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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

A lot of people nowadays are engaging into different vices, one of which is smoking. There

are lot of people who smokes, even teenagers or young adults and after smoking smokers just toss

aside the cigarette filters everywhere not knowing it can be recycled. Some of the smokers are

unaware about the consequence that the nature might give us by throwing cigarette filters just

everywhere while walking, little did the humans know that this cigarette filters are one of the

ecological waste because cigarette filters does not dissolve that easily and it can also lead to land

pollution. However this cigarette butts can be recycled and be used as glue, melting process were

done to produce glue from cigarette filters with the use of acetone as solvent.

Most of the Filipinos are cigarette users or smokers, which is according to the users

is one of the reasons to relieve stress because it contains nicotine. Nicotine helps them to calm

down, but unfortunately after using it smokers just throw the cigarette butts anywhere while

walking. This practice often brings discomfort to others because cigarette butts or filters being

non-biodegradable waste does not dissolve that easily. On the other hand cigarette filter can be

used as an alternative glue. It is estimated that about 40 lb. (18.2 kg) per year of glue are used for

every person in America, and it is easy to see how and why when one looks at the extent of uses.

Cigarette filters (Cigarette butts) are specifically designed to absorb vapors and to

accumulate smoke components, filters also prevent tobacco from entering a smoker’s mouth and

provide a mouthpiece that will not collapse as cigarette is smoked. The raw materials for the
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manufacture or cigarette filter is cellulose. It is acetylated, dissolved, and spun as continuous

synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called tow. This tow is opened, plasticized, shaped, and cut

to act as filters. Filters generally have the following components: A “plug” of acetate cellulose

filter tow has 95% of cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate (a plastic), and the balance are

made from paper and rayon. The cellulose acetate tow fibers are thinner than sewing thread, white,

and packer tightly together to create a filter, they can like look like cotton. Other materials have

been tried and rejected in favor of the taste that acetate produces. Filters vary in filtration

efficiency, depending on whether the cigarette is to be “light” or regular.

Cigarette filters are made of a cellulose acetate polymer. The basic raw material used to

manufacture cellulose polymer is purified plant- derived cellulose. Cellulose, the structural

component of the primary cell wall of green plants, makes up to 40 o 50 percent of a tree’s

composition. The most common source of cellulose pulp derived from trees, grown responsibly

managed forests. Polymers are sticky in nature, they are one of the components of glue. Polyvinyl

acetate (PVA, PVAc, poly (ethenyl ethanoate): commonly referred to as wood glue, white glue,

carpenter’s glue, school glue, Elmer’s glue in the US) is an aliphatic rubbery synthetic polymer. It

belongs to the polyvinylesters family. Polyvinyl acetate is basically is one the ingredients used in

making glue which is a kind of Polymer which is also used to make a cigarette filters. Though

cigarette filters are non- biodegradable, with the used of sunlight and acetone, glue can be made.

Glues are common materials found in each classroom. Strikingly, the creation of glue dates

around 200,000 BC, when it was mixed with paint to make cave drawings last longer. Being only

one member of a large class of adhesives, glue works by binding two materials together. It does

this through producing a small surface chemical reaction and bond between the materials. Glue

was the first used to connect materials together for the repair of broken ceramics and statues in
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4000 BCE. Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew,

and other connective tissues from animals could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in

these tissues. The collagen was sticky and was useful for holding things together. Plants have also

been used to produce glues collectively called vegetables glue. These materials are dispersible or

soluble in water and are usually vade from starches that compose many grains and vegetables.

Although there are many ingredients that can be used to make glue such as plants, fish heads,

bones and skin most formulas contain something called polymers which its nature is sticky.

According to C. B. Reyes commercial glue is relatively expensive because of their brand

names and the materials used in making and manufacturing glues are tissues from animals. The

organic compound (CH3)2CO, or acetone, is a translucent flammable liquid that exhibits a high

degree of solvency that is why it can dissolve cigarette filters. Many compounds are soluble when

exposed to acetone. Glue is very common used in homes, offices and schools. Many people just

toss aside a cigarette filters and it can be recycled. Due to the expensiveness and unaffordable of

some glue, many would prefer making homemade glue.

