Anabasis I 5.16 – 6.3
καὶ ὑμᾶς οὐ πολὺ ἐμοῦ ὕστερον· κακῶς γὰρ τῶν ἡμετέρων 21
ἐχόντων πάντες οὗτοι οὓς ὁρᾶτε βάρβαροι πολεμιώτεροι

ἡμῖν ἔσονται τῶν παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντων.” 17. ἀκούσας ταῦτα ὁ
Κλέαρχος ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο· καὶ παυσάμενοι ἀμφότεροι κατὰ
χώραν ἔθεντο τὰ ὅπλα. 25
VI.1. ἐντεῦθεν προϊόντων ἐφαίνετο ἴχνια ἵππων καὶ κόπρος·

εἰκάζετο δ᾽ εἶναι ὁ στίβος ὡς δισχιλίων ἵππων. οὗτοι
προϊόντες ἔκαιον καὶ χιλὸν καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο χρήσιμον ἦν. 28
ἀµφότερος, -α, -ον: each of two, both, 4 παύω: to stop, make cease, 5
δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 πρᾶγµα, τό: deed; matter, affair, trouble, 4
εἰκάζω: liken, compare; conjecture, guess, 3 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
ἐλαύνω: to march, drive, set in motion, 9 στίβος, ὁ: trodden path, track, trail, 1
ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 3 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
ἴχνιον, τό: track, footprint, 1 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
καίω: to kindle, burn, 2 φαίνω: to show; mid. appear, seem, 9
κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 9 χιλός, -όν: forage, fodder (often for cattle), 4
κόπρος, ὁ: dung, manure, 1 χρήσιµος, -η, -ον: good, useful, serviceable, 1
21 ὑµᾶς (κατακεκόψεσθαι): and that you came to his sense

all…; acc. subject, supply inf. from above κατὰ χώραν: down on the ground
πολὺ: acc. of extent of degree with the 25 ἔθεντο: 3p aor. mid. τίθηµι
comparative adv. ὕστερον 26 ἐντεύθεν προϊόντων: As (we) advanced
ἐµοῦ: than…; gen. of comparison from here; gen. abs.; the gen. pl. pple
κακῶς…ἐχόντων: gen. abs; ἔχω (‘holds’ προέρχοµαι modifies αν understood gen.
or ‘is disposed’) + adv. is equiv. to ‘to be’ pl. noun and does not modify ἵππων
+ adj.; τὰ ἡµέτερα is ‘our affairs’ ἐφαίνετο: there kept appearing; iterative
22 πολεµιώτεροι: comparative adj.; nom. impf. mid.
pred. following ἔσονται 27 ὡς: as if…; clause of comparison
23 ἔσονται: fut. dep. εἰµί 28 ἔκαιον: were burning; customary or
τῶν…ὄντων: than (those)…; gen. of iterative impf., they did this action
comparison; pres. pple εἰµί repeatedly
24 ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο: came to himself; i.e. καὶ…καὶ: both…and
Orontas offers to go ahead and ambush Artaxerxes 63
Ὀρόντας δέ, Πέρσης ἀνήρ, γένει τε προσήκων βασιλεῖ καὶ 1
τὰ πολέμια λεγόμενος ἐν τοῖς ἀρίστοις Περσῶν ἐπιβουλεύει

Κύρῳ καὶ πρόσθεν πολεμήσας, καταλλαγεὶς δέ. 2. οὗτος Κύρῳ
εἶπεν, εἰ αὐτῷ δοίη ἱππέας χιλίους, ὅτι τοὺς προκατακαίοντας
ἱππέας ἢ κατακαίνοι ἂν ἐνεδρεύσας ἢ ζῶντας πολλοὺς αὐτῶν 5
ἂν ἕλοι καὶ κωλύσειε τοῦ καίειν ἐπιόντας, καὶ ποιήσειεν ὥστε

μήποτε δύνασθαι αὐτοὺς ἰδόντας τὸ Κύρου στράτευμα βασιλεῖ
διαγγεῖλαι. τῷ δὲ Κύρῳ ἀκούσαντι ταῦτα ἐδόκει ὠφέλιμα
εἶναι, καὶ ἐκέλευεν αὐτὸν λαμβάνειν μέρος παρ᾽ ἑκάστου
τῶν ἡγεμόνων. 3. ὁ δ᾽ Ὀρόντας νομίσας ἑτοίμους εἶναι αὑτῷ 10
γένος, τό: lineage, family, stock; race, 1 κατ-αλλάττω: to reconcile, change 1

δι-αγγέλλω: send message through, inform 1 κατα-καίνω: to kill, slay, 3
ἐν-εδρεύω: to set an ambush, lie in wait, 1 κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6 µέρος, -έος, τό: a part, share, portion, 2
ἐπι-βουλεύω: plot or contrive against (dat) 5 µή-ποτε: not ever, never, 2
ἑτοῖµος, -η, -ον: ready, prepared, at hand, 1 προ-κατα-καίω: to burn before or ahead, 1
ζάω: to live, 4 προσ-ήκω: be related; be fitting; be at hand, 1
ἡγεµών, ὁ: leader, commander, guide, 7 ὠφέλιµος, -α, -ον: useful, beneficial, 1
καίω: to kindle, burn, 2
1 Ὀρόντας: Orontas; a proper name τοῦ καίειν ἐπιόντας: from attacking and
γένει: in…; dat of respect burning; the articular inf. is a gen. of
προσήκων: being related; nom. sg. pres. separation; the pres. pple ἐπ-έρχοµαι
pple + dat. modifies the understood acc. subj. of the
2 τὰ πολέµια: in matters of war; acc. respect inf.
λεγόµενος: said (to be); pass. pple ποιήσειεν ὥστε: would see to it that…; ‘
ἐν…: among… would make it so that…’ 3s aor. opt. in the
3 καὶ πρόσθεν: previously also same condition; ὥστε governs an inf.
καταλλαγεὶς: nom. sg. aor. pass. pple 7 αὐτοὺς : those…; acc. subject
4 εἶπεν: aor. λέγω; Orontas is subject ἰδόντας…στράτευµα: aor. pple ὁράω
εἰ…δοίη, κατακαίνοι ἂν…ἂν ἕλοι... βασιλεῖ: to the king; i.e. Cyrus’ enemy
κωλύσειε: if he should…, he would…; fut. 8 διαγγεῖλαι: aor. inf.
less vivid (εί + opt., ἄν + opt.); aor. opt. ἐδόκει: seemed; ταῦτα is neuter pl. nom.
δίδωµι, αἱρέω, κωλύω subject of this 3s verb
ἱππέας: horsemen 9 µέρος: a detachment; troops from each unit
ὅτι: that…; ind. disc. the entire clause παρὰ ἑκάστου …ἡγεµόνων: from each of
εἰ…χιλίους logically occurs after ὅτι the commanders; gen. source
5 ἢ…ἢ…: either…or… 10 νοµίσας: nom. sg. aor. pple νοµίζω
6 ἂν ἕλοι: would catch; aor. opt. αἱρέω (ἑλ)
64 Anabasis I 6.3-6
τοὺς ἱππέας γράφει ἐπιστολὴν παρὰ βασιλέα ὅτι ἥξοι ἔχων 11
ἱππέας ὡς ἂν δύνηται πλείστους· ἀλλὰ φράσαι τοῖς αὑτοῦ

ἱππεῦσιν ἐκέλευεν ὡς φίλιον αὐτὸν ὑποδέχεσθαι. ἐνῆν δὲ
ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ καὶ τῆς πρόσθεν φιλίας ὑπομνήματα καὶ
πίστεως. ταύτην τὴν ἐπιστολὴν δίδωσι πιστῷ ἀνδρί, ὡς 15
ᾤετο· 4. ὁ δὲ λαβὼν Κύρῳ δίδωσιν. ἀναγνοὺς δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ

Κῦρος συλλαμβάνει Ὀρόνταν, καὶ συγκαλεῖ εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ
σκηνὴν Πέρσας τοὺς ἀρίστους τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἑπτά, καὶ τοὺς
τῶν Ἑλλήνων στρατηγοὺς ἐκέλευσεν ὁπλίτας ἀγαγεῖν, τού-
τους δὲ θέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα περὶ τὴν αὑτοῦ σκηνήν. οἱ δὲ 20
ἀνα-γιγνώσκω: to read, recognize, 1 συλ-λαµβάνω: to carry off, arrest; help, 3

γράφω: to write; scratch, graze, 5 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
ἐν-ειµί: to be, be in, 4 ὑπο-δέχοµαι: receive, undertake, promise, 1
ἐπιστολή, ἡ: a letter, 3 ὑπο-µνηµα, -ατος, τό: reminder, note, 1
ἑπτά: seven, 4 φιλία, ἡ: friendship, affection, love, 5
πίστις, -εως ὁ: trust, loyalty; pledge, 2 φίλιος, -η, -ον: friendly, 1
συγ-καλέω: to call together, assemble, 3 φράζω: to point out, tell, indicate, 1
11 παρὰ βασιλέα: to the king; Orontas is ὡς ᾤετο: so he thought; impf. οἴοµαι

betraying Cyrus and conspiring with the 16 ὁ δὲ: but he; i.e. the ἀνδρί from line 15
king the letter bearer take the letter not to the
ἥξοι: he would come; fut. opt. in ind. disc. king but to Cyrus
replacing what was originally a fut. ind. λαβὼν: nom. sg. aor pple; i.e. the letter
12 ὡς…πλείστους: as many as is possible; or ἀναγνοὺς: nom. sg. aor. pple
‘as many as he is able’ 18 τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν: of those around him
φράσαι: to tell; aor. inf. following ἐκέλευεν 19 ἀγαγεῖν: aor. inf. ἄγω
13 ὡς φίλιον: as a friend, as an ally τούτους θέσθαι…ὅπλα: that these present
ἐνῆν: 3s impf. ἐν-ειµί with a neuter pl. arms; i.e. for attack; aor. mid. inf. τίθηµι
subject αὑτοῦ: his own; ἑαυτοῦ, reflexive
καὶ…καὶ…: both...and…
15 πιστῷ ἀνδρί: to a loyal man; dat. ind. obj.
Orontas betrays Cyrus and is caught, Cyrus speaks 65
ταῦτα ἐποίησαν, ἀγαγόντες ὡς τρισχιλίους ὁπλίτας. 5. Κλέ- 21
αρχον δὲ καὶ εἴσω παρεκάλεσε σύμβουλον, ὅς γε καὶ αὐτῷ

καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐδόκει προτιμηθῆναι μάλιστα τῶν Ἑλλήνων.
ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐξῆλθεν, ἀπήγγειλε τοῖς φίλοις τὴν κρίσιν τοῦ
Ὀρόντα ὡς ἐγένετο· οὐ γὰρ ἀπόρρητον ἦν. 6. ἔφη δὲ Κῦρον 25
ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου ὧδε. “παρεκάλεσα ὑμᾶς, ἄνδρες φίλοι,
ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 πίστις, -εως ὁ: trust, loyalty; pledge, 2

ἀπο-ρρητος, -ον: forbidden, unspeakable, 1 προ-τιµάω: to honor before, prefer to, 2
εἴσω: inwards, inside, 4 σύµ-βουλος, ὁ: an adviser, counsellor, 1
ἐξ-έρχοµαι: to go out, come out, 2 τρισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: three thousand, 2
κρίσις, ἡ: decision, trial, condemnation, 1 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4
λόγος, ὁ: word, speech, account, argument 2
παρα-καλέω: to summon, call to, 2
21 ἀγαγόντες: aor. pple. ἄγω ἀπήγγειλε: aor.

ὡς: nearly; ‘as if’ in approximation 25 τὴν κρίσιν…ὡς ἐγένετο: how the trial of
22 καὶ: also Orontas happened; ‘the trial of Orontas,
σύµβουλον: as an advisor how it happened’ prolepsis (anticipation):
ὅς γε: since he; i.e. Clearchus, a relative + κρίσιν properly belongs in the ὡς clause
γε is often causal ἔφη: impf. φηµί
αὐτῷ…ἄλλοις: over him (Cyrus) and the ἀπορρητον: a secret; impf. είµί
others; dat. obj. of compound verb, in this 26 ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου: that Cyrus began the
case the inf. προτιµηθῆσαι.; i.e. Clearchus conversation; ἄρχω governs a gen.
was very popular παρεκάλεσα: 1s aor.
23 προτιµηθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. ἄνδρες φίλοι: my dear men; voc. direct
τῶν Ἑλλήνων: among…; partitive gen. address
24 ἐξῆλθεν: aor. ἐξέρχοµαι
66 Anabasis I 6.6-8
ὅπως σὺν ὑμῖν βουλευόμενος ὅ τι δίκαιόν ἐστι καὶ πρὸς θεῶν 1
καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων, τοῦτο πράξω περὶ Ὀρόντα τουτουί.

τοῦτον γὰρ πρῶτον μὲν ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ ἔδωκεν ὑπήκοον εἶναι
ἐμοί· ἐπεὶ δὲ ταχθείς, ὡς ἔφη αὐτός, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ἀδελφοῦ
οὗτος ἐπολέμησεν ἐμοὶ ἔχων τὴν ἐν Σάρδεσιν ἀκρόπολιν, 5
καὶ ἐγὼ αὐτὸν προσπολεμῶν ἐποίησα ὥστε δόξαι τούτῳ τοῦ

πρὸς ἐμὲ πολέμου παύσασθαι, καὶ δεξιὰν ἔλαβον καὶ ἔδωκα,
μετὰ ταῦτα,” ἔφη, “Ὀρόντα, ἔστιν ὅ τι σε ἠδίκησα;” 7. ἀπεκρί-
νατο ὅτι οὔ. πάλιν δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἠρώτα· “οὐκοῦν ὕστερον,
ὡς αὐτὸς σὺ ὁμολογεῖς, οὐδὲν ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἀδικούμενος ἀποστὰς 10
ἀκρό-πολις, ἡ: citadel, acropolis, 4 παύω: to stop, make cease, 5

ἀπ-ίστηµι: to stand away, depart, revolt, 4 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 πράττω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 2
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 4 προσ-πολεµέω: to wage war against, 1
ἐρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 Σάρδεις, εων, αἱ: Sardis (capital of Lydia) 5
θεός, ὁ: a god, divinity, 3 ὑπ-ήκοος, -ον: obedient to, subject to (dat), 1
πατήρ, ὁ: a father, 4 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
1 ὅπως…πράξω: so that I may…; purpose; a result clause, ὥστε + aor. inf.

1s aor. subj. πράττω τοῦ…πολέµου: from…; gen. of separation
ὅ τι δίκαιόν ἐστι: what is just 7 δεξιὰν: his right hand; in a pledge of
πρὸς…: in the presence of…; + gen. loyalty; with 1s aor. λαµβάνω, δίδωµι
2 τοῦτο: this; i.e. ὅ τι δίκαιον ἐστι 8 µετὰ…: after…
περὶ…τουτουί: concerning…; a deictic ἔφη: Cyrus said; Xenophon is speaking at
iota (-ι) indicates the gesture of pointing: the narrator; 3s impf.
‘this here…’; Ὀρόντα is gen. sg. Ὀρόντα: Orontas; vocative, direct address
3 τοῦτον: this man; Orontas ἔστιν..ἠδίκησα: is there any (wrong) which
ἔδωκεν: aor. δίδωµι I have done to you?; ὅ τι, ‘anything which’
ὑπήκοον εἶναι: to be…; inf. of purpose is a neuter sg. relative pronoun from ὅστις
4 ταχθείς: having been ordered; aor. pass. and an inner acc. (i.e. ‘any wrong’)
ὡς ἔφη αὐτός: as he himself said; impf. 9 ἠρώτα: ἠρώτά-ε, 3s iterative impf. (e.g.
φηµί and intensive pronoun ‘kept on…’) α-contract ἐρωτάω
ὑπὸ: by…; gen. of agent ὕστερον: later; adverbial acc.
5 ἐµοὶ: with me; i.e. against me; a dat. of 10 οὐδὲν: not at all; an inner acc. with the
association pres. pass. participle ἀδικέω: i.e. ‘being
6 προσπολεµῶν: προσπολεµέων, pres. pple wronged nothing’
ἐποίησα ὥστε δόξαι: I made it so that it ἀποστὰς:, nom. sg. aor. pple
seemed…; or ‘I brought it about that…’
Orontas has betrayed Cyrus before and cannot be trusted 67
εἰς Μυσοὺς κακῶς ἐποίεις τὴν ἐμὴν χώραν ὅ τι ἐδύνω;” ἔφη 11
Ὀρόντας. “οὐκοῦν,” ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “ὁπότ᾽ αὖ ἔγνως τὴν

σαυτοῦ δύναμιν, ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος βωμὸν μετα-
μέλειν τέ σοι ἔφησθα καὶ πείσας ἐμὲ πιστὰ πάλιν ἔδωκάς
μοι καὶ ἔλαβες παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ;” καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὡμολόγει Ὀρόντας. 15
8. “τί οὖν,” ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “ἀδικηθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ νῦν τὸ τρίτον

ἐπιβουλεύων μοι φανερὸς γέγονας;” εἰπόντος δὲ τοῦ Ὀρόντα
ὅτι οὐδὲν ἀδικηθείς, ἠρώτησεν ὁ Κῦρος αὐτόν· “ὁμολογεῖς
οὖν περὶ ἐμὲ ἄδικος γεγενῆσθαι;” “ἦ γὰρ ἀνάγκη,” ἔφη
Ὀρόντας. ἐκ τούτου πάλιν ἠρώτησεν ὁ Κῦρος· “ἔτι οὖν ἂν 20
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 3 Μυσός, ὁ: a Mysian (people) 2

ἀνάγκη, ἡ: necessity, force, 2 νῦν: now; as it is, 3
Ἄρτεµις, ἡ: Artemis, 1 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 6
βωµός, ὁ: a platform; altar, 1 ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 οὐκοῦν: therefore, then, accordingly, 2
δύναµις, -εως, ἡ: power, wealth, strength, 4 σαυτοῦ, -ῆ, -οῦ: yourself, 1
ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5 τρίτος, -η, -ον: the third, 3
ἐρωτάω: to ask, inquire, question, 5 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
µεταµέλει: it regrets (dat); regret, repent, 1
11 εἰς Μυσούς: for the Mysians; i.e. Orontas acc; nom. sg. aor. pass. pple ἀδικέω
revolted from Cyrus to join the Mysians ὐπὸ: by…; gen. of agent
κακῶς ἐποιεῖς: you treated badly; common τὸ τρίτον: a third time; ‘thirdly,’ adverbial
idiom acc.
ὅ τι ἐδύνω: in what way…; a relative clause 17 φανερὸς: clearly; nom. adj. as an adverb
with missing antecedent; ὅ τι is neuter sg. γέγονας: 2s pf. γίγνοµαι ; the pple is the
ὅστις and acc. respect; ἐδύνα(σ)ο is 2s pred. adjective (S2091)
impf. indicative from δύναµαι εἰπόντος…Ὀρόντα: gen. absolute;
12 οὐκοῦν: yes; ‘accordingly,’ in affirmation Ὀρόντα is gen. sg.
ἔγνως: 2s aor. γίγνωσκω 18 οὐδὲν: not at all having been wronged;
13 µεταµέλειν σοι ἔφησθα: you said you Orontas repeats Cyrus’ words above (l. 16)
regreted (it); 2s impf. φηµί and ind. disc. and adds an inner acc. in his response
the inf. is impersonal and governs a dat. ἠρώτησεν: aor. ἐρωτάω
13 πείσας: from πείθω 19 γεγενῆσθαι: that you…; pf. mid. inf.
πιστὰ: pledges; neuter acc. γίγνοµαι; ἄδικος is the nom. predicate
15 ἔλαβες: aor. λαµβάνω, supply acc. πίστα ἦ γὰρ ἀνάγκη (ἦν): yes in truth, for (it
from above was) necessary; γάρ is affirmative and has
παρὰ ἐµοῦ: from me; gen. source the force of ‘(yes), for…’
καὶ ταῦθ᾽: these also; ταῦτα; καί as adv. 20 ἂν γένοι(σ)ο: would you…?; potential aor.
16 τί οὖν…ἀδικηθείς: Having been done what opt. 2nd singular
wrong then…?; the interrogative is an inner
γένοιο τῷ ἐμῷ ἀδελφῷ πολέμιος, ἐμοὶ δὲ φίλος καὶ πιστός;” 21
ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι “οὐδ᾽ εἰ γενοίμην, ὦ Κῦρε, σοί γ᾽ ἄν

ποτε ἔτι δόξαιμι.” 9. πρὸς ταῦτα Κῦρος εἶπε τοῖς παροῦσιν·
“ὁ μὲν ἀνὴρ τοιαῦτα μὲν πεποίηκε, τοιαῦτα δὲ λέγει· ὑμῶν
δὲ σὺ πρῶτος, ὦ Κλέαρχε, ἀπόφηναι γνώμην ὅ τι σοι δοκεῖ.” 25
Κλέαρχος δὲ εἶπε τάδε. “συμβουλεύω ἐγὼ τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦ-

τον ἐκποδὼν ποιεῖσθαι ὡς τάχιστα, ὡς μηκέτι δέῃ τοῦτον 27
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 µηκέτι: no longer, no more, 3

ἀπο-φαίνω: to show, make clear; perform, 1 ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5
γνώµη, ἡ: opinion, intention, purpose; mind 6 ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
δεῖ: it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 4 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberate together, advise, 3
ἐκποδών: out of the way, away, 1 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
ἐµός, -ή, -όν: my, mine, 5 τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 5
ἦ: in truth, truly, 1
21 ἂν γένοι(σ)ο: would you…?; potential aor. πάρ-ειµι

opt. 2nd singular 24 πεποίηκε: pf. ποιέω
22 ὁ δὲ: and he…; change of subject ὑµῶν: among you (advisors); partitive gen.;
οὐδ(ὲ): even… 25 ἀπόφηναι: 2nd aor. mid. imperative,
οὐδ(ὲ) εἰ γενοίµην (πιστός), ἄν δόξαιµι ἀποφαίνω
(πιστός): Even if I should…, I woud not ὅ τι…δοκεῖ: what…; an indirect question,
seem…; fut. less vivid (εἰ opt., ἄν opt.); not a relative clause; the imperative
supply pred. πιστός to both clauses governs a double object
σοί γε: to you at least; γε is emphatic and 26 τὸν ἄνδρα…ποιεῖσθαι: that…; ind. disc.
restrictive; the dat. is governed by πιστός pres. passive inf.; ἐκποδὼν is the predicate
23 πρὸς: in response to… ὡς τάχιστα: as quickly as possible
εἶπε: aor. λέγω 27 ὡς...δέῃ: so that it may be…; a purpose
τοῖς παροῦσιν: to those…; dat. pl. pple. clause with pres. subj. of impersonal δεῖ
Clearchus suggests a death sentence and Orontas is executed 69
φυλάττεσθαι, ἀλλὰ σχολὴ ᾖ ἡμῖν, τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι, τοὺς 1
ἐθελοντὰς τούτους εὖ ποιεῖν.” 10. ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ ἔφη καὶ

τοὺς ἄλλους προσθέσθαι. μετὰ ταῦτα, ἔφη, κελεύοντος
Κύρου ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόνταν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἅπαντες
ἀναστάντες καὶ οἱ συγγενεῖς· εἶτα δ᾽ ἐξῆγον αὐτὸν οἷς προσ- 5
ετάχθη. ἐπεὶ δὲ εἶδον αὐτὸν οἵπερ πρόσθεν προσεκύνουν,

καὶ τότε προσεκύνησαν, καίπερ εἰδότες ὅτι ἐπὶ θάνατον
ἄγοιτο. 11. ἐπεὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν Ἀρταπάτου σκηνὴν εἰσήχθη, τοῦ
πιστοτάτου τῶν Κύρου σκηπτούχων, μετὰ ταῦτα οὔτε ζῶντα
Ὀρόνταν οὔτε τεθνηκότα οὐδεὶς εἶδε πώποτε, οὐδὲ ὅπως 10
ἀν-ίστηµι: to make stand up, raise up; rise, 7 ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ: very one who, which, 2
Ἀρταπάτης, -ου, ὁ: Artapates, 1 προσ-κυνέω: to fall and show obeisance, 3
γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose 6 προσ-τάττω: to order, assign, appoint, 2
εἰσ-άγω: to lead in, 1 προσ-τίθηµι: agree; add, attribute, impose, 1
εἶτα: then, next, and so, therefore, 6 πώ-ποτε: ever yet, ever, 2
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 2 σκηπτ-οῦχος, ὁ: wand- or sceptre-bearer, 2
ζώνη, ἠ: belt, girdle; girdle-money, 2 συγ-γενής, -ές: kinsman, relative, in-born, 1
θάνατος, ὁ: death, 2 σχολή, ἡ: spare time, leisure, rest, 1
θνῄσκω: to die, 2 φυλάττω: to keep watch, keep guard, 6
καίπερ: although, albeit, 1
1 φυλάττεσθαι: mid. inf., τοῦτον is object ἐξῆγον; 3s aor. pass.

ᾖ ἡµῖν: we have; ‘there was to us,’ dat. of οἷς προσετάχθη: (those) to whom it...;
possession; 3s pres. subjunctive εἰµί relative clause with dat. ind. object; the
τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι: as far as concerns missing antecedent is subject of ἐξῆγον;
him; ‘(this) being the case concerning this the verb is 3s impersonal aor. pass.
one;’ articular inf. in an acc. absolute 6 εἶδον: aor. ὁράω
2 εὖ ποιεῖν: to treat well; inf. of purpose; οἵπερ…: (those) who; missing antecedent
τοὺς ἐθελοντὰς τούτους is the object is the subject
ἔφη: impf. φηµί, Clearchus is subject 7 εἰδόντες: knowing; nom. pl. pple οἶδα; the
ταύτῃ…γνώµῃ...προσθέσθαι: agree with καίπερ indicates that the pple is concessive
this opinion; aor. mid. προστίθηµι, 8 εἰσήχθη: 3s aor. pass. εἰσ-άγω
ἄλλους is acc. subject τοῦ πιστοτάτου…: in apposition to
3 µετὰ…: after… Ἀρταπάτου
κελεύοντος Κύρου: gen. abs. 10 οὔτε ζῶντα …οὔτε τεθνηκότα: either…
4 τῆς ζώνης: by the belt; a partitive gen. or…; acc. sg. pres. pple ζάω and pf. pple
following ἔλαβον, aor. λαµβάνω θνᾐσκω; the pf. denotes a state not an
ἐπὶ θανάτῳ: for…; expressing purpose action, i.e. ‘being dead’
5 ἀναστάντες: aor. pple ὅπως ἀπέθανον: how…; ind. question
καὶ: even
70 Anabasis I 6.11 – 7.3
ἀπέθανεν οὐδεὶς εἰδὼς ἔλεγεν· εἴκαζον δὲ ἄλλοι ἄλλως· 11
τάφος δὲ οὐδεὶς πώποτε αὐτοῦ ἐφάνη.

VII.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς
παρασάγγας δώδεκα. ἐν δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ σταθμῷ Κῦρος ἐξέ-

τασιν ποιεῖται τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῷ 15
πεδίῳ περὶ μέσας νύκτας· ἐδόκει γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἕω

ἥξειν βασιλέα σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι μαχούμενον· καὶ ἐκέλευε
Κλέαρχον μὲν τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως ἡγεῖσθαι, Μένωνα δὲ τὸν
Θετταλὸν τοῦ εὐωνύμου, αὐτὸς δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ διέταξε.
2. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἅμα τῇ ἐπιούσῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἥκοντες αὐτό- 20
ἄλλως: otherwise, in another way, 1 ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4

ἅµα: at the same time as; along with (dat.), 4 ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 6 ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5
αὐτόµολος, ὁ: deserter, 1 ἠώς, ἡ: dawn, 1
Βαβυλώνιος, -η, -ον: Babylonian, 1 Θετταλός, -ή, -όν: Thessalian, 3
δια-τάττω: to arrange, appoint, 1 νύξ, νυκτος, ἡ: a night; night-watch 2
δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4 πώ-ποτε: ever yet, ever, 2
εἰκάζω: liken, compare; conjecture, guess, 3 τάφος, τό: grave, tomb; burial, 1
ἐξέτασις, -εως, ἡ: a review, examination, 4 τρίτος, -η, -ον: the third, 3
11 εἰδὼς: knowingly; ‘while knowing,’ pf. εἰς: near…; ‘up to…,’ in approximation
pple οἶδα ἐπιοῦσαν: pple ἐπ-έρχοµαι
ἄλλοι ἄλλως.: some in one way, others in ἕω: acc. sg. ἠώς
another way 17 ἥξειν: fut. inf.; βασιλέα is acc. subject
12 ἐφάνη: appeared; ‘was shown,’ 3s aor. µαχούµενον: intending to…; a fut. pple,
pass. φαίνω here middle, often expresses purpose
αὐτοῦ: i.e. of Orontas; gen. 18 κέρως: κέρα(τ)ος; gen. sg. κέρας, ‘wing,’
13 ἐξελαύνει: marches ἥγεῖσθαι: to be leader of; + gen. obj.
σταθµοὺς, παρασάγγας: for…; see pg. 11 19 τοῦ εὐωνύµου: of the left (wing); supply
15 ποιεῖται: pres. mid., as often, the middle ἐκέλευε…κέρως ἡγεῖσθα from above,
suggests ‘has…make (for him)’ rather than which is missing through ellipsis
just ‘makes’ αὐτός: Cyrus himself; intensive
16 περὶ µέσας νύκτας: around…; i.e. about τοὺς: those (soldiers)
midnight; νύκτας is plural and refers to the 20 ἐπιούσῃ: approaching, following; pple
night-watches
The expedition advances to Babylonia 71
μολοι παρὰ μεγάλου βασιλέως ἀπήγγελλον Κύρῳ περὶ τῆς 21
βασιλέως στρατιᾶς. Κῦρος δὲ συγκαλέσας τοὺς στρατηγοὺς

καὶ λοχαγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων συνεβουλεύετό τε πῶς ἂν τὴν
μάχην ποιοῖτο καὶ αὐτὸς παρῄνει θαρρύνων τοιάδε. 3. “ὦ
ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, οὐκ ἀνθρώπων ἀπορῶν βαρβάρων συμμά- 25
ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 πῶς: how? in what way?, 1

ἀ-πορέω: be at a loss, puzzled, bewildered, 3 συγ-καλέω: to call together, assemble, 3
αὐτόµολος, ὁ: deserter, 1 συµ-βουλεύω: deliberate together, advise, 3
θαρρύνω: to encourage, embolden, 1 συµ-µάχος, -ον: ally, co-fighter, 2
λοχαγός, ὁ: captain, 2 τοιόσδε, -άδε, -όνδε: such, 3
πάρ-αίνω, ὁ: to exhort, advise, recommend, 1
21 παρὰ: from (the side of)…; gen. place τοιάδε: the following; ‘such things,’ neuter
from which acc. pl.
23 πῶς ἂν ποιοῖτο: How he would…; 25 ἀπορῶν: being at a loss for; + separation
potential opt. gen.; nom. sg. pres. pple πορέω
24 παρῄνει: impf. παραίνω
72 Anabasis I 7.3-6
χους ὑμᾶς ἄγω, ἀλλὰ νομίζων ἀμείνονας καὶ κρείττους 1
πολλῶν βαρβάρων ὑμᾶς εἶναι, διὰ τοῦτο προσέλαβον. ὅπως

οὖν ἔσεσθε ἄνδρες ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἧς κέκτησθε καὶ ἧς
ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ εὐδαιμονίζω. εὖ γὰρ ἴστε ὅτι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν
ἑλοίμην ἂν ἀντὶ ὧν ἔχω πάντων καὶ ἄλλων πολλαπλασίων. 5
4. ὅπως δὲ καὶ εἰδῆτε εἰς οἷον ἔρχεσθε ἀγῶνα, ὑμᾶς εἰδὼς

διδάξω. τὸ μὲν γὰρ πλῆθος πολὺ καὶ κραυγῇ πολλῇ ἐπί-
ασιν· ἂν δὲ ταῦτα ἀνάσχησθε, τὰ ἄλλα καὶ αἰσχύνεσθαί
μοι δοκῶ οἵους ἡμῖν γνώσεσθε τοὺς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ὄντας ἀνθρώ-
πους. ὑμῶν δὲ ἀνδρῶν ὄντων καὶ εὖ τῶν ἐμῶν γενομένων, 10
ἀγών, ὁ: contest, competition, struggle, 4 ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come upon, approach, attack 6

αἰσχύνω: shame; mid. feel ashamed, 2 εὐδαιµονίζω: consider happy, congratulate, 1
ἀµείνων, -ον: better, nobler, braver, 1 κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, 5
ἀν-έχω: to hold out; hold back, endure, 3 κρείττων, -ον: better, stronger, superior, 2
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 κτάοµαι: to accumulate, acquire, get, gain, 2
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of (gen) 5 οἷος, -α, -ον: of what sort, as, 4
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, 3
διδάσκω: to teach, instruct, tell, 1 πολλαπλάσιος, -η, -ον: many times more, 1
ἐλευθερία, ἡ: freedom, liberty, 2 προσ-λαµβάνω: to take in addition, 1
ἐµός, -ή, -όν: my, mine, 5 συµ-µάχος, -ον: ally, co-fighter, 2
1 συµµάχους: as… δὲ καὶ: and also

κρείττους: κρείττο(ν)ες, acc. predicate εἰς οἷον...ἀγῶνα: into what sort of…; ind.
2 πολλων βαρβάρων: than…; gen.of question with an interrogative adj.
comparison εἰδὼς: nom. sg. pple οἶδα
ὑµᾶς εἶναι: that…; ind. disc., ὑµᾶς is subj. πλῆθος (ἐστί) πολὺ: supply ἐστί
διὰ τοῦτο: on account of this 7 ἐπίασιν: 3p fut. ἐπ-έρχοµαι; πλῆθος,
προσέλαβον: supply ὑµᾶς as obj. although sg., is the subject
ὅπως…ἔσεσθε: (see to it) that…; supply a 8 ἂν...ἀνάσχησθε: if you…; ἐὰν, + 2p aor.
main verb; clause of effort with 2p fut. εἰµί subj. ἀν-έχω
3 ἧς κετησθε: which…; relative, acc. object, τὰ ἄλλα: in respect to the rest; ‘as for the
attracted; 2s pf. mid. κτάοµαι rest,’ acc. of respect
ἧς…εὐδαιµονίζω: because of which…; καὶ: even
relative clause, gen. of cause µοι δοκῶ: I expect, think; ‘seem to myself’
4 ἴστε: pl. imperative, οἶδα οἵους...ἀνθρώπους: what sort of men you
5 ἑλοίµην ἂν: I would…; potential opt.; aor. will know those in our land (to be); 2p fut.
opt. mid. αἱρέω, ‘choose’ 10 ὑµῶν…ὄντων: (if) you are…; gen. abs.
ὧν: (of the things) which; τούτων ἃ, acc. that is conditional in sense
attracted to the gen. of the missing εὖ τῶν ἐµων…γενοµένων: (if) my affairs
antecedent …; gen. abs. also conditional in sense; εὖ
6 ὅπως…εἰδῆτε: so that you may…; purpose + γίγνοµαι often means ‘turn out well’
clause with 2p subj. οἶδα
Cyrus promises great rewards for a victory against Artaxerxes 73
ἐγὼ ὑμῶν τὸν μὲν οἴκαδε βουλόμενον ἀπιέναι τοῖς οἴκοι 11
ζηλωτὸν ποιήσω ἀπελθεῖν, πολλοὺς δὲ οἶμαι ποιήσειν τὰ

παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ἑλέσθαι ἀντὶ τῶν οἴκοι. 5. ἐνταῦθα Γαυλίτης παρών,
φυγὰς Σάμιος, πιστὸς δὲ Κύρῳ, εἶπεν· καὶ μήν, ὦ Κῦρε
λέγουσί τινες ὅτι πολλὰ ὑπισχνῇ νῦν διὰ τὸ ἐν τοιούτῳ 15
εἶναι τοῦ κινδύνου προσιόντος, ἂν δὲ εὖ γένηταί τι, οὐ

μεμνήσεσθαί σέ φασιν· ἔνιοι δὲ οὐδ᾽ εἰ μεμνῇό τε καὶ βού-
λοιο, δύνασθαι ἂν ἀποδοῦναι ὅσα ὑπισχνῇ. 6. ἀκούσας ταῦτα
ἔλεξεν ὁ Κῦρος· “ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι μὲν ἡμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἀρχὴ
πατρῴα πρὸς μὲν μεσημβρίαν μέχρι οὗ διὰ καῦμα οὐ δύναν- 20
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 µιµνήσκω: to remind, recall, 2

ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) 5 νῦν: now; as it is, 3
ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 οἴκα-δε: homeward, home, 2
Γαυλίτης, ὁ: Gaulites, 1 ἔνιοι, -αι, -α: some, 2 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4
ζηλωτός, -ή, -όν: enviable, object of envy, 1 πατρῷος, -η, -ον: of one's father, inherited, 1
καῦµα, -ατος, τό: burning heat, 1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
κίνδυνος, ὁ: risk, danger, venture, 1 Σάµιος, -α, -ον: Samian, of Samos, 1
µεσηµβρία, ἡ: noon, mid-day, 1 τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 5
µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 5 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
µήν: truly, surely; yet, however, 6 φυγάς, -άδος, ὁ: fugitive, an exile, 5
11 τὸν…βουλόµενον...ἀπελθεῖν : that the ἐν τοιοὐτῷ… τοῦ κινδύνου προσιόντος:

one wishing to come back come back…; in such (a state), with danger approaching;
acc. subj. + aor. inf. ἀπ-έρχοµαι following 16 ἂν…εὖ γένηται: if…turns out…; ἐάν +
the main verb ποιήσω; ἀπιέναι, the pres. aor. subj. γίγνοµαι in a fut. more vivid
inf. ἀπ-έρχοµαι, is a complementary inf. οὐ…φασιν: they say that…not; 3p φηµί
τοῖς οἴκοι: to those at home; dat. reference 17 µεµνήσεσθαι: fut. pf. mid. inf.; µιµνήσκω
with the acc. predicate ζηλωτὸν ἔνιοι (φασί) οὐδὲ: some (say) not even…
12 ποιήσω: I will make it that; “I will bring εἰ…µεµνῇό…βούλοι(σ)ο, δύνασθαι ἂν...: if
about’ ‘I will cause’ acc. + inf.; 2s fut. you should…, you would be able…; fut. less
πολλοὺς: many (of you) vivid condition (εἰ opt., ἄν + opt.) in ind.
οἶµαι ποιήσειν: I think that (I) will make… disc.; ἂν + pres. inf. replaces ἄν + opt.;
τὰ παρ᾽ ἐµοὶ: things here beside me 2s pf. opt. µιµνήσκω; pres. opf. βούλοµαι
13 ἑλέσθαι: aor. mid. inf.. αἱρέω, ‘choose’ 18 ἀποδοῦναι: aor. inf. ἀπο-δίδωµι
ἀντὶ τῶν οἴκοι: instead of things at home ὑπισχνῇ: ὑπισχνέε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid.
παρών: nom. sg.. pple. πάρ-ειµι 19 ἀλλ(ὰ)…µὲν : well…; in reply (D366)
14 εἶπεν: aor. λέγω ἔστι…πρός µεσηµβρίαν: is to the south;
15 ὑπισχνῇ: ὑπισχνέε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. i.e. ‘extends to the south’
καὶ µὴν: and yet; adversative, (S2920) ἡµῖν: for us…; dat. of interest
διὰ τὸ…εἶναι: on account of being…; an 20 µέχρι οὗ: up to (the point) where; relative
articular inf. as obj. of the preposition clause, gen. antecedent missing
74 Anabasis I 7.6-9
ται οἰκεῖν ἄνθρωποι, πρὸς δὲ ἄρκτον μέχρι οὗ διὰ χειμῶνα· 21
τὰ δ᾽ ἐν μέσῳ τούτων πάντα σατραπεύουσιν οἱ τοῦ ἐμοῦ

ἀδελφοῦ φίλοι. 7. ἢν δ᾽ ἡμεῖς νικήσωμεν, ἡμᾶς δεῖ τοὺς
ἡμετέρους φίλους τούτων ἐγκρατεῖς ποιῆσαι. ὥστε οὐ τοῦτο 24
ἄρκτος, ὁ: a bear; north (Ursa Major), 2 ἡµέτερος, -α, -ον: our, 3

δεῖ: it is necessary, must, ought (+ inf.), 4 σατραπεύω: rule as a satrap, 1
ἐγ-κρατής, -ες: in control of (gen.), 1 χειµών, -ῶνος τό: storm, winter, 1
21 πρὸς ἄρκτον: i.e. extends to the north condition (ἐάν subj., pres. ind.); aor. subj.
µέχρι οὗ: up to (the point) where; relative 24 ποιῆσαι: make (x) (y); governs a double
clause, gen. antecedent missing accusative; aor. inf. ποιέω
διὰ χειµῶνα: supply οὐ δύνανται οἰκεῖν τοὒτο…µὴ: this…(namely) that…; τοῦτο
ἄνθρωποι from above is acc. object of δέδοικα; the fearing clause
22 τὰ…πάντα: all things; neut. pl. direct obj. that follows is in apposition
23 ἢν…νικήσωµεν, δεῖ: if…; ἐὰν pres. general
Cyrus offers more promises 75
δέδοικα, μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ὅ τι δῶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν φίλων, ἂν εὖ 1
γένηται, ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ἱκανοὺς οἷς δῶ. ὑμῶν δὲ τῶν

Ἑλλήνων καὶ στέφανον ἑκάστῳ χρυσοῦν δώσω.” 8. οἱ δὲ
ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες αὐτοί τε ἦσαν πολὺ προθυμότεροι καὶ τοῖς
ἄλλοις ἐξήγγελλον. εἰσῇσαν δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὸν οἵ τε στρατηγοὶ 5
καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων τινὲς ἀξιοῦντες εἰδέναι τί σφίσιν

ἔσται, ἐὰν κρατήσωσιν. ὁ δὲ ἐμπιμπλὰς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώ-
μην ἀπέπεμπε. 9. παρεκελεύοντο δὲ αὐτῷ πάντες ὅσοιπερ
διελέγοντο μὴ μάχεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ ὄπισθεν ἑαυτῶν τάττεσθαι.
ἐν δὲ τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ Κλέαρχος ὧδέ πως ἤρετο τὸν Κῦρον· 10
αἴρω: to lift, raise up, get up, 1 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; (+ gen.), 4
ἀξιόω: deem worthy, think, 4 ὅσοσπερ, -α, -ον: as many as, who, 1
ἀπο-πέπµω: to send away, to dismiss, 6 παρα-κελεύοµαι: to bid, order, urge, 2
γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose 6 πίµπληµι: to fill, fill full of; fulfill, 2
δείδω: to fear, 4 πρό-θυµος, ον: eager, willing, ready, 5
δια-λέγοµαι: to converse with, discuss, 1 πως: somehow, in any way, 1
εἰσ-έρχοµαι: to go to, approach; enter, 2 στέφανος, ὁ: crown 1
ἐξ-αγγέλω,: to proclaim, speak out, 1 σφεῖς: they, 2
ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficient; capable 5 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
καιρός, ὁ: time, (right) moment, 2 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
κρατέω: to be strong; conquer, prevail, 1 ὧδε: in this way, so, thus, 4
1 δἐδοικα: 1s pf. δείδω 3 καὶ: also; adverbial