Cigarette butts are the most common litter, as an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are

thrown away every year worldwide. Cigarette butts takes years to degrade, therefore the

researcher’s finds an innovative and alternative way to reduce this litter which of growing year by

year. Cigarette butts will be dissolve in acetone to create glue, which will be used by students for

their activities and projects that will be needing this. On the other hand this not only resolve the

problem in litter but also financially, glue from cigarette filters are less expensive than the

commercial glue, which is usual used by students.

This study aims to develop a product that would serve as an alternative to expensive

commercial glue. The researchers chose this topic for this study because they would like to know
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if cigarette butts and acetone will be an effective ingredients to make an affordable glue. Aside

from making an affordable glue for the students, the researchers aims to reduces the ecological

waste by collecting the cigarette filters that are commonly found in the road or anywhere that

usually take years to degrade and also to help the other students learned how to recycle simple

things that they usually see in their everyday life and hoping that by using it as an alternative glue

it also helps to reduce land pollution. This study also aims to reducing the litter caused by cigarette

filters and also to help the students to be innovative and help them financially by just making glue.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers aims to study the benefits of glue from cigarette filters that can provide a

huge help to the environment and to the community.

Specifically, the study attempts to answer the following questions:

1 .Is the alternative glue from cigarette filters useful in/at:

a. School;

b. House;

c. Office

2. Is it eco- friendly in which it can lead to better environment?

3. What are the perceptions of the users and the critics in terms of:

a. Functions;

b. Production

c. Efficiency;

d. User- friendly

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue contribute?
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Significance of the Study

Pantalan Senior High School. The school will not basically use the glue out of cigarette

filters but they can make it and sell it to the public for a cheap price to be added to the fund of the

school, through this they just don’t earn funds but also reduce the litters caused by the cigarette

filters. Through this study they can start a campaign about collecting cigarette filters near the

school premises and at the same time it can also maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings. Also

the school can also come up to an idea to have a gathering that tackles about how effective glue

from cigarette filters is and how to do it.

Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) Department. Through this study

the department will gain knowledge or an idea about the effectiveness of glue from cigarette filters

and acetone and also it can give them ideas for other researches that is connected to the topic. From

this study the department can form a group that can develop a better or more effective glue from

cigarette filters. In that way they can also help to maintain the cleanliness in the society and near

the school premises. Also they can earn a knowledge about the experiment done through this study,

they can earn a knowledge on what is the component of cigarette filters that makes it capable to

be a glue.

Faculty Members. Being one of the role models of the students, the faculty will have the

opportunity to influence the students in a good way on how they can lessen their expenses by using

the alternative glue out the cigarette filters than using the commercial glue which is usually

expensive. And also to teach them to recycle the cigarette butts by turning it into a glue than just

throwing it away and causing litters in the surroundings.

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Students. Through this study the students will be enlighten and given a knowledge about

the benefits of using innovative and alternative glue, not just to reduce their expenses but also to

reduce the litters in their campuses commonly cause by cigarette butts. The students will also gain

knowledge about the connection between cigarette filters and glue, and the content that the two

have. And also the knowledge on how they can turn cigarette filters to glue.

The Researchers. Through this study proper knowledge will be given and learned by the

researchers about the benefits of the innovative and alternative glue out of cigarette filters. The

researchers were given the chance to understand more what is behind or the reason why cigarette

filters can be turned into glue. They can learned the proper way to make it. They will dwell and

search more about the topic which means they will gain more knowledge like its content,

components. They can also perform it in their homes to reduce their expenses and at the same time

reduce the litters around their houses.

The Future Researchers. This study would give them a primary knowledge about the

benefits of using innovative and alternative glue that they will be needing if they chose a connected

topic. This study will be their basis to their study if they chose a similar topic to the chosen topic

of the researchers. They will gain the prior knowledge that they will be needing for their study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses in assessing the perception of the STEM students of Pantalan Senior

High School regarding the benefits of the innovative and alternative glue from the cigarette filters.

Also it was deemed necessary to use quantitative type of research, owing to its nature. This study

also tackles about how making glue out of cigarette filters will help the society to reduce the litters.
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This study is conducted to determine the extent its benefits not only to the students but also to the

society.

This study is limited to the STEM students of Pantalan Senior High School. Also one of

the limitation of this study is the time allotted for the survey. Aside from this the survey of the

researchers will be performed in the second semester of the school year 2017- 2018.

Definition of terms

ABM- as it is used in the study, ABM is an acronym for Accountancy and Business

Management, wherein the students under the said department were the respondents of this study

in the pilot testing.

-According to the site Edukasyon.ph, ABM stands for The Accountancy and Business

Management strand would focus on the basic concepts of financial management, business

management, corporate operations, and all things that are accounted for.

Acetone- Conceptually it is a flammable liquid that is used as a solvent which dissolves the

cigarette filters.

-From the site of PubChem, acetone is a colorless volatile liquid ketone made by

oxidizing isopropanol, used as an organic solvent and synthetic reagent.

Alternative- in the study, the word alternative was used to indicate that the product is a choice

from the original product which is glue or an option for a greater and not costly for the students.

-According to the Merriam Webster, alternative a choice or course of action that is

mutually exclusive with another.

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Benefits- notionally, benefits is the advantage to the student, it is made to help them in various

ways.

-the information is gathered from dictionary. Com, according to it benefits is an

advantage or profit gained from something.

Cellulose Acetate Polymer- this word had been given to the research as a plant derived cellulose

which made up the cigarette filters.

-It is natural plastic which is manufactured from purified natural cellulose.

Natural cellulose of the appropriate properties is derived primarily from two sources, cotton linters

and wood pulp. This information is collected from www.interplexindia.com.

Cigarette butts- As used in the research the cigarette filter is a part of a cigarette that is thrown

away after smoking it.

- it is specifically designed to absorb vapors and to accumulate smoke components,

filters also prevent tobacco from entering smoker’s mouth and provide a mouthpiece that will not

collapse as cigarette is smoked, the information is gain from the internet.

Ecological Waste- conceptually, it is a solid waste like cigarette filters and other garbage that the

society produces that commonly starts up a pollution.

-From the web, it is an unwanted or unusable materials. Ecological waste is any

substance which is discarded by the society after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of

no use

Glue- as it is used in the study, glue is a sticky liquid used to paste something like paper, and it is

made out of cigarette filters which are dissolve in acetone.

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-according to dictionary.com it is any various strong adhesive substance; especially: a

hard protein chiefly gelatinous substance that absorbs water to form a viscous solution with

strong adhesive properties and that is obtained by cooking down collagenous materials.

Innovative- notionally, it is producing and creating new ideas about the procedure and the

product itself.

- From the dictionary.com innovative is featuring new methods or new ideas: advanced

and original.

STEM- as it is used in the study, STEM is an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics, wherein the students under the said department were the respondents of this study

in the actual survey.

- According to the LiveScience, STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating

students in four specific disciplines – science, technology, engineering and mathematics- in an

interdisciplinary and applied approach. Rather than teach the four disciplines as separate and

discrete subjects, STEM integrates them into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real- world

applications.
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Chapter 2

The Review of Related Literature and Studies

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with a general overview of the previous

research on how cigarette filters can be used gain as glue. The said previous research was discussed

and concluded by the experts, which are deemed to be significantly, associated with the research

about glue from cigarette filters as an alternative and innovative glue and its benefits to the STEM

Students of Pantalan Senior High School (PSHS). This chapter involves the (A) Foreign Literature,

(B) Local Literature, (C) Foreign Studies and (D) Local Studies.

Foreign Literature

It is estimated that about 40 lb. (18.2 kg) per year of glue are used for every person in

America, and it is easy to see how and why when one looks at the extent of uses. Furniture,

plumbing, shoes, books, buildings, and automobiles all use glue in some part of their construction.

Glues are part of the larger family called adhesives. The two classes are distinguished by the fact

that glue comes from organic compounds while adhesives are chemical- based. Adhering materials

called epoxies, caulks, or sealants are also chemical compounds that have special additives to give

them properties suitable for particular jobs or applications. Glue came into when ancient tribes

discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew, and other connective tissues from animals could be

processed to remove collagen, the protein in these tissues. The collagen was sticky and was useful

for holding things together. Milk solids, known as casein, and blood albumin can also be used as

a basis for glue. Dried serum from cow’s blood yields albumin that coagulated (clumps together)

when it is heated and becomes insoluble in water ("Glue." How products are made, Retrieved

January 25, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com).