µὴ…ἔχω ὅ τι δῶ: that I do not know what I δώσω: 1s fut. δίδωµι
am to give…; fearing clause, subj. ἔχω 4 αὐτοί: themselves; intensive pronoun
with meaning of ‘know’ or ‘have (in 5 εἰσῇσαν: 3p impf. εἰσ-έρχοµαι
mind)’ and an ind. question with aor. παρὰ αὐτὸν: to…; acc. place to which
deliberative subj. of δίδωµι (originally, τί τινὲς: some; indefinite τις
δῶ) εἰδέναι: that they know; ind. disc., inf. οἶδα
ἂν…γένηται: if it turns out well; ‘it comes 6 τί: what…; interrogative in an ind. question
to be well,’ ἐάν + aor. subj. γίγνοµαι σφίσιν ἔσται: dat. poss σφεῖς.; fut. εἰµί
2 µὴ οὐκ ἔχω ἱκανοὺς οἷς δῶ: that I do not 7 ἐµπιµπλὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple. πίµπληµι
have enough (friends) to whom I am to ἁπάντων τὴν γνώµην: the expectations of
give; fearing clause, subj. ἔχω with all
meaning of ‘have;’ in the relative clause, 8 ἀπέπεµπε: supply the soldiers as object
the verb δῶ should be indicative but is 9 µάχεσθαι: i.e. that Cyrus not participate in
attracted into the subjunctive of the the fight personally
preceding δῶ. 10 ἤρετο: aor. ἔροµαι
ὑµῶν: of…; partitive gen. with ἑκάστῳ
“οἴει γάρ σοι μαχεῖσθαι, ὦ Κῦρε, τὸν ἀδελφόν;” “νὴ Δί᾽,” 11
ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “εἴπερ γε Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδός ἐστι παῖς,

ἐμὸς δὲ ἀδελφός, οὐκ ἀμαχεὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἐγὼ λήψομαι.” 10. ἐνταῦθα
δὴ ἐν τῇ ἐξοπλισίᾳ ἀριθμὸς ἐγένετο τῶν μὲν Ἑλλήνων
ἀσπὶς μυρία καὶ τετρακοσία, πελτασταὶ δὲ δισχίλιοι καὶ 15
πεντακόσιοι, τῶν δὲ μετὰ Κύρου βαρβάρων δέκα μυριάδες

καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἀμφὶ τὰ εἴκοσι. 11. τῶν δὲ πολεμίων
ἐλέγοντο εἶναι ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι μυριάδες καὶ ἅρματα
δρεπανηφόρα διακόσια. ἄλλοι δὲ ἦσαν ἑξακισχίλιοι ἱππεῖς,
ὧν Ἀρταγέρσης ἦρχεν· οὗτοι δ᾽ αὖ πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέως 20
ἀ-µαχεί: without resistance, 1 ἑξα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: six thousand, 2

ἀριθµός, ὁ: a count; number, amount, 2 ἐξ-οπλισία, ἡ: muster of troops under arms 1
Ἀρταγέρσης, ὁ: Artagerses, 2 Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 2
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 µυριάς, -άδος, ἡ: 10,000; myriad, countless 5
Δαρεῖος, ὁ: Darius, 4 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4
διακόσιοι, -αι, -α: two hundred, 2 νή: by…(+ acc, invoking a god ), 1
δισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: two thousand, 2 Παρύσατις, -ιδος: Parysatis, 4
δρεπανη-φόρος, -ον: bearing the scythe, 4 πεντακοσιοι, -αι, -α: five hundred, 6
εἴ-περ: if really, if in fact, 1 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 3
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 3
ἐµός, -ή, -όν: my, mine, 5
11 οἴει γὰρ: because you think…?; or ‘what? ἐνταῦθα δὴ: at precisely that time,
do you think...?’ or ‘do you really think...?’ intensive δή
οἴε(σ)αι, 2s pres. οἴοµαι; γάρ is used to 15 ἀσπὶς: shield; i.e. hoplites soldiers
create a rhetorical question that expresses τῶν…βαρβάρων: among…; partitive
surprise or indignation (S2805, D78) 17 ἀµφὶ: about…; in approximation
σοι: with you; i.e. against you, dat. of τῶν πολεµίων: among…; partitive
association 18 ἐλέγοντο: impf. passive λέγω with inf.
νὴ Δία: (Yes), by Zeus; an oath εἰµί
12 ἔφη: impf. φηµί 19 ἦσαν: impf. εἰµί
εἴπερ γε…ἐστι: if…(he) is really 20 ὧν: which; relative gen. pl.; ἄρχω
13 ἐµὸς δὲ ἀδελφός: and (he is)… governs a gen.
λήψοµαι: fut. λαµβάνω
The size of Artaxerxes’ forces 77
τεταγμένοι ἦσαν. 12. τοῦ δὲ βασιλέως στρατεύματος ἦσαν 21
ἄρχοντες καὶ στρατηγοὶ καὶ ἡγεμόνες τέτταρες, τριάκοντα

μυριάδων ἕκαστος, Ἀβροκόμας, Τισσαφέρνης, Γωβρύας, Ἀρ-
βάκης. τούτων δὲ παρεγένοντο ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐνενήκοντα
μυριάδες καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα· 25
Ἀβροκόμας δὲ ὑστέρησε τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις πέντε, ἐκ Φοι-

νίκης ἐλαύνων. 13. ταῦτα δὲ ἤγγελλον πρὸς Κῦρον οἱ αὐτο-
μολήσαντες [ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων] παρὰ μεγάλου βασιλέως πρὸ 28
Ἀβροκόµης, ὁ: Ambrocomas (person), 7 ἐνενήκοντα: ninety, 2

ἄγγελος, ὁ: messenger, envoy 2 ἡγεµών, ὁ: leader, commander, guide, 7
Ἀρβάκης, ὁ: Arbaces river, 1 µυριάς, -άδος, ἡ: 10,000; myriad, countless 5
αὖ: again, once more; further, moreover, 8 παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4
αὐτοµολέω: to desert, abandon, 2 πεντήκοντα: fifty, 2
Γωβρύας, ὁ: Gobryas, 1 ὑστερέω: to be late for (gen.) 1
ἑκατόν: a hundred, 3 Φοινίκη, ἡ: Phoenicia, 2
21 τεταγµένοι ἦσαν: periphrastic plpf. pass. comparison, ‘than the battle’ with the main
(pf. pass. pple. τάττω + impf. εἰµί) verb ὑστέρησε
22 ἄρχοντες: leaders ἡµέραις πέντε: by…; dat. of degree of
24 τούτων: among these; partitive difference
ἐν τῇ µάχῇ: i.e. the battle of Cunaxa, which 28 παρὰ µεγάλου βασιλέως: from…; gen.
is going to follow place from which
26 τῆς µάχης: for the battle; equiv. to gen. of
τῆς μάχης, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μάχην οἳ ὕστερον ἐλήφθησαν τῶν 1
πολεμίων ταὐτὰ ἤγγελλον. 14. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει

σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας τρεῖς συντεταγμένῳ τῷ στρατεύ-
ματι παντὶ καὶ τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ καὶ τῷ βαρβαρικῷ· ᾤετο γὰρ
ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ μαχεῖσθαι βασιλέα· κατὰ γὰρ μέσον τὸν 5
σταθμὸν τοῦτον τάφρος ἦν ὀρυκτὴ βαθεῖα, τὸ μὲν εὖρος

ὀργυιαὶ πέντε, τὸ δὲ βάθος ὀργυιαὶ τρεῖς. 15. παρετέτατο δὲ ἡ
τάφρος ἄνω διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐπὶ δώδεκα παρασάγγας μέχρι
τοῦ Μηδίας τείχους. [ἔνθα αἱ διώρυχες, ἀπὸ τοῦ Τίγρητος
ποταμοῦ ῥέουσαι· εἰσὶ δὲ τέτταρες, τὸ μὲν εὖρος πλεθριαῖαι, 10
ἀγγέλλω: to announce, proclaim, report, 3 ὀρυκτός, -ή, -όν: dug out, dug, 1
ἄνω: up, above, 2 παρα-τείνω: to extend along or beside, 1
βάθος, τό: depth, 1 πλεθριαῖος, -α, -ον: a plethron long, 2
βαθύς, -εῖα, -ύ: deep, tall, 2 ῥέω: to flow, run, stream, 6
δι-ῶρυξ, -ώυχος, ἡ: canal, trench, 1 συν-τάττω: to arrange together, order, 6
δώ-δεκα: twelve, 4 τάφρος, ὁ: a ditch, trench, 6
µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 5 τεῖχος, -εος τό : wall, city-wall, 5
Μηδία, ἡ: Media (town) 1 Τίγρις, Τίγρητος, ὁ: Tigris river, 1
ὄργυια, ἡ: fathom (length of outstretched ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
arms), 2
1 οἳ… ἐληφθησαν: (those) who…; relative ᾤετο: impf. οἴοµαι

clasue, missing antecedent is subject; 3p 5 ταύτῃ…ἡµέρᾳ: on…; dat. of time when
aor. pass. λαµβάνω µαχεῖσθαι βασιλέα: that…; ind. disc. with
ὕστερον: adverbial acc. fut. mid. inf. (stem: µαχε-)
τῶν πολεµίων: partitive gen. κατὰ: about…; or ‘during,’ approximation
2 ταὐτὰ: the same things; τὰ αὐτὰ in a time construction
3 σταθµὸν, παρασάγγας: for…for…; acc. of 6 τὸ εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect
extent, see pg. 11 7 τὸ βάθος: in…; acc. of respect
ἕνα: acc. sg. εἷς παρέτέτατο: plpf. pass. παρατείνω
συντεταγµένῳ τῷ στρατεύµατι παντὶ: 8 ἐπὶ: over…; i.e. the length of
along with…; dat. of accompaniment; a pf. 10 εἰσὶ: 3p είµί
pass. pple τὸ εὖρος: in width; acc. of respect
4 καὶ...καὶ...: both…and…
Cyrus’s forces advance and marshall for battle 79
βαθεῖαι δὲ ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ πλοῖα πλεῖ ἐν αὐταῖς σιταγωγά· 11
εἰσβάλλουσι δὲ εἰς τὸν Εὐφράτην, διαλείπουσι δ᾽ ἑκάστη

παρασάγγην, γέφυραι δ᾽ ἔπεισιν.] ἦν δὲ παρὰ τὸν Εὐφρά-
την πάροδος στενὴ μεταξὺ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς τάφρου ὡς
εἴκοσι ποδῶν τὸ εὖρος· 16. ταύτην δὲ τὴν τάφρον βασιλεὺς 15
ποιεῖ μέγας ἀντὶ ἐρύματος, ἐπειδὴ πυνθάνεται Κῦρον προσε-

λαύνοντα. ταύτην δὴ τὴν πάροδον Κῦρός τε καὶ ἡ στρατιὰ
παρῆλθε καὶ ἐγένοντο εἴσω τῆς τάφρου. 17. ταύτῃ μὲν οὖν τῇ
ἡμέρᾳ οὐκ ἐμαχέσατο βασιλεύς, ἀλλ᾽ ὑποχωρούντων φανερὰ
ἦσαν καὶ ἵππων καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἴχνη πολλά. 18. ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος 20
ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 6

βαθύς, -εῖα, -ύ: deep, tall, 2 πάρ-οδος, ἡ: passage, entrance, approach, 4
γεφύρα, ἡ: bridge; dam, mound, 2 πλέω: to sail, 1
δια-λείπω: to leave an interval between, 2 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 5
εἰσ-βάλλω: put into; embark; assail; 2 προσ-ελαύνω: to drive to, ride to, 2
εἴσω: inwards, inside (+ gen.) 4 πυνθάνοµαι: learn (by inquiry or hearsay), 2
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 σιτ-αγωγός, -όν: grain-bearing, 1
ἐπ-είµι: to be on, be upon, 2 στενός, -ή, -όν: narrow, 2
ἔρυµνα, -ατος, τό: defense, protection, 2 τάφρος, ὁ: a ditch, trench, 6
ἰσχυρός, -ά, -όν: strong, powerful; severe, 4 ὑπο-χωρέω: to go back, retire, recoil, 2
ἴχνος, -εος, τό: track, footprint, 1 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
µεταξύ: between, 1
11 ἰσχυρῶς: exceedingly 15 ποδῶν: gen. of measure πούς

πλεῖ: 3s with neuter pl. subject τὸ εὖρος: in…; acc. of respect
13 παρασάγγην: for…; acc. of extent βασιλεὺς…µέγας: the Great King
ἔπεισιν: 3p pres. ἐπ-είµι 17 ἀντὶ: as…; ‘in place of…’
ἦν: 3p pres. εἰµί 18 παρῆλθε: aor. παρ-έρχοµαι
παρὰ: alongside… ταύτῃ…ἡµέρᾳ: on…; dat. of time when
ὡς: about; ‘as if,’ in approximation 20 ἦσαν: 3p impf. εἰµί
80 Anabasis I 7.18 – 8.1
Σιλανὸν καλέσας τὸν Ἀμπρακιώτην μάντιν ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ 21
δαρεικοὺς τρισχιλίους, ὅτι τῇ ἑνδεκάτῃ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης ἡμέρᾳ

πρότερον θυόμενος εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὅτι βασιλεὺς οὐ μαχεῖται
δέκα ἡμερῶν, Κῦρος δ᾽ εἶπεν· “οὐκ ἄρα ἔτι μαχεῖται, εἰ ἐν
ταύταις οὐ μαχεῖται ταῖς ἡμέραις· ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀληθεύσῃς, ὑπ- 25
ισχνοῦμαί σοι δέκα τάλαντα. τοῦτο τὸ χρυσίον τότε ἀπέ-

δωκεν, ἐπεὶ παρῆλθον αἱ δέκα ἡμέραι. 19. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῇ τάφρῳ 27
ἀληθεύω: speak truthfully, 1 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 6

Ἀµπρακιώτης, ὁ: Ampraciot, 1 πρότερος, -α, -ον: before, in front of; earlier 5
ἀπο-δίδωµι: to give back, pay (what is due) 5 Σιλανός, ὁ: Silanus, 1
ἄρα: then, therefore, it seems, it turns out, 1 τάλαντον, τό: talent (equiv. to 57.75 lbs.), 1
Δαρεικός, ὁ: Daric, gold coin (Persian), 4 τάφρος, ὁ: a ditch, trench, 6
ἑν-δεκάτος, -η, -ον: eleventh, 1 τρισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: three thousand, 2
θύω: to sacrifice, celebrate with sacrifice, 2 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
µάντις, ἡ: seer, prophet, 1 χρυσίον, τό: gold piece, coin, money, 2
21 καλέσας: aor. pple 24 δέκα ἡµερῶν: within…; gen. time within

ἔδωκεν: aor. δίδωµι οὐκ…ἔτι: not at all; ‘no longer’
αὐτῷ: to this one; dat. ind. object µαχεῖται, εἰ…µαχεῖται: an emotional fut.
22 ὅτι: because more vivid (εἰ fut., fut.); fut. ind. often
τῇ ἑνδεκάτῃ…ἡµέρᾳ: dat. of time when replaces ἄν + subj. to suggest heightened
ἀπὸ ἐκείνης...πρότερον: before that (day); emotion
a comparative adv. 25 ἐὰν ἀληθεύσῃς…ὑπισχνοῦµαι: a fut. more
23 εἶπεν: Silenus is subject; aor. λέγω vivid (ἐάν + subj., fut.)
αὐτῷ: i.e. to Cyrus 26 ἀπέδωκεν: aor. ἀποδίδωµι
ὅτι: that…; ind. discourse 27 παρῆλθον: aor. παρ-έρχοµαι
µαχεῖται: fut. mid. (stem: µαχε-)
Cyrus goes with less caution as Artaxerxes seems to withdraw 81
οὐκ ἐκώλυε βασιλεὺς τὸ Κύρου στράτευμα διαβαίνειν, ἔδοξε 1
καὶ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀπεγνωκέναι τοῦ μάχεσθαι· ὥστε

τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ Κῦρος ἐπορεύετο ἠμελημένως μᾶλλον. 20. τῇ δὲ
τρίτῃ ἐπί τε τοῦ ἅρματος καθήμενος τὴν πορείαν ἐποιεῖτο
καὶ ὀλίγους ἐν τάξει ἔχων πρὸ αὑτοῦ, τὸ δὲ πολὺ αὐτῷ 5
ἀνατεταραγμένον ἐπορεύετο καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τοῖς στρατιώταις

πολλὰ ἐπὶ ἁμαξῶν ἤγοντο καὶ ὑποζυγίων.
VIII.1. καὶ ἤδη τε ἦν ἀμφὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν καὶ πλησίον ἦν
ὁ σταθμὸς ἔνθα ἔμελλε καταλύειν, ἡνίκα Πατηγύας, ἀνὴρ

Πέρσης τῶν ἀμφὶ Κῦρον χρηστός, προφαίνεται ἐλαύνων ἀνὰ 10
ἀγορά, ἡ: marketplace, an assembly, 6 Πατηγύας, ὁ: Pateguas, 1

ἀνά: up, upon, up to, 2 πλήθω: to be filled + gen., 1
ἀνα-ταράσσω: stir up; set in disorder, 1 πλησίος, -η, -ον: near, close to; neighbors, 2
ἀπο-γιγνώσκω: give up (a decision, intent) 1 πορεία, ἡ: march, journey, way, 1
ἡ-µεληµένως: carelessly, in state of neglect, 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
ἡνίκα: at which time, when, since, 3 προ-φαίνω: to bring forth, show, 1
κάθ-ηµαι: to sit, 2 τρίτος, -η, -ον: the third, 3
κατα-λύω: to dissolve, disband, destroy, 3 ὑπο-ζύγιον, τό: a yoke-animal, ox, 3
κωλύω: to hinder or prevent, 5 ὑστεραῖος, -α, -ον: the next day; later, 2
µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 χρηστός, -ή, -όν: good, worthy, 1
µέλλω: to be about to, to intend to, 2
ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 4
1 ἔδοξε: it seemed best; impersonal aor. 7 ἐπὶ…καῖ τῶν ὑποζυγίων: upon…and…

2 καὶ…καὶ: both…and ἤγοντο: impf. pass. ἄγω; πολλὰ subject
ἀπεγνωκέναι: pf. inf. ἀπογιγνώσκω 8 καὶ…τε…καὶ: and…both…and…; the first
τοῦ µάχεσθαι: from fighting; articular inf. καί belongs to the whole clause
as a genitive of separation ἦν: 3s impf.
3 τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ: dat. of time when ἀµφὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν: i.e. in the
τῇ τρίτῃ: dat. of time when morning; pres. pple
5 πρὸ αὑτοῦ: before himself; ἑαυτοῦ 9 ὁ σταθµὸς: i.e the end of the stage, the
τὸ πολύ: the majority (of the army) halting place
αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest καταλύειν: to halt
6 ἀνατεταραγµένον: pf. mid. pple 10 τῶν ἀµφὶ Κῦρον: of those around Cyrus
τῶν ὅπλων: partitive gen. with πολλὰ ἐλαύνων…κράτος: riding in (full) force
τοῖς στρατιώταις: dat. of interest
82 Anabasis I 8.1-5
κράτος ἱδροῦντι τῷ ἵππῳ, καὶ εὐθὺς πᾶσιν οἷς ἐνετύγχανεν 11
ἐβόα καὶ βαρβαρικῶς καὶ ἑλληνικῶς ὅτι βασιλεὺς σὺν

στρατεύματι πολλῷ προσέρχεται ὡς εἰς μάχην παρεσκευα-
σμένος. 2. ἔνθα δὴ πολὺς τάραχος ἐγένετο: αὐτίκα γὰρ ἐδόκουν
οἱ Ἕλληνες καὶ πάντες δὲ ἀτάκτοις σφίσιν ἐπιπεσεῖσθαι· 15
3. Κῦρός τε καταπηδήσας ἀπὸ τοῦ ἅρματος τὸν θώρακα ἐνεδύετο
καὶ ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον τὰ παλτὰ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔλαβε,
τοῖς τε ἄλλοις πᾶσι παρήγγελλεν ἐξοπλίζεσθαι καὶ καθίστα-
σθαι εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τάξιν ἕκαστον. 4. ἔνθα δὴ σὺν πολλῇ
σπουδῇ καθίσταντο, Κλέαρχος μὲν τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ κέρατος 20
ἄτακτος, -ον: not in battle order, unordered, 1 ἱδρόω: to sweat, perspire, 1

ἀνα-βαίνω: to go up, climb, mount, 5 καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7
αὐτίκα: straightway, at once; presently, 1 κατα-πηδάω: to leap down, 2
βοάω: to shout, cry outloud, 3 κράτος, -εος, τό: strength, power, 3
ἑλληνικῶς: in Greek, in a Greek way, 1 παλτός, -ή, -όν: brandished; subst. javelin, 3
ἐν-δύω: to put on (clothes), go into, 1 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 4
ἐν-τυγχάνω: chance upon, encounter (dat), 3 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
ἐξ-οπλίζοµαι: to arm fully, 1 σπουδή, ἡ: haste, earnestness, enthusiasm, 1
ἐπι-πίπτω: to fall upon, attack, 1 σφεῖς: they, 2
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 τάραχος, ὁ: trouble, disorder, confusion, 1
θώραξ, -ακος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
11 ἱδροῦντι τῷ ἵππῳ: with…; dat. of ἐπιπεσεῖσθαι: future mid. inf. ἐπὶπίπτω ;

accompaniment the acc. subject is βασιλέα
οἷς: whom…; relative clause, dat. obj. of σφίσιν: upon them; dat. of compound verb,
compound verb dat. pl. σφεῖς , i.e. Cyrus’ forces
βαρβαρικῶς: in a foreign tongue 17 ἀναβὰς: aor. pple ἀναβαίνω
13 ὡς...παρεσκευασµένος: as if…; ὡς + pple 18 ἄλλοις πᾶσι: to all others
(pf. mid.) καθίστασθαι: to settle down; aor. mid. inf.
14 ἔνθα δὴ: precisely then, just then; ἕκαστον is acc. subj.
intensive δή 19 ἔνθα δὴ: just when…, exactly when…
15 καὶ πάντες: and all the (others); nom. pl. 20 τὰ δεξιὰ (µέρη): the right; ‘the right parts’
Artaxerxes’ forces appear and Cyrus’ men prepare for battle 83
ἔχων πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ, Πρόξενος δὲ ἐχόμενος, οἱ 21
δ᾽ ἄλλοι μετὰ τοῦτον, Μένων δὲ †καὶ τὸ στράτευμα† τὸ

εὐώνυμον κέρας ἔσχε τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ. 5. τοῦ δὲ βαρβαρικοῦ
ἱππεῖς μὲν Παφλαγόνες εἰς χιλίους παρὰ Κλέαρχον ἔστησαν
ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν πελταστικόν, ἐν δὲ τῷ εὐω- 25
ύμῳ Ἀριαῖός τε ὁ Κύρου ὕπαρχος καὶ τὸ ἄλλο βαρβαρικόν,
Ἀριαῖος, ὁ: Ariaeus, 3 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6

Παφλαγών, -ος, ὁ, ἡ: Pamphlagonian, 1 ὕπ-αρχος, ὁ: sub-commander, lieutenant, 2
πελταστικός, -ή, -όν: of a peltast, 1 χιλός, -όν: forage, fodder (often for cattle), 4
21 πρὸς: near…; dat. place where 24 ἱππεῖς Παφλαγόνες: the Pamphlagonian

ἐχόµενος: i.e. close to Clearchus; mid. pple, horsemen
ἔχοµαι often means ‘cling’ or ‘stick’ εἰς: nearly; ‘up to’
22 µετὰ τοῦτον: beyond this one παρὰ: alongside…; acc. place to which
τὸ εὐώνυµον κέρας: the left wing ἔστησαν: aor. ἵστηµι
23 ἔσχε: aor. ἔχω 25 ἐν τῷ εὐωνύµῳ: on the left
23 τοῦ Ἐλληνικοῦ: of the Greek army
6. Κῦρος δὲ καὶ ἱππεῖς τούτου ὅσον ἑξακόσιοι <κατὰ τὸ μέσον>, 1
ὡπλισμένοι θώραξι μὲν αὐτοὶ καὶ παραμηριδίοις καὶ κράνεσι

πάντες πλὴν Κύρου· Κῦρος δὲ ψιλὴν ἔχων τὴν κεφαλὴν εἰς
τὴν μάχην καθίστατο [λέγεται δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Πέρσας
ψιλαῖς ταῖς κεφαλαῖς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ διακινδυνεύειν]. 7. οἱ δ᾽ 5
ἵπποι πάντες [οἱ μετὰ Κύρου] εἶχον καὶ προμετωπίδια καὶ

προστερνίδια· εἶχον δὲ καὶ μαχαίρας οἱ ἱππεῖς Ἑλληνικάς.
8. καὶ ἤδη τε ἦν μέσον ἡμέρας καὶ οὔπω καταφανεῖς ἦσαν οἱ
πολέμιοι· ἡνίκα δὲ δείλη ἐγίγνετο, ἐφάνη κονιορτὸς ὥσπερ
νεφέλη λευκή, χρόνῳ δὲ συχνῷ ὕστερον ὥσπερ μελανία τις ἐν 10
δείλη, ἡ: afternoon, 1 µελανία, ἡ: blackness; a black cloud, 1

δια-κινδυνεύω: to run all risks, take all risks 1 νεφέλη, ἡ: a cloud, 1
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 4 ὁπλίζω: to make ready, arm, 1
ἡνίκα: at which time, when, since, 3 οὔ-πω: not yet, 3
θώραξ, -ακος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 παρα-µηρίδιον, τό: thigh-coverings, 1
καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7
κατα-φανής, -ες: clearly seen, in sight, 2 προ-µετωπίδιον, τό: frontlet, frontpiece, 1
κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 3 προ-στερνίδιον, τό: breastplate (of a horse), 1
κονι-ορτός, ὁ: dust cloud, dust raised up, 1 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 2
κράνος, -εος, τό: a helmet, 2 ὕστερος, -α, -ον: later, last, 6
λευκός, -ή, -όν: white, bright, brilliant, 1 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 5
µάχαιρα, ἡ: sabre, curved sword; knife, 1 ψιλός, -όν: bare, stript, simple, 3
1 τούτου: i.e. of Cyrus 7 καὶ: also

ὅσον: about, nearly; ‘as many as’ in 8 καὶ…τε…καὶ: and…both…and…; the first
approximation; adverbial acc. καί belongs to the whole clause;
κατὰ τὸ µέσον: in the middle ἦν: 3s impf. εἰµί
2 θώραξι: θώρακ-σι, dat. pl. of means µέσον ἡµέρας: mid-day
αὐτοὶ: (the men) themselves καταφανεῖς: nom. pl. predicate
κράνεσι: dat. pl. of means, κράνος ἦσαν: impf. εἰµί
4 καθίστατο: used to go, used to come; ‘set 9 ἐφάνη: appeared; 3s aor. pass. φαίνω
himself,’ customary or iterative impf. 10 χρόνῳ συχνῷ: some time; ‘by some
λέγεται: it is said; impersonal pass. time,’ dat. of degree of difference
τοὺς…διακινδυνεύειν: that…; ind. disc. ὕστερον: adverbial acc.
6 εἶχον: impf. ἔχω
The armor of Cyrus and bodyguard, the enemy appears 85
τῷ πεδίῳ ἐπὶ πολύ. ὅτε δὲ ἐγγύτερον ἐγίγνοντο, τάχα δὴ καὶ 11
χαλκός τις ἤστραπτε καὶ λόγχαι καὶ αἱ τάξεις καταφανεῖς

ἐγίγνοντο. 9. καὶ ἦσαν ἱππεῖς μὲν λευκοθώρακες ἐπὶ τοῦ
εὐωνύμου τῶν πολεμίων· Τισσαφέρνης ἐλέγετο τούτων ἄρ-
χειν· ἐχόμενοι δὲ γερροφόροι, ἐχόμενοι δὲ ὁπλῖται σὺν 15
ποδήρεσι ξυλίναις ἀσπίσιν. Αἰγύπτιοι δ᾽ οὗτοι ἐλέγοντο

εἶναι· ἄλλοι δ᾽ ἱππεῖς, ἄλλοι τοξόται. πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι
κατὰ ἔθνη ἐν πλαισίῳ πλήρει ἀνθρώπων ἕκαστον τὸ ἔθνος
ἐπορεύετο. 10. πρὸ δὲ αὐτῶν ἅρματα διαλείποντα συχνὸν ἀπ᾽
ἀλλήλων τὰ δὴ δρεπανηφόρα καλούμενα· εἶχον δὲ τὰ δρέπανα 20
Αἰγύπτιος, -η, -ον: Egyptian, 2 λευκο-θώραξ, -ακος, ὁ, ἡ: of white cuirass, 1

ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 λόγχη, ἡ: spearheard; spear, lance, 1
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 ξύλινος, -η, -ον: wooden, of wood, 1
ἀστράπτω: to flash (like lightning), 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6
γερροφόροι, οἱ: troops with wicker shields, 1 πλαίσιον, τό: square, rectangle (frame), 1
δια-λείπω: to leave an interval between, 2 πλήρης, -ες: full, filled, 4
δρεπανη-φόρος, -ον: bearing the scythe, 4 ποδήρης, -ες: reaching to the feet, 1
δρέπανον, τό: a scythe, 1 συχνός, -ή, -όν: long, much, many, great, 2
ἐγγύς: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 2 τάχα: presently, quickly, soon; perhaps, 1
ἔθνος, -εος, τό: race, people, tribe, 2 τοξότης, ὁ: an archer, bowman, 2
κατα-φανής, -ες: clearly seen, in sight, 2 χαλκός, -οῦ, ὁ: copper, bronze, 2
11 ἐπὶ πολύ: for a great (distance); i.e ‘far’ ἐν πλαισίῳ πλήρει: in a solid square
ἐγγύτερον: comparative adverb ἕκαστον…ἔθνος: in apposition to οὗτοι
τάχα δὴ: very soon; δή is intensive or 19 πρὸ: in front of
temporal, e.g. ‘quickly now’ ἅρµατα (ἦν): there were…; add a linking
13 ἐπὶ του εὐωνύµου: upon the left verb
14 ἐλέγετο: impf. pass. συχνὸν: great (interval); inner acc. with the
15 ἐχόµενοι: i.e. next to them; mid. pple, pple
ἔχοµαι often means ‘cling’ or ‘stick’ 20 τὰ δὴ…καλούµενα: precisely those..so-
16 Αἰγύπτιοι: nom. predicate called…; pres. pass. pple in the attributive
17 εἶναι: inf. εἰµί position modifying ἅρµατα; δή is
ἄλλοι…ἄλλοι: some…others intensive (D235); δρεπανηφόρα is a pred.
18 κατὰ ἔθνη: nation by nation; ‘by nations;' εἶχον: impf. ἔχω
ἔθνε-α neuter acc. pl., distributive κατά
ἐκ τῶν ἀξόνων εἰς πλάγιον ἀποτεταμένα καὶ ὑπὸ τοῖς δίφροις 21
εἰς γῆν βλέποντα, ὡς διακόπτειν ὅτῳ ἐντυγχάνοιεν. ἡ δὲ

γνώμη ἦν ὡς εἰς τὰς τάξεις τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλῶντα καὶ δια-
κόψοντα. 11. ὃ μέντοι Κῦρος εἶπεν ὅτε καλέσας παρεκελεύετο
τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὴν κραυγὴν τῶν βαρβάρων ἀνέχεσθαι, ἐψεύσθη 25
τοῦτο· οὐ γὰρ κραυγῇ ἀλλὰ σιγῇ ὡς ἁνυστὸν καὶ ἡσυχῇ ἐν
ἀν-έχω: to hold out; hold back, endure, 3 ἐν-τυγχάνω: to chance upon, encounter, 3
ἀνυστός, -όν: practical; possible, able, 1 ἡσυχή, ἡ: quiet, idle, rest, silence, 1
ἄξων, -ονος, ὁ: axle, 1 κραυγή, ἡ: shouting, crying, screaming, 5
ἀπο-τείνω: to stretch out, extend, 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6
βλέπω: to look at, see, 1 παρα-κελεύοµαι: to order, urge, encourage, 2
γῆ, ἡ: earth, 4 πλάγιον, τό: side, flank, 1
γνώµη, ἡ: mind, opinion, intention, purpose 6 σιγή, ἡ: silence, 1
δια-κόπτω: to knock through, cut in two, 2 ψεύδοµαι: to lie, cheat, beguile 4
δίφρος, ὁ: chariot-body; chariot, 1
21 ἀποτεταµένα: pf. pass. pple. ἀπο-τείνω ‘as if going to…’ ὡς + fut. pple (ἐλαύνω,
ὑπὸ: under; dat. of place where διακόπτω) expresses purpose
22 εἰς γῆν βλέποντα: i.e. extending… 25 τοῖς Ἕλλησι: obj. of both aor. pple and the
ὡς διακόπτειν: so as to…; result clause; main verb; dat. of compound verb
with ὡς instead of ὤστε + inf. ἀνέχεσθαι: to endure
ὅτῳ: anyone whom…; relative ὅστις, dat. ἐψεύσθη τοῦτο: he was proven false; aor.
sg. of a compound verb pass.
ἐντυχάνοιεν: 3p pres. opt. in a past general τοῦτο: in…; acc. of respect
relative clause; translate as simple past 26 κραυγῇ, σιγῇ…: with…; dat. of manner
ἡ δἐ γνώµη ἦν: the intent was ὡς ἁνυστὸν: as (is) possible; with σιγῇ :
23 ὡς…ἑλῶντα...διακόψοντα: in order to…; ‘with as much silence as possible’
The Greeks form the right wing along the Euphrates river 87
ἴσῳ καὶ βραδέως προσῇσαν. 12. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ Κῦρος παρελαύ- 1
νων αὐτὸς σὺν Πίγρητι τῷ ἑρμηνεῖ καὶ ἄλλοις τρισὶν ἢ

τέτταρσι τῷ Κλεάρχῳ ἐβόα ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα κατὰ μέσον
τὸ τῶν πολεμίων, ὅτι ἐκεῖ βασιλεὺς εἴη· “κἂν τοῦτ᾽,” ἔφη,
“νικῶμεν, πάνθ᾽ ἡμῖν πεποίηται.” 13. ὁρῶν δὲ ὁ Κλέαρχος τὸ 5
μέσον στῖφος καὶ ἀκούων Κύρου ἔξω ὄντα τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ

εὐωνύμου βασιλέα （τοσοῦτον γὰρ πλήθει περιῆν βασιλεὺς
ὥστε μέσον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἔχων τοῦ Κύρου εὐωνύμου ἔξω ἦν）
ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ὁ Κλέαρχος οὐκ ἤθελεν ἀποσπάσαι ἀπὸ τοῦ
ποταμοῦ τὸ δεξιὸν κέρας, φοβούμενος μὴ κυκλωθείη ἑκατέ- 10
ἀπο-σπάω: to draw away, drag away, 1 παρ-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive along by 5
βοάω: to shout, cry outloud, 3 περί-ειµι: be superior, surpass, be superior, 2
βραδύς, -εῖα, -ύ: slow, 1 Πίγρης, -ητος, ἡ: Pigres (person) 3
ἑκατέρω-θεν: on each or both sides, 2 πλῆθος, ἡ: crowd, multitude; size, number, 3
ἐκεῖ: there, in that place, 5 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 6 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
ἑρµηνεύς, ὁ: an interpreter, 2 στῖφος, -εος, τό: compact body, close array, 2
ἴσος, -η, -ον: equal to, the same as, like, 1 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much,
κυκλόω: to encircle, surround, 1 so many, 5
ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 3 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 3
1 ἐν ἴσῳ: on the level (ground) ὁρῶν: although…; nom. sg. pple ὁράω;
προσῇσαν: impf. προσέρχοµαι concessive in sense
ἐν τούτῳ: in this way 6 Κύρου: from…; gen. of source
2 αὐτὸς: himself ἔξω ὄντα…βασιλέα: that the king…; ind.
τῷ ἑρµηνεῖ: in apposition to Πίγρητι disc.with pple εἰµί
τρισὶν ἢ τέτταρσι: three or four; dat. pl. 7 τοσοῦτον: so much; adv. acc.
3 τῷ Κλεάρχῳ: to…; ind. obj. πλήθει: in…; acc. of respect
κατὰ…: against… περιῆν: impf. περί-ειµι
4 ὅτι…εἴη: because…was…; 3s opt. εἰµί, in 8 ὥστε µέσον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἔχων: so that (the
ind. disc. in secondary seq. king), holding the middle of his own
κἂν…νικῶµεν, πεποιῆται: and if…, is (army), was outside of Cyrus’ left (wing);
accomplished; καὶ ἐὰν; equiv. to fut more result clause
vivid (ἐὰν + subj., fut.) with pf. pass. 10 µὴ…κυκλωθείη: lest he be…; fearing
ποιέω replacing a fut. in the apodosis clause in secondary sequence with 3s aor.
5 ἡµῖν: dat. of agent with pf. pass. pass. opt.
πεποιῆται: 3s with neut. pl. subject πάντα
ρωθεν, τῷ δὲ Κύρῳ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι αὐτῷ μέλει ὅπως καλῶς 11
ἔχοι. 14. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ καιρῷ τὸ μὲν βαρβαρικὸν στράτευμα

ὁμαλῶς προῄει, τὸ δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἔτι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ μένον
συνετάττετο ἐκ τῶν ἔτι προσιόντων. καὶ ὁ Κῦρος παρελαύνων
οὐ πάνυ πρὸς αὐτῷ στρατεύματι κατεθεᾶτο ἑκατέρωσε 15
ἀποβλέπων εἴς τε τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ τοὺς φίλους. 15. ἰδὼν

δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ Ξενοφῶν Ἀθηναῖος, πελάσας
ὡς συναντῆσαι ἤρετο εἴ τι παραγγέλλοι· ὁ δ᾽ ἐπιστήσας εἶπε
καὶ λέγειν ἐκέλευε πᾶσιν ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ σφάγια
καλά. 16. ταῦτα δὲ λέγων θορύβου ἤκουσε διὰ τῶν τάξεων 20
Ἀθηναῖος, -α, -ον: Athenian, of Athens, 1 µέλει: there is a care for (dat.) for (gen.) , 2
ἀπο-βλέπω: to look at, see, 1 Ξενοφῶν, ὁ: Xenophon, 1
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 ὁµαλής, -ές: level (ground), even, 2
ἑκατέρω-θεν: on each or both sides, 2 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 3
ἔροµαι: to ask, enquire, question, 4 πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6
ἐφ-ίστηµι: to stop, bring to a stand (upon), 1 παρ-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive along by 5
θόρυβος, ὁ: din, noise, uproar, 2 πελάζω: to approach, draw near, 1
ἱερόν, τό: (sacrificial) victim, animal, 1 προ-έρχοµαι: to go forth, advance, 4
καιρός, ὁ: time, (right) moment, 2 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
καλῶς: well; beautifully, 5 συν-αντάω: meet face to face, encounter, 1
καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 5 συν-τάττω: to arrange together, order, 6
κατα-θεάοµαι: to survey, look over, 1 σφάγιον, τό: omen, offering, victim, 1
11 ὅπως καλῶς ἔχοι: that it fare well; ἔχω πελάσας: nom. sg. aor. pple
(‘hold’ ‘is disposed’) + adv. is equiv. to ‘to 18 ὡς συναντῆσαι: so as to…; ὡς + aor. inf.
be’ + pred. ; the entire clause is obj. of expressing purpose
impersonal µέλει ἤρετο: aor. mid. ἔροµαι
12 τὸ βαρβαρικὸν στράτευµα: i.e. the king’s ἔι τι παραγγέλλοι: whether…; ind.
army question with opt. in secondary sequence
13 ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ: in the same place ὁ δὲ: and he…; i.e. Cyrus
µένον: neuter pres. pple µένω ἐπιστήσας (τὸν ἵππον): nom. sg. aor. pple
14 συνετάττετο: was (still) being formed εἶπε: spoke; not direct speech here
15 οὐ πάνυ: not quite 19 ἐκέλευε: ordered (Xenophon) to…
πρός…: near…; dat. of place where; Cyrus πᾶσιν: dat. pl. πᾶς
rode ahead ἱερὰ (ἐστίν) καλὰ…σφάγια (ἐστίν) καλὰ:
κατεθεᾶτο: κατεθεά-ετο, impf. mid. supply linking verbs; καλὰ, ‘favorable’ is a
16 ἰδὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple ὁράω (εἶδον) predicate
ἀπὸ…Ἑλληνικοῦ: from the Greek (army) θορύβου…ἰόντος: a din…; partitive gen.
17 Ξενοφῶν: the author refers to himself in obj. of aor. ἀκούω where one usually
the 3rd person; this is the first time that he is expects an acc. obj.; gen. sg. pple ἔρχοµαι
mentioned in the Anabasis
The sacrifices are favorable, and Cyrus leads in the center 89
ἰόντος, καὶ ἤρετο τίς ὁ θόρυβος εἴη. ὁ δὲ [Κλέαρχος] εἶπεν 21
ὅτι σύνθημα παρέρχεται δεύτερον ἤδη. καὶ ὃς ἐθαύμασε τίς

παραγγέλλει καὶ ἤρετο ὅ τι εἴη τὸ σύνθημα. ὁ δ᾽ ἀπεκρί-
νατο· “Ζεὺς σωτὴρ καὶ νίκη.” 17. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ἀκούσας, “ἀλλὰ
δέχομαί τε,” ἔφη, “καὶ τοῦτο ἔστω.” ταῦτα δ᾽ εἰπὼν εἰς τὴν 25
ἀπο-κρίνοµαι: to answer, reply, 7 νίκη, ἡ: victory in battle, 2

δεύτερος, -η, -ον: second, 1 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 6
δέχοµαι: to receive, accept, 3 σύν-θηµα, -ατος, τό: password (agreed on) 2
Ζεύς, ὁ: Zeus, 2 σωτήρ, ὁ: deliverer, preserver, 1
θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be amazed at, 5 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
θόρυβος, ὁ: din, noise, uproar, 2
21 ἰόντος: pple ἔρχοµαι 23 τίς παραγγέλλει: who is announcing (the

ὁ δὲ: and he…; i.e. Xenophon, not password); Cyrus normally gives the word,
Clearchus so someone has usurped Cyrus’ privilege
ἤρετο: impf. ἔροµαι ἤρετο: impf. ἔροµαι
τίς…εῖη: what…; ind. question with opt. in ὅ τι εἴη τὸ σύνθηµα: what…; ind. question
secondary sequence; 3s εἰµί in secondary sequence with opt. εἰµί; neut.
22 παρέρχεται: is being passing up; a tense sg. ὅστις
shift: one expects secondary seqence 24 ἀλλὰ: well then; in reply and surprise
δεύτερον: for a second time; adv. acc. 25 δέχοµαι: i.e. he approves the change
καὶ ὃς: and this one, and he… ; Cyrus ἔστω: let…be so; 3s imperative εἰµί
αὑτοῦ χώραν ἀπήλαυνε. καὶ οὐκέτι τρία ἢ τέτταρα στάδια 1
διειχέτην τὼ φάλαγγε ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἡνίκα ἐπαιάνιζόν τε οἱ

Ἕλληνες καὶ ἤρχοντο ἀντίοι ἰέναι τοῖς πολεμίοις. 18. ὡς δὲ
πορευομένων ἐξεκύμαινέ τι τῆς φάλαγγος, τὸ ὑπολειπόμενον
ἤρξατο δρόμῳ θεῖν· καὶ ἅμα ἐφθέγξαντο πάντες οἷον τῷ 5
Ἐνυαλίῳ ἐλελίζουσι, καὶ πάντες δὲ ἔθεον. λέγουσι δέ τινες

ὡς καὶ ταῖς ἀσπίσι πρὸς τὰ δόρατα ἐδούπησαν φόβον ποι-
οῦντες τοῖς ἵπποις. 19. πρὶν δὲ τόξευμα ἐξικνεῖσθαι ἐκκλίνουσιν
οἱ βάρβαροι καὶ φεύγουσι. καὶ ἐνταῦθα δὴ ἐδίωκον μὲν
κατὰ κράτος οἱ Ἕλληνες, ἐβόων δὲ ἀλλήλοις μὴ θεῖν δρόμῳ, 10
ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 ἐξ-ικνέοµαι: to arrive at, reach, 1

ἅµα: at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 4 ἡνίκα: at which time, when, since, 3
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, against (+ dat) 4 θέω: to run, 3
ἀπ-ελαύνω: to drive away, expel from, 2 κράτος, -εος, τό: strength, power, 3
ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος, ὁ: a round shield, 7 οἷος, -α, -ον: of what sort, as, 4
βοάω: to shout, cry outloud, 3 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
δι-έχω: to keep apart, separate, 2 παιανίζω: to sing a paean, 2
δόρυ, δόρατος, τό: spearshaft; pole, stem, 1 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (pl. at times στάδιοι), 5
δουπέω: strike heavily, beat, thud, 1 τόξευµα, -ατος, τό: arrow, 1
δρόµος, ὁ: run, running; flight, 4 ὑπο-λείπω: to leave behind; fail, 2
ἐκ-κλίνω: to bend away; turn away, 1 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5
ἐκ-κυµαίνω: to swerve, waver from a line, 1 φθέγγοµαι: utter a sound, cry out, 1
ἐλελίζω: to raise a battle-cry, 1 φόβος, ὁ: fear, terror, panic, 3
Ἐνυαλίος, ὁ: Enyalius (‘war-like,’ i.e. Ares) 1
1 αὑτοῦ χώραν: his own position; ἑαυτοῦ καὶ πάντες δὲ: and all also; Xenophon uses
τρία…στάδια: for…; acc. of extent καί…δέ while repeating or emphasizing the
2 διειχέτην: dual impf. δι-έχω word inbetween (D202, S2891)
τὼ φάλαγγε: the two phalanxes; dual ἔθεον: began to…; inchoative impf. θέω
nom. subject 7 ὡς καὶ: that…also
3 ἰέναι: inf. ἔρχοµαι ταῖς ἀσπίσι: with…; dat. of means
ὡς…ἐξεκύµαινε: when… πρὸς…: against…
4 (αὐτῶν) πορευοµένων: (as they) were 8 τοῖς ἵπποις: for…; dat. of interest
advancing; ‘(them) proceeding’ gen. abs. πρὶν…ἐξικνεῖσθαι: before…; πρίν governs
τι: some (part); nom subj. + partitive gen. an inf.; τόξευµα is acc. subject; i.e. before
τὸ ὑπολειπόµενον: i.e. the remaining part the Greeks were in reach of the enemy’s
5 δρόµῳ: in…; dat. of manner arrows
οἷον… ἐλελίζουσι: which sort (of cry)…; 9 καὶ ἐνταῦθα δὴ: and precisely then, and
relative clause; inner acc. just then
6 τῷ Ἐνυαλίῳ: for…; dat. of interest; this 10 κατὰ κράτος: in (full) force
proper name means ‘the Warlike’ and is an ἐβόων: ἐβόα-ον, 3p impf.
epithet for Ares δρόµῳ: in…; dat. of manner
The Greeks in the right wing rout and chase the King’s army 91
ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τάξει ἕπεσθαι. 20. τὰ δ᾽ ἅρματα ἐφέροντο τὰ μὲν δι᾽ 11
αὐτῶν τῶν πολεμίων, τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κενὰ

ἡνιόχων. οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ προΐδοιεν, διίσταντο· ἔστι δ᾽ ὅστις καὶ
κατελήφθη ὥσπερ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ ἐκπλαγείς· καὶ οὐδὲν μέντοι
οὐδὲ τοῦτον παθεῖν ἔφασαν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐν 15
ταύτῃ τῇ μάχῃ ἔπαθεν οὐδεὶς οὐδέν, πλὴν ἐπὶ τῷ εὐωνύμῳ

τοξευθῆναί τις ἐλέγετο. 21. Κῦρος δ᾽ ὁρῶν τοὺς Ἕλληνας
νικῶντας τὸ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ διώκοντας, ἡδόμενος καὶ προσ-
κυνούμενος ἤδη ὡς βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτόν, οὐδ᾽ ὣς
ἐξήχθη διώκειν, ἀλλὰ συνεσπειραμένην ἔχων τὴν τῶν σὺν 20
δι-ίστηµι: to set apart, separate, 1 κενός, -ή, -όν: empty; void, destitute, bereft, 1
ἐκ-πλήσσω: to strike; stun, amaze, frighten, 2 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 7
ἐξ-άγω: to lead out, draw out, 2 προ-εῖδον: aor. saw in advance, forward, 1
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in, 4 προσ-κυνέω: to fall and show obeisance, 3
ἡνι-όχος, ὁ: chariot-driver, rein-holder, 1 συσπειράοµαι: form in close order, coil up, 1
ἱππο-δρόµος, ὁ: race-track, hippodrome, 1 τοξεύω: to shoot with the bow, 1
κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize, catch, find, 4 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
11 τὰ ἅρµατα…τὰ µὲν…τὰ δὲ: the chariots first οὐδέ is an adverb and the second a
(of the enemies)…some…others…; these conjunction: ‘not even…nor’ (S2937)
are the chariots of the enemy ἄλλος…οὐδεὶς: anyone else; οὐδεὶς οὐδέν
ἐφέροντο: were conveyed; impf. pass. is placed at the end for emphasis
12 αὐτῶν: intensive ἔπαθον: aor. πάσχω
κενὰ: adj. governs a gen. of separation οὐδὲν: anything
13 οἱ δὲ: and they; i.e. the Greeks 16 ἐπὶ τῷ εὐωνύµῷ: on the left wing
προΐδοιεν: 3p aor. opt. προ-εῖδον 17 τοξευθῆναι: aor. pass. inf.
ἔστι δἐ ὅστις: there is someone who… 18 νικῶντας: νικάοντας, acc. pl. pres. pple
καὶ: actually, in fact; adv. τὸ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς (στράτευµα): the army
14 κατελήφθη: 3s aor. pass. against them; reflexive ἑαυτοὺς; acc.
ὥσπερ…ἐκπλαγείς: as if…; a simile; nom. object of both participles
sg. aor. pass. pple ἐκπλήσσω ἡδόµενος: (Cyrus), although being
καὶ…µέντοι: and…moreover; or ‘and… delighted; the pple is concessive in sense
however’ (D415) (S2880) 19 ὡς βασιλεύς: as if (he were) the king
15 οὐδὲν…οὐδἐ τοῦτον παθεῖν: that not even ὑπὸ: by…; gen. agent
this one suffered anything; i.e. the soldier in οὐδὲ ὣς: not even thus
the way of the chariots; ind. disc. with aor. 20 ἐξήχθη: he was induced; i.e. led on to do
inf. πάσχω; οὐδέ ‘not even’ is adverbial something; 3s aor. pass. ἐξ-άγω
ἔφασαν: 3p aor. φηµί συνεσπειραµένην: pf. pass. pple
οὐδὲ…δἐ: nor…; οὐδέ…οὐδέ never means ἔχων τὴν τάξιν: keeping the formation…
‘neither…nor’ (οὔτε…οὔτε); instead, the
ἑαυτῷ ἑξακοσίων ἱππέων τάξιν ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅ τι ποιήσει βασι- 21
λεύς. καὶ γὰρ ᾔδει αὐτὸν ὅτι μέσον ἔχοι τοῦ Περσικοῦ
στρατεύματος. 22. καὶ πάντες δ᾽ οἱ τῶν βαρβάρων ἄρχοντες
μέσον ἔχοντες τὸ αὑτῶν ἡγοῦνται, νομίζοντες οὕτω καὶ ἐν
ἀσφαλεστάτῳ εἶναι, ἢν ᾖ ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτῶν ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ εἴ 25
ἀ-σφαλής, -ές: safe, secure, not liable to fall 4 ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5
ἑκατέρω-θεν: on each or both sides, 2 ἤν: εἰ ἄν, if (+ subj.), 6
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 4 ἰσχύς, -ύος, ὁ: strength, might, power, 1
ἐπι-µελέοµαι: take care of/that, have a Περσικός, -ή, -όν: Persian, 2
concern, 2
21 ἑαυτῷ: his own; dat. of possession connective and καί is an adv.

ἱππέων: gen. pl. ἱππέυς 24 τὸ αὑτῶν (στρατεῦµα): their own (army)
ὅ τι: what…; neuter ὅστις οὕτω…εἶναι: that thus (they) are…; ind.
22 καὶ γὰρ: for in fact disc. the leaders of the barbarians are
ᾔδει: 3s οἶδα; plpf. in form but simple past the understood subject
in translation 25 ἀσφαλεστάτῳ: i.e. position; superlative
αὐτὸν ὅτι: that he…; ‘him that…’ εῖναι: inf. εἰµί in ind. disc.
prolepsis, where the subject in the ὅτι ἢν ᾖ ἑκατέρωθεν: if…is…; ἐὰν + 3s subj.
clause becomes object of main verb εἰµί in a pres. general condition (ἐὰν +
ἔχοι: 3s opt. in ind. disc. secondary seq. subj., pres. ind.) with εἶναι
24 καὶ…δὲ: and moreover; δέ is καὶ εἴ: and if…; another condition
Cyrus leads the charge in the center against Artaxerxes 93
τι παραγγεῖλαι χρῄζοιεν, ἡμίσει ἂν χρόνῳ αἰσθάνεσθαι τὸ 1
στράτευμα. 23. καὶ βασιλεὺς δὴ τότε μέσον ἔχων τῆς αὑτοῦ

στρατιᾶς ὅμως ἔξω ἐγένετο τοῦ Κύρου εὐωνύμου κέρατος.
ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οὐδεὶς αὐτῷ ἐμάχετο ἐκ τοῦ ἀντίου οὐδὲ τοῖς αὐτοῦ
τεταγμένοις ἔμπροσθεν, ἐπέκαμπτεν ὡς εἰς κύκλωσιν. 24. ἔνθα 5
δὴ Κῦρος δείσας μὴ ὄπισθεν γενόμενος κατακόψῃ τὸ Ἑλλη-

νικὸν ἐλαύνει ἀντίος· καὶ ἐμβαλὼν σὺν τοῖς ἑξακοσίοις νικᾷ
τοὺς πρὸ βασιλέως τεταγμένους καὶ εἰς φυγὴν ἔτρεψε τοὺς
ἑξακισχιλίους, καὶ ἀποκτεῖναι λέγεται αὐτὸς τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χειρὶ
Ἀρταγέρσην τὸν ἄρχοντα αὐτῶν. 25. ὡς δ᾽ ἡ τροπὴ ἐγένετο, 10
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, against (+ dat) 4 κατα-κόπτω: to cut to pieces, chop down, 4
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 κύκλωσις, -εως, ἡ: encircling, surrounding, 1
Ἀρταγέρσης, ὁ: Artagerses, 2 ὅµως: nevertheless, however, yet, 3
δείδω: to fear, 4 ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; (+ gen.), 4
ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 τρέπω: to turn; rout, 1
ἔµ-προσθεν: in front, before (gen.) 1 τροπή, ἡ: rout, turning (of battle), 1
ἑξα-κισ-χίλιοι, -αι, -α: six thousand, 2 φυγή, ἡ: flight, escape, exile, 2
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 4 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 6 χρῄζω: to need, lack; want, ask for, 2
ἐπι-κάµπτω: to bend, turn (into an angle), 1 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 5
ἥµισυς, -εια, -υ: half, 2
1 καὶ εἴ… χρῄζοιεν, ἂν αἰσθάνεσθαι: and if pple τάττω; dat. of association with
they should...they would…; future less ἐµάχετο
vivid (εἰ + opt., ἄν + opt.) in ind. disc. 5 ἐπέκαµπτεν: (Cyrus) began to bend; i.e. his
governed by νοµίζοντες forces; inchoative impf
παραγγεῖλαι: aor. inf.; τι is object ὡς: as if…; in an expression of intent
ἡµίσει χρόνῳ: in…; dat. of time when εἰς κύκλωσιν: for…; expressing purpose
τὸ στράτευµα: acc. subject ἔνθα δὴ: precisely then, just then; intensive
2 καὶ…δὴ: and accordingly; inferential; just δή
as the leaders in general hold the middle, so µὴ…κατακόψῃ…Ἑλληνικὸν: lest (the
the king at this time holds the middle king)…; fearing clause, 3s aor. subj.
αὑτοῦ: ἑαυτοῦ 7 ἐλαύνει ἀντίος: Cyrus is the subject
3 ἐγένετο: came to be νικᾷ: defeats; νικάει, 3s
4 ἐπεὶ δὲ: and since… 8 τοὺς…τεταγµένους: those (soldiers)…
αὐτῷ: against him; ‘with him’ a dat. of marshalled; pf. pass. pple τάττω
association ἀποκτεῖναι: aor. inf.
ἐκ τοῦ ἀντίου: from a facing (army) αὐτὸς: Cyrus himself
οὐδὲ: not even; adverb 9 τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χειρὶ: with…; dat. means χείρ
τοῖς…τεταγµένοις ἐµπροσθεν: against his 10 ὡς: when…; i.e. as the King’s troops fled
(troops) marshalled before him; pf. pass. εἰς τὸ διώκει: for pursuing; articular inf.
διασπείρονται καὶ οἱ Κύρου ἑξακόσιοι εἰς τὸ διώκειν ὁρμή- 11
σαντες, πλὴν πάνυ ὀλίγοι ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν κατελείφθησαν, σχεδὸν

οἱ ὁμοτράπεζοι καλούμενοι. 26. σὺν τούτοις δὲ ὢν καθορᾷ
βασιλέα καὶ τὸ ἀμφ᾽ ἐκεῖνον στῖφος· καὶ εὐθὺς οὐκ ἠνέ-
σχετο, ἀλλ᾽ εἰπὼν “τὸν ἄνδρα ὁρῶ” ἵετο ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ παίει 15
κατὰ τὸ στέρνον καὶ τιτρώσκει διὰ τοῦ θώρακος, ὥς φησι

Κτησίας ὁ ἰατρός, καὶ ἰᾶσθαι αὐτὸς τὸ τραῦμά φησι. 27. παίον-
τα δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἀκοντίζει τις παλτῷ ὑπὸ τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν βιαίως·
καὶ ἐνταῦθα μαχόμενοι καὶ βασιλεὺς καὶ Κῦρος καὶ οἱ ἀμφ᾽
αὐτοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑκατέρου, ὁπόσοι μὲν τῶν ἀμφὶ βασιλέα ἀπέ- 20
ἀκοντίζω: to hurl a javelin, 2 ὀλίγος -η, -ον: few, little, small, 4

ἀν-έχω: to hold out; hold back, endure, 3 ὁµο-τράπεζος, ὁ: table companion, 1
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 6 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as much, many, or great as, 4
βίαιος, -α, -ον: forcible, violent, 1 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4
δια-σπείρω: to scatter (abroad), 1 ὀφθαλµός, ὁ: the eye, 2
ἑκάτερος, -α, -ον: each of two, either, 1 παίω: to strike, hit, 3
ἑξακόσιοι, -αι, -α: six hundred, 4 παλτός, -ή, -όν: brandished; subst. javelin, 3
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6
θώραξ, -ακος, ὁ: breastplate, 3 στέρνον, τό: breast, chest, 1
ἰάοµαι: to heal, cure, 4 στῖφος, -εος, τό: compact body, close array, 2
ἰατρός, ὁ: physician, doctor, 1 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 2
ἵηµι: send forth, throw, cast, 3 τιτρώσκω: to wound, inflict, damage, 1
καθ-οράω: to look down, perceive, 1 τραῦµα, τό: a wound, damage, disaster, 1
κατα-λείπω: to leave behind, abandon, 2 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
Κτησίας, ὁ: Ctesias, 2
11 εἰς τὸ διώκειν: in pursuit; ‘for pursuing’ είς ἐπὶ αὐτὸν: upon him; i.e. against the King
+ acc. expresses purpose, here with an 16 κατὰ: upon…; place to which
articular inf. ὥς: just as…; parenthetical, 3s φηµί
12 πάνυ ὀλίγοι: very few; not ‘quite a few,’ 17 ἰᾶσθαι αὐτὸς…τραῦµά: that he himself…;
as the passage that follows explains ind. disc. with mid. inf.; αὐτὸς modifies
κατελείφθησαν: 3p aor. pass. the missing acc. subj. (Ctesias) but agrees
13 οἰ καλούµενοι: those called; or ‘the so- with the subject of φησι
called…’ pass. pple + predicate παίοντα αὐτὸν: him (while) delivering the
σὺν…ὤν: (Cyrus) being…; participial strike; i.e. Cyrus
phrase with nom. sg. pple εἰµί 18 παλτῷ: dat. of means
15 ἠνέσχετο: (Cyrus) did hold himself back; 19 οἰ ἀµφὶ αὐτοὺς: those around them
a double-augmented aor. mid.; ἀν-έχω 20 ὁπόσοι: how many….; ind. question
(stem: σχ-) τῶν…: of those…; partitive gen.
ἵετο: rushed; ‘sent himself’ impf. mid. ἱηµί
Cyrus is killed 95
θνῃσκον Κτησίας λέγει· παρ᾽ ἐκείνῳ γὰρ ἦν· Κῦρος δὲ αὐτός 21
τε ἀπέθανε καὶ ὀκτὼ οἱ ἄριστοι τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἔκειντο ἐπ᾽

αὐτῷ. 28. Ἀρταπάτης δ᾽ ὁ πιστότατος αὐτῷ τῶν σκηπτούχων
θεράπων λέγεται, ἐπειδὴ πεπτωκότα εἶδε Κῦρον, καταπηδή-
σας ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου περιπεσεῖν αὐτῷ. 29. καὶ οἱ μέν φασι 25
βασιλέα κελεῦσαί τινα ἐπισφάξαι αὐτὸν Κύρῳ, οἱ δ᾽ ἑαυτὸν

ἐπισφάξασθαι σπασάμενον τὸν ἀκινάκην· εἶχε γὰρ χρυσοῦν 27
ἀκινάκης, -ου, ὁ: (Persian) sword, 2 Κτησίας, ὁ: Ctesias, 2

Ἀρταπάτης, -ου, ὁ: Artapates, 1 ὀκτώ: eight, 2
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 περι-πίπτω: to fall on, be wrecked, 1
ἐπι-σφάζω: to slaughter over, kill upon, 2 πίπτω: to fall, 2
θεράπων, -οντος ὁ: attendant, assistant, 1 σκηπτ-οῦχος, ὁ: wand- or sceptre-bearer, 2
κατα-πηδάω: to leap down, 2 σπάω: to draw, pull, 1
κεῖµαι: to lie, lie down 1 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
21 παρ(ὰ) ἐκείνῳ: beside that one; i.e. the φασι: 3p pres. φηµί
King 26 βασιλέα κελεῦσαι: that…; ind. disc., aor.
ἦν: i.e. Ctesias, 3s impf. εἰµί inf.
22 ἀπέθανε: aor. ἀποθνήσκω ἐπισφάξαι: aor. infinitives
οἱ ἄριστοι: nobles; ‘the best’ αὐτὸν: him; i.e. Artapates
ἔκειντο: impf. κεῖµαι; i.e. dead Κύρῳ: over…; dat. of compound verb
ἐπὶ…: upon…, on top of… ἐπισφάξαι
23 ὁ πιστότατος…θεράπων: superlative adj. οἱ δέ (φασι): but others say that…
24 πεπτωκότα: pf. pple πίπτω ἐπισφάξασθαι: that (he)…; ind. disc. with
εἶδε: 3s aor. ὁράω middle inf. which is reflexive in sense;
25 περιπεσεῖν: aor. inf. περι-πίπτω ἑαυτὸν is object of this inf.
αὐτῷ: (around)…; dat. of compound verb 27 εἶχε: aor. ἔχω
οἱ µέν…οἱ δὲ…: some…others
96 Anabasis I 8.29 – 9.6
καὶ στρεπτὸν δ᾽ ἐφόρει καὶ ψέλια καὶ τἆλλα ὥσπερ οἱ 1
ἄριστοι Περσῶν· ἐτετίμητο γὰρ ὑπὸ Κύρου δι᾽ εὔνοιάν τε

καὶ πιστότητα.
IX.1. Κῦρος μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἐτελεύτησεν, ἀνὴρ ὢν Περσῶν τῶν
μετὰ Κῦρον τὸν ἀρχαῖον γενομένων βασιλικώτατός τε καὶ 5
ἄρχειν ἀξιώτατος, ὡς παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται τῶν Κύρου

δοκούντων ἐν πείρᾳ γενέσθαι. 2. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἔτι παῖς
ὤν, ὅτ᾽ ἐπαιδεύετο καὶ σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ καὶ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις
παισί, πάντων πάντα κράτιστος ἐνομίζετο. 3. πάντες γὰρ οἱ
τῶν ἀρίστων Περσῶν παῖδες ἐπὶ ταῖς βασιλέως θύραις παι- 10
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 5 παιδεύω: to educate, to teach, 2
ἀρχαῖος, -α, -ον: ancient, old, 2 πεῖρα,-ας, ἡ: experience; trial, attempt, 1
βασιλικός, -ή, -όν: royal, kingly, 1 πιστότης, ὁ:: trustworthiness, fidelity, 1
εὔ-νοια, ἡ: goodwill, favor, affection, 1 στρεπτός, ὁ: necklace, 3
θύρα, ἡ: a door, 2 τελευτάω: to end, complete, finish; die, 2
κράτιστος, -η, -ον: strongest, mightiest, 5 φορέω: to carry regularly, wear, 1
ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 6 ψέλιον, τό: armlet, anklet, 3
ὅτε: when, at some time, 6
1 καὶ…δὲ: and also…; καί is adverbial ἄρχειν: explanatory (epexegetical) inf.

ἐφόρει: used to…; iterative impf. φορέω qualifying ἀξιώτατος
the subject is still Artapates 6 ὡς…ὁµολογεῖται: as it is agreed…;
τἆλλα: and other things; τὰ ἄλλα, crasis impersonal pres. pass.
οἱ ἄριστοι: nobles παρὰ πάντων: by…; gen. of source
2 ἐτετίµητο: plpf. pass. τιµάω Κύρου, ἐν πείρᾳ γενέσθαι: to be acquainted
δι(ὰ): on account of… with Cyrus; ‘to be in experience of Cyrus'
4 µὲν οὖν: then; οὖν is inferential 7 πρῶτον: first; adverbial acc.
ἀνὴρ ὤν: a man being…; nom. apposition 8 ὤν: nom. sg. pple εἰµί
and nom. sg. pple. εἰµί ὅτ(ε): when
4 Περσῶν…γενοµένων: of the Persians καὶ…καὶ: both…and
born…; partitive gen. 9 πάντα: in…; acc. of respect
5 Κῦρον τὸν ἀρχαῖον: Cyrus the Elder; i.e. κράτιστος: predicate following ἐνοµίζετο
Cyrus the Elder from 6th c. B.C. 10 ἐπὶ…θύραις: i.e. at the court of the king
5 βασιλικώτατός, ἀξιώτατος: superlatives
Xenophon eulogizes Cyrus: Cyrus as a boy 97
δεύονται· ἔνθα πολλὴν μὲν σωφροσύνην καταμάθοι ἄν τις, 11
αἰσχρὸν δ᾽ οὐδὲν οὔτ᾽ ἀκοῦσαι οὔτ᾽ ἰδεῖν ἔστι. 4. θεῶνται δ᾽

οἱ παῖδες καὶ τιμωμένους ὑπὸ βασιλέως καὶ ἀκούουσι, καὶ
ἄλλους ἀτιμαζομένους· ὥστε εὐθὺς παῖδες ὄντες μανθάνουσιν
ἄρχειν τε καὶ ἄρχεσθαι. 5. ἔνθα Κῦρος αἰδημονέστατος μὲν 15
πρῶτον τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν ἐδόκει εἶναι, τοῖς τε πρεσβυτέροις

καὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ὑποδεεστέρων μᾶλλον πείθεσθαι, ἔπειτα δὲ
φιλιππότατος καὶ τοῖς ἵπποις ἄριστα χρῆσθαι· ἔκρινον δ᾽
αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἔργων, τοξικῆς τε καὶ ἀκοντί-
σεως, φιλομαθέστατον εἶναι καὶ μελετηρότατον. 6. ἐπεὶ δὲ 20
αἰδήµων (-ονος), -ον: bashful, modest, 1 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6

αἰσχρός, -ά, -όν: shameful, disgraceful, 1 µανθάνω: to learn, understand, 1
ἀκόντισις, -εως, ἡ: javelin-throwing, 1 µελετηρός, -ά, -όν: practiced, practicing, 1
ἀ-τιµάζω: to dishonor, insult, slight, 2 σωφροσύνη, ἡ: temperence, prudence, 1
ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 3 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 6
ἔργον, τό: work, labor, deed, act, 3 τοξικός, -ή, -όν: of the bow, 1
εὐθύς: right away, straight, directly, at once, 7 ὑπο-δεέστερος, -ον: inferior (in rank), 1
ἡλικιωτής, -ου, ὁ: peer, like-aged 1 φίλ-ιππος, -η, -ον: fond to horses, 1
θεάοµαι: to see, watch, look at; consider, 2 φιλ-µαθής, -ές: fond of learning, 1
κατα-µανθάνω: to learn thoroughly, 1 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
κρίνω: choose, decide; interpret, 5
11 καταµάθοι ἄν τις: one could…; potential τῶν…ὑποδεεστέρων: than…; gen. of

aor. opt. comparison following µᾶλλον
12 οὐδὲν οὔτε…οὔτε: nothing...either…either ἑαυτοῦ: to himself; ‘gen. of comparison
ἀκοῦσαι, ἰδεῖν: both are aor. explanatory governed by comparative ὑποδεεστέρων
aor. infs. ἀκούω, ὁράω with αἰσχρὸν 17 (ἐδόκει) πείθεσθαι: (he seemed) obey + dat.
13 καὶ…καὶ ἀκούσουσι…καὶ: both…as well 18 φιλιππότατος (ἐδόκει εἶναι): add the verb
as hear (of them)…and…; the 1st and 3rd ἄριστα: best; superlative adv.
terms are correlative conjunctions χρῆσθαι (ἐδόκει): supply the verb
13 τιµωµένους: (those) honored 19 καὶ: also
14 εὐθὺς παῖδες ὄντες: i.e. from the earliest τῶν…ἔργων: of the arts
age; pple εἰµί εἰς: for…; expressing purpose
αἰδηµονέστατος: superlative τοξικῆς…ἀκοντίσεως: in apposition to
16 πρῶτον: first of all; adverbial acc. ἔργων
εἶναι: inf. εἰµί
98 Anabasis I 9.6-9
τῇ ἡλικίᾳ ἔπρεπε, καὶ φιλοθηρότατος ἦν καὶ πρὸς τὰ θηρία 21
μέντοι φιλοκινδυνότατος. καὶ ἄρκτον ποτὲ ἐπιφερομένην

οὐκ ἔτρεσεν, ἀλλὰ συμπεσὼν κατεσπάσθη ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου,
καὶ τὰ μὲν ἔπαθεν, ὧν καὶ τὰς ὠτειλὰς εἶχεν, τέλος δὲ
κατέκανε· καὶ τὸν πρῶτον μέντοι βοηθήσαντα πολλοῖς μακα- 25
ριστὸν ἐποίησεν. 7. ἐπεὶ δὲ κατεπέμφθη ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς
ἄρκτος, ὁ: a bear; north (Ursa Major), 2 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7

βοηθέω: to come to aid, to assist, aid, 1 ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
ἐπι-φέρω: to carry upon; attack, rush on, 1 πρέπω: be (conspicuously) suitable , like 1
ἡλικία, ἡ: age, time of life, 6 πρέσβυς, -εως, ὁ: old, old (man), 3
θηρίον, τό: a wild animal, beast, 4 συµ-πίπτω: to come to blows, happen, 1
κατα-καίνω: to kill, slay, 3 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 3
κατα-πέµπω: send down, 1 τρέω: to flee in fear, flee, 1
κατα-σπάω: to drag down, pull down, draw φιλ-κινδυνός, -η, -ον: fond to danger, 1
1 φιλό-θηρος, -ον: fond to hunting, 1
µακαριστός, ή, όν: very blessed, happy, 1 ὠτειλή, ἡ: scar, wound, 1
πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 7
πατήρ, ὁ: a father, 4
21 ἔπρεπε: was suitable in…; + dat. ind. obj. καὶ: even

πρὸς: with regard to… τέλος: finally; as often, an adverbial acc.
22 µέντοι: moreover 25 τὸν…βοηθήσαντα: the one…
23 ἔτρεσεν: aor. τρέω µέντοι: moreover
συµπεσὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple συµπίπτω µακαριστὸν: superlative
κατεσπάσθη: he…; 3s aor. pass. 26 ἐποίησεν: made (x) (y); governs a double
24 τὰ µὲν: some injuries; inner acc. acc. (acc. obj. and acc. predicate)
ἔπαθεν: aor. πάσχω κατεπέµφθη: he…; 3s aor. pass.
ὧν: of which…; relative, partitive gen.
Xenophon eulogizes Cyrus: Cyrus as a young governor 99
σατράπης Λυδίας τε καὶ Φρυγίας τῆς μεγάλης καὶ Καππα- 1
δοκίας, στρατηγὸς δὲ καὶ πάντων ἀπεδείχθη οἷς καθήκει εἰς

Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζεσθαι, πρῶτον μὲν ἐπέδειξεν αὑτόν,
ὅτι περὶ πλείστου ποιοῖτο, εἴ τῳ σπείσαιτο καὶ εἴ τῳ συν-
θοῖτο καὶ εἴ τῳ ὑπόσχοιτό τι, μηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι. 8. καὶ γὰρ 5
οὖν ἐπίστευον μὲν αὐτῷ αἱ πόλεις ἐπιτρεπόμεναι, ἐπίστευον

δ᾽ οἱ ἄνδρες· καὶ εἴ τις πολέμιος ἐγένετο, σπεισαμένου
Κύρου ἐπίστευε μηδὲν ἂν παρὰ τὰς σπονδὰς παθεῖν. 9. τοι-
γαροῦν ἐπεὶ Τισσαφέρνει ἐπολέμησε, πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις ἑκοῦ-
σαι Κῦρον εἵλοντο ἀντὶ Τισσαφέρνους πλὴν Μιλησίων· 10
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 πάσχω: to suffer, experience, 7

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 πιστεύω: to trust, believe in, rely on (dat) 5
ἀπο-δείκνυµι: appoint; point out, indicate, 2 σατράπης, ὁ: satrap, 2
ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν: willing, intentionally, 2 σπένδω: to make a treaty, a drink-offering, 2
ἐπι-τρέπω: to turn (over) to, entrust, 2 σπονδή, ἡ: a drink-offering; truce, treaty, 1
καθ-ήκω: it is fitting/a duty; to come down, 2 συν-τίθηµι: make an agreement, put together 1
Καππαδοκία, ἡ: Cappadocia, 2 τοιγαροῦν: accordingly then, therefore, 1
Καστωλός, ὁ: Castolus, 2 ὑπ-ισχνέοµαι: to promise, 7
Λυδία, ἡ: Lydia (place in SW Asia Minor) 2 Φρυγία, ἡ: Phrygia (central Asia minor) 4
µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 4 ψεύδοµαι: lie, cheat, 4
Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian, 3
1 σατράπης: as satrap; nom. pred. following aor. opt. σπένδω, συντίθηµι, ὑπισχνέοµαι
κατεπέµφθη τῳ: with someone…to someone; dat. of
Λυδίας, Φρυγίας, Καππαδοκίας: regions in association and dat. ind. obj., indefinite τις
Asia minor from west to central Asia 5 καὶ γὰρ οὖν: and in fact accordingly; i.e.
Φρυγίας τῆς µεγάλης: of greater Phrygia ‘and for this reason then;’ this group of
2 στρατηγὸς…ἀπεδείχθη: nom. predicate particles, according to Denniston, is found
following ἀπεδείχθη, 3s aor. pass. only in Xenophon (D112), almost equiv. to
καὶ: also τοιγαροῦν, which is employed below
οἷς: for whom…; antecedent παντῶν 6 ἐπιτρεπόµεναι: pres. passive pple
3 (ἑ)αυτὸν, ὅτι...ποιοῖτο: that he himself 7 σπεισαµένου Κύρου: gen. abs.; σπένδω
considered of the greatest importance…; µηδὲν…παθεῖν: that (he) would suffer…;
‘himself that (he)…’ prolepsis; ind. disc. ind. disc.; ἄν + aor. inf. πάσχω is a
with pres. mid. opt. in secondary sequence potential opt. in ind. discourse
4 ἔι…σπείσαιτο…µηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι: that, if 8 παρὰ…: contrary to…
he made a treaty…he not at all be proven 9 Τισσαφέρνει: with…; dat. of association
false; past general condition (εἰ + opt., past ἑκοῦσαι: willingly; translate adj. as adverb
ind.); here in ind. disc., secondary sequence 10 εἵλοντο: 3p aor. mid. αἱρέω (choose)
σπείσαιτο, συνθοῖτο and ὑπόσχοιτο are
οὗτοι δὲ ὅτι οὐκ ἤθελε τοὺς φεύγοντας προέσθαι ἐφοβοῦντο 11
αὐτόν. 10. καὶ γὰρ ἔργῳ ἐπεδείκνυτο καὶ ἔλεγεν ὅτι οὐκ ἄν
ποτε προοῖτο, ἐπεὶ ἅπαξ φίλος αὐτοῖς ἐγένετο, οὐδ᾽ εἰ ἔτι
μὲν μείους γένοιντο, ἔτι δὲ κάκιον πράξειαν. 11. φανερὸς δ᾽
ἦν καὶ εἴ τίς τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακὸν ποιήσειεν αὐτόν, νικᾶν πει- 15
ρώμενος· καὶ εὐχὴν δέ τινες αὐτοῦ ἐξέφερον ὡς εὔχοιτο

τοσοῦτον χρόνον ζῆν ἔστε νικῴη καὶ τοὺς εὖ καὶ κακῶς
ποιοῦντας ἀλεξόμενος. 12. καὶ γὰρ οὖν πλεῖστοι δὴ αὐτῷ ἑνί
γε ἀνδρὶ τῶν ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐπεθύμησαν καὶ χρήματα καὶ πόλεις
καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα προέσθαι. 13. οὐ μὲν δὴ οὐδὲ τοῦτ᾽ ἄν 20
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 5 µείων, µεῖον: fewer; less, of lesser value, 2
ἀλέξοµαι: to ward off, turn aside; requite, 2 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5
ἅπαξ: once, once only, once for all, 1 ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
ἐκ-φέρω: to carry out, bring forth, produce, 1 πράττω: to do, accomplish, make, act, 2
ἐπι-δείκνυµι: to indicate, point out, prove, 8 προ-ίηµι: to send forth, give up, release, 3
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for, 1 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 4
ἔργον, τό: work, labor, deed, act, 3 τοσοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: so great, so much,
ἔστε: ἔσ-οτε until, up to the time that, 1 so many, 5
εὐχή, ἡ: a prayer, vow, 1 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
εὔχοµαι: to pray, offer prayers, 3 φοβέω: to put to flight, terrify, frighten, 3
ζάω: to live, 4 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 5
11 οὗτοι: i.e. the Milesians νικᾶν: i.e. to outdo, not conquer or defeat;
ὅτι…: because (Cyrus)… α-contract inf. νικάω
προέσθαι: to give up; mid. inf. προίηµι 16 καὶ…δέ: and…also; καί is adverbial
καὶ γὰρ…καὶ…: for both…and… ἐξέφερον: reported
ἔργῳ: dat. of means, the antithesis is αὐτοῦ: his
between word and deed ὡς εὔχοιτο: (namely) that…; in apposition
12 ὅτι…ἄν προοῖοτο, οὐδ᾽εἰ…πράξειαν: to εὐχὴν; ind. disc. with opt. secondary seq.
that he would give up… not even if they 17 τοσοῦτον…χρόνον: for...; acc. duration
should fare…; fut. less vivid condition (εἰ ζῆν: inf. ζάω
opt., ἄν opt.); aor. opt. mid. προίηµι; aor. ἔστε νικῴη: until he outdid; νικάοιη, 3s opt.
opt. γίγνοµαι, πράττω (πραγ-) in a past general temporal clause
13 µείους: µείο(ν)ες; fewer (in number) καὶ τοῦς εὖ (ποιοῦντες) καὶ (τοὺς) κακῶς
14 κάκιον: worse; a comparative adv.; with ποιοῦντες: both those treating (him) well…
the verb πράττω ‘fare’ ἀλεξόµενος: returning like for like
15 φανερός ἦν καὶ...πειρόµενος: he was also 18 καὶ γὰρ οὖν: and in fact then; line 5 p. 99
clearly attempting…; ‘he was clear also, πλεὶστοι δὴ: quite very many; intensive
attempting…’ αὐτῷ ἑνί γε ἀνδρὶ: to him, just one man,
εἰ…ποιήσειεν: if…did (acc) for (acc); past 19 τῶν ἐφ᾽ἡµῶν: among the men in our time
general condition, aor. opt. + double acc. ἐπί + gen. (S1689b)
τίς: someone; indefinite τις πρόεσθαι: to give up; aor. mid. προίηµι
Cyrus ruled justly: helping friends and harming enemies 101
τις εἴποι, ὡς τοὺς κακούργους καὶ ἀδίκους εἴα καταγελᾶν, 21
ἀλλὰ ἀφειδέστατα πάντων ἐτιμωρεῖτο· πολλάκις δ᾽ ἦν ἰδεῖν

παρὰ τὰς στειβομένας ὁδοὺς καὶ ποδῶν καὶ χειρῶν καὶ
ὀφθαλμῶν στερομένους ἀνθρώπους· ὥστ᾽ ἐν τῇ Κύρου ἀρχῇ
ἐγένετο καὶ Ἕλληνι καὶ βαρβάρῳ μηδὲν ἀδικοῦντι ἀδεῶς 25
πορεύεσθαι ὅπῃ τις ἤθελεν, ἔχοντι ὅ τι προχωροίη. 14. τούς γε

μέντοι ἀγαθοὺς εἰς πόλεμον ὡμολόγητο διαφερόντως τιμᾶν.
καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἦν αὐτῷ πόλεμος πρὸς Πισίδας καὶ Μυσούς· 28
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 5 ὀφθαλµός, ὁ: the eye, 2

ἀ-δεής, -ές: fearless, without fear, 1 Πισίδες, οἱ: Pisidians (in SE Asia Minor) 5
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 3 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7
ἀρχή, ἡ: realm, rule, office; beginning, 5 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4
ἀφειδής, -ές: unsparing, merciless, 1 πούς, ποδός, ὁ: a foot, 5
δια-φερόντως: especially; differently, 1 προ-ίηµι: to send forth, give up, release, 3
ἔστε: ἔσ-οτε until, up to the time that, 1 προ-χωρέω: be one’s advantage or interest,
κακούργος, ὁ: wrong-doer, criminal, 1 be convenient; go forward, advance 1
κατα-γελάω: to laugh at, mock, 1 στείβω: tread, walk on, stamp down, 1
µηδ-είς, µηδ-εµία, µηδ-έν: no one, nothing, 4 στέροµαι: be wanting, lack, want (+gen) 1
Μυσός, ὁ: a Mysian (people) 2 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 6
ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 6 τιµωρέω: exact or seek vengeance, 2
ὅπῃ: where; in what way, how, 3 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
20 οὐ µὲν δὴ: certainly…not; µὲν δὴ often µηδὲν ἀδικοῦντι: (if)…; dat. sg. pres. pple
expresses certainty (S2900) is conditional in sense, hence, the inner acc.
οὐδὲ τοῦτ(ο): even this; οὐδὲ, ‘not even’ or µηδὲν instead of οὐδὲν
‘nor,’ as often, following οὐ 25 ἔχοντι: (while)…; circumstantial in sense
21 ἄν εἴποι: would say; potential opt. 26 ὅ τι προσχωροίη (ἔχειν): what it…; neuter
ὡς…εἴα: (namely) that…; ind. disc. with 3s acc. sg. relative ὅστις and 3s impersonal
impf. ἐάω + α-contract inf.; in apposition pres. opt. in a general relative clause in
to τοῦτο secondary sequence
καταγελᾶν: i.e. at him; inf. τούς γε…ἀγαθοὺς: those good ; i.e. those
22 ἀφειδέστατα: superlative adv. brave; obj. of τιµᾶν; emphatic ge, ‘indeed,’
ἐτιµωρεῖτο: impf. mid. may be expressed by intonation or italics
ἦν: it was (possible); impers. impf. εἰµί 27 εἰς πόλεµον: in war
ἰδεῖν: aor. inf. ὁράω ὡµολόγητο: he had been acknowledged; a
23 παρὰ: along… 3s personal plpf. pass. (or doric impf. pass.)
ποδῶν…: from…; gen. separation 28 ἦν: there was; here with dat. of possession
25 ἐγένετο: it was possible + inf. (‘he had’) or interest (‘for him’)
καὶ…καὶ: both…and…; with dat. interest πρὸς…: against…
στρατευόμενος οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς ταύτας τὰς χώρας, οὓς ἑώρα 1
ἐθέλοντας κινδυνεύειν, τούτους καὶ ἄρχοντας ἐποίει ἧς κατε-

στρέφετο χώρας, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ ἄλλοις δώροις ἐτίμα· 15. ὥστε
φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς εὐδαιμονεστάτους, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺς
δούλους τούτων †ἀξιοῦσθαι† εἶναι. τοιγαροῦν πολλὴ ἦν 5
ἀφθονία αὐτῷ τῶν ἐθελόντων κινδυνεύειν, ὅπου τις οἴοιτο

Κῦρον αἰσθήσεσθαι. 16. εἴς γε μὴν δικαιοσύνην εἴ τις φανερὸς
γένοιτο ἐπιδείκνυσθαι βουλόμενος, περὶ παντὸς ἐποιεῖτο τού-
τους †πλουσιωτέρους† ποιεῖν τῶν ἐκ τοῦ ἀδίκου φιλοκερδούν-
των. 17. καὶ γὰρ οὖν ἄλλα τε πολλὰ δικαίως αὐτῷ διεχειρίζετο 10
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 5 ἔπ-ειτα: then, next, secondly, 3
ἄ-δικος, -ον: unjust, unrighteous, 3 κατα-στρέφω: upset, overturn; mid subdue, 1
ἀξιόω: deem worthy, think, 4 κινδυνεύω: to risk, venture; it is likely, 4
ἀφθονία, ἡ: abundance, plenty, 1 ὅπου: where, 5 πλουσιος, -α, -ον: wealthy, 1
δια-χειρίζω: to manage, handle, 1 στρατεύω: wage war, campaign against, 5
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 4 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 6
δικαιοσύνη, ἡ: justice, righteousness, 3 τοιγαροῦν: accordingly then, therefore, 1
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 2 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
δῶρον, τό: a gift, present, 4 φιλο-κερδέω: to be greedy for gain, 1
1 καὶ αὐτὸς: even he himself; i.e. in person ὅπου…οἴοιτο: wherever…; pres. opt.
οὓς ἑώρα…τούτους: these whom he οἴοµαι in a past general relative clause
saw…; relative and ἑώρα-ε 3s impf. ὁράω 7 Κῦρον αἰσθήσεσθαι: that…; ind. disc. with
the antecedent is τούτους fut. inf.
2 καὶ: he made them…leaders εἴς γε µὴν δικαιοσύνην: certainly, in regard
ἐποίει: he made (x) (y); governing a double to justice; emphatic γε may be left
accusative (acc. obj. and acc. predicate) untranslated, εἰς
ἧς…χώρας: of the land which…; lit. ‘of εἴ…φανερὸς γένοιτο, ἐποιεῖτο: if he was
which land,’ the original acc. relative adj. clearly…he considered; a past general
and noun was attracted into the genitive of condition (εἰ opt., impf. ind.); aor. opt.
the missing antecedent ἐπιδείκνεσθαι: to distinguish himself; mid.
κατεστρέφετο: impf. mid. 8 περὶ παντὸς ἐποιεῖτο: considered of entire
3 ἐτίµα: ἐτίµαε ; 3s impf. τιµάω (importance); common idiom
4 ὥστε φαίνεσθαι: so that…; result clause ποιεῖν: to make (x) (y); double acc.
τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς is acc. subject 9 τῶν φιλοκερδούντων: than…; gen. of
εὐδαιµονεστάτους: superlative comparison
τοὺς κακοὺς (φαίνεσθαι): and (so that); acc. ἐκ τοῦ ἀδίκου: as a result of…
subj., repeat the inf. 10 καὶ γὰρ οὖν: and in fact accordingly; i.e.
5 ἦν…αὐτῷ: he had; ‘there was to him,’ dat. ‘and for this reason then’ see note l. 5 p. 99
possession and impf. εἰµί αὐτῷ: for him; dat. of interest
6 τῶν ἐθελόντων: of men willing διεχειρίζετο: impf. pass., neuter pl. subject
Cyrus rewarded those upright and loyal 103
καὶ στρατεύματι ἀληθινῷ ἐχρήσατο. καὶ γὰρ στρατηγοὶ 11
καὶ λοχαγοί, οἳ χρημάτων ἕνεκα πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἔπλευσαν,