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Cigarette butts are consistently the most collected items in litter clean-up efforts, which are

a costly burden to local economies. In addition, tobacco waste may be detrimental to our natural

environment. The tobacco industry has conducted or funded numerous studies on smokers’

littering knowledge and behavior, however, non-industry sponsored research is rare. We sought to

examine whether demographics and smokers’ knowledge and beliefs toward cigarette waste as

litter predicts littering behavior. Smokers aged 18 and older (n = 1,000) were interviewed about

their knowledge and beliefs towards cigarette waste as litter. Respondents were members of the

Research Now panel, an online panel of over three million respondents in the United States.

Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to determine factors significantly predictive of

ever having littered cigarette butts or having littered cigarette butts within the past month (p-value

< 0.05). The majority (74.1%) of smokers reported having littered cigarette butts at least once in

their life, by disposing of them on the ground or throwing them out of a car window. Over half

(55.7%) reported disposing of cigarette butts on the ground, in a sewer/gutter, or down a drain in

the past month. Those who did not consider cigarette butts to be litter were over three and half

times as likely to report having ever littered cigarette butts (OR = 3.68, 95%CI = 2.04, 6.66) and

four times as likely to have littered cigarette butts in the past month (OR = 4.00, 95%CI = 2.53,

6.32). Males were significantly more likely to have littered cigarette butts in the past month

compared to females (OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.94). Holding the belief that cigarette butts are

not litter was the only belief in this study that predicted ever or past-month littering of cigarette

waste. Messages in anti-cigarette-litter campaigns should emphasize that cigarette butts are not

just litter but are toxic waste and are harmful when disposed of improperly (Jessica M. Rath,

Rebecca A. Rubenstein, Laurel E. Curry, Sarah E. Shank and JUlia C. Cartwright, 2012).
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Cellulose acetate polymer is used to make a variety of consumer products including

textiles, plastic films, and cigarette filters. A review of degradation mechanisms, and the possible

approaches to diminish the environmental persistence of these materials, will clarify the current

and potential degradation rates of these products after disposal. Various studies have been

conducted on the biodegradability of cellulose acetate, but no review has been compiled which

includes biological, chemical, and photo chemical degradation mechanisms. Cellulose acetate is

prepared by acetylating cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer. Cellulose is readily

biodegraded by organisms that utilize cellulase enzymes, but due to the additional acetyl groups

cellulose acetate requires the presence of esterases for the first step in biodegradation. Once partial

deacetylation has been accomplished either by enzymes, or by partial chemical hydrolysis, the

polymer’s cellulose backbone is readily biodegraded. Cellulose acetate is photo chemically

degraded by UV wavelengths shorter than 280 nm, but has limited photo degradability in sunlight

due to the lack of chromophores for absorbing ultraviolet light. Photo degradability can be

significantly enhanced by the addition of titanium dioxide, which is used as a whitening agent in

many consumer products. Photo degradation with TiO2 causes surface pitting, thus increasing a

material’s surface area which enhances biodegradation. The combination of both photo and

biodegradation allows a synergy that enhances the overall degradation rate. The physical design

of a consumer product can also facilitate enhanced degradation rate, since rates are highly

influenced by the exposure to environmental conditions. The patent literature contains an

abundance of ideas for designing consumer products that are less persistent in the outdoors

environment, and this review will include insights into enhanced degradability designs (Juergen

Puls, Steven A. Wilson and Sirk Holter, 2011).

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Binary blend films of cellulose acetate (CA) with flexible syntheticpolymers including

poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP),and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-

vinyl acetate) [P(VP-co-VAc)] were preparedfrommixed polymer solutions by solvent

evaporation. Thermal analysis by DSC showedthat CA of any degree of substitution (DS) was not

miscible with PVAc, but CAwith DS less than 2.8 was miscible with PVP to form homogeneous

blends. Thestate of mixing in CA/P(VP-co-VAc) blends was affected not only by the DS of CAbut

also by the VP/VAc copolymer composition. As far as CAs of DS<2.8 andP(VP-co-VAc)s with

VP contents more than ca. 25 mol% were used,theCA/copolymer blends mostly showed a miscible

behaviour irrespective of themixing ratio. FT-IR measurements for the miscible blends of CA/PVP

andCA/P(VP-co-VAc) revealed the presence of hydrogen-bonding interactions betweenresidual

hydroxyls of CA and carbonyls of N-vinyl pyrrolidone units, which maybe assumed to largely

contribute to the good miscibility. Cellulose Polymer acetate and Polyvinyl Acetate belong to the

same group of polymers. A polymer is a long molecule that is mostly made up of many similar

repeating units. In the case of polyvinyl acetate, each repeating unit contains an acetate group.