ἔγνωσαν κερδαλεώτερον εἶναι Κύρῳ †καλῶς πειθαρχεῖν† ἢ
τὸ κατὰ μῆνα κέρδος. 18. ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴ τίς γέ τι αὐτῷ προστά-
ξαντι καλῶς ὑπηρετήσειεν, οὐδενὶ πώποτε ἀχάριστον εἴασε 15
τὴν προθυμίαν. τοιγαροῦν δὴ κράτιστοι ὑπηρέται παντὸς

ἔργου Κύρῳ ἐλέχθησαν γενέσθαι. 19. εἰ δέ τινα ὁρῴη δεινὸν
ὄντα οἰκονόμον ἐκ τοῦ δικαίου καὶ κατασκευάζοντά τε ἧς
ἄρχοι χώρας καὶ προσόδους ποιοῦντα, οὐδένα ἂν πώποτε
ἀφείλετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ πλείω προσεδίδου· ὥστε καὶ ἡδέως ἐπό- 20
ἀληθινός, -ή, -όν: true, genuine, 1 µείς, µηνός, ὁ: month, 6

ἀφ-αιρέω: to take away from, remove, 2 µήν: truly, surely; yet, however, 6
ἀ-χάριστος, -ον: unrewarded, thankless, 1 οἰκο-νόµος, ὁ: administrator, house-manager 1
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 πειθ-αρχέω: obey (one in authority) (+ dat), 1
δεινός, -ή, -όν: skillful, clever; terrible, 1 πλέω: to sail, 1
δίκαιος, -α, -ον: just, right, lawful, fair, 4 πονέω: to work, toil, 2
ἐάω: to allow, 4 προ-θυµία, ἡ: eagerness, zeal, enthusiasm, 1
ἕνεκα: for the sake of, because of, for (gen.), 5 προσ-δίδωµι: to give besides or in addition, 1
ἔργον, τό: work, labor, deed, act, 3 πρόσ-οδος, ἡ: revenue, income; approach, 1
ἡδέως: sweetly, pleasantly, gladly, 2 προσ-τάσσω: to order, assign, appoint, 2
καλῶς: well; beautifully, 5 πώ-ποτε: ever yet, ever, 2
κατα-σκευάζω: to prepare, build, equip, 1 τίς, τί: who? which?, 4
κερδαλέος, -α, -ον: profitable; cunning, 1 τοιγαροῦν: accordingly then, therefore, 1
κέρδος, -εος, τό: gain, profit, advantage, 1 ὑπ-ηρετέω: to serve, perform a service, 1
κράτιστος, -η, -ον: strongest, mightiest, 5 ὑπ-ηρέτης, ὁ: supporter, helper, assistant, 2
λοχαγός, ὁ: captain, 2 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
11 ἐχρήσατο: he employed …; + dat., note 17 ἐλέχθησαν: 3p aor. pass., λέγω

the change of subject εἰ…ὁρῴη…ἂν ἀφείλετο: and if he saw…,
12 καὶ γὰρ: for in fact he would deprive; ὁράοιη, past general
ἔπλευσαν: aor. πλέω; i.e. as mercenaries condition (3s pres. opt., past ind.); ἄν +
13 ἔγνωσαν: aor. γιγνώσκω aor. mid. indicates customary past action
14 τὸ κατὰ µῆνα κέρδος: pay per month; ‘pay 18 ὄντα: acc. pple εἰµί modifying τινα
by month,’ κατά is distributive ἐκ τοὺ δικαίου: as the result of…
ἀλλὰ µὴν: well certainly; in assent (D342) καὶ…καὶ: both…and
εἴ…ὑπηρετήσειεν, εἴασε: if…served, he did ἧς…χώρας: whatever land…; relative adj.
not ever allow anyone’s zeal (to be)…; past general relative clause with pres. opt.
general condition (εἰ opt., past. ind.); aor. 20 πλείω: more; πλείο(ν)α, neut. acc. pl.
opt., aor. ἐάω; dat. of poss. προσεδίδου: προσεδίδο-ε, 3s impf.
τίς γε: anyone; indefinite τις, emphatic γε ἐπόνουν: used to…,would…; 3p iterative
16 παντὸς ἔργου: for every task; objective impf. πονέω
gen. with ὑπηρέται
νουν καὶ θαρραλέως ἐκτῶντο καὶ †ὃ ἐπέπατο αὖ† τις ἥκιστα 21
Κῦρον ἔκρυπτεν· οὐ γὰρ φθονῶν τοῖς φανερῶς πλουτοῦσιν

ἐφαίνετο, ἀλλὰ πειρώμενος χρῆσθαι τοῖς τῶν ἀποκρυπτο-
μένων χρήμασι. 20. φίλους γε μήν, ὅσους ποιήσαιτο καὶ εὔνους 24
ἀπο-κρύπτω: to conceal, hide, 1 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5

εὔ-νους, -ουν: good-natured, kind, friendly, 1 πλουτέω: to be rich, wealthy, 1
ἥκιστος, -η, -ον: least; not at all, 1 πρόσ-οδος, ἡ: revenue, income; approach, 1
θαρραλέος, -ον: confident, daring, bold, 1 φανερός, -ά, -όν: visible, manifest, evident, 6
κρύπτω: to hide, cover, cloak, 3 φθονέω: to envy, begrudge, resent (+ dat.) 1
κτάοµαι: to accumulate, acquire, get, gain, 2 χράοµαι: to use, employ, enjoy (+ dat.), 7
µήν: truly, surely; yet, however, 6
πάοµαι: to acquire, get, 1
21 ἐκτῶντο: used to…, would…; ἐκτάοντο; ‘wealth’ as object

3p iterative, impf. mid. 24 φίλους γε µήν: certainly, the friends; acc.
ὅ: that which, what obj. of θεραπεύειν or acc. of respect (‘as
ἐπέπατο: 3s plpf. mid. πάοµαι for friends’); an emphatic γε may be
ἥκιστα: superlative adverb expressed through intonation
22 τοῖς πλουτοῦσιν: dat. pple with φθονῶν ὅσους…κατεργάζεσθαι: as many as…; a
φανερῶς: openly; i.e. in full disclosure lengthy relative clause with aor. opt. in a
23 ἐφαίνετο: Cyrus is subject; impf. mid. general relative clause in secondary
τοῖς…χρήµασι: wealth; obj. of χρῆσθαι sequence
τῶν ἀποκρυπτοµένων: of those…; supply ποιήσαιτο: aor. mid. opt.
Cyrus gave gifts and attention generously to his friends 105
γνοίη ὄντας καὶ ἱκανοὺς κρίνειε συνεργοὺς εἶναι ὅ τι τυγχάνει 1
βουλόμενος κατεργάζεσθαι, ὁμολογεῖται πρὸς πάντων κρά-

τιστος δὴ γενέσθαι θεραπεύειν. 21. καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸ τοῦτο οὗπερ
αὐτὸς ἕνεκα φίλων ᾤετο δεῖσθαι, ὡς συνεργοὺς ἔχοι, καὶ
αὐτὸς ἐπειρᾶτο συνεργὸς τοῖς φίλοις κράτιστος εἶναι τούτου 5
ὅτου αἰσθάνοιτο ἕκαστον ἐπιθυμοῦντα. 22. δῶρα δὲ πλεῖστα

μὲν οἶμαι εἷς γε ἀνὴρ ἐλάμβανε διὰ πολλά· ταῦτα δὲ πάν-
των δὴ μάλιστα τοῖς φίλοις διεδίδου, πρὸς τοὺς τρόπους
ἑκάστου σκοπῶν καὶ ὅτου μάλιστα ὁρῴη ἕκαστον δεόμενον.
23. καὶ ὅσα τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ πέμποι τις ἢ ὡς εἰς πόλεμον ἢ 10
δια-δίδωµι: to spread, distribute, 2 µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 8

δῶρον, τό: a gift, present, 4 µέγιστος, -η, -ον: greatest, mightiest, 2
ἕνεκα: for the sake of, because of, for (gen.), 5 ὁµο-λογέω: to speak together, agree, 6
ἐπι-θυµέω: to desire, long for (gen) 1 πειράω: to try, attempt, endeavor, 5
θεραπεύω: to attend to, care of, serve, 1 πόλεµος, ὁ: battle, fight, war, 7
ἱκανός, -ή, -όν: enough, sufficiently; capable 5 σκοπέω: to look at, examine, consider, 1
κατ-εργάζοµαι: make, achieve; overcome, 1 συν-εργός, ὁ: co-worker, collaborator, 3
κράτιστος, -η, -ον: strongest, mightiest, 5 τρόπος, ὁ: a manner, way, character; turn, 3
κρίνω: choose, decide, judge; interpret, 5
1 εὔνους…ὄντας: that were kind; ‘being relative ὅσπερ, obj. of ἕνεκα

kind’ ind. disc. with pres. pple εἰµί (ὅσους 4 ᾤετο: impf. mid. οἴοµαι; Cyrus is subject
is the subject) + 3s aor. opt. γίγνωσκω δεῖσθαι: to need; + gen. separation δεῖσθαι
ἱκανοὺς…συνεργοὺς εἶναι: that were…; ὡς: (namely) that…; in apposition to
ind. disc. with inf. εἰµί (ὅσους is the τοῦτο; ind. disc., opt. in secondary seq.
subject) goverend by 3s aor. opt. κρίνω 5 τοὶς φίλοις: to…; dat. of interest
ὅ τι… κατεργάζεσθαι: in (respect to) τούτού: of this; obj. gen. with συνεργός
whatever…; ‘(in respect to that which’; a 6 ὅτου: whatever…; οὖτινος, relative gen. of
neuter sg. relative ὅστις; the missing ὅστις, obj. of acc. pple ἐπιθυµοῦντα
antecedent is acc. of respect 7 οἶµαι: I suppose; parenthetical
τύγχανει βουλόµενος: τυγχάνω + a εἷς γε ἀνὴρ: this one man at least; Cyrus
complementary pple is often translated διὰ πολλά: for many reasons
“happen to X’ πάντων δὴ µάλιστα: most of all indeed
2 ὁµολογεῖται: (Cyrus) is agreed; + inf. 8 διεδίδου: διεδίδο-ε; 3s impf.
πρὸς: by…; ‘from…’ gen. of source 9 ὅτου…δεόµενον: what (need)…having;
3 δὴ: quite; intensive δή with the superlative ‘from what…needing’ οὖτινος, gen. of
θεραπεύειν: to...; explanatory/epexegetical ὅστις, gen. of separation
inf. qualifying κράτιστος; φίλους is the ὁρῴη: ; ὁράοιη; 3s pres. opt. ὁράω
acc. object of this inf. 10 ὅσα: as many things; antecedent τούτων
καὶ γὰρ: for in fact τῷ σώµατι: for…; i.e. to wear
αὐτὸ τοῦτο: this thing itself; intensive ἢ…ἢ…: either…or
οὗπερ…ἕνεκα: for the sake of which…; ὡς εἰς…: as if for…
ὡς εἰς καλλωπισμόν, καὶ περὶ τούτων λέγειν αὐτὸν ἔφασαν 11
ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα οὐκ ἂν δύναιτο τούτοις πᾶσι κοσμη-

θῆναι, φίλους δὲ καλῶς κεκοσμημένους μέγιστον κόσμον
ἀνδρὶ νομίζοι. καὶ τὸ μὲν τὰ μεγάλα νικᾶν τοὺς φίλους εὖ ποι-
οῦντα οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν, ἐπειδή γε καὶ δυνατώτερος ἦν· τὸ 15
δὲ τῇ ἐπιμελείᾳ περιεῖναι τῶν φίλων καὶ τῷ προθυμεῖσθαι

χαρίζεσθαι, ταῦτα ἔμοιγε μᾶλλον δοκεῖ ἀγαστὰ εἶναι. 25. Κῦ-
ρος γὰρ ἔπεμπε βίκους οἴνου ἡμιδεεῖς πολλάκις ὁπότε πάνυ
ἡδὺν λάβοι, λέγων ὅτι οὔπω δὴ πολλοῦ χρόνου τούτου ἡδίονι
οἴνῳ ἐπιτύχοι· τοῦτον οὖν σοὶ ἔπεμψε καὶ δεῖταί σου τήμε- 20
ἀγαστός, -ή, -όν: admirable, 1 κόσµος, ὁ: adornment; good order, world, 1

βίκος, ὁ: jar, 1 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6
δυνατός, -ή, -όν: capable, strong, possible, 3 ὁπότε: when, by what time, 4
ἐγώγε: I, for my part, 2 οὔ-πω: not yet, 3
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6
ἐπι-µελεία, ἡ: attention, care, diligence, 2 περί-ειµι: be superior, surpass (+ gen.) 2
ἐπι-τυγχάνω: to chance upon, encounter, 1 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4
ἡδύς, -εῖα, -ύ: sweet, pleasant, glad, 4 προ-θυµέοµαι: to be eager, zealous, ready, 1
ἡµι-δεής, -ές: half-empty, half-full, 1 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 4
θαυµαστός, -ή, -όν: wondrous, remarkable, 1 τήµερον: today, 1
καλλωπισµός, ὁ: adornment, show, 1 χαρίζοµαι: to do a favor, gratify, indulge, 1
καλῶς: well; beautifully, 5 χρόνος, ὁ: time, 5
κοσµέω: to adorn, arrange, adorn, 2
11 ὡς εἰς…: as if for…; expressing purpose 16 τῇ ἐπιµελείᾳ: in (respect to)…; dat. respect

λέγειν αὐτὸν: that he…; i.e. Cyrus φίλων: obj. of περί-ειµι; gen. comparison
ἔφασαν: 3p aor. φηµί τῷ προθυµεῖσθαι: in…; dat. of respect;
τῷ σώµατι αὐτοῦ: for his body; clothes articular mid. inf. + complementary inf.
ἂν δύναιτο: would…; potential opt. 17 ταῦτα: these things; =τὸ περιεῖναι; subj.
12 τούτοις πᾶσι: by all these things; means 18 γὰρ: for example; explanatory (S2808)
κοσµηθῆναι: aor. pass. inf. ὁπότε…λάβοι: whenever…; aor. opt. in a
13 κεκοσµηµένους: well adorned; pf. pass. past general temporal clause, λαµβάνω
(εἶναι) κόσµον: is…adornment; ind. disc. πάνυ ἡδὺν (οἶνον): i.e. a good wine
with acc. pred., supply inf.; 19 οὔπω δὴ: not yet now; emphastic (D207)
νοµίζοι: opt. ind. disc. (ὄτι), secondary seq. πολλοῦ χρόνου: in…; gen. time within
τὸ…νικᾶν: outdoing; articular inf., subject τούτου: than…; gen. of comparison
τὰ µεγάλα: in great (gifts); acc. respect ἡδίονι οἴνῳ: dat. obj. of compound verb,
15 εὖ ποιοῦντα: treating (acc) well comparative adj. of ἡδύς
οὐδὲν θαυµάστον (ἐστι): nom. pred. 20 ἐπιτύχοι: aor. opt. in ind. disc. in
ἐπειδή γε: since in fact; γε is emphatic secondary sequence
δυνατώτερος: comparative σοὶ: to you; a message sent with his wine
τὸ…περιεῖναι: surpassing; articular inf. δεῖται σου: asks from you; gen. source
Cyrus gave gifts and attention generously to his friends 107
ρον τοῦτον ἐκπιεῖν σὺν οἷς μάλιστα φιλεῖς. 26. πολλάκις δὲ 21
χῆνας ἡμιβρώτους ἔπεμπε καὶ ἄρτων ἡμίσεα καὶ ἄλλα τοι-

αῦτα, ἐπιλέγειν κελεύων τὸν φέροντα· “τούτοις ἥσθη Κῦρος·
βούλεται οὖν καὶ σὲ τούτων γεύσασθαι.” 27. ὅπου δὲ χιλὸς
σπάνιος πάνυ εἴη, αὐτὸς δὲ δύναιτο παρασκευάσασθαι διὰ 25
ἄρτος, ὁ: bread, loaf, 1 πάνυ: quite, entirely, exceedingly, 6

γεύω: to taste, give a taste (gen) 1 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 4
ἐκ-πίνω: to drink up, 1 πολλάκις: many times, often, frequently, 4
ἐπι-λέγω: think over; say in addition; pick, 1 σπάνιος, -α, -ον: scarce, rare, 1
ἥδοµαι: to enjoy, take delight in (dat.) 4 τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτο: such, 5
ἡµι-βρώτος, -ον: half-eaten, 1 φέρω: to bear, carry, bring, convey, 5
ἥµισυς, -εια, -υ: half, 2 φιλέω: to love, befriend, 2
οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6 χήν, χηνός, ὁ: goose, 1
ὅπου: where, 5 χιλός, -όν: forage, fodder (often for cattle), 4
21 ἐκπιεῖν: aor. inf. 24 καὶ: also

σὺν οἷς: with (those) whom…; σὺν σὲ...γεύσασθαι: that you….; ind. disc.
(ἐκείνοις) οὗς; relative clause; the acc. τούτων: partitive gen., obj. of γεύσασθαι
relative is attracted into the dat. of the ὅπου…εἴη…δὲ δύναιτο: wherever…was
missing antecedent and…; opt. εἰµί and δύναµαι in a general
23 ἐπιλέγειν…τὸν φέροντα: that the one relative clause in secondary sequence;
carrying (the food) say in addition; i.e. Cyrus is the subject of δύναιτο
Cyrus sent a message along with the food
ἥσθη: 3s aor. pass. deponent, ἥδοµαι
τὸ πολλοὺς ἔχειν ὑπηρέτας καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, δια- 1
πέμπων ἐκέλευε τοὺς φίλους τοῖς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα ἄγου-

σιν ἵπποις ἐμβάλλειν τοῦτον τὸν χιλόν, ὡς μὴ πεινῶντες
τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ φίλους ἄγωσιν. 28. εἰ δὲ δή ποτε πορεύοιτο καὶ
πλεῖστοι μέλλοιεν ὄψεσθαι, προσκαλῶν τοὺς φίλους ἐσπου- 5
δαιολογεῖτο, ὡς δηλοίη οὓς τιμᾷ. ὥστε ἐγὼ μέν γε, ἐξ ὧν

ἀκούω, οὐδένα κρίνω ὑπὸ πλειόνων πεφιλῆσθαι οὔτε Ἑλλή-
νων οὔτε βαρβάρων. 29. τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου καὶ τόδε. παρὰ
μὲν Κύρου δούλου ὄντος οὐδεὶς ἀπῄει πρὸς βασιλέα, πλὴν
Ὀρόντας ἐπεχείρησε· καὶ οὗτος δὴ ὃν ᾤετο πιστόν οἱ εἶναι 10
δηλόω: to show, make clear, reveal, 1 πεινάω: to be hungry, hunger, 1

δια-πέµπω: to send off (in different ways), ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
distribute, 1 προσ-καλέω: to call on, summon, 1
δοῦλος, ὁ: a slave, 2 σπουδαιο-λογέω: speak seriously/earnestly 1
ἐµ-βάλλω: throw in, put in; attack, 6 σῶµα, -ατος, τό: the body, 4
ἐπι-µελεία, ἡ: attention, care, diligence, 2 τεκµήριον, τό: sign, indication, proof, 2
ἐπι-χειρέω: attempt, try, put one's hand on, 1 τιµάω: to honour, value, esteem, 6
κρίνω: choose, decide; interpret, 5 ὑπ-ηρέτης, ὁ: supporter, helper, assistant, 2
µέλλω: to be about to, to intend to, 2 φιλέω: to love, befriend, 3
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε: this, this here, 5 χιλός, -όν: forage, fodder (often for cattle), 4
1 διὰ τὸ πολλοὺς ἔχειν ὑπηρέτας: on τιµᾷ: τιµάει, 3s pres., ind. question

account of (his) having…; an articular inf. ἐγὼ…γε: I for my part; restrictive γε;
is often translated as a gerund Xenophon speaks in the 1s about himself
διαπέµπων: supply τὸν χιλόν ἐξ ὧν: from (the things) which
2 τοῖς…ἄγουσιν ἵπποις: to the horses 7 ὑπὸ: by…; gen. of agent
carrying…; dat. pl. ind. obj.; pple ἄγω οὐδένα…πεφιλῆσθαι: that…; ind. disc.
3 ἐµβάλλειν: give; ‘throw’ pf. pass. inf. φιλέω
ὡς µὴ…ἄγωσιν: so that (the horses) not…; 8 τόδε (ἐστίν): (is) the following
purpose clause, 3p pres. subj. ἄγω 9 παρὰ Κύρου: from…; place from which
πεινῶντες: πεινάοντες nom. pres. pple δούλου ὄντος: although being a slave;
4 εἰ δὲ δή ποτε …πορεύοιτο…, concessive use of gen. abs.; pple. εἰµί
ἐσπουδαιολογεῖτο: and if indeed ever he ἀπῄει: impf. ἀπ-έρχοµαι
travelled…, he engaged earnestly…; past 10 πλὴν: except that…; Ὀρόντας is subject
general condition (εἰ + opt., impf. ind.); καὶ…δὴ: and…of course; δή indicates that
is intensive and modifies εἰ the addition by καί is important S2841
5 µέλλοιεν ὄψεσθαι: 3p opt.; µέλλω often ὅν ᾤετο…εἶναι: whom…; relative clause
governs a fut. inf., here ὁράω with 3s impf. οἴοµαι; ὅν…εἶναι is ind. disc.
ὁράω is a periphrastic form of the future governed by ᾤετο
6 ὡς δηλοίη: so that…might…; purpose οἱ: to him; dat. sg. of reflexive pronoun ἔ,
clause, 3s. opt. δηλόω in secondary seq. here with the predicate πιστόν
His friends were loyal to the end 109
ταχὺ αὐτὸν ηὗρε Κύρῳ φίλτερον ἢ ἑαυτῷ· παρὰ δὲ βασι- 11
λέως πολλοὶ πρὸς Κῦρον ἀπῆλθον, ἐπειδὴ πολέμιοι ἀλλήλοις

ἐγένοντο, καὶ οὗτοι μέντοι οἱ μάλιστα ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἀγαπώ-
μενοι, νομίζοντες παρὰ Κύρῳ ὄντες ἀγαθοὶ ἀξιωτέρας ἂν
τιμῆς τυγχάνειν ἢ παρὰ βασιλεῖ. 30. μέγα δὲ τεκμήριον καὶ τὸ 15
ἐν τῇ τελευτῇ τοῦ βίου αὐτῷ γενόμενον ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν

ἀγαθὸς καὶ κρίνειν ὀρθῶς ἐδύνατο τοὺς πιστοὺς καὶ εὔνους
καὶ βεβαίους. 31. ἀποθνῄσκοντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ πάντες οἱ περὶ
αὐτὸν φίλοι καὶ συντράπεζοι ἀπέθανον μαχόμενοι ὑπὲρ
Κύρου πλὴν Ἀριαίου· οὗτος δὲ τεταγμένος ἐτύγχανεν ἐπὶ 20
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν: good, brave, capable, 5 εὔ-νους, -ουν: good-natured, kind, friendly, 1
ἀγαπάω: to regard with affection, 1 εὑρίσκω: to find, discover, devise, invent, 2
ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 κρίνω: choose, decide; interpret, 5
ἄξιος, -η, -ον: worthy of, deserving of, 5 ὀρθῶς: correctly, straightly, rightly, 1
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 6 συν-τράπεζος, -ον: messmates, 1
Ἀριαῖος, ὁ: Ariaeus, 3 τεκµήριον, τό: sign, indication, proof, 2
βέβαιος, -α, -ον: steadfast, steady, firm, 1 τελευτή, ἡ: an end, completion; death, 2
βίος, ὁ: life, 2 τιµή, ἡ: honor; state offices, 1
ἐπειδή: when, since, after, 6 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
11 ηὗρε: aor. εὑρίσκω with double acc. acc.) is nom., because it refers to the nom.
φίλτερον: more devoted; ‘more friendly;’ subject of the sentence; therefore, it is
irreg. comparative φίλος; active in sense modified by the nom. pple ὄντες; ἄν + inf.
(‘friendly’) rather than pass. (‘beloved’) replaces a potential opt. in direct discourse
παρὰ: and from…; gen. separation ἀξιωτέρας τιµῆς…ἢ: worthier honor than
ἀπῆλθον: aor. ἀπέρχοµαι 15 παρὰ βασιλεῖ: under the king
13 οὗτοι: these (were); add linking verb or µέγα τεκµήριον (ἐστίν): is…; the predicate,
assume as an appositive to πολλοί supply a linking verb
µέντοι: moreover τὸ…αὐτῷ γενόµενον: what happened to
ὑπ(ὸ) αὐτοῦ: i.e. by the Great King him; ‘the thing having happened to him’
14 παρὰ Κύρῳ ὄντες ἀγαθοὶ: (if) being neuter subject
advantageous on the side of Cyrus; pple 16 ὅτι: (namely) that…; in apposition
εἰµί is conditional in sense; ἀγαθοὶ can 18 ἀποθνῄσκοντος αὐτοῦ: gen. absolute
mean ‘servicable,’ ‘useful,’ or ‘capable’ in 19 ἀπέθανον: 3p aor. ἀποθνῄσκω
this context 20 τεταγµένος ἐτύχανεν: happened to
ἂν τυγχάνειν: that (they) would attain…; + have been… complementary pf. pple
partitive gen.; ind. disc. governed by τάττω
νοµίζοντες; the missing subject (normally
110 Anabasis I 9.31 – 10.4
τῷ εὐωνύμῳ τοῦ ἱππικοῦ ἄρχων· ὡς δ᾽ ᾔσθετο Κῦρον 21
πεπτωκότα, ἔφυγεν ἔχων καὶ τὸ στράτευμα πᾶν οὗ ἡγεῖτο.

X.1. ἐνταῦθα δὴ Κύρου ἀποτέμνεται ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ ἡ χεὶρ ἡ
δεξιά. βασιλεὺς δὲ [καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ] διώκων εἰσπίπτει εἰς

τὸ Κύρειον στρατόπεδον· καὶ οἱ μὲν μετὰ Ἀριαίου οὐκέτι 25
ἵστανται, ἀλλὰ φεύγουσι διὰ τοῦ αὑτῶν στρατοπέδου εἰς

τὸν σταθμὸν ἔνθεν ὡρμῶντο· τέτταρες δ᾽ ἐλέγοντο παρα- 27
ἀπο-τέµνω: to cut off, sever, 2 Κύρειος, -α, -ον: of Cyrus, 1

Ἀριαῖος, ὁ: Ariaeus, 3 ὁρµάω: to set in motion; set out, begin, 4
εἰσ-πίπτω: to fall upon; attack, 1 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
ἔνθεν: from where, on the one side, 1 πίπτω: to fall, 2
ἡγέοµαι: to lead; consider, believe (dat) 5 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 5
ἱππικός, -ή, -όν: of a horse; cavalry, 2 χείρ, χειρός, ἡ: hand, 7
κεφαλή, ἡ: the head, 3
21 έπὶ τῷ εὐωνύµῳ: on…; ‘the good-named’ (p. 96)

ἄρχων: nom. sg. pple + gen. 24 οἱ σὺν αὺτῷ: those with him
ὠς δὲ…: and when… εἰς…: upon…
ᾔσθετο: aor. mid. αἰσθάνοµαι 25 οἱ µετὰ Ἀριαίου: those with Ariaeus
22 Κῦρον πεπτωκότα: ind. disc. with acc. sg. 26 ἵστανται: 3p pres. mid. ἵστηµι
pf. pple πίπτω αὑτῶν: reflexive gen., ἑαυτῶν
ἔφυγεν: aor. φεύγω 27 σταθµὸν: station
οὗ ἡγεῖτο: of which…; impf., ἡγέοµαι ἔνθεν ὡρµῶντο: from where…; i.e. the
governs a gen. when it means ‘to be a morning before the battle; a relative clause
leader’ or ‘to be the commander’ with impf. mid. ὁρµάω
23 ἐνταῦθα δὴ: precisely then; ‘at that very ἐλέγοντο: impf. pass. λέγω
time,’ the narrative picks up from Ch. 8
Cyrus’ camp is plundered 111
σάγγαι εἶναι τῆς ὁδοῦ. 2. βασιλεὺς δὲ καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τά 1
τε ἄλλα πολλὰ διαρπάζουσι καὶ τὴν Φωκαΐδα τὴν Κύρου

παλλακίδα τὴν σοφὴν καὶ καλὴν λεγομένην εἶναι λαμβάνει.
3. ἡ δὲ Μιλησία ἡ νεωτέρα ληφθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμφὶ βασιλέα
ἐκφεύγει γυμνὴ πρὸς τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἳ ἔτυχον ἐν τοῖς σκευο- 5
φόροις ὅπλα ἔχοντες καὶ ἀντιταχθέντες πολλοὺς μὲν τῶν

ἁρπαζόντων ἀπέκτειναν, οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν ἀπέθανον· οὐ μὴν
ἔφυγόν γε, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτην ἔσωσαν καὶ τἆλλα, ὁπόσα
ἐντὸς αὐτῶν καὶ χρήματα καὶ ἄνθρωποι ἐγένοντο, πάντα
ἔσωσαν. 4. ἐνταῦθα διέσχον ἀλλήλων βασιλεύς τε καὶ οἱ 10
ἀλλήλος, -α, -ον: one another, 7 καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful, fair, noble, fine, 5
ἀντι-ταττω: marshall, post, station against, 1 µήν: truly, surely; yet, however, 6
ἀπο-θνήσκω: to die off, perish, 6 Μιλήσιος ή, όν: Milesian, 3
ἀπο-κτείνω: to kill, slay, 5 νέος, -α, -ον: young; new, novel, strange, 3
ἁρπάζω: plunder, carry off, kidnap, 4 ὁπόσος, -α, -ον: as much, many, or great as, 4
γυµνός, -ή, -όν: naked, unclad, unarmed, 1 παλλακίς, -ίδος, ἡ: mistress, concubine, 1
δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 σκευο-φόρον, τό,: baggage, baggage train, 4
δι-έχω: to keep apart, separate, 2 σοφός, -ή, -όν: wise, skilled, 1
ἐκ-φεύγω: to flee out away, escape, 2 σῷζω: to save, keep, preserve, 2
ἐντός: within, inside, 1 Φωκαΐς, Φωκαΐδος, ἡ: Phocean, of Phocea, 1
1 τῆς ὁδοῦ: of the road; partitive genitive οἳ: who…; relative clause
οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ: those with him ἔτυχον: happened to; + complementary
3 τὴν…λεγοµένην εἶναι: the one said to pple; aor.
be…; pass. pple in the attributive position 6 ἀντιταχθέντες: aor. pass. pple
after fem. παλλακίδα 7 οἰ δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν: some of them also…
4 ἡ δὲ Μιλησία…νεωτέρα: the younger 8 οὐ µὴν…γε: certainly not…at any rate; or
Milesian woman; Cyrus had a number of ‘certainly not…at least,’ used to mark
women, including at least two Milesians, something of greater important, γε
one younger than the other emphasizes the intervening word
ληφθεῖσα: fem. aor. pass. pple. λαµβάνω 8 καὶ…καὶ…: both…and…
τῶν ἀµφὶ…: those around…; gen. of agent ταύτην: i.e. the younger Milesian woman
5 πρὸς () Ἑλλήνων: to (some) Greeks; τἆλλα: τὰ ἄλλα
either (1) a partitive gen. with missing acc. 9 ἐντὸς αὐτῶν: i.e. within their lines
τινάς or (2) πρός + gen.: ‘toward the ἀλλήλων: from…; gen. of separation
direction of…’ (S1695a)
Ἕλληνες ὡς τριάκοντα στάδια, οἱ μὲν διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ 11
αὑτοὺς ὡς πάντας νικῶντες, οἱ δ᾽ ἁρπάζοντες ὡς ἤδη πάντες

νικῶντες. 5. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ᾔσθοντο οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες ὅτι βασιλεὺς
σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι ἐν τοῖς σκευοφόροις εἴη, βασιλεὺς δ᾽
αὖ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες νικῷεν τὸ καθ᾽ 15
αὑτοὺς καὶ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν οἴχονται διώκοντες, ἔνθα δὴ

βασιλεὺς μὲν ἁθροίζει τε τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ συντάττεται, ὁ δὲ
Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο Πρόξενον καλέσας (πλησιαίτατος γὰρ
ἦν), εἰ πέμποιέν τινας †ἢ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον
ἀρήξοντες†. 6. ἐν τούτῳ καὶ βασιλεὺς δῆλος ἦν προσιὼν πά- 20
ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6

ἀρήγω: offer aid, aid, help, 1 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
ἁρπάζω: plunder, carry off, kidnap, 4 σκευο-φόρον, τό,: baggage, baggage train, 4
δῆλος, -η, -ον: clear, evident, conspicuous, 6 στάδιον, τό: a stade, (pl. at times στάδιοι), 5
οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 3 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 5
πλησίος, -η, -ον: near, close to; neighbors, 2 συν-τάττω: arrange or post together, order, 6
11 ὡς τρίκοντα στάδια: for about…; acc. of secondary seq. to 3p indicative in primary

extent; ὡς, ‘as if’ is used in approximation sequence
οἱ µὲν…οἱ δὲ: these…those; i.e. these τὸ καθ᾽αὑτοὺς (στράτευµα): the (army)
Greeks…those followers of the king against them; i.e. facing; reflexive ἑαυτοὺς
τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς: those against them; i.e. 16 εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν: to the front
facing them; reflexive ἑαυτοὺς διώκοντες: i.e. in pursuit; complementary
12 ὡς πάντας νικῶντες: on the grounds that pple with main verb
they were defeating everyone; or ‘since,’ ἔνθα δὴ: precisely where, just where…;
ὡς + pple denotes alleged cause (i.e. from ᾽ emphatic δή
a character’s, not narrator’s, point of view) τοὺς ἑαυτοὺ: his own men
ὡς πάντες νικῶντες: on the grounds that 18 πλησιαίτατος: very close; superlative
their entire army already was winning; i.e. 19 εἰ πέµποιεν…ἴοιεν: whether they were to…
all the followers of the king; both sides or were to…; ind. questions in secondary
thought that they were winning seq. with pres. deliberative opt. πέµπω,
14 ᾔσθοντο: aor. αἰσθανοµαι ἔρχοµαι; the direct questions would be
14 ὅτι…εἴη: that…; ind. disc. with pres. opt. deliberative subj.
εἰµί (translate as impf.) in secondary seq. ἐπὶ: to…
15 Τισσαφένους: from…; Τισσαφένε-ος; gen. 20 ἐν τούτῳ: meanwhile; ‘in this (time)’
of source δῆλος ἦν: was clearly…; + pple
ὅτι νικῷεν…οἴχονται: that…; ind. disc.
that shifts from 3p opt. (νικάοιεν) in
The Greeks turn to fight, Artaxerxes passes to their right 113
λιν, ὡς ἐδόκει, ὄπισθεν. καὶ οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες στραφέντες 21
παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς ταύτῃ προσιόντος καὶ δεξόμενοι, ὁ δὲ

βασιλεὺς ταύτῃ μὲν οὐκ ἦγεν, ᾗ δὲ παρῆλθεν ἔξω τοῦ εὐω-
νύμου κέρατος ταύτῃ καὶ ἀπῆγεν, ἀναλαβὼν καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ 24
ἀνα-λαµβάνω: to take up, find, resume, 1 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 4

ἀπ-άγω: march back; lead or bring away, 3 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, pass, enter, 6
δέχοµαι: to receive, accept, 3 Πρόξενος, ὁ: Proxenus, 6
ἔξω: out of (+ gen.); adv. outside, 6 προσ-έρχοµαι: to come or go to, approach, 7
οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 3 στρέφω: to turn, wheel around, 1
ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; (+ gen.), 4
21 ὡς ἐδόκει, ὄπισθεν : as it seemed, from the 23 ᾗ δὲ παρῆλθεν ἔξω τοῦ εὐωνύµου

rear κέρατος: but in which way…; relative
στραφέντες: aor. pass. pple στρέφω clause; the antecedent ταύτῃ comes after
22 ὡς (αὐτοῦ)…προσιόντος…δεξόµενοι: on the relative pronoun ᾗ
the grounds that (he) was advancing in this 24 ταύτῃ καὶ ἀπῆγεν: in this way he also
way and they will receive him; ὡς + first marched back; dative of manner
pple (here, gen. abs., add αὐτοῦ) denotes ἀναλαβὼν: i.e. the king picked up troops
alleged cause; while ὡς + fut. pple denotes along this route
purpose not cause καὶ…καὶ…: both…and…
ταύτῃ: in this way; dat. of manner
ἦγεν: impf. ἄγω
μάχῃ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτομολήσαντας καὶ Τισσαφέρνην 1
καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ. 7. ὁ γὰρ Τισσαφέρνης ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ

συνόδῳ οὐκ ἔφυγεν, ἀλλὰ διήλασε παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν κατὰ
τοὺς Ἕλληνας πελταστάς· διελαύνων δὲ κατέκανε μὲν οὐ-
δένα, διαστάντες δ᾽ οἱ Ἕλληνες ἔπαιον καὶ ἠκόντιζον αὐτούς· 5
Ἐπισθένης δὲ Ἀμφιπολίτης ἦρχε τῶν πελταστῶν καὶ

ἐλέγετο φρόνιμος γενέσθαι. 8. ὁ δ᾽ οὖν Τισσαφέρνης ὡς
μεῖον ἔχων ἀπηλλάγη, πάλιν μὲν οὐκ ἀναστρέφει, εἰς δὲ τὸ
στρατόπεδον ἀφικόμενος τὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐκεῖ συντυγχάνει
βασιλεῖ, καὶ ὁμοῦ δὴ πάλιν συνταξάμενοι ἐπορεύοντο. 9. ἐπεὶ 10
ἀκοντίζω: to hurl a javelin at, 2 κατα-καίνω: to kill, slay, 3

Ἀµφιπολίτης, -ες: of Amphipolis, 1 µείων, µεῖον: less, of lesser value, 2
ἀνα-πτύσσω: to roll out, unroll, unfold, 1 ὁµοῦ: at the same place, together, 1
ἀπ-αλλάττω: escape, get off; set free, 1 παίω: to strike, hit, 3
αὐτοµολέω: to desert, abandon, 2 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 5
δι-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive through, 3 σύν-οδος, ἡ: encounter, meeting, 1
δι-ίστηµι: to stand apart, separate, divide, 2 συν-τάττω: arrange or post together, order, 6
ἐκεῖ: there, in that place, 5 συν-τυγχάνω: meet with, fall in with (dat) 1
Ἐπισθένης, -ου, ὁ: Episthenes, 1 φρόνιµος, -ον: intelligent,wise, prudent, 1
1 τοὺς…ἀυτοµολήσαντας: those having 8 µεῖον ἔχων: being worse off; ‘holding less
abandoned… (well)’ i.e. losing the battle; µεῖον is a
τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ: those with him; i.e. with neuter comparative adv.; ἔχω (‘holds’ or
Tissaphernes ‘is disposed’) + adv. is often equiv. to ‘to
3 παρὰ: alongside… be’ + adj.
κατὰ: against… ἀπηλλάγη: 3s aor. pass. deponent
4 κατέκανε: aor. 9 τὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων: modifying neuter sg.
5 διαστάντες: aor. pple δι-ίστηµι στρατόπεδον; i.e. the camp of Cyrus
6 ἦρχε: ἄρχω + gen. object which was being plundered
7 ἐλέγετο: impf. pass. λέγω 10 βασιλεῖ: dat. of compound verb
γενέσθαι: to have proved to be… συνταξάµενοι: aor. mid. pple. συντάττω
δ᾽οὖν: but at any rate; or “but in any case” ἦσαν: impf. εἰµί
(S2959) (D 462) ἐπεὶ: since…
ὡς: when…
Artaxerxes attempts to outflank the Greeks and is repelled 115
δ᾽ ἦσαν κατὰ τὸ εὐώνυμον τῶν Ἑλλήνων κέρας, ἔδεισαν οἱ 11
Ἕλληνες μὴ προσάγοιεν πρὸς τὸ κέρας καὶ περιπτύξαντες

ἀμφοτέρωθεν αὐτοὺς κατακόψειαν· καὶ ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς ἀνα-
πτύσσειν τὸ κέρας καὶ ποιήσασθαι ὄπισθεν τὸν ποταμόν.
10. ἐν ᾧ δὲ ταῦτα ἐβουλεύοντο, καὶ δὴ βασιλεὺς παραμειψά- 15
μενος εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ σχῆμα κατέστησεν ἀντίαν τὴν φάλαγγα

ὥσπερ τὸ πρῶτον μαχούμενος συνῄει. ὡς δὲ εἶδον οἱ Ἕλ-
ληνες ἐγγύς τε ὄντας καὶ παρατεταγμένους, αὖθις παιανί-
σαντες ἐπῇσαν πολὺ ἔτι προθυμότερον ἢ τὸ πρόσθεν. 11. οἱ
δ᾽ αὖ βάρβαροι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, ἀλλὰ ἐκ πλέονος ἢ τὸ πρό- 20
ἀµφοτέρ-ωθεν: from or on both sides, 1 παιανίζω: to sing a paean, 2

ἀνα-πτύσσω: to roll out, unroll, unfold, 1 παρ-αµείβοµαι: to change, alter, 1
ἀντίος, -α, -ον: facing, against (+ dat) 4 παρα-τάττω: to draw up, station, or post in
αὖθις: back, back again, backwards, 1 battle order, 1
δείδω: to fear, 4 περι-πτύσσω: to fold around, outflank, 1
δέχοµαι: to receive, accept, 3 πρό-θυµος, ον: eager, willing, ready, 5
ἐγγύς: near (+ gen.); adv. nearby, 2 προσ-άγω: to attack, march or bring to, 1
ἐπ-έρχοµαι: to come to, approach, attack 6 συν-έρχοµαι: come together, meet in battle, 1
καθ-ίστηµι: set down; appoint, establish, 7 σχῆµα, -ατος, τό: form, figure, appearance, 1
κατα-κόπτω: to cut to pieces, chop down, 4 φάλαξ, φάλαγγος, ὁ: phalanx, 5
ὄπισθεν: behind; in the future; (+ gen.), 4
11 ἧσαν: impf. εἰµί κατέστησεν…φἀλαγγα: stationed the

κατὰ: against… phalanx facing
ἔδεισαν: aor. δείδω 17 τὸ πρῶτον: the first time; adverbial acc.
12 µὴ προσάγοιεν…κατακόψειαν: lest συνῄει: impf. συνέρχοµαι
they…; fearing clause in secondary seq. ὡς…εἶδον: when…; aor. ὁράω
with 3p pres. and aor. opt. 18 ὄντας, παρατεταγµένους: (them)…;
πρὸς: against… supply an acc. pl. object; pf. pass. pple
13 ἐδόκει: it seemed best 19 ἐπῇσαν: impf. ἐπ-έρχοµαι
ἀναπτύσσειν: to fold back πολὺ: much, far; adverbial acc. (acc. of
14 ποιήσασθαι…ποταµόν: put the river extent by degree) with the comparative adv.
behind (them) προθυµότερον: more eagerly;
15 ἐν ᾧ: While…; ‘in which (time)’ τὸ πρόσθεν: adverbial acc.
παραµειψάµενος: φάλαγγα is the direct 20 ἐδέχοντο: i.e. did not stand still and wait
object of both the pple. and main verb for the Greeks to attack them
καὶ δὴ: and already; temporal δή ἐκ πλέονος: from a greater (distance)
16 εἰς τὸ…σχῆµα: into the same form τὸ πρόσθεν: adverbial acc.
116 Anabasis I 10.11-16
σθεν ἔφευγον· 12. οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεδίωκον μέχρι κώμης τινός· ἐνταῦθα 21
δ᾽ ἔστησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες· ὑπὲρ γὰρ τῆς κώμης γήλοφος ἦν,

ἐφ᾽ οὗ ἀνεστράφησαν οἱ ἀμφὶ βασιλέα, πεζοὶ μὲν οὐκέτι,
τῶν δὲ ἱππέων ὁ λόφος ἐνεπλήσθη, ὥστε τὸ ποιούμενον
μὴ γιγνώσκειν. καὶ τὸ βασίλειον σημεῖον ὁρᾶν ἔφασαν 25
αἰετόν τινα χρυσοῦν ἐπὶ πέλτῃ †ἐπὶ ξύλου† ἀνατεταμένον.

13. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἐχώρουν οἱ Ἕλληνες, λείπουσι δὴ καὶ 27
αἰετός, ὁ: eagle, 1 λόφος, ὁ: hill, 6

ἀνα-στρέφω: to turn, wheel around; subvert 3 µέχρι: up to; until, as long as (+ gen.), 5
ἀνα-τείνω: to hold up, stretch up, 1 ξύλον, τό: wood, firewood, 2
βασίλειος, -α, -ον: royal, of the king, 1 οὐκ-έτι: no more, no longer, no further, 3
γήλοφος, ὁ: hill, 2 πεζός, ή, όν: on foot, 3
γιγνώσκω: to come to know, learn, realize, 6 πέλτη, ἡ: shield; a small, light shield, 1
ἐµπίπληµι: to full up, fill full, 1 σηµεῖον, τό: a sign, a mark (on a shield), 1
ἐπι-δίωκω: to pursue after, 1 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
κώµη, ἡ: town, country town, 4 χρύσεος, -η, -ον: golden, 6
λείπω: to leave, forsake, abandon, 2 χωρέω: to go forward, come, 2
21 ἔφευγον: began to…; inchoative impf. while in ὥστε + indicative it is οὐ

κώµης τινός: indefinite τις; a town some τὸ ποιούµενον: what is being done; object
think is Cunaxa, identified not in the 25 τὸ σηµεῖον: standard; i.e. military standard
Anabasis but later by Plutarch ὁρᾶν: that (they)…; ind. disc., supply a
22 ἔστησαν: stopped; aor. ἵστηµι missing acc. subject; inf. ὀράω
23 ἑφ᾽ οὗ: upon which…; relative clause ἔφασαν: 3p aor. φηµί; i.e. the Greeks
οἱ ἀµφὶ βασιλέα: those… 26 ἐπὶ ξύλου: on a pole
24 τῶν…ἱππέων: partitive gen. ἱππέυς with ἀνατεταµένον: pf. pass.
the verb 27 καὶ: also
ἐνεπλήσθη: aor. pass. deponent ἐµπίπληµι ἐνταῦθα: there
ὥστε (τοὺ Ἕλληνας)…γιγνώσειν: so that δή: then, accordingly; in consequence
(the Greeks)…; result clause, supply an acc. (S2846)
subject; in ὥστε + inf. the negative is µή
Artaxerxes withdraws and the Greeks return to camp 117
τὸν λόφον οἱ ἱππεῖς· οὐ μὴν ἔτι ἁθρόοι ἀλλ᾽ ἄλλοι ἄλλοθεν· 1
ἐψιλοῦτο δ᾽ ὁ λόφος τῶν ἱππέων· τέλος δὲ καὶ πάντες

ἀπεχώρησαν. 14. ὁ οὖν Κλέαρχος οὐκ ἀνεβίβαζεν ἐπὶ τὸν
λόφον, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν στήσας τὸ στράτευμα πέμπει Λύκιον
τὸν Συρακόσιον καὶ ἄλλον ἐπὶ τὸν λόφον καὶ κελεύει κατι- 5
δόντας τὰ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λόφου τί ἐστιν ἀπαγγεῖλαι. 15. καὶ ὁ

Λύκιος ἤλασέ τε καὶ ἰδὼν ἀπαγγέλλει ὅτι φεύγουσιν ἀνὰ
κράτος. 16. σχεδὸν δ᾽ ὅτε ταῦτα ἦν καὶ ἥλιος ἐδύετο. ἐνταῦθα
δ᾽ ἔστησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες καὶ θέμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἀνεπαύοντο·
καὶ ἅμα μὲν ἐθαύμαζον ὅτι οὐδαμοῦ Κῦρος φαίνοιτο οὐδ᾽ 10
ἁθρόοι, -αι, -α: in a mass, all together, 1 κράτος, -εος, τό: strength, power, 3
ἄλλο-θεν: from another place or elsewhere, 1 λόφος, ὁ: hill, 6
ἅµα: at the same time; along with (+ dat.), 4 Λύκιος, ὁ: Lycius, 2
ἀνά: up, upon, up to, 2 µήν: truly, surely; yet, however, 6
ἀνα-βιβάζω: draw up, mount, 1 ὅτε: when, at some time, 6
ἀνα-παύω: to stop, make cease; mid., rest, 1 οὐδαµ-οῦ: nowhere, 1
ἀπ-αγγέλλω: to report, announce, 7 Συρακόσιος, -α, -ον: Syracusan, 2
ἀπο-χωρέω: go from, depart, 2 σχεδόν: nearly, almost, just about, 2
δύω: set, sink, enter, plunge, 1 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 3
ἥλιος, ὁ: the sun, 1 τίθηµι: to set, put, place, arrange, 7
θαυµάζω: to wonder, marvel, be amazed at, 5 ὑπέρ: above, on behalf of; over, beyond, 6
καθ-οράω: to look down, perceive, 1 ψιλόω: to strip bear, 1
1 µὴν: however; adversative; elsewhere question τί ἐστιν)

‘certainly’ ἀπαγγεῖλαι: aor. inf. governs τί ἐστιν
ἄλλοι ἄλλοθεν: some from one part (of the 7 ἤλασε: aor. ἐλαύνω (aor. stem: ἐλα-)
hill), others from another part (of the hill) ἰδὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple ὁράω
2 τῶν ἱππέων: of …; gen. of separation ἀνὰ κράτος: in full force
τέλος: finally; adverbial acc. 8 σχεδὸν…ταῦτα ἦν: and about when these
4 ὑπὸ αὐτὸν: at the foot of it; below the hill things were (the case); i.e. about this time
στήσας: nom. sg. aor. pple ἵστηµι 9 θέµενοι τὰ ὅπλα: setting (down) arms; aor.
5 κατιδόντας: aor. pple. καθ-οράω mid. τίθηµι; elsewhere, ‘presenting arms’
6 τὰ…λόφου: matters beyond the hill; obj. 10 ὅτι…φαίνοιτο: that…did appear…; causal
of the participle or an example of prolepsis clause with opt. in secondary sequence
(make this the subject within the ind.
118 Anabasis I 10.16-19
ἄλλος ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ οὐδεὶς παρῄει· οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνη- 11
κότα, ἀλλ᾽ εἴκαζον ἢ διώκοντα οἴχεσθαι ἢ καταληψόμενόν

τι προεληλακέναι· 17. καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐβουλεύοντο εἰ αὐτοῦ μείναντες
τὰ σκευοφόρα ἐνταῦθα ἄγοιντο ἢ ἀπίοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατό-
πεδον. ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς ἀπιέναι· καὶ ἀφικνοῦνται ἀμφὶ δορ- 15
πηστὸν ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς. 18. ταύτης μὲν τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦτο τὸ
τέλος ἐγένετο. καταλαμβάνουσι δὲ τῶν τε ἄλλων χρημάτων
τὰ πλεῖστα διηρπασμένα καὶ εἴ τι σιτίον ἢ ποτὸν ἦν, καὶ
τὰς ἁμάξας μεστὰς ἀλεύρων καὶ οἴνου, ἃς παρεσκευάσατο
Κῦρος, ἵνα εἴ ποτε σφόδρα τὸ στράτευμα λάβοι ἔνδεια, 20
ἀλεύρον, τό: wheat-meal, 2 οἴχοµαι: to go, go off, depart, 3

δια-δίδωµι: to spread, distribute, 2 παρ-έρχοµαι: to go pass, enter, 6
δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7 παρασκευάζω: to prepare, get ready, 4
δορπηστός, ὁ: dinner-time, evening, 1 ποτέ: ever, at some time, once, 6
εἰκάζω: liken, compare; conjecture, guess, 3 ποτός, ὁ: drink, 1
ἔνδεια, ἡ: want, lack, scarcity 1 προ-ελαύνω: march, ride, or drive forward, 1
θνῄσκω: to die, 2 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 1
ἵνα: in order that (+ subj.); where (+ ind.), 4 σκευο-φόρον, τό,: baggage, baggage train, 4
κατα-λαµβάνω: to seize, lay hold of, find, 4 στρατόπεδον τό: camp, encampment; army 5
µεστός, -ή, -όν: full, filled, filled full, 2 σφόδρα: very, very much, exceedingly, 1
οἶνος, ὁ: wine, 6 τέλος, -εος, τό: end, result, 3
11 οὐδ(ὲ) ἄλλος…οὐδεὶς: nor anyone else deliberative opt. ἀγω and ἀπέρχοµαι;
ἀπὸ αὐτοῦ: i.e. from Cyrus these verbs would be would be deliberative
παρᾐει: impf. παρέρχοµαι subj. in direct disc.
ᾔδεσαν: plpf. οἶδα, translate as simple past 15 ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπέρχοµαι
αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα: ind. disc. with pf. act. 16 ταύτης…ἡµέρας: modifies τέλος
pple θνῄσκω; as often, the pf. does not 18 διηρπασµένα: pf. pass. pple
indicate an activity (‘having died’) but a ἔι τι…ἦν: whatever food or drink there
state (‘being dead’) was; ‘whether there was of food or of
12 ἤ (αὐτόν)…ἤ (αὐτόν): either that he…or drink,’ ind. question, obj. of the main verb
that he…; supply acc. subject of ind. disc. 19 ἄς: which…; antecedent is fem. ἁµάξας
καταληψόµενον τι: intending to…; fut. 20 ἵνα…διαδιδοίη: so that…he might…; a
mid.pple expressing purpose; modifies the purpose clause with opt. διαδίδωµι in
missing acc. subject αὐτὸν secondary sequence;
προεληλακέναι: pf. inf. προελαύνω εἴ…λάβοι ἔνδεια: if ever…took hold of…;
13 αὐτοὶ: intensive protasis of a fut. more vivid condition; in
αὐτοῦ: there; ‘in that very place,’ adv. implied ind. disc. (Cyrus’ thought) in
µείναντες: from µένω secondary seq., an opt. replaced ἄν + subj.
εἰ…ἄγοιντο...ἀπίοιεν: whether they are ἔνδεια: nom. subj.; στράτευµα is the obj.
to..or are to…; ind. question with
The Greeks find the camp plundered and Cyrus missing 119
διαδιδοίη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν (ἦσαν δ᾽ αὗται τετρακόσιαι, ὡς 21
ἐλέγοντο, ἅμαξαι), καὶ ταύτας τότε οἱ σὺν βασιλεῖ διήρ-

πασαν. 19. ὥστε ἄδειπνοι ἦσαν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων·
ἦσαν δὲ καὶ ἀνάριστοι· πρὶν γὰρ δὴ καταλῦσαι τὸ στρά-
τευμα πρὸς ἄριστον βασιλεὺς ἐφάνη. ταύτην μὲν οὖν τὴν
νύκτα οὕτω διεγένοντο. 25
ἄ-δειπνος, -ον: without dinner, 1 κατα-λύω: to dissolve, disband, destroy, 3

ἀν-άριστος, -ον: without breakfast, 1 νύξ, νυκτος, ἡ: a night, 2
δια-γίγνοµαι: to go through, pass, survive, 1 σιτίον, τό: grain, food, bread, 1
δια-δίδωµι: to spread, distribute, 2 τετρακόσιοι, -αι, -α: four hundred, 3
δι-αρπάζω: to plunder, snatch away, 7
21 διαδιδοίη: might…; purpose clause with 3s καταλύσαι explains

pres. opt. διαδίδωµι 24 πρὶν δὴ...ἄριστον: just before…; πρίν +
21 τοῖς Ἕλλησιν: to…; dat. indirect object or inf., here an aor. act. inf. καταλύω; δή is
dat. of compound verb an intensive: ‘precisely’ or ‘exactly’
ὡς ἐλέγοντο: as it was said; ‘as they were πρὸς ἄριστον: for breakfast; expressing
said,’ a personal construction where purpose
English prefers the impersonal ἐφάνη: appeared; 3s aor. pass. φαίνω
22 οἱ σὺν Βασιλεῖ: those with the king 25 ταύτην…νύκτα: for…; acc. of duration;
διήρπασαν: plpf. διαρπάζω the main verb is intransitive
23 ἦσαν: impf. εἰµί where one might expect µὲν οὖν: and so; ‘therefore’ or ‘then;’ the
the plpf. µέν corresponds to a δέ at the beginning of
καὶ: also; adv. Book 2; οὖν is inferential
ἀνἀριστοι: i.e. earlier in the day, as πρίν
Greek Text
For Classroom Use

ΞΕΝΟΦΩΝΤΟΣ
ΚΥΡΟΥ ΑΝΑΒΑΣΕΩΣ Α
I.1. Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύ- 1
τερος μὲν Ἀρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει

Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετο τὼ παῖδε
ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι. 2. ὁ μὲν οὖν πρεσβύτερος παρὼν ἐτύγχανε·
Κῦρον δὲ μεταπέμπεται ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἧς αὐτὸν σατράπην 5
ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς

Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζονται. ἀναβαίνει οὖν ὁ Κῦρος λαβὼν
Τισσαφέρνην ὡς φίλον, καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔχων ὁπλίτας
ἀνέβη τριακοσίους, ἄρχοντα δὲ αὐτῶν Ξενίαν Παρράσιον.
3. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν 10
Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν

ἀδελφὸν ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ. ὁ δὲ πείθεται καὶ συλλαμ-
βάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν· ἡ δὲ μήτηρ ἐξαιτησαμένη αὐτὸν
ἀποπέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. 4. ὁ δ᾽ ὡς ἀπῆλθε κινδυνεύσας
καὶ ἀτιμασθείς, βουλεύεται ὅπως μήποτε ἔτι ἔσται ἐπὶ τῷ 15
ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλά, ἢν δύνηται, βασιλεύσει ἀντ᾽ ἐκείνου. Παρύ-

σατις μὲν δὴ ἡ μήτηρ ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κύρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον
ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην. 5. ὅστις δ᾽ ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ
124 Anabasis I 1.5-9 (pp. 3-5)
βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥστε 1
αὐτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. καὶ τῶν παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ

δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο ὡς πολεμεῖν τε ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν καὶ
εὐνοϊκῶς ἔχοιεν αὐτῷ. 6. τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἥθροιζεν
ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, ὅπως ὅτι ἀπαρασκευό- 5
τατον λάβοι βασιλέα. ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν.

ὁπόσας εἶχε φυλακὰς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι παρήγγειλε τοῖς
φρουράρχοις ἑκάστοις λαμβάνειν ἄνδρας Πελοποννησίους
ὅτι πλείστους καὶ βελτίστους, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντος Τισσα-
φέρνους ταῖς πόλεσι. καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν αἱ Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις 10
Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι, τότε δὲ

ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου· 7. ἐν Μιλήτῳ
δὲ Τισσαφέρνης προαισθόμενος τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα βουλευομένους
ἀποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον, τοὺς μὲν αὐτῶν ἀπέκτεινε τοὺς δ᾽
ἐξέβαλεν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπολαβὼν τοὺς φεύγοντας συλλέξας 15
στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θά-

λατταν καὶ ἐπειρᾶτο κατάγειν τοὺς ἐκπεπτωκότας. καὶ αὕτη
αὖ ἄλλη πρόφασις ἦν αὐτῷ τοῦ ἁθροίζειν στράτευμα. 8. πρὸς
δὲ βασιλέα πέμπων ἠξίου ἀδελφὸς ὢν αὐτοῦ δοθῆναι οἷ ταύτας
τὰς πόλεις μᾶλλον ἢ Τισσαφέρνην ἄρχειν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἡ μήτηρ 20
συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα· ὥστε βασιλεὺς τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν

ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ᾐσθάνετο, Τισσαφέρνει δ᾽ ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα
αὐτὸν ἀμφὶ τὰ στρατεύματα δαπανᾶν· ὥστε οὐδὲν ἤχθετο
αὐτῶν πολεμούντων. καὶ γὰρ ὁ Κῦρος ἀπέπεμπε τοὺς γιγνο-
μένους δασμοὺς βασιλεῖ ἐκ τῶν πόλεων ὧν Τισσαφέρνους 25
ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων. 9. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο ἐν

Χερρονήσῳ τῇ κατ᾽ ἀντιπέρας Ἀβύδου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον.
Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν· τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ
Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε αὐτὸν καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους δαρεικούς.
Anabasis I 1.9 – 2.1 (pp. 6-8) 125
ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν 1
χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ

τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦσι καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας·
ὥστε καὶ χρήματα συνεβάλλοντο αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν τροφὴν τῶν
στρατιωτῶν αἱ Ἑλλησποντιακαὶ πόλεις ἑκοῦσαι. τοῦτο δ᾽ αὖ 5
οὕτω τρεφόμενον ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα. 10. Ἀρίστιππος

δὲ ὁ Θετταλὸς ξένος ὢν ἐτύγχανεν αὐτῷ, καὶ πιεζόμενος ὑπὸ
τῶν οἴκοι ἀντιστασιωτῶν ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ
αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθόν, ὡς
οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος 10
δίδωσιν αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν, καὶ

δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτας
πρὶν ἂν αὐτῷ συμβουλεύσηται. οὕτω δὲ αὖ τὸ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ
ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τρεφόμενον στράτευμα. 11. Πρόξενον δὲ τὸν
Βοιώτιον ξένον ὄντα ἐκέλευσε λαβόντα ἄνδρας ὅτι πλείστους 15
παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἐς Πισίδας βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι, ὡς

πράγματα παρεχόντων τῶν Πισιδῶν τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χώρᾳ. Σοφαί-
νετον δὲ τὸν Στυμφάλιον καὶ Σωκράτην τὸν Ἀχαιόν, ξένους
ὄντας καὶ τούτους, ἐκέλευσεν ἄνδρας λαβόντας ἐλθεῖν ὅτι
πλείστους, ὡς πολεμήσων Τισσαφέρνει σὺν τοῖς φυγάσι τοῖς 20
Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι.

II.1. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐδόκει ἤδη πορεύεσθαι αὐτῷ ἄνω, τὴν μὲν πρό-
φασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παντάπασιν

ἐκ τῆς χώρας· καὶ ἁθροίζει ὡς ἐπὶ τούτους τό τε βαρβαρικὸν
καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραγγέλλει τῷ τε Κλεάρχῳ 25
λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ

συναλλαγέντι πρὸς τοὺς οἴκοι ἀποπέμψαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ὃ εἶχε
στράτευμα· καὶ Ξενίᾳ τῷ Ἀρκάδι, ὃς αὐτῷ προειστήκει τοῦ
126 Anabasis I 2.1-6 (pp. 9-11)
ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα τοὺς 1
ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν.

ἐκάλεσε δὲ καὶ τοὺς Μίλητον πολιορκοῦντας, 2. καὶ τοὺς
φυγάδας ἐκέλευσε σὺν αὐτῷ στρατεύεσθαι, ὑποσχόμενος
αὐτοῖς, εἰ καλῶς καταπράξειεν ἐφ᾽ ἃ ἐστρατεύετο, μὴ πρόσθεν 5
παύσεσθαι πρὶν αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπεί-

θοντο· ἐπίστευον γὰρ αὐτῷ· καὶ λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα παρῆσαν
εἰς Σάρδεις. 3. Ξενίας μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πόλεων λαβὼν
παρεγένετο εἰς Σάρδεις ὁπλίτας εἰς τετρακισχιλίους, Πρό-
ξενος δὲ παρῆν ἔχων ὁπλίτας μὲν εἰς πεντακοσίους καὶ 10
χιλίους, γυμνῆτας δὲ πεντακοσίους, Σοφαίνετος δὲ ὁ Στυμ-

φάλιος ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους, Σωκράτης δὲ ὁ Ἀχαιὸς ὁπλίτας
ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους, Πασίων δὲ ὁ Μεγαρεὺς τριακοσίους
μὲν ὁπλίτας, τριακοσίους δὲ πελταστὰς ἔχων παρεγένετο
ἦν δὲ καὶ 4. οὗτος καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης τῶν ἀμφὶ Μίλητον στρατευο- 15
μένων. οὗτοι μὲν εἰς Σάρδεις αὐτῷ ἀφίκοντο. Τισσαφέρνης

δὲ κατανοήσας ταῦτα, καὶ μείζονα ἡγησάμενος εἶναι ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ
Πισίδας τὴν παρασκευήν, πορεύεται ὡς βασιλέα ᾗ ἐδύνατο
τάχιστα ἱππέας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους. 5. καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν
δὴ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους τὸν Κύρου στόλον, ἀντιπαρε- 20
σκευάζετο.
Κῦρος δὲ ἔχων οὓς εἴρηκα ὡρμᾶτο ἀπὸ Σάρδεων· καὶ
ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Λυδίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι
καὶ δύο ἐπὶ τὸν Μαίανδρον ποταμόν. τούτου τὸ εὖρος δύο
πλέθρα· γέφυρα δὲ ἐπῆν ἐζευγμένη πλοίοις. 6. τοῦτον διαβὰς 25
ἐξελαύνει διὰ Φρυγίας σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας ὀκτὼ εἰς

Κολοσσάς, πόλιν οἰκουμένην καὶ εὐδαίμονα καὶ μεγάλην.
ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά· καὶ ἧκε Μένων ὁ Θετταλὸς
Anabasis I 2.6-9 (pp. 12-14) 127
ὁπλίτας ἔχων χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς πεντακοσίους, Δόλοπας 1
καὶ Αἰνιᾶνας καὶ Ὀλυνθίους. 7. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς

τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Κελαινάς, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν
οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα Κύρῳ βασί-
λεια ἦν καὶ παράδεισος μέγας ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης, ἃ 5
ἐκεῖνος ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου, ὁπότε γυμνάσαι βούλοιτο

ἑαυτόν τε καὶ τοὺς ἵππους. διὰ μέσου δὲ τοῦ παραδείσου
ῥεῖ ὁ Μαίανδρος ποταμός· αἱ δὲ πηγαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰσιν ἐκ τῶν
βασιλείων· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς Κελαινῶν πόλεως. ἔστι δὲ
καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως βασίλεια ἐν Κελαιναῖς ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ 10
ταῖς πηγαῖς τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει· ῥεῖ

δὲ καὶ οὗτος διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν Μαίαν-
δρον· τοῦ δὲ Μαρσύου τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε
ποδῶν. ἐνταῦθα λέγεται Ἀπόλλων ἐκδεῖραι Μαρσύαν νική-
σας ἐρίζοντά οἱ περὶ σοφίας, καὶ τὸ δέρμα κρεμάσαι ἐν τῷ 15
ἄντρῳ ὅθεν αἱ πηγαί· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ὁ ποταμὸς καλεῖται

Μαρσύας. 9. ἐνταῦθα Ξέρξης, ὅτε ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἡττηθεὶς
τῇ μάχῃ ἀπεχώρει, λέγεται οἰκοδομῆσαι ταῦτά τε τὰ βασί-
λεια καὶ τὴν Κελαινῶν ἀκρόπολιν. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε Κῦρος
ἡμέρας τριάκοντα· καὶ ἧκε Κλέαρχος ὁ Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς 20
ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους καὶ πελταστὰς Θρᾷκας ὀκτακοσίους

καὶ τοξότας Κρῆτας διακοσίους. ἅμα δὲ καὶ Σῶσις παρῆν
ὁ Συρακόσιος ἔχων ὁπλίτας τριακοσίους, καὶ Σοφαίνετος
Ἀρκάδας ἔχων ὁπλίτας χιλίους. καὶ ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος ἐξέ-
τασιν καὶ ἀριθμὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐποίησεν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ, 25
καὶ ἐγένοντο οἱ σύμπαντες ὁπλῖται μὲν μύριοι χίλιοι, πελ-

128 Anabasis I 2.9-15 (pp. 15-17)
τασταὶ δὲ ἀμφὶ τοὺς δισχιλίους. 10. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει στα- 1
θμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Πέλτας, πόλιν οἰκουμένην.

ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς· ἐν αἷς Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς τὰ
Λύκαια ἔθυσε καὶ ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε· τὰ δὲ ἆθλα ἦσαν στλεγ-
γίδες χρυσαῖ· ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ Κῦρος. 11. ἐντεῦθεν 5
ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δώδεκα ἐς Κεράμων

Ἀγοράν, πόλιν οἰκουμένην, ἐσχάτην πρὸς τῇ Μυσίᾳ χώρᾳ.
ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας τριάκοντα
εἰς Καΰστρου-πεδίον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν
ἡμέρας πέντε· καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ὠφείλετο μισθὸς πλέον 10
ἢ τριῶν μηνῶν, καὶ πολλάκις ἰόντες ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἀπῄτουν.

ὁ δὲ ἐλπίδας λέγων διῆγε καὶ δῆλος ἦν ἀνιώμενος· οὐ γὰρ
ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι. 12. ἐνταῦθα
ἀφικνεῖται Ἐπύαξα ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ τοῦ Κιλίκων βασι-
λέως παρὰ Κῦρον· καὶ ἐλέγετο Κύρῳ δοῦναι χρήματα πολλά. 15
τῇ δ᾽ οὖν στρατιᾷ τότε ἀπέδωκε Κῦρος μισθὸν τεττάρων

μηνῶν. εἶχε δὲ ἡ Κίλισσα φυλακὴν [καὶ φύλακας] περὶ
αὑτὴν Κίλικας καὶ Ἀσπενδίους· ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ συγγενέσθαι
Κῦρον τῇ Κιλίσσῃ. 13. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἐλαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο
παρασάγγας δέκα εἰς Θύμβριον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα 20
ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἡ Μίδου καλουμένη τοῦ Φρυγῶν

βασιλέως, ἐφ᾽ ᾗ λέγεται Μίδας τὸν Σάτυρον θηρεῦσαι οἴνῳ
κεράσας αὐτήν. 14. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρα-
σάγγας δέκα εἰς Τυριάειον, πόλιν οἰκουμένην. ἐνταῦθα
ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας τρεῖς. καὶ λέγεται δεηθῆναι ἡ Κίλισσα 25
Κύρου ἐπιδεῖξαι τὸ στράτευμα αὐτῇ· βουλόμενος οὖν ἐπι-

δεῖξαι ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν
βαρβάρων. 15. ἐκέλευσε δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὡς νόμος αὐτοῖς
Anabasis I 2.15-20 (pp. 18-20) 129
εἰς μάχην οὕτω ταχθῆναι καὶ στῆναι, συντάξαι δ᾽ ἕκαστον 1
τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ. ἐτάχθησαν οὖν ἐπὶ τεττάρων· εἶχε δὲ τὸ μὲν

δεξιὸν Μένων καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ, τὸ δὲ εὐώνυμον Κλέαρχος
καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου, τὸ δὲ μέσον οἱ ἄλλοι στρατηγοί. 16. ἐθεώρει
οὖν ὁ Κῦρος πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς βαρβάρους· οἱ δὲ παρήλαυνον 5
τεταγμένοι κατὰ ἴλας καὶ κατὰ τάξεις· εἶτα δὲ τοὺς Ἕλλη-

νας, παρελαύνων ἐφ᾽ ἅρματος καὶ ἡ Κίλισσα ἐφ᾽ ἁρμαμάξης.
εἶχον δὲ πάντες κράνη χαλκᾶ καὶ χιτῶνας φοινικοῦς καὶ κνη-
μῖδας καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας ἐκκεκαλυμμένας. 17. ἐπειδὴ δὲ πάντας
παρήλασε, στήσας τὸ ἅρμα πρὸ τῆς φάλαγγος μέσης, πέμψας 10
Πίγρητα τὸν ἑρμηνέα παρὰ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων

ἐκέλευσε προβαλέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ ἐπιχωρῆσαι ὅλην τὴν
φάλαγγα. οἱ δὲ ταῦτα προεῖπον τοῖς στρατιώταις· καὶ ἐπεὶ
ἐσάλπιγξε, προβαλόμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἐπῇσαν. ἐκ δὲ τούτου
θᾶττον προϊόντων σὺν κραυγῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου δρόμος 15
ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς, 18. τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων

φόβος πολύς, καὶ ἥ τε Κίλισσα ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ τῆς ἁρμαμάξης
καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς καταλιπόντες τὰ ὤνια ἔφυγον. οἱ δὲ
Ἕλληνες σὺν γέλωτι ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνὰς ἦλθον. ἡ δὲ Κίλισσα
ἰδοῦσα τὴν λαμπρότητα καὶ τὴν τάξιν τοῦ στρατεύματος 20
ἐθαύμασε. Κῦρος δὲ ἥσθη τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς

βαρβάρους φόβον ἰδών. 19. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς
παρασάγγας εἴκοσιν εἰς Ἰκόνιον, τῆς Φρυγίας πόλιν ἐσχ-
άτην. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινε τρεῖς ἡμέρας. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει
διὰ τῆς Λυκαονίας σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριάκοντα. 25
ταύτην τὴν χώραν ἐπέτρεψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς

πολεμίαν οὖσαν. 20. ἐντεῦθεν Κῦρος τὴν Κίλισσαν εἰς τὴν
Κιλικίαν ἀποπέμπει τὴν ταχίστην ὁδόν· καὶ συνέπεμψεν
αὐτῇ στρατιώτας οὓς Μένων εἶχε καὶ αὐτόν. Κῦρος δὲ
130 Anabasis I 2.20-24 (pp. 21-23)
μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐξελαύνει διὰ Καππαδοκίας σταθμοὺς τέτ- 1
ταρας παρασάγγας εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε πρὸς Δάναν, πόλιν

οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας
τρεῖς· ἐν ᾧ Κῦρος ἀπέκτεινεν ἄνδρα Πέρσην Μεγαφέρνην,
φοινικιστὴν βασίλειον, καὶ ἕτερόν τινα τῶν ὑπάρχων δυνά- 5
στην, αἰτιασάμενος ἐπιβουλεύειν αὐτῷ. 21. ἐντεῦθεν ἐπειρῶντο

εἰσβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν· ἡ δὲ εἰσβολὴ ἦν ὁδὸς ἁμα-
ξιτὸς ὀρθία ἰσχυρῶς καὶ ἀμήχανος εἰσελθεῖν στρατεύματι,
εἴ τις ἐκώλυεν. ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ Συέννεσις εἶναι ἐπὶ τῶν
ἄκρων φυλάττων τὴν εἰσβολήν· διὸ ἔμεινεν ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ 10
πεδίῳ. τῇ δ᾽ ὑστεραίᾳ ἧκεν ἄγγελος λέγων ὅτι λελοιπὼς

εἴη Συέννεσις τὰ ἄκρα, ἐπεὶ ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στρά-
τευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν εἴσω τῶν ὀρέων, καὶ ὅτι τριήρεις
ἤκουε περιπλεούσας ἀπ᾽ Ἰωνίας εἰς Κιλικίαν Ταμὼν ἔχοντα
τὰς Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ αὐτοῦ Κύρου. 22. Κῦρος δ᾽ οὖν ἀνέβη 15
ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος, καὶ εἶδε τὰς σκηνὰς οὗ οἱ

Κίλικες ἐφύλαττον. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ κατέβαινεν εἰς πεδίον
μέγα καὶ καλόν, ἐπίρρυτον, καὶ δένδρων παντοδαπῶν σύμ-
πλεων καὶ ἀμπέλων· πολὺ δὲ καὶ σήσαμον καὶ μελίνην καὶ
κέγχρον καὶ πυροὺς καὶ κριθὰς φέρει. ὄρος δ᾽ αὐτὸ περι- 20
εῖχεν ὀχυρὸν καὶ ὑψηλὸν πάντῃ ἐκ θαλάττης εἰς θάλατταν.

23. καταβὰς δὲ διὰ τούτου τοῦ πεδίου ἤλασε σταθμοὺς τέτταρας
παρασάγγας πέντε καὶ εἴκοσιν εἰς Ταρσούς, τῆς Κιλικίας
πόλιν μεγάλην καὶ εὐδαίμονα, οὗ ἦν τὰ Συεννέσιος βασίλεια
τοῦ Κιλίκων βασιλέως· διὰ μέσου δὲ τῆς πόλεως ῥεῖ ποτα- 25
μὸς Κύδνος ὄνομα, εὖρος δύο πλέθρων. 24. ταύτην τὴν πόλιν
ἐξέλιπον οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες μετὰ Συεννέσιος εἰς χωρίον ὀχυρὸν
Anabasis I 2.24 – 3.2 (pp. 24-26) 131
ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη πλὴν οἱ τὰ καπηλεῖα ἔχοντες· ἔμειναν δὲ καὶ 1
οἱ παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν οἰκοῦντες ἐν Σόλοις καὶ ἐν Ἰσσοῖς.

25. Ἐπύαξα δὲ ἡ Συεννέσιος γυνὴ προτέρα Κύρου πέντε ἡμέραις
εἰς Ταρσοὺς ἀφίκετο· ἐν δὲ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ὀρέων τῇ εἰς
τὸ πεδίον δύο λόχοι τοῦ Μένωνος στρατεύματος ἀπώλοντο· 5
οἱ μὲν ἔφασαν ἁρπάζοντάς τι κατακοπῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Κιλίκων,

οἱ δὲ ὑπολειφθέντας καὶ οὐ δυναμένους εὑρεῖν τὸ ἄλλο στρά-
τευμα οὐδὲ τὰς ὁδοὺς εἶτα πλανωμένους ἀπολέσθαι· ἦσαν
δ᾽ οὖν οὗτοι ἑκατὸν ὁπλῖται. 26. οἱ δ᾽ ἄλλοι ἐπεὶ ἧκον, τήν
τε πόλιν τοὺς Ταρσοὺς διήρπασαν, διὰ τὸν ὄλεθρον τῶν 10
συστρατιωτῶν ὀργιζόμενοι, καὶ τὰ βασίλεια τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ.

Κῦρος δ᾽ ἐπεὶ εἰσήλασεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν, μετεπέμπετο τὸν
Συέννεσιν πρὸς ἑαυτόν· ὁ δ᾽ οὔτε πρότερον οὐδενί πω κρείτ-
τονι ἑαυτοῦ εἰς χεῖρας ἐλθεῖν ἔφη οὔτε τότε Κύρῳ ἰέναι
ἤθελε, πρὶν ἡ γυνὴ αὐτὸν ἔπεισε καὶ πίστεις ἔλαβε. 27. μετὰ 15
δὲ ταῦτα ἐπεὶ συνεγένοντο ἀλλήλοις, Συέννεσις μὲν ἔδωκε

Κύρῳ χρήματα πολλὰ εἰς τὴν στρατιάν, Κῦρος δὲ ἐκείνῳ
δῶρα ἃ νομίζεται παρὰ βασιλεῖ τίμια, ἵππον χρυσοχάλινον
καὶ στρεπτὸν χρυσοῦν καὶ ψέλια καὶ ἀκινάκην χρυσοῦν καὶ
στολὴν Περσικήν, καὶ τὴν χώραν μηκέτι διαρπάζεσθαι· τὰ δὲ 20
ἡρπασμένα ἀνδράποδα, ἤν που ἐντυγχάνωσιν, ἀπολαμβάνειν.

III.1. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ὁ Κῦρος καὶ ἡ στρατιὰ ἡμέρας εἴκοσιν·
οἱ γὰρ στρατιῶται οὐκ ἔφασαν ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω· ὑπώπτευον
γὰρ ἤδη ἐπὶ βασιλέα ἰέναι· μισθωθῆναι δὲ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτῳ
ἔφασαν. πρῶτος δὲ Κλέαρχος τοὺς αὑτοῦ στρατιώτας 25
ἐβιάζετο ἰέναι· οἱ δ᾽ αὐτόν τε ἔβαλλον καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια

τὰ ἐκείνου, ἐπεὶ ἄρξαιντο προϊέναι. 2. Κλέαρχος δὲ τότε μὲν
μικρὸν ἐξέφυγε μὴ καταπετρωθῆναι, ὕστερον δ᾽ ἐπεὶ ἔγνω
132 Anabasis I 3.2-7 (pp. 27-29)
ὅτι οὐ δυνήσεται βιάσασθαι, συνήγαγεν ἐκκλησίαν τῶν αὑτοῦ 1
στρατιωτῶν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐδάκρυε πολὺν χρόνον ἑστώς·

οἱ δὲ ὁρῶντες ἐθαύμαζον καὶ ἐσιώπων· εἶτα δὲ ἔλεξε τοιάδε.
3. “ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, μὴ θαυμάζετε ὅτι χαλεπῶς φέρω τοῖς
παροῦσι πράγμασιν. ἐμοὶ γὰρ ξένος Κῦρος ἐγένετο καί με 5
φεύγοντα ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος τά τε ἄλλα ἐτίμησε καὶ μυρίους

ἔδωκε δαρεικούς· οὓς ἐγὼ λαβὼν οὐκ εἰς τὸ ἴδιον κατεθέμην
ἐμοὶ οὐδὲ καθηδυπάθησα, ἀλλ᾽ εἰς ὑμᾶς ἐδαπάνων. 4. καὶ
πρῶτον μὲν πρὸς τοὺς Θρᾷκας ἐπολέμησα, καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς
Ἑλλάδος ἐτιμωρούμην μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν, ἐκ τῆς Χερρονήσου αὐ- 10
τοὺς ἐξελαύνων βουλομένους ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας

Ἕλληνας τὴν γῆν. ἐπειδὴ δὲ Κῦρος ἐκάλει, λαβὼν ὑμᾶς
ἐπορευόμην, ἵνα εἴ τι δέοιτο ὠφελοίην αὐτὸν ἀνθ᾽ ὧν εὖ
ἔπαθον ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὑμεῖς οὐ βούλεσθε συμ-
πορεύεσθαι, ἀνάγκη δή μοι ἢ ὑμᾶς προδόντα τῇ Κύρου 15
φιλίᾳ χρῆσθαι ἢ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ψευσάμενον μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν εἶναι.

εἰ μὲν δὴ δίκαια ποιήσω οὐκ οἶδα, αἱρήσομαι δ᾽ οὖν ὑμᾶς
καὶ σὺν ὑμῖν ὅ τι ἂν δέῃ πείσομαι. καὶ οὔποτε ἐρεῖ οὐδεὶς
ὡς ἐγὼ Ἕλληνας ἀγαγὼν εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους, προδοὺς τοὺς
Ἕλληνας τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων φιλίαν εἱλόμην, 6. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπεὶ 20
ὑμεῖς ἐμοὶ οὐ θέλετε πείθεσθαι, ἐγὼ σὺν ὑμῖν ἕψομαι καὶ

ὅ τι ἂν δέῃ πείσομαι. νομίζω γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐμοὶ εἶναι καὶ
πατρίδα καὶ φίλους καὶ συμμάχους, καὶ σὺν ὑμῖν μὲν ἂν
οἶμαι εἶναι τίμιος ὅπου ἂν ὦ, ὑμῶν δὲ ἔρημος ὢν οὐκ ἂν
ἱκανὸς οἶμαι εἶναι οὔτ᾽ ἂν φίλον ὠφελῆσαι οὔτ᾽ ἂν ἐχθρὸν 25
ἀλέξασθαι. ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς οὕτω τὴν

γνώμην ἔχετε.” 7. ταῦτα εἶπεν· οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται οἵ τε αὐτοῦ
ἐκείνου καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες ὅτι οὐ φαίη παρὰ
βασιλέα πορεύεσθαι ἐπῄνεσαν· παρὰ δὲ Ξενίου καὶ Πασίωνος
πλείους ἢ δισχίλιοι λαβόντες τὰ ὅπλα καὶ τὰ σκευοφόρα 30
Anabasis I 3.7-12 (pp. 30-32) 133
ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο παρὰ Κλεάρχῳ. 8. Κῦρος δὲ τούτοις 1
ἀπορῶν τε καὶ λυπούμενος μετεπέμπετο τὸν Κλέαρχον· ὁ

δὲ ἰέναι μὲν οὐκ ἤθελε, λάθρᾳ δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν πέμπων
αὐτῷ ἄγγελον ἔλεγε θαρρεῖν ὡς καταστησομένων τούτων
εἰς τὸ δέον. 9. μεταπέμπεσθαι δ᾽ ἐκέλευεν αὐτόν· αὐτὸς δ᾽ 5
οὐκ ἔφη ἰέναι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα συναγαγὼν τούς θ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ

στρατιώτας καὶ τοὺς προσελθόντας αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων
τὸν βουλόμενον, ἔλεξε τοιάδε. “ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, τὰ μὲν
δὴ Κύρου δῆλον ὅτι οὕτως ἔχει πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὥσπερ τὰ ἡμέτερα
πρὸς ἐκεῖνον· οὔτε γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἐκείνου ἔτι στρατιῶται, ἐπεί 10
γε οὐ συνεπόμεθα αὐτῷ, οὔτε ἐκεῖνος ἔτι ἡμῖν μισθοδότης.

10. ὅτι μέντοι ἀδικεῖσθαι νομίζει ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οἶδα· ὥστε καὶ
μεταπεμπομένου αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐθέλω ἐλθεῖν, τὸ μὲν μέγιστον
αἰσχυνόμενος ὅτι σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ πάντα ἐψευσμένος αὐτόν,
ἔπειτα καὶ δεδιὼς μὴ λαβών με δίκην ἐπιθῇ ὧν νομίζει ὑπ᾽ 15
ἐμοῦ ἠδικῆσθαι. 11. ἐμοὶ οὖν δοκεῖ οὐχ ὥρα εἶναι ἡμῖν καθεύ-
δειν οὐδ᾽ ἀμελεῖν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ βουλεύεσθαι ὅ τι χρὴ
ποιεῖν ἐκ τούτων. καὶ ἕως γε μένομεν αὐτοῦ σκεπτέον
μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ὅπως ἀσφαλέστατα μενοῦμεν, εἴ τε ἤδη
δοκεῖ ἀπιέναι, ὅπως ἀσφαλέστατα ἄπιμεν, καὶ ὅπως τὰ 20
ἐπιτήδεια ἕξομεν· ἄνευ γὰρ τούτων οὔτε στρατηγοῦ οὔτε

ἰδιώτου ὄφελος οὐδέν. 12. ὁ δ᾽ ἀνὴρ πολλοῦ μὲν ἄξιος ᾧ ἂν
φίλος ᾖ, χαλεπώτατος δ᾽ ἐχθρὸς ᾧ ἂν πολέμιος ᾖ, ἔχει δὲ
δύναμιν καὶ πεζὴν καὶ ἱππικὴν καὶ ναυτικὴν ἣν πάντες
ὁμοίως ὁρῶμέν τε καὶ ἐπιστάμεθα· καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ πόρρω 25
δοκοῦμέν μοι αὐτοῦ καθῆσθαι. ὥστε ὥρα λέγειν ὅ τι τις

134 Anabasis I 3.12-17 (pp. 33-35)
γιγνώσκει ἄριστον εἶναι.” 13. ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἐπαύσατο. ἐκ δὲ 1
τούτου ἀνίσταντο οἱ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου, λέξοντες ἃ ἐγί-

γνωσκον, οἱ δὲ καὶ ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου ἐγκέλευστοι, ἐπιδεικνύντες
οἵα εἴη ἡ ἀπορία ἄνευ τῆς Κύρου γνώμης καὶ μένειν καὶ
ἀπιέναι. 14. εἷς δὲ δὴ εἶπε προσποιούμενος σπεύδειν ὡς τάχιστα 5
πορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα στρατηγοὺς μὲν ἑλέσθαι ἄλλους

ὡς τάχιστα, εἰ μὴ βούλεται Κλέαρχος ἀπάγειν· τὰ δ᾽
ἐπιτήδει᾽ ἀγοράζεσθαι (ἡ δ᾽ ἀγορὰ ἦν ἐν τῷ βαρβαρικῷ
στρατεύματι) καὶ συσκευάζεσθαι· ἐλθόντας δὲ Κῦρον αἰτεῖν
πλοῖα, ὡς ἀποπλέοιεν· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ διδῷ ταῦτα, ἡγεμόνα 10
αἰτεῖν Κῦρον ὅστις διὰ φιλίας τῆς χώρας ἀπάξει. ἐὰν δὲ

μηδὲ ἡγεμόνα διδῷ, συντάττεσθαι τὴν ταχίστην, πέμψαι
δὲ καὶ προκαταληψομένους τὰ ἄκρα, ὅπως μὴ φθάσωσι μήτε
Κῦρος μήτε οἱ Κίλικες καταλαβόντες, ὧν πολλοὺς καὶ
πολλὰ χρήματα ἔχομεν ἀνηρπακότες.” οὗτος μὲν τοιαῦτα 15
εἶπε· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Κλέαρχος εἶπε τοσοῦτον. 15. “ὡς μὲν

στρατηγήσοντα ἐμὲ ταύτην τὴν στρατηγίαν μηδεὶς ὑμῶν
λεγέτω· πολλὰ γὰρ ἐνορῶ δι᾽ ἃ ἐμοὶ τοῦτο οὐ ποιητέον·
ὡς δὲ τῷ ἀνδρὶ ὃν ἂν ἕλησθε πείσομαι ᾗ δυνατὸν μάλιστα,
ἵνα εἰδῆτε ὅτι καὶ ἄρχεσθαι ἐπίσταμαι ὥς τις καὶ ἄλλος 20
μάλιστα ἀνθρώπων. 16. μετὰ τοῦτον ἄλλος ἀνέστη, ἐπιδεικνὺς

μὲν τὴν εὐήθειαν τοῦ τὰ πλοῖα αἰτεῖν κελεύοντος, ὥσπερ
πάλιν τὸν στόλον Κύρου ποιουμένου, ἐπιδεικνὺς δὲ ὡς εὔηθες
εἴη ἡγεμόνα αἰτεῖν παρὰ τούτου ᾧ λυμαινόμεθα τὴν πρᾶξιν.
εἰ δὲ καὶ τῷ ἡγεμόνι πιστεύσομεν ὃν ἂν Κῦρος διδῷ, τί 25
κωλύει καὶ τὰ ἄκρα ἡμῖν κελεύειν Κῦρον προκαταλαβεῖν;

17. ἐγὼ γὰρ ὀκνοίην μὲν ἂν εἰς τὰ πλοῖα ἐμβαίνειν ἃ ἡμῖν δοίη,
Anabasis I 3.17 – 4.1 (pp. 36-38) 135
μὴ ἡμᾶς ταῖς τριήρεσι καταδύσῃ, φοβοίμην δ᾽ ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι 1
ὃν δοίη ἕπεσθαι, μὴ ἡμᾶς ἀγάγῃ ὅθεν οὐκ ἔσται ἐξελθεῖν·

βουλοίμην δ᾽ ἂν ἄκοντος ἀπιὼν Κύρου λαθεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθών·
ὃ οὐ δυνατόν ἐστιν. 18. ἀλλ᾽ ἐγώ φημι ταῦτα μὲν φλυαρίας
εἶναι· δοκεῖ δέ μοι ἄνδρας ἐλθόντας πρὸς Κῦρον οἵτινες 5
ἐπιτήδειοι σὺν Κλεάρχῳ ἐρωτᾶν ἐκεῖνον τί βούλεται ἡμῖν

χρῆσθαι· καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ἡ πρᾶξις ᾖ παραπλησία οἵᾳπερ καὶ
πρόσθεν ἐχρῆτο τοῖς ξένοις, ἕπεσθαι καὶ ἡμᾶς καὶ μὴ κακίους
εἶναι τῶν πρόσθεν τούτῳ συναναβάντων· 19. ἐὰν δὲ μείζων
ἡ πρᾶξις τῆς πρόσθεν φαίνηται καὶ ἐπιπονωτέρα καὶ ἐπικιν- 10
δυνοτέρα, ἀξιοῦν ἢ πείσαντα ἡμᾶς ἄγειν ἢ πεισθέντα πρὸς

φιλίαν ἀφιέναι· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἑπόμενοι ἂν φίλοι αὐτῷ καὶ
πρόθυμοι ἑποίμεθα καὶ ἀπιόντες ἀσφαλῶς ἂν ἀπίοιμεν·
ὅ τι δ᾽ ἂν πρὸς ταῦτα λέγῃ ἀπαγγεῖλαι δεῦρο· ἡμᾶς δ᾽ ἀκού-
σαντας πρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθαι. 20. ἔδοξε ταῦτα, καὶ ἄνδρας 15
ἑλόμενοι σὺν Κλεάρχῳ πέμπουσιν οἳ ἠρώτων Κῦρον τὰ

δόξαντα τῇ στρατιᾷ. ὁ δ᾽ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι ἀκούει Ἀβροκόμαν
ἐχθρὸν ἄνδρα ἐπὶ τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ εἶναι, ἀπέχοντα
δώδεκα σταθμούς· πρὸς τοῦτον οὖν ἔφη βούλεσθαι ἐλθεῖν·
κἂν μὲν ᾖ ἐκεῖ, τὴν δίκην ἔφη χρῄζειν ἐπιθεῖναι αὐτῷ, ἦν 20
δὲ φύγῃ, ἡμεῖς ἐκεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα βουλευσόμεθα. 21. ἀκούσαντες

δὲ ταῦτα οἱ αἱρετοὶ ἀγγέλλουσι τοῖς στρατιώταις· τοῖς δὲ
ὑποψία μὲν ἦν ὅτι ἄγει πρὸς βασιλέα, ὅμως δὲ ἐδόκει
ἕπεσθαι. προσαιτοῦσι δὲ μισθόν· ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὑπισχνεῖται
ἡμιόλιον πᾶσι δώσειν οὗ πρότερον ἔφερον, ἀντὶ δαρεικοῦ 25
τρία ἡμιδαρεικὰ τοῦ μηνὸς τῷ στρατιώτῃ· ὅτι δὲ ἐπὶ βασιλέα

ἄγοι οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἤκουσεν οὐδεὶς ἐν τῷ γε φανερῷ.
IV.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας δέκα ἐπὶ
136 Anabasis I 4.1-5 (pp. 39-41)
τὸν Ψάρον ποταμόν, οὗ ἦν τὸ εὖρος τρία πλέθρα. ἐντεῦθεν 1
ἐξελαύνει σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε ἐπὶ τὸν Πύραμον

ποταμόν, οὗ ἦν τὸ εὖρος στάδιον. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει στα-
θμοὺς δύο παρασάγγας πεντεκαίδεκα εἰς Ἰσσούς, τῆς Κιλικίας
ἐσχάτην πόλιν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ οἰκουμένην, μεγάλην καὶ 5
εὐδαίμονα. 2. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς· καὶ Κύρῳ παρῆσαν

αἱ ἐκ Πελοποννήσου νῆες τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε καὶ ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς
ναύαρχος Πυθαγόρας Λακεδαιμόνιος. ἡγεῖτο δ᾽ αὐταῖς Ταμὼς
Αἰγύπτιος ἐξ Ἐφέσου, ἔχων ναῦς ἑτέρας Κύρου πέντε καὶ
εἴκοσιν, αἷς ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον, ὅτε Τισσαφέρνει φίλη ἦν, 10
καὶ συνεπολέμει Κύρῳ πρὸς αὐτόν. 3. παρῆν δὲ καὶ Χειρίσοφος

Λακεδαιμόνιος ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν, μετάπεμπτος ὑπὸ Κύρου, ἑπτα-
κοσίους ἔχων ὁπλίτας, ὧν ἐστρατήγει παρὰ Κύρῳ. αἱ δὲ νῆες
ὥρμουν παρὰ τὴν Κύρου σκηνήν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ οἱ παρὰ
Ἀβροκόμα μισθοφόροι Ἕλληνες ἀποστάντες ἦλθον παρὰ 15
Κῦρον τετρακόσιοι ὁπλῖται καὶ συνεστρατεύοντο ἐπὶ βασιλέα.

4. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε ἐπὶ πύλας
τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ τῆς Συρίας. ἦσαν δὲ ταῦτα δύο τείχη, καὶ τὸ
μὲν ἔσωθεν <τὸ> πρὸ τῆς Κιλικίας Συέννεσις εἶχε καὶ Κιλίκων
φυλακή, τὸ δὲ ἔξω τὸ πρὸ τῆς Συρίας βασιλέως ἐλέγετο 20
φυλακὴ φυλάττειν. διὰ μέσου δὲ ῥεῖ τούτων ποταμὸς Κάρσος

ὄνομα, εὖρος πλέθρου. ἅπαν δὲ τὸ μέσον τῶν τειχῶν ἦσαν
στάδιοι τρεῖς· καὶ παρελθεῖν οὐκ ἦν βίᾳ· ἦν γὰρ ἡ πάροδος
στενὴ καὶ τὰ τείχη εἰς τὴν θάλατταν καθήκοντα, ὕπερθεν δ᾽
ἦσαν πέτραι ἠλίβατοι· ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς τείχεσιν ἀμφοτέροις ἐφει- 25
στήκεσαν πύλαι. 5. ταύτης ἕνεκα τῆς παρόδου Κῦρος τὰς ναῦς

μετεπέμψατο, ὅπως ὁπλίτας ἀποβιβάσειεν εἴσω καὶ ἔξω τῶν
πυλῶν, καὶ βιασόμενος τοὺς πολεμίους εἰ φυλάττοιεν ἐπὶ ταῖς
Anabasis I 4.5-9 (pp. 42-44) 137
Συρίαις πύλαις, ὅπερ ᾤετο ποιήσειν ὁ Κῦρος τὸν Ἀβροκόμαν, 1
ἔχοντα πολὺ στράτευμα. Ἀβροκόμας δὲ οὐ τοῦτ᾽ ἐποίησεν,

ἀλλ᾽ ἐπεὶ ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα, ἀναστρέψας ἐκ
Φοινίκης παρὰ βασιλέα ἀπήλαυνεν, ἔχων, ὡς ἐλέγετο, τριά-
κοντα μυριάδας στρατιᾶς. 6. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ Συρίας 5
σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας πέντε εἰς Μυρίανδον, πόλιν οἰκου-

μένην ὑπὸ Φοινίκων ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ· ἐμπόριον δ᾽ ἦν τὸ
χωρίον καὶ ὥρμουν αὐτόθι ὁλκάδες πολλαί. ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμεινεν
ἡμέρας ἑπτά· 7. καὶ Ξενίας ὁ Ἀρκὰς στρατηγὸς καὶ Πασίων ὁ
Μεγαρεὺς ἐμβάντες εἰς πλοῖον καὶ τὰ πλείστου ἄξια ἐνθέ- 10
μενοι ἀπέπλευσαν, ὡς μὲν τοῖς πλείστοις ἐδόκουν φιλοτιμη-

θέντες ὅτι τοὺς στρατιώτας αὐτῶν τοὺς παρὰ Κλέαρχον
ἀπελθόντας ὡς ἀπιόντας εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα πάλιν καὶ οὐ πρὸς
βασιλέα εἴα Κῦρος τὸν Κλέαρχον ἔχειν. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἦσαν
ἀφανεῖς, διῆλθε λόγος ὅτι διώκει αὐτοὺς Κῦρος τριήρεσι· 15
καὶ οἱ μὲν ηὔχοντο ὡς δειλοὺς ὄντας αὐτοὺς ληφθῆναι, οἱ δ᾽

ᾤκτιρον εἰ ἁλώσοιντο. 8. Κῦρος δὲ συγκαλέσας τοὺς στρατη-
γοὺς εἶπεν· “ἀπολελοίπασιν ἡμᾶς Ξενίας καὶ Πασίων. ἀλλ᾽
εὖ γε μέντοι ἐπιστάσθων ὅτι οὔτε ἀποδεδράκασιν· οἶδα γὰρ
ὅπῃ οἴχονται· οὔτε ἀποπεφεύγασιν· ἔχω γὰρ τριήρεις ὥστε 20
ἑλεῖν τὸ ἐκείνων πλοῖον· ἀλλὰ μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐκ ἔγωγε

αὐτοὺς διώξω, οὐδ᾽ ἐρεῖ οὐδεὶς ὡς ἐγὼ ἕως μὲν ἂν παρῇ
τις χρῶμαι, ἐπειδὰν δὲ ἀπιέναι βούληται, συλλαβὼν καὶ αὐ-
τοὺς κακῶς ποιῶ καὶ τὰ χρήματα ἀποσυλῶ. ἀλλὰ ἴτωσαν,
εἰδότες ὅτι κακίους εἰσὶ περὶ ἡμᾶς ἢ ἡμεῖς περὶ ἐκείνους. 25
καίτοι ἔχω γε αὐτῶν καὶ τέκνα καὶ γυναῖκας ἐν Τράλλεσι

φρουρούμενα· ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ τούτων στερήσονται, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπολή-
ψονται τῆς πρόσθεν ἕνεκα περὶ ἐμὲ ἀρετῆς.” 9. καὶ ὁ μὲν ταῦτα
εἶπεν· οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες, εἴ τις καὶ ἀθυμότερος ἦν πρὸς τὴν ἀνά-
138 Anabasis I 4.9-13 (pp. 45-47)
βασιν, ἀκούοντες τὴν Κύρου ἀρετὴν ἥδιον καὶ προθυμότερον 1
συνεπορεύοντο.
μετὰ ταῦτα Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τέτταρας παρα-
σάγγας εἴκοσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Χάλον ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος
πλέθρου, πλήρη δ᾽ ἰχθύων μεγάλων καὶ πραέων, οὓς οἱ Σύροι 5
θεοὺς ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ εἴων, οὐδὲ τὰς περιστεράς. αἱ

δὲ κῶμαι ἐν αἷς ἐσκήνουν Παρυσάτιδος ἦσαν εἰς ζώνην δεδο-
μέναι. 10. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγας τριά-
κοντα ἐπὶ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ Δάρδατος ποταμοῦ, οὗ τὸ εὖρος
πλέθρου. ἐνταῦθα ἦσαν τὰ Βελέσυος βασίλεια τοῦ Συρίας 10
ἄρξαντος, καὶ παράδεισος πάνυ μέγας καὶ καλός, ἔχων πάντα

ὅσα ὧραι φύουσι. Κῦρος δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἐξέκοψε καὶ τὰ βασίλεια
κατέκαυσεν. 11. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας
πεντεκαίδεκα ἐπὶ τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος
τεττάρων σταδίων· καὶ πόλις αὐτόθι ᾠκεῖτο μεγάλη καὶ 15
εὐδαίμων Θάψακος ὄνομα. ἐνταῦθα ἔμεινεν ἡμέρας πέντε.

καὶ Κῦρος μεταπεμψάμενος τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων
ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς ἔσοιτο πρὸς βασιλέα μέγαν εἰς Βαβυ-
λῶνα· καὶ κελεύει αὐτοὺς λέγειν ταῦτα τοῖς στρατιώταις καὶ
ἀναπείθειν ἕπεσθαι. 12. οἱ δὲ ποιήσαντες ἐκκλησίαν ἀπήγγελλον 20
ταῦτα· οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται ἐχαλέπαινον τοῖς στρατηγοῖς, καὶ

ἔφασαν αὐτοὺς πάλαι ταῦτ᾽ εἰδότας κρύπτειν, καὶ οὐκ ἔφασαν
ἰέναι, ἐὰν μή τις αὐτοῖς χρήματα διδῷ, ὥσπερ τοῖς προτέροις
μετὰ Κύρου ἀναβᾶσι παρὰ τὸν πατέρα τοῦ Κύρου, καὶ ταῦτα
οὐκ ἐπὶ μάχην ἰόντων, ἀλλὰ καλοῦντος τοῦ πατρὸς Κῦρον. 25
ταῦτα οἱ στρατηγοὶ Κύρῳ ἀπήγγελλον· 13. ὁ δ᾽ ὑπέσχετο ἀνδρὶ

ἑκάστῳ δώσειν πέντε ἀργυρίου μνᾶς, ἐπὰν εἰς Βαβυλῶνα
ἥκωσι, καὶ τὸν μισθὸν ἐντελῆ μέχρι ἂν καταστήσῃ τοὺς
Ἕλληνας εἰς Ἰωνίαν πάλιν. τὸ μὲν δὴ πολὺ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ
Anabasis I 4.13-19 (pp. 48-50) 139
οὕτως ἐπείσθη. Μένων δὲ πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι τί ποιήσουσιν 1
οἱ ἄλλοι στρατιῶται, πότερον ἕψονται Κύρῳ ἢ οὔ, συνέλεξε

τὸ αὑτοῦ στράτευμα χωρὶς τῶν ἄλλων καὶ ἔλεξε τάδε.
14. “ἄνδρες, ἐάν μοι πεισθῆτε, οὔτε κινδυνεύσαντες οὔτε πονή-
σαντες τῶν ἄλλων πλέον προτιμήσεσθε στρατιωτῶν ὑπὸ 5
Κύρου. τί οὖν κελεύω ποιῆσαι; νῦν δεῖται Κῦρος ἕπεσθαι

τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐπὶ βασιλέα· ἐγὼ οὖν φημι ὑμᾶς χρῆναι
διαβῆναι τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν πρὶν δῆλον εἶναι ὅ τι οἱ
ἄλλοι Ἕλληνες ἀποκρινοῦνται Κύρῳ. 15. ἢν μὲν γὰρ ψηφί-
σωνται ἕπεσθαι, ὑμεῖς δόξετε αἴτιοι εἶναι ἄρξαντες τοῦ 10
διαβαίνειν, καὶ ὡς προθυμοτάτοις οὖσιν ὑμῖν χάριν εἴσεται

Κῦρος καὶ ἀποδώσει· ἐπίσταται δ᾽ εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος· ἢν δὲ
ἀποψηφίσωνται οἱ ἄλλοι, ἄπιμεν μὲν ἅπαντες τοὔμπαλιν,
ὑμῖν δὲ ὡς μόνοις πειθομένοις πιστοτάτοις χρήσεται καὶ εἰς
φρούρια καὶ εἰς λοχαγίας, καὶ ἄλλου οὗτινος ἂν δέησθε οἶδα 15
ὅτι ὡς φίλοι τεύξεσθε Κύρου.” 16. ἀκούσαντες ταῦτα ἐπείθοντο

καὶ διέβησαν πρὶν τοὺς ἄλλους ἀποκρίνασθαι. Κῦρος δ᾽ ἐπεὶ
ᾔσθετο διαβεβηκότας, ἥσθη τε καὶ τῷ στρατεύματι πέμψας
Γλοῦν εἶπεν· “ἐγὼ μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐπαινῶ· ὅπως
δὲ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐμὲ ἐπαινέσετε ἐμοὶ μελήσει, ἢ μηκέτι με Κῦρον 20
νομίζετε. 17. οἱ μὲν δὴ στρατιῶται ἐν ἐλπίσι μεγάλαις ὄντες

ηὔχοντο αὐτὸν εὐτυχῆσαι, Μένωνι δὲ καὶ δῶρα ἐλέγετο
πέμψαι μεγαλοπρεπῶς. ταῦτα δὲ ποιήσας διέβαινε· συνεί-
πετο δὲ καὶ τὸ ἄλλο στράτευμα αὐτῷ ἅπαν. καὶ τῶν δια-
βαινόντων τὸν ποταμὸν οὐδεὶς ἐβρέχθη ἀνωτέρω τῶν μαστῶν 25
ὑπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ. 18. οἱ δὲ Θαψακηνοὶ ἔλεγον ὅτι οὐπώποθ᾽

οὗτος ὁ ποταμὸς διαβατὸς γένοιτο πεζῇ εἰ μὴ τότε, ἀλλὰ
πλοίοις, ἃ τότε Ἀβροκόμας προϊὼν κατέκαυσεν, ἵνα μὴ Κῦρος
διαβῇ. ἐδόκει δὴ θεῖον εἶναι καὶ σαφῶς ὑποχωρῆσαι τὸν
ποταμὸν Κύρῳ ὡς βασιλεύσοντι. 19. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς 30
140 Anabasis I 4.19 – 5.5 (pp. 51-53)
Συρίας σταθμοὺς ἐννέα παρασάγγας πεντήκοντα· καὶ ἀφι- 1
κνοῦνται πρὸς τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν. ἐνταῦθα ἦσαν κῶμαι

πολλαὶ μεσταὶ σίτου καὶ οἴνου. ἐνταῦθα ἔμειναν ἡμέρας
τρεῖς καὶ ἐπεσιτίσαντο. V.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Ἀραβίας
τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων σταθμοὺς ἐρήμους πέντε 5
παρασάγγας τριάκοντα καὶ πέντε. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τόπῳ ἦν

μὲν ἡ γῆ πεδίον ἅπαν ὁμαλὲς ὥσπερ θάλαττα, ἀψινθίου δὲ
πλῆρες· εἰ δέ τι καὶ ἄλλο ἐνῆν ὕλης ἢ καλάμου, ἅπαντα ἦσαν
εὐώδη ὥσπερ ἀρώματα· 2. δένδρον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἐνῆν, θηρία δὲ
παντοῖα, πλεῖστοι ὄνοι ἄγριοι, πολλαὶ δὲ στρουθοὶ αἱ μεγάλαι· 10
ἐνῆσαν δὲ καὶ ὠτίδες καὶ δορκάδες· ταῦτα δὲ τὰ θηρία οἱ

ἱππεῖς ἐνίοτε ἐδίωκον. καὶ οἱ μὲν ὄνοι, ἐπεί τις διώκοι,
προδραμόντες ἕστασαν· πολὺ γὰρ τῶν ἵππων ἔτρεχον θᾶττον·
καὶ πάλιν, ἐπεὶ πλησιάζοιεν οἱ ἵπποι, ταὐτὸν ἐποίουν, καὶ οὐκ
ἦν λαβεῖν, εἰ μὴ διαστάντες οἱ ἱππεῖς θηρῷεν διαδεχόμενοι. 15
τὰ δὲ κρέα τῶν ἁλισκομένων ἦν παραπλήσια τοῖς ἐλαφείοις,

ἁπαλώτερα δέ. 3. στρουθὸν δὲ οὐδεὶς ἔλαβεν· οἱ δὲ διώξαντες
τῶν ἱππέων ταχὺ ἐπαύοντο· πολὺ γὰρ ἀπέσπα φεύγουσα, τοῖς
μὲν ποσὶ δρόμῳ, ταῖς δὲ πτέρυξιν αἴρουσα, ὥσπερ ἱστίῳ χρω-
μένη. τὰς δὲ ὠτίδας ἄν τις ταχὺ ἀνιστῇ ἔστι λαμβάνειν· 20
πέτονται γὰρ βραχὺ ὥσπερ πέρδικες καὶ ταχὺ ἀπαγορεύουσι.

τὰ δὲ κρέα αὐτῶν ἥδιστα ἦν. 4. πορευόμενοι δὲ διὰ ταύτης τῆς
χώρας ἀφικνοῦνται ἐπὶ τὸν Μάσκαν ποταμόν, τὸ εὖρος πλε-
θριαῖον. ἐνταῦθα ἦν πόλις ἐρήμη, μεγάλη, ὄνομα δ᾽ αὐτῇ
Κορσωτή· περιερρεῖτο δ᾽ αὕτη ὑπὸ τοῦ Μάσκα κύκλῳ. 25
ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἔμειναν ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἐπεσιτίσαντο. 5. ἐντεῦθεν

ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς ἐρήμους τρισκαίδεκα παρασάγγας ἐνενή-
Anabasis I 5.5-9 (pp. 54-56) 141
κοντα τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων, καὶ ἀφικνεῖται 1
ἐπὶ Πύλας. ἐν τούτοις τοῖς σταθμοῖς πολλὰ τῶν ὑποζυγίων

ἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λιμοῦ· οὐ γὰρ ἦν χόρτος οὐδὲ ἄλλο οὐδὲν
δένδρον, ἀλλὰ ψιλὴ ἦν ἅπασα ἡ χώρα· οἱ δὲ ἐνοικοῦντες
ὄνους ἀλέτας παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν ὀρύττοντες καὶ ποιοῦντες 5
εἰς Βαβυλῶνα ἦγον καὶ ἐπώλουν καὶ ἀνταγοράζοντες σῖτον

ἔζων. 6. τὸ δὲ στράτευμα ὁ σῖτος ἐπέλιπε, καὶ πρίασθαι οὐκ
ἦν εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ Λυδίᾳ ἀγορᾷ ἐν τῷ Κύρου βαρβαρικῷ, τὴν
καπίθην ἀλεύρων ἢ ἀλφίτων τεττάρων σίγλων. ὁ δὲ σίγλος
δύναται ἑπτὰ ὀβολοὺς καὶ ἡμιωβέλιον Ἀττικούς· ἡ δὲ καπίθη 10
δύο χοίνικας Ἀττικὰς ἐχώρει. κρέα οὖν ἐσθίοντες οἱ στρα-

τιῶται διεγίγνοντο. 7. ἦν δὲ τούτων τῶν σταθμῶν οὓς πάνυ
μακροὺς ἤλαυνεν, ὁπότε ἢ πρὸς ὕδωρ βούλοιτο διατελέσαι ἢ
πρὸς χιλόν. καὶ δή ποτε στενοχωρίας καὶ πηλοῦ φανέντος
ταῖς ἁμάξαις δυσπορεύτου ἐπέστη ὁ Κῦρος σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν 15
ἀρίστοις καὶ εὐδαιμονεστάτοις καὶ ἔταξε Γλοῦν καὶ Πίγρητα

λαβόντας τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ συνεκβιβάζειν τὰς ἁμάξας.
8. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐδόκουν αὐτῷ σχολαίως ποιεῖν, ὥσπερ ὀργῇ ἐκέλευσε
τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν Πέρσας τοὺς κρατίστους συνεπισπεῦσαι
τὰς ἁμάξας. ἔνθα δὴ μέρος τι τῆς εὐταξίας ἦν θεάσασθαι. 20
ῥίψαντες γὰρ τοὺς πορφυροῦς κάνδυς ὅπου ἔτυχεν ἕκαστος

ἑστηκώς, ἵεντο ὥσπερ ἂν δράμοι τις ἐπὶ νίκῃ καὶ μάλα κατὰ
πρανοῦς γηλόφου, ἔχοντες τούτους τε τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας
καὶ τὰς ποικίλας ἀναξυρίδας, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ στρεπτοὺς περὶ τοῖς
τραχήλοις καὶ ψέλια περὶ ταῖς χερσίν· εὐθὺς δὲ σὺν τούτοις 25
εἰσπηδήσαντες εἰς τὸν πηλὸν θᾶττον ἢ ὥς τις ἂν ᾤετο

μετεώρους ἐξεκόμισαν τὰς ἁμάξας. 9. τὸ δὲ σύμπαν δῆλος ἦν
142 Anabasis I 5.9-12 (pp. 57-59)
Κῦρος ὡς σπεύδων πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδὸν καὶ οὐ διατρίβων ὅπου 1
μὴ ἐπισιτισμοῦ ἕνεκα ἤ τινος ἄλλου ἀναγκαίου ἐκαθέζετο,

νομίζων, ὅσῳ θᾶττον ἔλθοι, τοσούτῳ ἀπαρασκευαστοτέρῳ
βασιλεῖ μαχεῖσθαι, ὅσῳ δὲ σχολαίτερον, τοσούτῳ πλέον
συναγείρεσθαι βασιλεῖ στράτευμα. καὶ συνιδεῖν δ᾽ ἦν τῷ 5
προσέχοντι τὸν νοῦν τῇ βασιλέως ἀρχῇ πλήθει μὲν χώρας

καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἰσχυρὰ οὖσα, τοῖς δὲ μήκεσι τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ τῷ
διεσπάσθαι τὰς δυνάμεις ἀσθενής, εἴ τις διὰ ταχέων τὸν
πόλεμον ποιοῖτο. 10. πέραν δὲ τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμοῦ κατὰ
τοὺς ἐρήμους σταθμοὺς ἦν πόλις εὐδαίμων καὶ μεγάλη, 10
ὄνομα δὲ Χαρμάνδη· ἐκ ταύτης οἱ στρατιῶται ἠγόραζον τὰ

ἐπιτήδεια, σχεδίαις διαβαίνοντες ὧδε. διφθέρας ἃς εἶχον
στεγάσματα ἐπίμπλασαν χόρτου κούφου, εἶτα συνῆγον καὶ
συνέσπων, ὡς μὴ ἅπτεσθαι τῆς κάρφης τὸ ὕδωρ· ἐπὶ τούτων
διέβαινον καὶ ἐλάμβανον τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, οἶνόν τε ἐκ τῆς 15
βαλάνου πεποιημένον τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ φοίνικος καὶ σῖτον μελίνης·

τοῦτο γὰρ ἦν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ πλεῖστον. 11. ἀμφιλεξάντων δέ τι
ἐνταῦθα τῶν τε τοῦ Μένωνος στρατιωτῶν καὶ τῶν τοῦ
Κλεάρχου ὁ Κλέαρχος κρίνας ἀδικεῖν τὸν τοῦ Μένωνος
πληγὰς ἐνέβαλεν· ὁ δὲ ἐλθὼν πρὸς τὸ ἑαυτοῦ στράτευμα 20
ἔλεγεν· “ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται ἐχαλέπαινον καὶ ὠργί-

ζοντο ἰσχυρῶς τῷ Κλεάρχῳ. 12. τῇ δὲ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ Κλέαρχος
ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τὴν διάβασιν τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ ἐκεῖ κατασκεψά-
μενος τὴν ἀγορὰν ἀφιππεύει ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σκηνὴν διὰ τοῦ
Μένωνος στρατεύματος σὺν ὀλίγοις τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν· Κῦρος δὲ 25
οὔπω ἧκεν, ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι προσήλαυνε· τῶν δὲ Μένωνος στρατιωτῶν

ξύλα σχίζων τις ὡς εἶδε Κλέαρχον διελαύνοντα, ἵησι τῇ ἀξίνῃ·
Anabasis I 5.12 – 6.1 (pp. 60-62) 143
καὶ οὗτος μὲν αὐτοῦ ἥμαρτεν· ἄλλος δὲ λίθῳ καὶ ἄλλος, εἶτα 1
πολλοί, κραυγῆς γενομένης. 13. ὁ δὲ καταφεύγει εἰς τὸ ἑαυτοῦ

στράτευμα, καὶ εὐθὺς παραγγέλλει εἰς τὰ ὅπλα· καὶ τοὺς μὲν
ὁπλίτας αὐτοῦ ἐκέλευσε μεῖναι τὰς ἀσπίδας πρὸς τὰ γόνατα
θέντας, αὐτὸς δὲ λαβὼν τοὺς Θρᾷκας καὶ τοὺς ἱππέας οἳ ἦσαν 5
αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ στρατεύματι πλείους ἢ τετταράκοντα, τούτων δὲ

οἱ πλεῖστοι Θρᾷκες, ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Μένωνος, ὥστ᾽ ἐκείνους
ἐκπεπλῆχθαι καὶ αὐτὸν Μένωνα, καὶ τρέχειν ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα· οἱ
δὲ καὶ ἕστασαν ἀποροῦντες τῷ πράγματι. 14. ὁ δὲ Πρόξενος
(ἔτυχε γὰρ ὕστερος προσιὼν καὶ τάξις αὐτῷ ἑπομένη τῶν 10
ὁπλιτῶν) εὐθὺς οὖν εἰς τὸ μέσον ἀμφοτέρων ἄγων ἔθετο τὰ

ὅπλα καὶ ἐδεῖτο τοῦ Κλεάρχου μὴ ποιεῖν ταῦτα. ὁ δ᾽ ἐχαλέ-
παινεν ὅτι αὐτοῦ ὀλίγου δεήσαντος καταλευσθῆναι πράως
λέγοι τὸ αὑτοῦ πάθος, ἐκέλευσέ τε αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ μέσου
ἐξίστασθαι. 15. ἐν τούτῳ δ᾽ ἐπῄει καὶ Κῦρος καὶ ἐπύθετο τὸ 15
πρᾶγμα· εὐθὺς δ᾽ ἔλαβε τὰ παλτὰ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ σὺν

τοῖς παροῦσι τῶν πιστῶν ἧκεν ἐλαύνων εἰς τὸ μέσον, καὶ
λέγει τάδε. 16. “Κλέαρχε καὶ Πρόξενε καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι οἱ παρόντες
Ἕλληνες, οὐκ ἴστε ὅ τι ποιεῖτε. εἰ γάρ τινα ἀλλήλοις μάχην
συνάψετε, νομίζετε ἐν τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐμέ τε κατακεκόψεσθαι 20
καὶ ὑμᾶς οὐ πολὺ ἐμοῦ ὕστερον· κακῶς γὰρ τῶν ἡμετέρων

ἐχόντων πάντες οὗτοι οὓς ὁρᾶτε βάρβαροι πολεμιώτεροι
ἡμῖν ἔσονται τῶν παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντων.” 17. ἀκούσας ταῦτα ὁ
Κλέαρχος ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο· καὶ παυσάμενοι ἀμφότεροι κατὰ
χώραν ἔθεντο τὰ ὅπλα. 25
VI.1. ἐντεῦθεν προϊόντων ἐφαίνετο ἴχνια ἵππων καὶ κόπρος·

εἰκάζετο δ᾽ εἶναι ὁ στίβος ὡς δισχιλίων ἵππων. οὗτοι
προϊόντες ἔκαιον καὶ χιλὸν καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο χρήσιμον ἦν.
144 Anabasis I 6.1-6 (pp. 63-65)
Ὀρόντας δέ, Πέρσης ἀνήρ, γένει τε προσήκων βασιλεῖ καὶ 1
τὰ πολέμια λεγόμενος ἐν τοῖς ἀρίστοις Περσῶν ἐπιβουλεύει

Κύρῳ καὶ πρόσθεν πολεμήσας, καταλλαγεὶς δέ. 2. οὗτος Κύρῳ
εἶπεν, εἰ αὐτῷ δοίη ἱππέας χιλίους, ὅτι τοὺς προκατακαίοντας
ἱππέας ἢ κατακαίνοι ἂν ἐνεδρεύσας ἢ ζῶντας πολλοὺς αὐτῶν 5
ἂν ἕλοι καὶ κωλύσειε τοῦ καίειν ἐπιόντας, καὶ ποιήσειεν ὥστε

μήποτε δύνασθαι αὐτοὺς ἰδόντας τὸ Κύρου στράτευμα βασιλεῖ
διαγγεῖλαι. τῷ δὲ Κύρῳ ἀκούσαντι ταῦτα ἐδόκει ὠφέλιμα
εἶναι, καὶ ἐκέλευεν αὐτὸν λαμβάνειν μέρος παρ᾽ ἑκάστου
τῶν ἡγεμόνων. 3. ὁ δ᾽ Ὀρόντας νομίσας ἑτοίμους εἶναι αὑτῷ 10
τοὺς ἱππέας γράφει ἐπιστολὴν παρὰ βασιλέα ὅτι ἥξοι ἔχων

ἱππέας ὡς ἂν δύνηται πλείστους· ἀλλὰ φράσαι τοῖς αὑτοῦ
ἱππεῦσιν ἐκέλευεν ὡς φίλιον αὐτὸν ὑποδέχεσθαι. ἐνῆν δὲ
ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ καὶ τῆς πρόσθεν φιλίας ὑπομνήματα καὶ
πίστεως. ταύτην τὴν ἐπιστολὴν δίδωσι πιστῷ ἀνδρί, ὡς 15
ᾤετο· 4. ὁ δὲ λαβὼν Κύρῳ δίδωσιν. ἀναγνοὺς δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ

Κῦρος συλλαμβάνει Ὀρόνταν, καὶ συγκαλεῖ εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ
σκηνὴν Πέρσας τοὺς ἀρίστους τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἑπτά, καὶ τοὺς
τῶν Ἑλλήνων στρατηγοὺς ἐκέλευσεν ὁπλίτας ἀγαγεῖν, τού-
τους δὲ θέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα περὶ τὴν αὑτοῦ σκηνήν. οἱ δὲ 20
ταῦτα ἐποίησαν, ἀγαγόντες ὡς τρισχιλίους ὁπλίτας. 5. Κλέ-

αρχον δὲ καὶ εἴσω παρεκάλεσε σύμβουλον, ὅς γε καὶ αὐτῷ
καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐδόκει προτιμηθῆναι μάλιστα τῶν Ἑλλήνων.
ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐξῆλθεν, ἀπήγγειλε τοῖς φίλοις τὴν κρίσιν τοῦ
Ὀρόντα ὡς ἐγένετο· οὐ γὰρ ἀπόρρητον ἦν. 6. ἔφη δὲ Κῦρον 25
ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου ὧδε. “παρεκάλεσα ὑμᾶς, ἄνδρες φίλοι,

Anabasis I 6.6-9 (pp. 66-68) 145
ὅπως σὺν ὑμῖν βουλευόμενος ὅ τι δίκαιόν ἐστι καὶ πρὸς θεῶν 1
καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων, τοῦτο πράξω περὶ Ὀρόντα τουτουί.

τοῦτον γὰρ πρῶτον μὲν ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ ἔδωκεν ὑπήκοον εἶναι
ἐμοί· ἐπεὶ δὲ ταχθείς, ὡς ἔφη αὐτός, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ἀδελφοῦ
οὗτος ἐπολέμησεν ἐμοὶ ἔχων τὴν ἐν Σάρδεσιν ἀκρόπολιν, 5
καὶ ἐγὼ αὐτὸν προσπολεμῶν ἐποίησα ὥστε δόξαι τούτῳ τοῦ

πρὸς ἐμὲ πολέμου παύσασθαι, καὶ δεξιὰν ἔλαβον καὶ ἔδωκα,
μετὰ ταῦτα,” ἔφη, “Ὀρόντα, ἔστιν ὅ τι σε ἠδίκησα;” 7. ἀπεκρί-
νατο ὅτι οὔ. πάλιν δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἠρώτα· “οὐκοῦν ὕστερον,
ὡς αὐτὸς σὺ ὁμολογεῖς, οὐδὲν ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἀδικούμενος ἀποστὰς 10
εἰς Μυσοὺς κακῶς ἐποίεις τὴν ἐμὴν χώραν ὅ τι ἐδύνω;” ἔφη

Ὀρόντας. “οὐκοῦν,” ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “ὁπότ᾽ αὖ ἔγνως τὴν
σαυτοῦ δύναμιν, ἐλθὼν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος βωμὸν μετα-
μέλειν τέ σοι ἔφησθα καὶ πείσας ἐμὲ πιστὰ πάλιν ἔδωκάς
μοι καὶ ἔλαβες παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ;” καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὡμολόγει Ὀρόντας. 15
8. “τί οὖν,” ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “ἀδικηθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ νῦν τὸ τρίτον

ἐπιβουλεύων μοι φανερὸς γέγονας;” εἰπόντος δὲ τοῦ Ὀρόντα
ὅτι οὐδὲν ἀδικηθείς, ἠρώτησεν ὁ Κῦρος αὐτόν· “ὁμολογεῖς
οὖν περὶ ἐμὲ ἄδικος γεγενῆσθαι;” “ἦ γὰρ ἀνάγκη,” ἔφη
Ὀρόντας. ἐκ τούτου πάλιν ἠρώτησεν ὁ Κῦρος· “ἔτι οὖν ἂν 20
γένοιο τῷ ἐμῷ ἀδελφῷ πολέμιος, ἐμοὶ δὲ φίλος καὶ πιστός;”

ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι “οὐδ᾽ εἰ γενοίμην, ὦ Κῦρε, σοί γ᾽ ἄν
ποτε ἔτι δόξαιμι.” 9. πρὸς ταῦτα Κῦρος εἶπε τοῖς παροῦσιν·
“ὁ μὲν ἀνὴρ τοιαῦτα μὲν πεποίηκε, τοιαῦτα δὲ λέγει· ὑμῶν
δὲ σὺ πρῶτος, ὦ Κλέαρχε, ἀπόφηναι γνώμην ὅ τι σοι δοκεῖ.” 25
Κλέαρχος δὲ εἶπε τάδε. “συμβουλεύω ἐγὼ τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦ-

τον ἐκποδὼν ποιεῖσθαι ὡς τάχιστα, ὡς μηκέτι δέῃ τοῦτον
146 Anabasis I 6.9 – 7.3 (pp. 69-71)
φυλάττεσθαι, ἀλλὰ σχολὴ ᾖ ἡμῖν, τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι, τοὺς 1
ἐθελοντὰς τούτους εὖ ποιεῖν.” 10. ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ ἔφη καὶ

τοὺς ἄλλους προσθέσθαι. μετὰ ταῦτα, ἔφη, κελεύοντος
Κύρου ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόνταν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ ἅπαντες
ἀναστάντες καὶ οἱ συγγενεῖς· εἶτα δ᾽ ἐξῆγον αὐτὸν οἷς προσ- 5
ετάχθη. ἐπεὶ δὲ εἶδον αὐτὸν οἵπερ πρόσθεν προσεκύνουν,

καὶ τότε προσεκύνησαν, καίπερ εἰδότες ὅτι ἐπὶ θάνατον
ἄγοιτο. 11. ἐπεὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν Ἀρταπάτου σκηνὴν εἰσήχθη, τοῦ
πιστοτάτου τῶν Κύρου σκηπτούχων, μετὰ ταῦτα οὔτε ζῶντα
Ὀρόνταν οὔτε τεθνηκότα οὐδεὶς εἶδε πώποτε, οὐδὲ ὅπως 10
ἀπέθανεν οὐδεὶς εἰδὼς ἔλεγεν· εἴκαζον δὲ ἄλλοι ἄλλως·

τάφος δὲ οὐδεὶς πώποτε αὐτοῦ ἐφάνη.
VII.1. ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει διὰ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας σταθμοὺς τρεῖς
παρασάγγας δώδεκα. ἐν δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ σταθμῷ Κῦρος ἐξέ-

τασιν ποιεῖται τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῷ 15
πεδίῳ περὶ μέσας νύκτας· ἐδόκει γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἕω

ἥξειν βασιλέα σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι μαχούμενον· καὶ ἐκέλευε
Κλέαρχον μὲν τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως ἡγεῖσθαι, Μένωνα δὲ τὸν
Θετταλὸν τοῦ εὐωνύμου, αὐτὸς δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ διέταξε.
2. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἅμα τῇ ἐπιούσῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἥκοντες αὐτό- 20
μολοι παρὰ μεγάλου βασιλέως ἀπήγγελλον Κύρῳ περὶ τῆς

βασιλέως στρατιᾶς. Κῦρος δὲ συγκαλέσας τοὺς στρατηγοὺς
καὶ λοχαγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων συνεβουλεύετό τε πῶς ἂν τὴν
μάχην ποιοῖτο καὶ αὐτὸς παρῄνει θαρρύνων τοιάδε. 3. “ὦ
ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, οὐκ ἀνθρώπων ἀπορῶν βαρβάρων συμμά- 25
Anabasis I 7.3-7 (pp. 72-74) 147
χους ὑμᾶς ἄγω, ἀλλὰ νομίζων ἀμείνονας καὶ κρείττους 1
πολλῶν βαρβάρων ὑμᾶς εἶναι, διὰ τοῦτο προσέλαβον. ὅπως

οὖν ἔσεσθε ἄνδρες ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἧς κέκτησθε καὶ ἧς
ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ εὐδαιμονίζω. εὖ γὰρ ἴστε ὅτι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν
ἑλοίμην ἂν ἀντὶ ὧν ἔχω πάντων καὶ ἄλλων πολλαπλασίων. 5
4. ὅπως δὲ καὶ εἰδῆτε εἰς οἷον ἔρχεσθε ἀγῶνα, ὑμᾶς εἰδὼς

διδάξω. τὸ μὲν γὰρ πλῆθος πολὺ καὶ κραυγῇ πολλῇ ἐπί-
ασιν· ἂν δὲ ταῦτα ἀνάσχησθε, τὰ ἄλλα καὶ αἰσχύνεσθαί
μοι δοκῶ οἵους ἡμῖν γνώσεσθε τοὺς ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ὄντας ἀνθρώ-
πους. ὑμῶν δὲ ἀνδρῶν ὄντων καὶ εὖ τῶν ἐμῶν γενομένων, 10
ἐγὼ ὑμῶν τὸν μὲν οἴκαδε βουλόμενον ἀπιέναι τοῖς οἴκοι

ζηλωτὸν ποιήσω ἀπελθεῖν, πολλοὺς δὲ οἶμαι ποιήσειν τὰ
παρ᾽ ἐμοὶ ἑλέσθαι ἀντὶ τῶν οἴκοι. 5. ἐνταῦθα Γαυλίτης παρών,
φυγὰς Σάμιος, πιστὸς δὲ Κύρῳ, εἶπεν· καὶ μήν, ὦ Κῦρε
λέγουσί τινες ὅτι πολλὰ ὑπισχνῇ νῦν διὰ τὸ ἐν τοιούτῳ 15
εἶναι τοῦ κινδύνου προσιόντος, ἂν δὲ εὖ γένηταί τι, οὐ

μεμνήσεσθαί σέ φασιν· ἔνιοι δὲ οὐδ᾽ εἰ μεμνῇό τε καὶ βού-
λοιο, δύνασθαι ἂν ἀποδοῦναι ὅσα ὑπισχνῇ. 6. ἀκούσας ταῦτα
ἔλεξεν ὁ Κῦρος· “ἀλλ᾽ ἔστι μὲν ἡμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες, ἀρχὴ
πατρῴα πρὸς μὲν μεσημβρίαν μέχρι οὗ διὰ καῦμα οὐ δύναν- 20
ται οἰκεῖν ἄνθρωποι, πρὸς δὲ ἄρκτον μέχρι οὗ διὰ χειμῶνα·

τὰ δ᾽ ἐν μέσῳ τούτων πάντα σατραπεύουσιν οἱ τοῦ ἐμοῦ
ἀδελφοῦ φίλοι. 7. ἢν δ᾽ ἡμεῖς νικήσωμεν, ἡμᾶς δεῖ τοὺς
ἡμετέρους φίλους τούτων ἐγκρατεῖς ποιῆσαι. ὥστε οὐ τοῦτο
148 Anabasis I 7.7-13 (pp. 75-77)
δέδοικα, μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ὅ τι δῶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν φίλων, ἂν εὖ 1
γένηται, ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐκ ἔχω ἱκανοὺς οἷς δῶ. ὑμῶν δὲ τῶν

Ἑλλήνων καὶ στέφανον ἑκάστῳ χρυσοῦν δώσω.” 8. οἱ δὲ
ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες αὐτοί τε ἦσαν πολὺ προθυμότεροι καὶ τοῖς
ἄλλοις ἐξήγγελλον. εἰσῇσαν δὲ παρ᾽ αὐτὸν οἵ τε στρατηγοὶ 5
καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων τινὲς ἀξιοῦντες εἰδέναι τί σφίσιν

ἔσται, ἐὰν κρατήσωσιν. ὁ δὲ ἐμπιμπλὰς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώ-
μην ἀπέπεμπε. 9. παρεκελεύοντο δὲ αὐτῷ πάντες ὅσοιπερ
διελέγοντο μὴ μάχεσθαι, ἀλλ᾽ ὄπισθεν ἑαυτῶν τάττεσθαι.
ἐν δὲ τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ Κλέαρχος ὧδέ πως ἤρετο τὸν Κῦρον· 10
“οἴει γάρ σοι μαχεῖσθαι, ὦ Κῦρε, τὸν ἀδελφόν;” “νὴ Δί᾽,”

ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, “εἴπερ γε Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδός ἐστι παῖς,
ἐμὸς δὲ ἀδελφός, οὐκ ἀμαχεὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἐγὼ λήψομαι.” 10. ἐνταῦθα
δὴ ἐν τῇ ἐξοπλισίᾳ ἀριθμὸς ἐγένετο τῶν μὲν Ἑλλήνων
ἀσπὶς μυρία καὶ τετρακοσία, πελτασταὶ δὲ δισχίλιοι καὶ 15
πεντακόσιοι, τῶν δὲ μετὰ Κύρου βαρβάρων δέκα μυριάδες

καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἀμφὶ τὰ εἴκοσι. 11. τῶν δὲ πολεμίων
ἐλέγοντο εἶναι ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι μυριάδες καὶ ἅρματα
δρεπανηφόρα διακόσια. ἄλλοι δὲ ἦσαν ἑξακισχίλιοι ἱππεῖς,
ὧν Ἀρταγέρσης ἦρχεν· οὗτοι δ᾽ αὖ πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέως 20
τεταγμένοι ἦσαν. 12. τοῦ δὲ βασιλέως στρατεύματος ἦσαν

ἄρχοντες καὶ στρατηγοὶ καὶ ἡγεμόνες τέτταρες, τριάκοντα
μυριάδων ἕκαστος, Ἀβροκόμας, Τισσαφέρνης, Γωβρύας, Ἀρ-
βάκης. τούτων δὲ παρεγένοντο ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἐνενήκοντα
μυριάδες καὶ ἅρματα δρεπανηφόρα ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα· 25
Ἀβροκόμας δὲ ὑστέρησε τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις πέντε, ἐκ Φοι-

νίκης ἐλαύνων. 13. ταῦτα δὲ ἤγγελλον πρὸς Κῦρον οἱ αὐτο-
μολήσαντες [ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων] παρὰ μεγάλου βασιλέως πρὸ
Anabasis I 7.13-19 (pp. 78-80) 149
τῆς μάχης, καὶ μετὰ τὴν μάχην οἳ ὕστερον ἐλήφθησαν τῶν 1
πολεμίων ταὐτὰ ἤγγελλον. 14. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ Κῦρος ἐξελαύνει

σταθμὸν ἕνα παρασάγγας τρεῖς συντεταγμένῳ τῷ στρατεύ-
ματι παντὶ καὶ τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ καὶ τῷ βαρβαρικῷ· ᾤετο γὰρ
ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ μαχεῖσθαι βασιλέα· κατὰ γὰρ μέσον τὸν 5
σταθμὸν τοῦτον τάφρος ἦν ὀρυκτὴ βαθεῖα, τὸ μὲν εὖρος

ὀργυιαὶ πέντε, τὸ δὲ βάθος ὀργυιαὶ τρεῖς. 15. παρετέτατο δὲ ἡ
τάφρος ἄνω διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐπὶ δώδεκα παρασάγγας μέχρι
τοῦ Μηδίας τείχους. [ἔνθα αἱ διώρυχες, ἀπὸ τοῦ Τίγρητος
ποταμοῦ ῥέουσαι· εἰσὶ δὲ τέτταρες, τὸ μὲν εὖρος πλεθριαῖαι, 10
βαθεῖαι δὲ ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ πλοῖα πλεῖ ἐν αὐταῖς σιταγωγά·

εἰσβάλλουσι δὲ εἰς τὸν Εὐφράτην, διαλείπουσι δ᾽ ἑκάστη
παρασάγγην, γέφυραι δ᾽ ἔπεισιν.] ἦν δὲ παρὰ τὸν Εὐφρά-
την πάροδος στενὴ μεταξὺ τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς τάφρου ὡς
εἴκοσι ποδῶν τὸ εὖρος· 16. ταύτην δὲ τὴν τάφρον βασιλεὺς 15
ποιεῖ μέγας ἀντὶ ἐρύματος, ἐπειδὴ πυνθάνεται Κῦρον προσε-

λαύνοντα. ταύτην δὴ τὴν πάροδον Κῦρός τε καὶ ἡ στρατιὰ
παρῆλθε καὶ ἐγένοντο εἴσω τῆς τάφρου. 17. ταύτῃ μὲν οὖν τῇ
ἡμέρᾳ οὐκ ἐμαχέσατο βασιλεύς, ἀλλ᾽ ὑποχωρούντων φανερὰ
ἦσαν καὶ ἵππων καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἴχνη πολλά. 18. ἐνταῦθα Κῦρος 20
Σιλανὸν καλέσας τὸν Ἀμπρακιώτην μάντιν ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ

δαρεικοὺς τρισχιλίους, ὅτι τῇ ἑνδεκάτῃ ἀπ᾽ ἐκείνης ἡμέρᾳ
πρότερον θυόμενος εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὅτι βασιλεὺς οὐ μαχεῖται
δέκα ἡμερῶν, Κῦρος δ᾽ εἶπεν· “οὐκ ἄρα ἔτι μαχεῖται, εἰ ἐν
ταύταις οὐ μαχεῖται ταῖς ἡμέραις· ἐὰν δ᾽ ἀληθεύσῃς, ὑπ- 25
ισχνοῦμαί σοι δέκα τάλαντα. τοῦτο τὸ χρυσίον τότε ἀπέ-

δωκεν, ἐπεὶ παρῆλθον αἱ δέκα ἡμέραι. 19. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐπὶ τῇ τάφρῳ
150 Anabasis I 7.19 – 8.5 (pp. 81-83)
οὐκ ἐκώλυε βασιλεὺς τὸ Κύρου στράτευμα διαβαίνειν, ἔδοξε 1
καὶ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀπεγνωκέναι τοῦ μάχεσθαι· ὥστε

τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ Κῦρος ἐπορεύετο ἠμελημένως μᾶλλον. 20. τῇ δὲ
τρίτῃ ἐπί τε τοῦ ἅρματος καθήμενος τὴν πορείαν ἐποιεῖτο
καὶ ὀλίγους ἐν τάξει ἔχων πρὸ αὑτοῦ, τὸ δὲ πολὺ αὐτῷ 5
ἀνατεταραγμένον ἐπορεύετο καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τοῖς στρατιώταις

πολλὰ ἐπὶ ἁμαξῶν ἤγοντο καὶ ὑποζυγίων.
VIII.1. καὶ ἤδη τε ἦν ἀμφὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν καὶ πλησίον ἦν
ὁ σταθμὸς ἔνθα ἔμελλε καταλύειν, ἡνίκα Πατηγύας, ἀνὴρ

Πέρσης τῶν ἀμφὶ Κῦρον χρηστός, προφαίνεται ἐλαύνων ἀνὰ 10
κράτος ἱδροῦντι τῷ ἵππῳ, καὶ εὐθὺς πᾶσιν οἷς ἐνετύγχανεν

ἐβόα καὶ βαρβαρικῶς καὶ ἑλληνικῶς ὅτι βασιλεὺς σὺν
στρατεύματι πολλῷ προσέρχεται ὡς εἰς μάχην παρεσκευα-
σμένος. 2. ἔνθα δὴ πολὺς τάραχος ἐγένετο: αὐτίκα γὰρ ἐδόκουν
οἱ Ἕλληνες καὶ πάντες δὲ ἀτάκτοις σφίσιν ἐπιπεσεῖσθαι· 15
3. Κῦρός τε καταπηδήσας ἀπὸ τοῦ ἅρματος τὸν θώρακα ἐνεδύετο
καὶ ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον τὰ παλτὰ εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἔλαβε,
τοῖς τε ἄλλοις πᾶσι παρήγγελλεν ἐξοπλίζεσθαι καὶ καθίστα-
σθαι εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τάξιν ἕκαστον. 4. ἔνθα δὴ σὺν πολλῇ
σπουδῇ καθίσταντο, Κλέαρχος μὲν τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ κέρατος 20
ἔχων πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ, Πρόξενος δὲ ἐχόμενος, οἱ

δ᾽ ἄλλοι μετὰ τοῦτον, Μένων δὲ †καὶ τὸ στράτευμα† τὸ
εὐώνυμον κέρας ἔσχε τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ. 5. τοῦ δὲ βαρβαρικοῦ
ἱππεῖς μὲν Παφλαγόνες εἰς χιλίους παρὰ Κλέαρχον ἔστησαν
ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν πελταστικόν, ἐν δὲ τῷ εὐω- 25
ύμῳ Ἀριαῖός τε ὁ Κύρου ὕπαρχος καὶ τὸ ἄλλο βαρβαρικόν,

Anabasis I 8.6-11 (pp. 84-86) 151
6. Κῦρος δὲ καὶ ἱππεῖς τούτου ὅσον ἑξακόσιοι <κατὰ τὸ μέσον>, 1
ὡπλισμένοι θώραξι μὲν αὐτοὶ καὶ παραμηριδίοις καὶ κράνεσι

πάντες πλὴν Κύρου· Κῦρος δὲ ψιλὴν ἔχων τὴν κεφαλὴν εἰς
τὴν μάχην καθίστατο [λέγεται δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Πέρσας
ψιλαῖς ταῖς κεφαλαῖς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ διακινδυνεύειν]. 7. οἱ δ᾽ 5
ἵπποι πάντες [οἱ μετὰ Κύρου] εἶχον καὶ προμετωπίδια καὶ

προστερνίδια· εἶχον δὲ καὶ μαχαίρας οἱ ἱππεῖς Ἑλληνικάς.
8. καὶ ἤδη τε ἦν μέσον ἡμέρας καὶ οὔπω καταφανεῖς ἦσαν οἱ
πολέμιοι· ἡνίκα δὲ δείλη ἐγίγνετο, ἐφάνη κονιορτὸς ὥσπερ
νεφέλη λευκή, χρόνῳ δὲ συχνῷ ὕστερον ὥσπερ μελανία τις ἐν 10
τῷ πεδίῳ ἐπὶ πολύ. ὅτε δὲ ἐγγύτερον ἐγίγνοντο, τάχα δὴ καὶ

χαλκός τις ἤστραπτε καὶ λόγχαι καὶ αἱ τάξεις καταφανεῖς
ἐγίγνοντο. 9. καὶ ἦσαν ἱππεῖς μὲν λευκοθώρακες ἐπὶ τοῦ
εὐωνύμου τῶν πολεμίων· Τισσαφέρνης ἐλέγετο τούτων ἄρ-
χειν· ἐχόμενοι δὲ γερροφόροι, ἐχόμενοι δὲ ὁπλῖται σὺν 15
ποδήρεσι ξυλίναις ἀσπίσιν. Αἰγύπτιοι δ᾽ οὗτοι ἐλέγοντο

εἶναι· ἄλλοι δ᾽ ἱππεῖς, ἄλλοι τοξόται. πάντες δ᾽ οὗτοι
κατὰ ἔθνη ἐν πλαισίῳ πλήρει ἀνθρώπων ἕκαστον τὸ ἔθνος
ἐπορεύετο. 10. πρὸ δὲ αὐτῶν ἅρματα διαλείποντα συχνὸν ἀπ᾽
ἀλλήλων τὰ δὴ δρεπανηφόρα καλούμενα· εἶχον δὲ τὰ δρέπανα 20
ἐκ τῶν ἀξόνων εἰς πλάγιον ἀποτεταμένα καὶ ὑπὸ τοῖς δίφροις

εἰς γῆν βλέποντα, ὡς διακόπτειν ὅτῳ ἐντυγχάνοιεν. ἡ δὲ
γνώμη ἦν ὡς εἰς τὰς τάξεις τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλῶντα καὶ δια-
κόψοντα. 11. ὃ μέντοι Κῦρος εἶπεν ὅτε καλέσας παρεκελεύετο
τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὴν κραυγὴν τῶν βαρβάρων ἀνέχεσθαι, ἐψεύσθη 25
τοῦτο· οὐ γὰρ κραυγῇ ἀλλὰ σιγῇ ὡς ἁνυστὸν καὶ ἡσυχῇ ἐν

152 Anabasis I 8.11-17 (pp. 87-89)
ἴσῳ καὶ βραδέως προσῇσαν. 12. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ Κῦρος παρελαύ- 1
νων αὐτὸς σὺν Πίγρητι τῷ ἑρμηνεῖ καὶ ἄλλοις τρισὶν ἢ

τέτταρσι τῷ Κλεάρχῳ ἐβόα ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα κατὰ μέσον
τὸ τῶν πολεμίων, ὅτι ἐκεῖ βασιλεὺς εἴη· “κἂν τοῦτ᾽,” ἔφη,
“νικῶμεν, πάνθ᾽ ἡμῖν πεποίηται.” 13. ὁρῶν δὲ ὁ Κλέαρχος τὸ 5
μέσον στῖφος καὶ ἀκούων Κύρου ἔξω ὄντα τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ

εὐωνύμου βασιλέα （τοσοῦτον γὰρ πλήθει περιῆν βασιλεὺς
ὥστε μέσον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἔχων τοῦ Κύρου εὐωνύμου ἔξω ἦν）
ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ὁ Κλέαρχος οὐκ ἤθελεν ἀποσπάσαι ἀπὸ τοῦ
ποταμοῦ τὸ δεξιὸν κέρας, φοβούμενος μὴ κυκλωθείη ἑκατέ- 10
ρωθεν, τῷ δὲ Κύρῳ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι αὐτῷ μέλει ὅπως καλῶς

ἔχοι. 14. καὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ καιρῷ τὸ μὲν βαρβαρικὸν στράτευμα
ὁμαλῶς προῄει, τὸ δὲ Ἑλληνικὸν ἔτι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ μένον
συνετάττετο ἐκ τῶν ἔτι προσιόντων. καὶ ὁ Κῦρος παρελαύνων
οὐ πάνυ πρὸς αὐτῷ στρατεύματι κατεθεᾶτο ἑκατέρωσε 15
ἀποβλέπων εἴς τε τοὺς πολεμίους καὶ τοὺς φίλους. 15. ἰδὼν

δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ Ξενοφῶν Ἀθηναῖος, πελάσας
ὡς συναντῆσαι ἤρετο εἴ τι παραγγέλλοι· ὁ δ᾽ ἐπιστήσας εἶπε
καὶ λέγειν ἐκέλευε πᾶσιν ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ σφάγια
καλά. 16. ταῦτα δὲ λέγων θορύβου ἤκουσε διὰ τῶν τάξεων 20
ἰόντος, καὶ ἤρετο τίς ὁ θόρυβος εἴη. ὁ δὲ [Κλέαρχος] εἶπεν

ὅτι σύνθημα παρέρχεται δεύτερον ἤδη. καὶ ὃς ἐθαύμασε τίς
παραγγέλλει καὶ ἤρετο ὅ τι εἴη τὸ σύνθημα. ὁ δ᾽ ἀπεκρί-
νατο· “Ζεὺς σωτὴρ καὶ νίκη.” 17. ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ἀκούσας, “ἀλλὰ
δέχομαί τε,” ἔφη, “καὶ τοῦτο ἔστω.” ταῦτα δ᾽ εἰπὼν εἰς τὴν 25
Anabasis I 8.17-22 (pp. 90-92) 153
αὑτοῦ χώραν ἀπήλαυνε. καὶ οὐκέτι τρία ἢ τέτταρα στάδια 1
διειχέτην τὼ φάλαγγε ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων ἡνίκα ἐπαιάνιζόν τε οἱ

Ἕλληνες καὶ ἤρχοντο ἀντίοι ἰέναι τοῖς πολεμίοις. 18. ὡς δὲ
πορευομένων ἐξεκύμαινέ τι τῆς φάλαγγος, τὸ ὑπολειπόμενον
ἤρξατο δρόμῳ θεῖν· καὶ ἅμα ἐφθέγξαντο πάντες οἷον τῷ 5
Ἐνυαλίῳ ἐλελίζουσι, καὶ πάντες δὲ ἔθεον. λέγουσι δέ τινες

ὡς καὶ ταῖς ἀσπίσι πρὸς τὰ δόρατα ἐδούπησαν φόβον ποι-
οῦντες τοῖς ἵπποις. 19. πρὶν δὲ τόξευμα ἐξικνεῖσθαι ἐκκλίνουσιν
οἱ βάρβαροι καὶ φεύγουσι. καὶ ἐνταῦθα δὴ ἐδίωκον μὲν
κατὰ κράτος οἱ Ἕλληνες, ἐβόων δὲ ἀλλήλοις μὴ θεῖν δρόμῳ, 10
ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τάξει ἕπεσθαι. 20. τὰ δ᾽ ἅρματα ἐφέροντο τὰ μὲν δι᾽

αὐτῶν τῶν πολεμίων, τὰ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κενὰ
ἡνιόχων. οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ προΐδοιεν, διίσταντο· ἔστι δ᾽ ὅστις καὶ
κατελήφθη ὥσπερ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ ἐκπλαγείς· καὶ οὐδὲν μέντοι
οὐδὲ τοῦτον παθεῖν ἔφασαν, οὐδ᾽ ἄλλος δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐν 15
ταύτῃ τῇ μάχῃ ἔπαθεν οὐδεὶς οὐδέν, πλὴν ἐπὶ τῷ εὐωνύμῳ

τοξευθῆναί τις ἐλέγετο. 21. Κῦρος δ᾽ ὁρῶν τοὺς Ἕλληνας
νικῶντας τὸ καθ᾽ αὑτοὺς καὶ διώκοντας, ἡδόμενος καὶ προσ-
κυνούμενος ἤδη ὡς βασιλεὺς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμφ᾽ αὐτόν, οὐδ᾽ ὣς
ἐξήχθη διώκειν, ἀλλὰ συνεσπειραμένην ἔχων τὴν τῶν σὺν 20
ἑαυτῷ ἑξακοσίων ἱππέων τάξιν ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅ τι ποιήσει βασι-

λεύς. καὶ γὰρ ᾔδει αὐτὸν ὅτι μέσον ἔχοι τοῦ Περσικοῦ
στρατεύματος. 22. καὶ πάντες δ᾽ οἱ τῶν βαρβάρων ἄρχοντες
μέσον ἔχοντες τὸ αὑτῶν ἡγοῦνται, νομίζοντες οὕτω καὶ ἐν
ἀσφαλεστάτῳ εἶναι, ἢν ᾖ ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτῶν ἑκατέρωθεν, καὶ εἴ 25
154 Anabasis I 8.22-29 (pp. 93-95)
τι παραγγεῖλαι χρῄζοιεν, ἡμίσει ἂν χρόνῳ αἰσθάνεσθαι τὸ 1
στράτευμα. 23. καὶ βασιλεὺς δὴ τότε μέσον ἔχων τῆς αὑτοῦ

στρατιᾶς ὅμως ἔξω ἐγένετο τοῦ Κύρου εὐωνύμου κέρατος.
ἐπεὶ δ᾽ οὐδεὶς αὐτῷ ἐμάχετο ἐκ τοῦ ἀντίου οὐδὲ τοῖς αὐτοῦ
τεταγμένοις ἔμπροσθεν, ἐπέκαμπτεν ὡς εἰς κύκλωσιν. 24. ἔνθα 5
δὴ Κῦρος δείσας μὴ ὄπισθεν γενόμενος κατακόψῃ τὸ Ἑλλη-

νικὸν ἐλαύνει ἀντίος· καὶ ἐμβαλὼν σὺν τοῖς ἑξακοσίοις νικᾷ
τοὺς πρὸ βασιλέως τεταγμένους καὶ εἰς φυγὴν ἔτρεψε τοὺς
ἑξακισχιλίους, καὶ ἀποκτεῖναι λέγεται αὐτὸς τῇ ἑαυτοῦ χειρὶ
Ἀρταγέρσην τὸν ἄρχοντα αὐτῶν. 25. ὡς δ᾽ ἡ τροπὴ ἐγένετο, 10
διασπείρονται καὶ οἱ Κύρου ἑξακόσιοι εἰς τὸ διώκειν ὁρμή-

σαντες, πλὴν πάνυ ὀλίγοι ἀμφ᾽ αὐτὸν κατελείφθησαν, σχεδὸν
οἱ ὁμοτράπεζοι καλούμενοι. 26. σὺν τούτοις δὲ ὢν καθορᾷ
βασιλέα καὶ τὸ ἀμφ᾽ ἐκεῖνον στῖφος· καὶ εὐθὺς οὐκ ἠνέ-
σχετο, ἀλλ᾽ εἰπὼν “τὸν ἄνδρα ὁρῶ” ἵετο ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν καὶ παίει 15
κατὰ τὸ στέρνον καὶ τιτρώσκει διὰ τοῦ θώρακος, ὥς φησι

Κτησίας ὁ ἰατρός, καὶ ἰᾶσθαι αὐτὸς τὸ τραῦμά φησι. 27. παίον-
τα δ᾽ αὐτὸν ἀκοντίζει τις παλτῷ ὑπὸ τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν βιαίως·
καὶ ἐνταῦθα μαχόμενοι καὶ βασιλεὺς καὶ Κῦρος καὶ οἱ ἀμφ᾽
αὐτοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑκατέρου, ὁπόσοι μὲν τῶν ἀμφὶ βασιλέα ἀπέ- 20
θνῃσκον Κτησίας λέγει· παρ᾽ ἐκείνῳ γὰρ ἦν· Κῦρος δὲ αὐτός

τε ἀπέθανε καὶ ὀκτὼ οἱ ἄριστοι τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ἔκειντο ἐπ᾽
αὐτῷ. 28. Ἀρταπάτης δ᾽ ὁ πιστότατος αὐτῷ τῶν σκηπτούχων
θεράπων λέγεται, ἐπειδὴ πεπτωκότα εἶδε Κῦρον, καταπηδή-
σας ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου περιπεσεῖν αὐτῷ. 29. καὶ οἱ μέν φασι 25
βασιλέα κελεῦσαί τινα ἐπισφάξαι αὐτὸν Κύρῳ, οἱ δ᾽ ἑαυτὸν

ἐπισφάξασθαι σπασάμενον τὸν ἀκινάκην· εἶχε γὰρ χρυσοῦν
Anabasis I 8.29 – 9.7 (pp. 96-98) 155
καὶ στρεπτὸν δ᾽ ἐφόρει καὶ ψέλια καὶ τἆλλα ὥσπερ οἱ 1
ἄριστοι Περσῶν· ἐτετίμητο γὰρ ὑπὸ Κύρου δι᾽ εὔνοιάν τε

καὶ πιστότητα.
IX.1. Κῦρος μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἐτελεύτησεν, ἀνὴρ ὢν Περσῶν τῶν
μετὰ Κῦρον τὸν ἀρχαῖον γενομένων βασιλικώτατός τε καὶ 5
ἄρχειν ἀξιώτατος, ὡς παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται τῶν Κύρου

δοκούντων ἐν πείρᾳ γενέσθαι. 2. πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἔτι παῖς
ὤν, ὅτ᾽ ἐπαιδεύετο καὶ σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ καὶ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις
παισί, πάντων πάντα κράτιστος ἐνομίζετο. 3. πάντες γὰρ οἱ
τῶν ἀρίστων Περσῶν παῖδες ἐπὶ ταῖς βασιλέως θύραις παι- 10
δεύονται· ἔνθα πολλὴν μὲν σωφροσύνην καταμάθοι ἄν τις,

αἰσχρὸν δ᾽ οὐδὲν οὔτ᾽ ἀκοῦσαι οὔτ᾽ ἰδεῖν ἔστι. 4. θεῶνται δ᾽
οἱ παῖδες καὶ τιμωμένους ὑπὸ βασιλέως καὶ ἀκούουσι, καὶ
ἄλλους ἀτιμαζομένους· ὥστε εὐθὺς παῖδες ὄντες μανθάνουσιν
ἄρχειν τε καὶ ἄρχεσθαι. 5. ἔνθα Κῦρος αἰδημονέστατος μὲν 15
πρῶτον τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν ἐδόκει εἶναι, τοῖς τε πρεσβυτέροις

καὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ὑποδεεστέρων μᾶλλον πείθεσθαι, ἔπειτα δὲ
φιλιππότατος καὶ τοῖς ἵπποις ἄριστα χρῆσθαι· ἔκρινον δ᾽
αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον ἔργων, τοξικῆς τε καὶ ἀκοντί-
σεως, φιλομαθέστατον εἶναι καὶ μελετηρότατον. 6. ἐπεὶ δὲ 20
τῇ ἡλικίᾳ ἔπρεπε, καὶ φιλοθηρότατος ἦν καὶ πρὸς τὰ θηρία

μέντοι φιλοκινδυνότατος. καὶ ἄρκτον ποτὲ ἐπιφερομένην
οὐκ ἔτρεσεν, ἀλλὰ συμπεσὼν κατεσπάσθη ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου,
καὶ τὰ μὲν ἔπαθεν, ὧν καὶ τὰς ὠτειλὰς εἶχεν, τέλος δὲ
κατέκανε· καὶ τὸν πρῶτον μέντοι βοηθήσαντα πολλοῖς μακα- 25
ριστὸν ἐποίησεν. 7. ἐπεὶ δὲ κατεπέμφθη ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς

156 Anabasis I 9.7-14 (pp. 99-101)
σατράπης Λυδίας τε καὶ Φρυγίας τῆς μεγάλης καὶ Καππα- 1
δοκίας, στρατηγὸς δὲ καὶ πάντων ἀπεδείχθη οἷς καθήκει εἰς

Καστωλοῦ πεδίον ἁθροίζεσθαι, πρῶτον μὲν ἐπέδειξεν αὑτόν,
ὅτι περὶ πλείστου ποιοῖτο, εἴ τῳ σπείσαιτο καὶ εἴ τῳ συν-
θοῖτο καὶ εἴ τῳ ὑπόσχοιτό τι, μηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι. 8. καὶ γὰρ 5
οὖν ἐπίστευον μὲν αὐτῷ αἱ πόλεις ἐπιτρεπόμεναι, ἐπίστευον

δ᾽ οἱ ἄνδρες· καὶ εἴ τις πολέμιος ἐγένετο, σπεισαμένου
Κύρου ἐπίστευε μηδὲν ἂν παρὰ τὰς σπονδὰς παθεῖν. 9. τοι-
γαροῦν ἐπεὶ Τισσαφέρνει ἐπολέμησε, πᾶσαι αἱ πόλεις ἑκοῦ-
σαι Κῦρον εἵλοντο ἀντὶ Τισσαφέρνους πλὴν Μιλησίων· 10
οὗτοι δὲ ὅτι οὐκ ἤθελε τοὺς φεύγοντας προέσθαι ἐφοβοῦντο

αὐτόν. 10. καὶ γὰρ ἔργῳ ἐπεδείκνυτο καὶ ἔλεγεν ὅτι οὐκ ἄν
ποτε προοῖτο, ἐπεὶ ἅπαξ φίλος αὐτοῖς ἐγένετο, οὐδ᾽ εἰ ἔτι
μὲν μείους γένοιντο, ἔτι δὲ κάκιον πράξειαν. 11. φανερὸς δ᾽
ἦν καὶ εἴ τίς τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακὸν ποιήσειεν αὐτόν, νικᾶν πει- 15
ρώμενος· καὶ εὐχὴν δέ τινες αὐτοῦ ἐξέφερον ὡς εὔχοιτο

τοσοῦτον χρόνον ζῆν ἔστε νικῴη καὶ τοὺς εὖ καὶ κακῶς
ποιοῦντας ἀλεξόμενος. 12. καὶ γὰρ οὖν πλεῖστοι δὴ αὐτῷ ἑνί
γε ἀνδρὶ τῶν ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἐπεθύμησαν καὶ χρήματα καὶ πόλεις
καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα προέσθαι. 13. οὐ μὲν δὴ οὐδὲ τοῦτ᾽ ἄν 20
τις εἴποι, ὡς τοὺς κακούργους καὶ ἀδίκους εἴα καταγελᾶν,

ἀλλὰ ἀφειδέστατα πάντων ἐτιμωρεῖτο· πολλάκις δ᾽ ἦν ἰδεῖν
παρὰ τὰς στειβομένας ὁδοὺς καὶ ποδῶν καὶ χειρῶν καὶ
ὀφθαλμῶν στερομένους ἀνθρώπους· ὥστ᾽ ἐν τῇ Κύρου ἀρχῇ
ἐγένετο καὶ Ἕλληνι καὶ βαρβάρῳ μηδὲν ἀδικοῦντι ἀδεῶς 25
πορεύεσθαι ὅπῃ τις ἤθελεν, ἔχοντι ὅ τι προχωροίη. 14. τούς γε

μέντοι ἀγαθοὺς εἰς πόλεμον ὡμολόγητο διαφερόντως τιμᾶν.
καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἦν αὐτῷ πόλεμος πρὸς Πισίδας καὶ Μυσούς·
Anabasis I 9.14-20 (pp. 102-104) 157
στρατευόμενος οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς ταύτας τὰς χώρας, οὓς ἑώρα 1
ἐθέλοντας κινδυνεύειν, τούτους καὶ ἄρχοντας ἐποίει ἧς κατε-

στρέφετο χώρας, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ ἄλλοις δώροις ἐτίμα· 15. ὥστε
φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς εὐδαιμονεστάτους, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺς
δούλους τούτων †ἀξιοῦσθαι† εἶναι. τοιγαροῦν πολλὴ ἦν 5
ἀφθονία αὐτῷ τῶν ἐθελόντων κινδυνεύειν, ὅπου τις οἴοιτο

Κῦρον αἰσθήσεσθαι. 16. εἴς γε μὴν δικαιοσύνην εἴ τις φανερὸς
γένοιτο ἐπιδείκνυσθαι βουλόμενος, περὶ παντὸς ἐποιεῖτο τού-
τους †πλουσιωτέρους† ποιεῖν τῶν ἐκ τοῦ ἀδίκου φιλοκερδούν-
των. 17. καὶ γὰρ οὖν ἄλλα τε πολλὰ δικαίως αὐτῷ διεχειρίζετο 10
καὶ στρατεύματι ἀληθινῷ ἐχρήσατο. καὶ γὰρ στρατηγοὶ

καὶ λοχαγοί, οἳ χρημάτων ἕνεκα πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἔπλευσαν,
ἔγνωσαν κερδαλεώτερον εἶναι Κύρῳ †καλῶς πειθαρχεῖν† ἢ
τὸ κατὰ μῆνα κέρδος. 18. ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴ τίς γέ τι αὐτῷ προστά-
ξαντι καλῶς ὑπηρετήσειεν, οὐδενὶ πώποτε ἀχάριστον εἴασε 15
τὴν προθυμίαν. τοιγαροῦν δὴ κράτιστοι ὑπηρέται παντὸς

ἔργου Κύρῳ ἐλέχθησαν γενέσθαι. 19. εἰ δέ τινα ὁρῴη δεινὸν
ὄντα οἰκονόμον ἐκ τοῦ δικαίου καὶ κατασκευάζοντά τε ἧς
ἄρχοι χώρας καὶ προσόδους ποιοῦντα, οὐδένα ἂν πώποτε
ἀφείλετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ πλείω προσεδίδου· ὥστε καὶ ἡδέως ἐπό- 20
νουν καὶ θαρραλέως ἐκτῶντο καὶ †ὃ ἐπέπατο αὖ† τις ἥκιστα

Κῦρον ἔκρυπτεν· οὐ γὰρ φθονῶν τοῖς φανερῶς πλουτοῦσιν
ἐφαίνετο, ἀλλὰ πειρώμενος χρῆσθαι τοῖς τῶν ἀποκρυπτο-
μένων χρήμασι. 20. φίλους γε μήν, ὅσους ποιήσαιτο καὶ εὔνους
158 Anabasis I 9.20-27 (pp. 105-107)
γνοίη ὄντας καὶ ἱκανοὺς κρίνειε συνεργοὺς εἶναι ὅ τι τυγχάνει 1
βουλόμενος κατεργάζεσθαι, ὁμολογεῖται πρὸς πάντων κρά-

τιστος δὴ γενέσθαι θεραπεύειν. 21. καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸ τοῦτο οὗπερ
αὐτὸς ἕνεκα φίλων ᾤετο δεῖσθαι, ὡς συνεργοὺς ἔχοι, καὶ
αὐτὸς ἐπειρᾶτο συνεργὸς τοῖς φίλοις κράτιστος εἶναι τούτου 5
ὅτου αἰσθάνοιτο ἕκαστον ἐπιθυμοῦντα. 22. δῶρα δὲ πλεῖστα

μὲν οἶμαι εἷς γε ἀνὴρ ἐλάμβανε διὰ πολλά· ταῦτα δὲ πάν-
των δὴ μάλιστα τοῖς φίλοις διεδίδου, πρὸς τοὺς τρόπους
ἑκάστου σκοπῶν καὶ ὅτου μάλιστα ὁρῴη ἕκαστον δεόμενον.
23. καὶ ὅσα τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ πέμποι τις ἢ ὡς εἰς πόλεμον ἢ 10
ὡς εἰς καλλωπισμόν, καὶ περὶ τούτων λέγειν αὐτὸν ἔφασαν

ὅτι τὸ μὲν ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα οὐκ ἂν δύναιτο τούτοις πᾶσι κοσμη-
θῆναι, φίλους δὲ καλῶς κεκοσμημένους μέγιστον κόσμον
ἀνδρὶ νομίζοι. καὶ τὸ μὲν τὰ μεγάλα νικᾶν τοὺς φίλους εὖ ποι-
οῦντα οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν, ἐπειδή γε καὶ δυνατώτερος ἦν· τὸ 15
δὲ τῇ ἐπιμελείᾳ περιεῖναι τῶν φίλων καὶ τῷ προθυμεῖσθαι

χαρίζεσθαι, ταῦτα ἔμοιγε μᾶλλον δοκεῖ ἀγαστὰ εἶναι. 25. Κῦ-
ρος γὰρ ἔπεμπε βίκους οἴνου ἡμιδεεῖς πολλάκις ὁπότε πάνυ
ἡδὺν λάβοι, λέγων ὅτι οὔπω δὴ πολλοῦ χρόνου τούτου ἡδίονι
οἴνῳ ἐπιτύχοι· τοῦτον οὖν σοὶ ἔπεμψε καὶ δεῖταί σου τήμε- 20
ρον τοῦτον ἐκπιεῖν σὺν οἷς μάλιστα φιλεῖς. 26. πολλάκις δὲ

χῆνας ἡμιβρώτους ἔπεμπε καὶ ἄρτων ἡμίσεα καὶ ἄλλα τοι-
αῦτα, ἐπιλέγειν κελεύων τὸν φέροντα· “τούτοις ἥσθη Κῦρος·
βούλεται οὖν καὶ σὲ τούτων γεύσασθαι.” 27. ὅπου δὲ χιλὸς
σπάνιος πάνυ εἴη, αὐτὸς δὲ δύναιτο παρασκευάσασθαι διὰ 25
Anabasis I 9.27 – 10.1 (pp. 108-110) 161
τὸ πολλοὺς ἔχειν ὑπηρέτας καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, δια- 1
πέμπων ἐκέλευε τοὺς φίλους τοῖς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα ἄγου-

σιν ἵπποις ἐμβάλλειν τοῦτον τὸν χιλόν, ὡς μὴ πεινῶντες
τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ φίλους ἄγωσιν. 28. εἰ δὲ δή ποτε πορεύοιτο καὶ
πλεῖστοι μέλλοιεν ὄψεσθαι, προσκαλῶν τοὺς φίλους ἐσπου- 5
δαιολογεῖτο, ὡς δηλοίη οὓς τιμᾷ. ὥστε ἐγὼ μέν γε, ἐξ ὧν

ἀκούω, οὐδένα κρίνω ὑπὸ πλειόνων πεφιλῆσθαι οὔτε Ἑλλή-
νων οὔτε βαρβάρων. 29. τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου καὶ τόδε. παρὰ
μὲν Κύρου δούλου ὄντος οὐδεὶς ἀπῄει πρὸς βασιλέα, πλὴν
Ὀρόντας ἐπεχείρησε· καὶ οὗτος δὴ ὃν ᾤετο πιστόν οἱ εἶναι 10
ταχὺ αὐτὸν ηὗρε Κύρῳ φίλτερον ἢ ἑαυτῷ· παρὰ δὲ βασι-

λέως πολλοὶ πρὸς Κῦρον ἀπῆλθον, ἐπειδὴ πολέμιοι ἀλλήλοις
ἐγένοντο, καὶ οὗτοι μέντοι οἱ μάλιστα ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἀγαπώ-
μενοι, νομίζοντες παρὰ Κύρῳ ὄντες ἀγαθοὶ ἀξιωτέρας ἂν
τιμῆς τυγχάνειν ἢ παρὰ βασιλεῖ. 30. μέγα δὲ τεκμήριον καὶ τὸ 15
ἐν τῇ τελευτῇ τοῦ βίου αὐτῷ γενόμενον ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν

ἀγαθὸς καὶ κρίνειν ὀρθῶς ἐδύνατο τοὺς πιστοὺς καὶ εὔνους
καὶ βεβαίους. 31. ἀποθνῄσκοντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ πάντες οἱ περὶ
αὐτὸν φίλοι καὶ συντράπεζοι ἀπέθανον μαχόμενοι ὑπὲρ
Κύρου πλὴν Ἀριαίου· οὗτος δὲ τεταγμένος ἐτύγχανεν ἐπὶ 20
τῷ εὐωνύμῳ τοῦ ἱππικοῦ ἄρχων· ὡς δ᾽ ᾔσθετο Κῦρον

πεπτωκότα, ἔφυγεν ἔχων καὶ τὸ στράτευμα πᾶν οὗ ἡγεῖτο.
X.1. ἐνταῦθα δὴ Κύρου ἀποτέμνεται ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ ἡ χεὶρ ἡ
δεξιά. βασιλεὺς δὲ [καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ] διώκων εἰσπίπτει εἰς

τὸ Κύρειον στρατόπεδον· καὶ οἱ μὲν μετὰ Ἀριαίου οὐκέτι 25
ἵστανται, ἀλλὰ φεύγουσι διὰ τοῦ αὑτῶν στρατοπέδου εἰς

τὸν σταθμὸν ἔνθεν ὡρμῶντο· τέτταρες δ᾽ ἐλέγοντο παρα-
160 Anabasis I 10.1-6 (pp. 111-113)
σάγγαι εἶναι τῆς ὁδοῦ. 2. βασιλεὺς δὲ καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τά 1
τε ἄλλα πολλὰ διαρπάζουσι καὶ τὴν Φωκαΐδα τὴν Κύρου

παλλακίδα τὴν σοφὴν καὶ καλὴν λεγομένην εἶναι λαμβάνει.
3. ἡ δὲ Μιλησία ἡ νεωτέρα ληφθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμφὶ βασιλέα
ἐκφεύγει γυμνὴ πρὸς τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἳ ἔτυχον ἐν τοῖς σκευο- 5
φόροις ὅπλα ἔχοντες καὶ ἀντιταχθέντες πολλοὺς μὲν τῶν

ἁρπαζόντων ἀπέκτειναν, οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτῶν ἀπέθανον· οὐ μὴν
ἔφυγόν γε, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτην ἔσωσαν καὶ τἆλλα, ὁπόσα
ἐντὸς αὐτῶν καὶ χρήματα καὶ ἄνθρωποι ἐγένοντο, πάντα
ἔσωσαν. 4. ἐνταῦθα διέσχον ἀλλήλων βασιλεύς τε καὶ οἱ 10
Ἕλληνες ὡς τριάκοντα στάδια, οἱ μὲν διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽

αὑτοὺς ὡς πάντας νικῶντες, οἱ δ᾽ ἁρπάζοντες ὡς ἤδη πάντες
νικῶντες. 5. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ᾔσθοντο οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες ὅτι βασιλεὺς
σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι ἐν τοῖς σκευοφόροις εἴη, βασιλεὺς δ᾽
αὖ ἤκουσε Τισσαφέρνους ὅτι οἱ Ἕλληνες νικῷεν τὸ καθ᾽ 15
αὑτοὺς καὶ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν οἴχονται διώκοντες, ἔνθα δὴ

βασιλεὺς μὲν ἁθροίζει τε τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ συντάττεται, ὁ δὲ
Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο Πρόξενον καλέσας (πλησιαίτατος γὰρ
ἦν), εἰ πέμποιέν τινας †ἢ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον
ἀρήξοντες†. 6. ἐν τούτῳ καὶ βασιλεὺς δῆλος ἦν προσιὼν πά- 20
λιν, ὡς ἐδόκει, ὄπισθεν. καὶ οἱ μὲν Ἕλληνες στραφέντες

παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς ταύτῃ προσιόντος καὶ δεξόμενοι, ὁ δὲ
βασιλεὺς ταύτῃ μὲν οὐκ ἦγεν, ᾗ δὲ παρῆλθεν ἔξω τοῦ εὐω-
νύμου κέρατος ταύτῃ καὶ ἀπῆγεν, ἀναλαβὼν καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ
Anabasis I 10.6-13 (pp. 114-116) 161
μάχῃ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας αὐτομολήσαντας καὶ Τισσαφέρνην 1
καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ. 7. ὁ γὰρ Τισσαφέρνης ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ

συνόδῳ οὐκ ἔφυγεν, ἀλλὰ διήλασε παρὰ τὸν ποταμὸν κατὰ
τοὺς Ἕλληνας πελταστάς· διελαύνων δὲ κατέκανε μὲν οὐ-
δένα, διαστάντες δ᾽ οἱ Ἕλληνες ἔπαιον καὶ ἠκόντιζον αὐτούς· 5
Ἐπισθένης δὲ Ἀμφιπολίτης ἦρχε τῶν πελταστῶν καὶ

ἐλέγετο φρόνιμος γενέσθαι. 8. ὁ δ᾽ οὖν Τισσαφέρνης ὡς
μεῖον ἔχων ἀπηλλάγη, πάλιν μὲν οὐκ ἀναστρέφει, εἰς δὲ τὸ
στρατόπεδον ἀφικόμενος τὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐκεῖ συντυγχάνει
βασιλεῖ, καὶ ὁμοῦ δὴ πάλιν συνταξάμενοι ἐπορεύοντο. 9. ἐπεὶ 10
δ᾽ ἦσαν κατὰ τὸ εὐώνυμον τῶν Ἑλλήνων κέρας, ἔδεισαν οἱ

Ἕλληνες μὴ προσάγοιεν πρὸς τὸ κέρας καὶ περιπτύξαντες
ἀμφοτέρωθεν αὐτοὺς κατακόψειαν· καὶ ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς ἀνα-
πτύσσειν τὸ κέρας καὶ ποιήσασθαι ὄπισθεν τὸν ποταμόν.
10. ἐν ᾧ δὲ ταῦτα ἐβουλεύοντο, καὶ δὴ βασιλεὺς παραμειψά- 15
μενος εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ σχῆμα κατέστησεν ἀντίαν τὴν φάλαγγα

ὥσπερ τὸ πρῶτον μαχούμενος συνῄει. ὡς δὲ εἶδον οἱ Ἕλ-
ληνες ἐγγύς τε ὄντας καὶ παρατεταγμένους, αὖθις παιανί-
σαντες ἐπῇσαν πολὺ ἔτι προθυμότερον ἢ τὸ πρόσθεν. 11. οἱ
δ᾽ αὖ βάρβαροι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, ἀλλὰ ἐκ πλέονος ἢ τὸ πρό- 20
σθεν ἔφευγον· 12. οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεδίωκον μέχρι κώμης τινός· ἐνταῦθα

δ᾽ ἔστησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες· ὑπὲρ γὰρ τῆς κώμης γήλοφος ἦν,
ἐφ᾽ οὗ ἀνεστράφησαν οἱ ἀμφὶ βασιλέα, πεζοὶ μὲν οὐκέτι,
τῶν δὲ ἱππέων ὁ λόφος ἐνεπλήσθη, ὥστε τὸ ποιούμενον
μὴ γιγνώσκειν. καὶ τὸ βασίλειον σημεῖον ὁρᾶν ἔφασαν 25
αἰετόν τινα χρυσοῦν ἐπὶ πέλτῃ †ἐπὶ ξύλου† ἀνατεταμένον.

13. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθ᾽ ἐχώρουν οἱ Ἕλληνες, λείπουσι δὴ καὶ
162 Anabasis I 10.13-19 (pp. 117-119)
τὸν λόφον οἱ ἱππεῖς· οὐ μὴν ἔτι ἁθρόοι ἀλλ᾽ ἄλλοι ἄλλοθεν· 1
ἐψιλοῦτο δ᾽ ὁ λόφος τῶν ἱππέων· τέλος δὲ καὶ πάντες

ἀπεχώρησαν. 14. ὁ οὖν Κλέαρχος οὐκ ἀνεβίβαζεν ἐπὶ τὸν
λόφον, ἀλλ᾽ ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν στήσας τὸ στράτευμα πέμπει Λύκιον
τὸν Συρακόσιον καὶ ἄλλον ἐπὶ τὸν λόφον καὶ κελεύει κατι- 5
δόντας τὰ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λόφου τί ἐστιν ἀπαγγεῖλαι. 15. καὶ ὁ

Λύκιος ἤλασέ τε καὶ ἰδὼν ἀπαγγέλλει ὅτι φεύγουσιν ἀνὰ
κράτος. 16. σχεδὸν δ᾽ ὅτε ταῦτα ἦν καὶ ἥλιος ἐδύετο. ἐνταῦθα
δ᾽ ἔστησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες καὶ θέμενοι τὰ ὅπλα ἀνεπαύοντο·
καὶ ἅμα μὲν ἐθαύμαζον ὅτι οὐδαμοῦ Κῦρος φαίνοιτο οὐδ᾽ 10
ἄλλος ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ οὐδεὶς παρῄει· οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνη-

κότα, ἀλλ᾽ εἴκαζον ἢ διώκοντα οἴχεσθαι ἢ καταληψόμενόν
τι προεληλακέναι· 17. καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐβουλεύοντο εἰ αὐτοῦ μείναντες
τὰ σκευοφόρα ἐνταῦθα ἄγοιντο ἢ ἀπίοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατό-
πεδον. ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς ἀπιέναι· καὶ ἀφικνοῦνται ἀμφὶ δορ- 15
πηστὸν ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνάς. 18. ταύτης μὲν τῆς ἡμέρας τοῦτο τὸ
τέλος ἐγένετο. καταλαμβάνουσι δὲ τῶν τε ἄλλων χρημάτων
τὰ πλεῖστα διηρπασμένα καὶ εἴ τι σιτίον ἢ ποτὸν ἦν, καὶ
τὰς ἁμάξας μεστὰς ἀλεύρων καὶ οἴνου, ἃς παρεσκευάσατο
Κῦρος, ἵνα εἴ ποτε σφόδρα τὸ στράτευμα λάβοι ἔνδεια, 20
διαδιδοίη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν (ἦσαν δ᾽ αὗται τετρακόσιαι, ὡς

ἐλέγοντο, ἅμαξαι), καὶ ταύτας τότε οἱ σὺν βασιλεῖ διήρ-
πασαν. 19. ὥστε ἄδειπνοι ἦσαν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν Ἑλλήνων·
ἦσαν δὲ καὶ ἀνάριστοι· πρὶν γὰρ δὴ καταλῦσαι τὸ στρά-
τευμα πρὸς ἄριστον βασιλεὺς ἐφάνη. ταύτην μὲν οὖν τὴν 25
νύκτα οὕτω διεγένοντο.

Glossary
164 Nouns and Pronouns
Declensions
ἡ κρήνη, τῆς κρήνης - spring ὁ ἀγρός, τοῦ ἀργοῦ - field ὁ παῖς, τοῦ παιδός - child
Nom. ἡ κρήνη αἱ κρῆναι ὁ ἀγρός οἱ ἀγροί ὁ παῖς οἱ παῖδ-ες
Gen. τῆς κρήνης τῶν κρηνῶν τοῦ ἀγροῦ τῶν ἀγρῶν τοῦ παιδ-ός τῶν παίδ-ων
Dat. τῇ κρήνῃ ταῖς κρήναις τῷ ἀγρῷ τοῖς ἀγροῖς τῷ παιδ-ί τοῖς παι-σί́(ν)
Acc. τὴν κρήνην τὰς κρήνᾱς τὸν ἀγρόν τοὺς ἀγρούς τὸν παῖδ-α τοὺς παῖδ-ας
Voc. ὦ κρήνη ὦ κρήναι ὦ ἀγρέ ὦ ἀγροί
Personal Pronouns
Nom. ἐγώ I ἡµεῖς we
Gen. ἐµοῦ µου my ἡµῶν our
Dat. ἐµοί µοι to me ἡµῖν to us
Acc. ἐµέ me ἡµᾶς us
Nom. σύ you ὑµεῖς you
Gen. σοῦ σου your ὑµῶν your
Dat. σοί σοι to you ὑµῖν to you
Acc. σέ you ὑµᾶς you
Nom. αὐτός (himself) αὐτή (herself) αὐτό (itself)
Gen. αὐτοῦ his αὐτῆς her αὐτοῦ its
Dat. αὐτῷ to him αὐτῇ to her αὐτῷ to it
Acc. αὐτόν him αὐτήν her αὐτό it
Nom. αὐτοί (themselves) αὐταί (themselves) αὐτά (themselves)
Gen. αὐτῶν their αὐτῶν their αὐτῶν their
Dat. αὐτοῖς to them αὐταῖς to them αὐτοῖς to them
Acc. αὐτούς them αὐτᾱ́ς them αὐτά them
Relative Pronoun – who, which, that

m. f. n. m. f. n.
Nom. ὅς ἥ ὅ οἵ αἵ ἅ
Gen. οὗ ἧς οὗ ὧν ὧν ὧν
Dat. ᾧ ᾗ ᾧ οἷς αἷς οἷς
Acc. ὅν ἥν ὅ οὕς ἅς ἅ
Indefinite Relative Pronoun – whoever, anyone who; whatever, anything which

Nom. ὅστις ἥτις ὅτι (ὅ τι)
Gen. οὗτινος (ὅτου) ἧστινος οὗτινος (ὅτου)
Dat. ὧτινι (ὅτῳ) ἧτινι ὧτινι (ὅτῳ)
Acc. ὅντινα ἥντινα ὅτι (ὅ τι)
Nom. οἵτινες αἵτινες ἅτινα
Gen. ὧντινων (ὅτων) ὧντινων ὧντινων (ὅτων)
Dat. οἷστισιν (ὅτοις) αἷστισιν οἷστισιν (ὅτοις)
Acc. οὕστινας ἅστινας ἅτινα
Correlative Adverbs and Pronouns 165
Correlative Adverbs and their Frequencies in Anabasis Book 1
Interrogative Indefinite Demonstrative Relative Indefinite Relative

ποῦ που 1 time ἐνθάδε here οὗ 2 times ὅπου 5
where? somewhere ἐκεῖ 5 there where where(ver)
(I suppose)
ποῖ ποι δεῦρο 3 οἷ ὅποι
to where? to somewhere to here to where to where(ver)
ἐκείσε to there
πόθεν ποθεν ἐνθένδε ὅθεν 2 ὁπόθεν
from where? from anywhere from here from where from where(ver)
(ἐ)κεῖθεν
from there
πότε ποτέ 6 τότε 10 ὅτε 6 ὅπότε 4
when? at some time at that time, when when(ever)
ever, then then ὅταν
πῇ πῄ τῇ τῇδε 1 ταύτῃ ᾗ1 ὅπῃ 3

which way? some way in this way in which way in which way
πῶς 1 πως 1 ὦδε 4, οὕτως 13 ὡς 82 ὅπως 13

how? somehow thus, so how, as how(ever)
in this way ὡσπερ 14 ὁπωσοῦν
as if, just as howsoever
Correlative Pronouns and their Frequencies in Anabasis Book 1
Interrogative Indefinite Demonstrative Relative Indefinite Relative

τίς, τί 4 times τις, τι 75 ὅδε 5 οὗτος 173 ὅς, ἥ, ὅ 73 ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι 8
who, what? someone/thing this who, which anyone who,
anyone/thing (ἐ)κεῖνος 21 whoever
there ὅστισ-οῦν
whosoever, what-
πότερος 1 ποτερος ἕτερος 2 ὁπότερος ὁπότερος
which of two? one of two one (of two) which of two whichever of two
ὁπότεροσ-οῦν1
whichsoever of two
πόσος ποσός τοσόσδε ὅσος 9 ὁπόσος 4
how much? of some amount so much/many as much/ of whatever size/
τοσοῦτος 5 many as number
so much/many ὅσοσπερ 1
ποῖος ποιός τοιόσδε 3 οἷος 4 ὁποῖος
of what sort? of some sort such, this sort of which sort, of whatever sort
τοιοῦτος 5 such as, as
such οἷοσπερ 1
πηλίκος πηλικος τηλικόσδε ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος

how old/large? of some age, τηλικοῦτος of which age, of whatever age/
size of such an age, size size
size
166 Verb Synopsis (Attic)
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα, λέλυµαι, ἐλύθην: loosen, ransom
PRESENT FUTURE
Active Middle/Pass. Active Middle Passive
λύω λύοµαι λύσω λύσοµαι λυθήσοµαι

Primary Indicative
λύεις λύε(σ)αι λύσεις λύσε(σ)αι λυθήσε(σ)αι

λύει λύεται λύσει λύσεται λυθήσεται
λύοµεν λυόµεθα λύσοµεν λυσόµεθα λυθησόµεθα
λύετε λύεσθε λύσετε λύσεσθε λυθήσεσθε
λύουσι(ν) λύονται λύσουσι(ν) λύσονται λυθήσονται
ἔλυον ἐλυόµην
ἔλυες ἐλύε(σ)ο
Secondary
Indicative
ἔλυε(ν) ἐλύετο
ἐλύοµεν ἐλυόµεθα
ἐλύετε ἐλύεσθε
ἔλυον ἐλύοντο
λύω λύωµαι
λύῃς λύῃ
Subjunctive
λύῃ λύηται
λύωµεν λυώµεθα
λύητε λύησθε
λύωσι(ν) λύωνται
λύοιµι λυοίµην λύσοιµι λυσοίµην λυθησοίµην

λύοις λύοιο λύσοις λύσοιο λυθήσοιο
Optative
λύοι λύοιτο λύσοι λύσοιτο λυθήσοιτο

λύοιµεν λυοίµεθα λύσοιµεν λυσοίµεθα λυθησοίµεθα
λύοιτε λύοισθε λύσοιτε λύσοισθε λυθήσοισθε
λύοιεν λύοιντο λύσοιεν λύσοιντο λυθήσοιντο
λῦε λύε(σ)ο
Imp
λύετε λύεσθε
λύων, λυόµενος, λύσων, λυσόµενος, λυθησόµενος,

Pple
λύουσα, λυοµένη, λύσουσα, λυσοµένη, λυθησοµένη,

λύον λυόµενον λύσον λυσόµενον λυθησόµενον
λύειν λύεσθαι λύσειν λύσεσθαι λυθήσεσθαι

Inf.
2nd sg. mid/pass -σ is often dropped except in pf. and plpf. tenses: ε(σ)αι à ῃ,ει ε(σ)ο à ου
Verb Synopsis (Attic) 167
AORIST PERFECT
Active Middle Passive Active Middle/Passive
λέλυκα λέλυµαι
Primary Indicative
λέλυκας λέλυσαι
λέλυκε λέλυται
λελύκαµεν λελύµεθα
λέλύκατε λελύσθε
λελύκασι(ν) λελύνται
ἔλυσα ἐλυσάµην ἐλύθην ἐλελύκη ἐλελύµην
Secondary Indicative
ἔλυσας ἐλύσα(σ)ο ἐλύθης ἐλελύκης ἐλέλυσο
ἔλυε(ν) ἐλύσατο ἐλύθη ἐλελύκει ἐλέλυτο
ἐλύσαµεν ἐλυσάµεθα ἐλύθηµεν ἐλελύκεµεν ἐλελύµεθα
ἐλύσατε ἐλύσασθε ἐλύθητε ἐλελύκετε ἐλελύσθε
ἔλυσαν ἐλύσαντο ἐλύθησαν ἐλελύκεσαν ἐλέλυντο
λύσω λυσώµαι λυθῶ λελύκω λελυµένος ὦ

λύσῃς λύσῃ λυθῇς λελύκῃς —— ᾖς
Subjunctive
λύσῃ λύσηται λυθῇ λελύκῃ —— ᾖ
λύσωµεν λυσώµεθα λυθῶµεν λελύκωµεν —— ὦµεν
λύσητε λύσησθε λυθῆτε λελύκητε —— ἦτε
λύσωσι(ν) λύσωνται λυθῶσι(ν) λελύκωσι(ν) —— ὦσιν
λύσαιµι λυσαίµην λυθείην λελύκοιµι λελυµένος εἴην

λύσαις λύσαιο λυθείης λελύκοις —— εἴης
Optative
λύσαι λύσαιτο λυθείη λελύκοι —— εἴη

λύσαιµεν λυσαίµεθα λυθεῖµεν λελύκοιµεν —— εἴηµεν
λύσαιτε λύσαισθε λυθεῖτε λελύκοιτε —— εἴητε
λύσαιεν λύσαιντο λυθεῖεν λελύκοιεν —— εἴησαν
λῦσον λῦσαι λύθητι λέλυσο

Imp
λῡ́σατε λῡ́σασθε λύθητε λέλυσθε
λῡ́σᾱς, λυσάµενος, λύθείς, λελυκώς, λελυµένος,

Pple
λῡ́σᾱσα, λυσαµένη, λυθεῖσα, λελυκυῖα λελυµένη

λῦσαν λυσάµενον λυθέν λελυκός λελυµένον
λῦσαι λῡ́σασθαι λυθῆναι λελυκέναι λελύσθαι

Inf.
Adapted from a handout by Dr. Helma Dik (http://classics.uchicago.edu/faculty/dik/niftygreek)

168 Synopses: δίδωµι, τίθηµι
δίδωµι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδοµαι, ἐδόθην: give 26 times + 5 compound

Present Imperfect Aorist
δίδωµι δίδοµεν ἐδίδουν ἐδίδοµεν ἔδωκα ἔδοµεν

Active
δίδως δίδοτε ἐδίδους ἐδίδοτε ἔδωκας ἔδοτε

δίδωσιν διδόᾱσιν ἐδίδου ἐδίδοσαν ἔδωκεν ἔδοσαν
Imp δίδου δίδοτε δός δότε
Pple διδούς, διδοῦσα, διδόν δούς, δοῦσα, δόν
διδόντος, -ούσης, -όντος δόντος, δούσης, δόντος
Inf. διδόναι δοῦναι, δόµεναι
δίδοµαι διδόµεθα ἐδιδόµην ἐδιδόµεθα ἐδόµην ἐδόµεθα
Middle
δίδοσαι δίδοσθε ἐδίδοσο ἐδίδοσθε ἔδου ἔδοσθε

δίδοται δίδονται ἐδίδοτο ἐδίδοντο ἔδοτο ἔδοντο
Imp δίδου δίδοσθε δοῦ δόσθε
Pple διδόµενος, η, ον δόµενος, η, ον
Inf. δίδοσθαι δόσθαι
τίθηµι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα, τέθειµαι, ἐτέθην: put, place; make 7 + 5 compound
τίθηµι τίθεµεν ἐτίθην ἐτίθεµεν ἔθηκα ἔθεµεν

Active
τίθης τίθετε ἐτίθεις ἐτίθετε ἔθηκας ἔθετε

τίθησιν τιθέᾱσιν ἐτίθει ἐτίθεσαν ἔθηκεν ἔθεσαν
Imp τίθει τίθετε θές θέτε
Pple τιθείς, τιθεῖσα, τιθέν θείς, θεῖσα, θέν
τιθέντος, -εῖσης, -έντος θέντος, θεῖσα, θέντος
Inf. τιθέναι θεῖναι
τίθεµαι τιθέµεθα ἐτιθέµην ἐτιθέµεθα ἐθέµην ἐθέµεθα
Middle
τίθεσαι τίθεσθε ἐτίθεσο ἐτίθεσθε ἔθου ἔθεσθε

τίθεται τίθενται ἐτίθετο ἐτίθεντο ἔθετο ἔθεντο
Imp τίθεσο τίθεσθε θοῦ θέσθε
Pple τιθέµενος, η, ον θέµενος, η, ον
Inf. τίθεσθαι θέσθαι
Synopses: ἵηµι, ἵστηµι 169
3 times + 4 compound
ἵηµι, ἥσω, ἧκα, εἷκα, εἷµαι, εἵθην: send, release, let go
ἵηµι ἵεµεν ἵην ἵεµεν ἧκα εἷµεν

Active
ἵης ἵετε ἵεις ἵετε ἧκας εἷτε

ἵησιν ἱᾶσι ἵει ἵεσαν ἧκεν εἷσαν
Imp ἵει ἵετε ἕς ἕτε
Pple ἱείς, ἱεῖσα, ἱέν εἵς, εἷσα, ἕν
ἵεντος, ἱείσης, ἵεντος ἕντος, εἵσης, ἕντος
Inf. ἱέναι, epic ἰέµεναι εἷναι
ἵεµαι ἱέµεθα ἱέµην ἱέµεθα εἵµην εἵµεθα
Middle
ἵεσαι ἵεσθε ἵεσο ἵεσθε εἷσο εἷσθε

ἵεται ἵενται ἵετο ἵεντο εἷτο εἷντο
Imp ἵεσο ἵεσθε οὗ ἕσθε
Pple ἱέµενος, η, ον ἕµενος, η, ον
Inf. ἵεσθαι ἕσθαι
ἵστηµι, στήσω, ἔστην, ἕστηκα, ἕσταµαι, ἐστάθην: stand, stop 11 + 14 compound

Present 1st Aorist (transitive) Aorist (intransitive)
ἵστηµι ἵσταµεν ἔστησα ἐστήσαµεν ἔστην ἔστηµεν

Active
ἵστης ἵστατε ἔστησας ἐστήσατε ἔστης ἔστητε

ἵστησιν ἱστᾶσιν ἔστησε ἔστησαν ἔστη ἔστ(ησ)αν
Imp ἵστη ἵστατε στῆσον στήσατε στῆθι στῆτε
Pple ἱστάς, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάν στήσας, ᾶσα, άν στάς, στᾶσα, στάν
ἱστάντος, ἱστᾶσα, ἱστάντος στάντος στάσης στάντος
Inf. ἱστάναι στῆσαι στῆναι, στήµεναι
ἵσταµαι ἱστάµεθα ἐστησάµην ἐστησάµεθα
Middle
ἵστασαι ἵστασθε ἐστήσω ἐστήσασθε

ἵσταται ἱστανται ἐστήσατο ἐστήσαντο
Imp ἵστασο ἵστασθε στῆσαι στήσασθε
Pple ἱστάµενος, η, ον στησάµενος, η, ον
Inf. ἵστασθαι στήσασθαι
170 Synopses: οἶδα, εἰµί, εἶµι
οἶδα: to know (pf. with pres. sense) 17 times + 1 compound

Perfect Pluperfect
οἶδα ἴσµεν ᾔδη ᾖσµεν
Active
οἶσθα ἴστε ᾔδησθα ᾖστε

οἶδε ἴσᾱσι ᾔδει ᾖσαν
Imp ἴσθι ἴστε
Pple εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα, εἰδός
εἰδότος, εἰδυίᾱς, εἰδότος
Inf. εἰδέναι
εἰδῶ εἰδῶµεν εἰδείην εἰδεῖµεν
subj/opt
εἰδῇς εἰδῆτε εἰδείης εἰδεῖτε

εἰδῇ εἰδῶσι εἰδείη εἰδεῖεν
εἰµί (to be)
Present Imperfect
εἰµί ἐσµέν ἦ, ἦν ἦµεν
Active
εἶ ἐστέ ἦσθα ἦτε

ἐστίν εἰσίν ἦν ἦσαν
Imp ἴσθι ἔστε
Pple ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν
ὄντος, οὔσης, ὄντος
Inf. εἶναι
ὦ ὦµεν εἴην εἶµεν
subj/op
ᾖς ἦτε εἴης εἶτε

t
ᾖ ὦσιν εἴη εἶεν

εἶµι (to go; pres. indicate used as the fut. of ἔρχοµαι )
Present Imperfect
εἶµι ἴµεν ᾖα ᾗµεν
Active
εἶ ἴτε ἦεισθα ᾖτε

εἶσι ἴᾱσιν ᾖειν ᾖσαν
Imp ἴθι ἴτε
Pple ἰών, ἰοῦσα, ἰόν
ἰόντος, ἰούσης, ἰόντος
Inf. ἰέναι
ἴω ἴωµεν ἴοιµι ἴοιµεν
subj/opt
ἴῃς ἴητε ἴοις ἴοιτε

ἴῃ ἴωσιν ἴοι ἴοιεν
171
Xenophon’s Anabasis Book I:

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List
The following is an alphabetized list of all words that occur eight or more times in
Xenophon’s Anabasis Book I. This list complements a running vocabulary list of the
same words in the introduction. The number of occurrences, indicated at the end of
the dictionary entry, were tabulated by the author.
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα, ἦγµαι, ἤχθην: to lead, to bring, to carry, to convey, 16
ἀδελφός, ὁ: a brother, 9
ἀ-δικέω, ἀδικήσω , ἠδίκησα, ἠδίκηκα, ἠδίκηµαι, ἠδικήθην: to be unjust, do wrong, injure, 9
αἱρέω, αἱρήσω, εἷλον, ᾕρηκα, ᾕρηµαι, ᾑρέθην: seize, take; mid. choose, 10
αἰσθάνοµαι, αἰσθήσοµαι, ᾐσθόµην,, ᾔσθηµαι, : perceive, feel, learn, realize, 8
ἀκούω, ἀκούσοµαι, ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, ἠκούσθην: to hear, listen to, 22
ἀλλά: but, yet, 39
ἄλλος, -η, -ο: other, one...another, 59
ἅµαξη, ἡ: a wagon, cart, 8
ἀµφί: on both sides, 14
ἄν: modal adv., 42
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ: a man, 30
ἄνθρωπος, ὁ: human being, person, 10
ἅπας, ἅπασα, ἅπαν: every, quite all, 8
ἀπ-έρχοµαι, -ειµι, -ηλθον, -έληλυθα,, : to go away, depart, 18
ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 17
ἄριστος, -η, -ον: best, most excellent, 10
ἅρµα, τό: a chariot, 9
ἄρχω, ἄρξω, ἦρξα, ἦρχα, ἦργµαι, ἢρχθην: to begin; to rule, be leader of, 20
αὖ: again, once more; further, moreover, 8
αὐτός, -ή, -ό: -self; he, she, it; the same, 203
ἀπ-ικνέοµαι, ἀφίξοµαι, ἀφικόµην, --, ἀφῖγµαι, --: to come, arrive, 9
βαρβαρικός, -η, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 9
βάρβαρος, -α, -ον: foreigner, barbarian, 18
βασίλειον, τό: palace, 10
βασιλεύς, ὁ: a king, chief, 73
βουλεύω, βουλεύσω, ἐβούλευσα,,, ἐβουλεύθην: to deliberate, plan, take counsel, 9
βούλοµαι, βουλήσοµαι,,, βεβούληµαι, ἐβουλήθην: wish, be willing, desire, 19
γάρ: for, since, 59
γε: at least, at any rate; indeed, 17
γίγνοµαι, γενήσοµαι, ἐγενόµην, γέγονα: to come to be, become, be born, 41
δέ: but, and, on the other hand, 405
δέκα: ten, 8
δεξιός, -ά, -όν: on the right hand or side, 9
δέοµαι: lack, need, want; ask for (+ gen.) 8
172 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List
δή: indeed, surely, really, certainly, just, 35

διά: through (+ gen.) on account of, because of (+ acc.), 35
δια-βαίνω, -βήσοµαι, -έβην, -βέβηκα: to walk across, pass over; cross 11
δίδωµι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδοµαι, ἐδόθην: to give, offer, grant, provide, 26
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα,, ἐδιώχθην: to pursue, follow; prosecute, 13
δοκέω, δόξω, ἔδοξα, δέδογµαι: to seem (good), think, imagine, 28
δύναµαι, δυνήσοµαι,,, δεδύνηµαι, ἐδυνήθην: to be able, can, be capable, 14
δύο: two, 13
ἐάν (ἤν, κἄν, ἄν): εἰ ἄν, if (+ subj.), 18
ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, her-, it-, thems-, 44
ἐγώ: I, 51
ἐθέλω, ἐθελήσω, ἠθέλησα, ἠθέληκα: to be willing, wish, desire, 10
εἰ: if, whether, 38
εἶδον: aor. of ὁράω
εἴκοσι: twenty, 12
εἰµί, ἔσοµαι: to be, exist, 182
εἶπον: aor. of λέγω
εἰς (ἐς): into, to, in regard to (+ acc.), 89
εἷς, µία, ἕν: one, single, alone, 8
ἐκ, ἐξ: out of, from (+ gen.), 32
ἔκαστος, -η, -ον: each, every one, 14
ἐκ-βάλλω βαλῶ, έβαλον, βέβληκα, βέβληµαι, εβλήθην: throw out of, cast away, 2
ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 21
ἐλαύνω, ἐλάσω, ἤλασα: to march, ride, drive, 9
Ἕλλην, Ἕλληνος, ὁ: Greek, 55
Ἑλληνικός, -ή, -όν, ὁ: Greek, Hellenic, 11
ἐν: in, on, among. (+ dat.), 70
ἔνθα: here, there, 9
ἐνταῦθα: here, hither, there, thither, then, 37
ἐντεῦθεν: from here, from there, 24
ἐξ-ελαύνω, -ελάσω, -ήλασα: march out, ride out, drive out, 24
ἐπεί: when, after, since, because, 35
ἐπί: near (gen.), to, toward (acc); near, at, 69
ἐπι-δείκνυµι, -δέξω, -έδεξα, -δέδεχα,, -εδέχθην: to indicate, point out, prove, 8
ἕποµαι, ἕψοµαι, ἑσπόµην: to follow, accompany, escort, 12
ἔρχοµαι, εἶµι, ἦλθον, ἐληλυθα: to come or go, 28
ἔτι: still, besides, further, 14
εὖ: well, 9
εὐ-δαίµων, -ον: happy, fortunate, blessed, 9
εὐ-ώνυµος, -ον: of good name; left (side), 12
εὖρος, τό: breadth, width, 13
Εὐφρήτης, ὁ: Euphrates, 9
ἔχω, ἕξω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα: have, possess; be able; be disposed, 71
ἤ: or (either...or); than, 37
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 173
ἤδη: already, now, at this time, 10

ἥκω, ἥξω: to have come, be present, 12
ἡµεῖς: we, 26
ἡµέρα, ἡ: day, 27
θάλαττα, ἡ: the sea, 8
ἱππεύς, ὁ: a horseman, cavalry, 21
ἵππος, ὁ: a horse, 16
ἵστηµι, στήσω, ἔστησα, ἓστηκα, ἕσταµαι, ἐστάθην: make stand, set up, stop, 11
καί: and, also, even, too, 562
κακός, -ή, -όν: bad, base, cowardly, evil, 9
καλέω, καλέω, ἐκάλεσα, κέκληκα, κέκληµαι, ἐκλήθην: to call, summon, invite, 10
κατά: down from (+ gen.), down, down along (+ acc.), 21
κελεύω, κελεύσω, ἐκέλευσα, κεκέλευκα, κεκέλευσµαι, ἐκελεύσθην: to bid, order, command, 23
Κιλικία, ἡ: Cilicia, 9
Κίλιξ (Κίλισσα), Κίλικος, ὁ: Cilician, 14
Κλέαρχος, ὁ: Clearchus, 35
Κῦρος, ὁ: Cyrus, 171
λαµβάνω, λήψοµαι, ἔλαβον,,, ἐλήφθην: to take, receive, catch, grasp, 39
λέγω, λέξω (ἐρέω), ἔλεξα (εἶπον), εἰλοχα, ἐλέγην: to say, speak; gather, 63
µάλιστα: most of all; certainly, especially, 8
µάχη, ἡ: battle, fight, combat, 13
µάχοµαι, µαχοῦµαι, ἐµαχεσάµην: to fight, contend, quarrel, dispute 14
µέγας, µεγάλη, µέγα: big, great, important, 22
µέν: on the one hand, 101
µέντοι: however, nevertheless; certainly, 8
µένω, µενῶ, ἔµεινα, µεµένηκα: to stay, remain, 21
Μένων, Μένωνος ὁ: Meno, 15
µέσος, - η, -ον: middle, in the middle of, 20
µετά: with (+ gen.); after (+ acc.), 20
µή: not, lest, 29
νικάω: to conquer, defeat, win; outdo, 11
νοµίζω: to believe, think, deem, 15
ὁδός, ἡ: road, way, path, journey, 9
οἶδα, εἴσοµαι, ᾔδη: to know, 17
οἰκέω, οἰκήσω, ᾤκησα, ᾤκηκα, ᾤκηµαι, ᾠκήθην: to inhabit, dwell, live, 14
οἴοµαι (οἶµαι), οἰήσοµαι, --, --, ᾠήθην: to suppose, think, imagine, 12
ὁπλίτης, -ου ὁ: hoplite, armed soldier, 20
ὅπλον, τό: a tool, implement; arms, 12
ὅπως: how, in what way; so that, 13
ὁράω, ὄψοµαι, εἶδον, ἑώρακα, ὤφθην: to see, look, behold, 28
Ὀρόντας, ὁ: Orontas, 13
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which, that, 73
174 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List
ὅσος, -η, -ον: as many as; all who, all which 9

ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whoever, which-, whatever, 8
ὅτι: that; because, 51
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ: not, 76
οὔ-τε: and not, neither...nor , 18
οὐδέ: and not, but not, nor, not even, 19
οὐδ-είς, οὐδε-µία, οὐδ-έν: no one, nothing, 28
οὖν: and so, then; at all events, 32
οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this, these, 173
οὕτως: in this way, thus, so, 13
παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ: child, boy, girl; slave, 8
πάλιν: again, once more; back, backwards, 11
παρά: from, at, to the side of, in respect to, 38
παρ-αγγέλλω, -αγγελέω, -ήγγειλα: to tell, give orders, bid, 8
παρασάγγης, ὁ: parasang (5.7 or 5.3 km), 27
πάρ-ειµι, -έσοµαι: to be near, be present, be at hand, 13
πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν: every, all, the whole, 46
πεδίον, τό: plain, 11
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπιθον, πέποιθα, πέπεισµαι, ἐπέισθην: persuade, trust; mid. obey, 12
πελταστής, ὁ: light troop (with light shield) 8
πέµπω, πέµψω, ἔπεµψα, πέποµφα, ἐπέµφθην: send, conduct, convey, dispatch, 13
πέντε: five, 18
περί: around, about, concerning, 21
Πέρσης, -ου, ὁ: a Persian, 10
πιστός -ή -όν:: trusting, loyal; pledges, 10
πλεῖστος, -η, -ον: most, very many, 15
πλήν: except, but (+ gen.), 9
πλοῖον, τό: ship, vessel, 8
ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα, πεποίηκα, πεποίηµαι, ἐποιήθην: to do, make, create, 53
πολεµέω, πολεµήσω, ἐπολέµησα: wage war, make war, (+ dat.), 9
πολέµιος, -α, -ον: hostile, of the enemy, 17
πόλις, ἡ: a city, 32
πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: much, many, 38
πορεύοµαι, πορεύσοµαι, ἐπορευσάµην,,, ἐπορεύθην: to travel, journey, march, 13
ποταµός, ὁ: river, stream 30
πρίν: until, before, 8
πρό: before, in front; in place of (+ gen.), 8
πρός: to (acc.), near, in addition to (dat.), 54
πρόσθεν: before, 12
πρῶτος, -η, -ον: first, earliest, 13
σκηνή, ἡ: tent, 9
σταθµός, ὁ: stage (a day’s travel); weight, 33
στράτευµα, τό: army, expedition, campaign, 44
στρατηγός, ὁ: general, 16
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary List 175
στρατία, ἡ: an army, expedition, land force, 8

στρατιώτης, -ου, ὁ: soldier, 28
σύ: you, 11
Συέννεσις, -ιος, ὁ: Syennesis, 9
σύν: along with, with, together (+ gen.), 31
τάξις, -εως, ἡ: post, position, order, rank; battle array, 10
τάττω, τάξω, ἔταξα, τέταχα, τέταγµαι, ἐτάχθην: arrange, post, station, put in order, 10
ταχύς, εῖα, ύ: quick, swift, hastily, 11
τε: and, both, 51
τέτταρες, -α: four, 12
τις, τι: anyone, anything, someone, something, 75
Τισσαφέρνης, ὁ: Tissaphernes, 20
τότε: then, at that time, 10
τρεῖς, τρία: three, 22
τριάκοντα: thirty, 9
τυγχάνω, τεύξοµαι, ἔτυχον, τετύχηµα: chance upon, get; meet; happen 10
ὑµεῖς: you, 32
ὑπό: by, because of, from (gen) under (dat) 26
φαίνω, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφηνα, πέφασµαι, ἐφάνθην: to show; mid. appear, seem, 9
φεύγω, φεύξοµαι, ἔφυγον, πέφευγα,, : to flee, escape; defend in court, 13
φηµί, φήσω, ἔφησα, (εἴρηκα, εἴρηµαι, ἐρρήθην): to say, claim, assert, 32
φίλος, -α, -ον: friendly, dear; friend, kin, 27
χίλιοι, -αι, -α: a thousand, 8
χρῆµα, -ατος, τό: money, goods, 12
χώρα, ἡ: land, region, country, 17
ὡς: as, thus, so, that; when, since, 82
ὥσπερ: as, just as, as if, 14
ὥστε: so that, that, so as to, 20

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Xenophon’s Anabasis I

Greek Text with Facing Vocabulary and

© 2018 by Geoffrey Steadman

Published by Geoffrey Steadman

Fonts: Times New Roman, GFS Porson, New Athena Unicode

Greek Text and Commentary………………....………………………………...1-119

Greek-Only Text (For Classroom Use)..……………………………………..120-162

Nouns, Pronouns, Correlatives..……………………………………………..164-165

Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make Xenophon’s Anabasis Book 1 as accessible

Better Vocabulary-Building Strategies

One of the virtues of this commentary is that it eliminates time-consuming

Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D.

How to Use this Commentary

Xenophon’s Anabasis I Book I

1 ἀπό: from, away from. (+ gen.), 17

2 ἐκεῖνος, -η, -ον: that, those, 21

6 ἄν: modal adv., 42

12 βασίλειον, τό: palace, 10

29 οἴοµαι (οἶµαι): to suppose, think, imagine, 12

abs. absolute impf. imperfect pl. plural

I.1. Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο, πρεσβύ- 1

τερος μὲν Ἀρταξέρξης, νεώτερος δὲ Κῦρος· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἠσθένει

ἐποίησε, καὶ στρατηγὸν δὲ αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε πάντων ὅσοι ἐς

3. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν 10

Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν

ἀδελφῷ, ἀλλά, ἢν δύνηται, βασιλεύσει ἀντ᾽ ἐκείνου. Παρύ-

ἀντί: instead of, in place of (+ gen.), 7 ἐπι-βουλεύω: to plot or contrive against, 5

βασιλέως πρὸς αὐτὸν πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥστε 1

αὐτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. καὶ τῶν παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ

τατον λάβοι βασιλέα. ὧδε οὖν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν συλλογήν.

Τισσαφέρνους τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι, τότε δὲ 11

ἀφειστήκεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον πᾶσαι πλὴν Μιλήτου· 7. ἐν Μιλήτῳ

στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μίλητον καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θά-

ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 µᾶλλον: more, rather, 6 µήτηρ, ἡ: a mother, 3

Τισσαφέρνους: Tissaphernes’; i.e. 16 καὶ…καὶ…: both…and…

συνέπραττεν αὐτῷ ταῦτα· ὥστε βασιλεὺς τὴν μὲν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν 21

ἐπιβουλὴν οὐκ ᾐσθάνετο, Τισσαφέρνει δ᾽ ἐνόμιζε πολεμοῦντα

ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων. 9. ἄλλο δὲ στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο ἐν

Ἄβυδος, ὁ: Abydus (town) 1 µυρίος, -η, -ον: numberless, countless, 4

21 αὐτῷ: with…; dat. of compound verb 26 γιγνοµένους: pres. mid. pple

ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν 1

χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Χερρονήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ

οὕτω τρεφόμενον ἐλάνθανεν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα. 10. Ἀρίστιππος

αἰτέω: to ask, ask for, beg, 5 οἴκοι: at home, in the house, 4

1 ὁ δὲ: and he; i.e. Cyrus 6 τρεφόµενον ἐλἀνθανεν: was secretly

δίδωσιν αὐτῷ εἰς τετρακισχιλίους καὶ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν, καὶ 11

δεῖται αὐτοῦ μὴ πρόσθεν καταλῦσαι πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιστασιώτας

παραγενέσθαι, ὡς ἐς Πισίδας βουλόμενος στρατεύεσθαι, ὡς

ἀντι-στασιώτης, ὁ: member of the opposing παρα-γίγνοµαι: to be present; arrive, 4

Μιλησίων. καὶ ἐποίουν οὕτως οὗτοι. 21

φασιν ἐποιεῖτο ὡς Πισίδας βουλόμενος ἐκβαλεῖν παντάπασιν

λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ

ἁθροίζω: gather together, muster, 6 Ξενίας, -ου, ὁ: Xenias, 7

21 ἐποίουν: ἐποιε-ον; >ποιέω καὶ τῷ Ἀριστίππῳ…ἀποπέπψαι: dat. and

Relative clauses with Missing Antecedents

ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ξενικοῦ, ἥκειν παραγγέλλει λαβόντα τοὺς 1

ἄλλους πλὴν ὁπόσοι ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις φυλάττειν.

παύσεσθαι πρὶν αὐτοὺς καταγάγοι οἴκαδε. οἱ δὲ ἡδέως ἐπεί-