Borax, which is a white powder made up of sodium tetraborate, can react with this acetate group.

Specifically, one molecule of borax can react with acetate groups on two different polyvinyl

acetate molecules (such as those from the glue), creating a bond between the two polyvinyl acetate

molecules. Borax cross-links the polyvinyl acetate molecules together. The more cross-linked

molecules, the larger the polymeric material that is made from the reaction. Additionally, as more

cross-links are made, the more the polymeric material becomes less liquidlike and gains solidity

(Science Buddies, 2012).

Cellulose acetate and Polyvinyl belongs to the same group which is polymers that makes

the cigarette filters more possible to be used and recycled as glue with the use of acetone as solvent.
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It have the characteristic of stickiness in nature. Cigarette filter is made of Cellulose acetate and

glue is made of Polyvinyl Acetate that make it possible.

Melting process were done to produce glue from cigarette filters using acetone as solvent.

It was found out that the glue from cigarette filers has lesser stickiness property than commercial

glue. However, the glue from cigarette filters was able to meet the standard properties of glue. It

was concluded that the use of recycled materials as a substitute of commercial glue for paper

feasible (Cigarette filter as glue , 2016).

Local Literature

Dear EarthTalk: Has anyone ever studied the environmental impact of discarded cigarettes?

I’m constantly appalled at the number of drivers I see pitching their butts out their car windows.–

Ned Jordan, via email

It’s true that littered cigarette butts are a public nuisance, and not just for aesthetic reasons.

The filters on cigarettes-four fifths of all cigarettes have them-are made of cellulose acetate, a form

of plastic that is very slow to degrade in the environment. A typical cigarette butt can take

anywhere from 18 months to 10 years to decompose, depending on environmental conditions.

But beyond the plastic, these filters-which are on cigarettes in the first place to absorb

contaminants to prevent them from going into the lungs-contain trace amounts of toxins like

cadmium, arsenic and lead. Thus when smokers discard their butts improperly-out the car window

or off the end of a pier or onto the sidewalk below-they are essentially tossing these substances

willy-nilly into the environment.

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Studies done by Johns Hopkins University, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) and even the tobacco industry itself show that these contaminants can get into

soils and waterways, harm or kill living organisms and generally degrade surrounding ecosystems.

While the tobacco industry may have its hands full just trying to stay afloat in the

maelstrom of ongoing bad publicity, critics say it should be doing more to prevent cigarette butt

litter. “Just as beverage manufacturers contribute to anti-litter campaigns, and have invested in

public education on litter issues, so too should the tobacco industry,” says Kathleen Register,

founder and executive director of Clean Virginia Waterways, a non-profit that has spearheaded the

fight against cigarette butt litter in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. She adds that cigarette

manufacturers “need to take an active and responsible role in educating smokers about this issue

and devote resources to the cleanup of cigarette litter.”

Register suggests a number of strategies including putting anti-litter messages on all

cigarette packaging and advertisements, distributing small, free portable ashtrays, and placing and

maintaining outdoor ashtrays in areas where smokers congregate. She also suggests putting an

extra tax on cigarette sales, with proceeds going toward anti-litter education efforts and to defray

the costs of cleaning up butts. “Picking up littered cigarette butts costs schools, businesses and

park agencies money,” she says. “By taxing smokers for anti-litter educational efforts, some of the

costs of cleaning up cigarette butts will shift onto smokers.” One way or another, Register hopes,

smokers will learn that the Earth is not one giant ashtray (ENVIRONMENT: Cigarette Filter,

2009).

Glue is the chief topic in this investigatory project. Glue is widely used worldwide. From

schools to offices, from homes to buildings, glue is always present to help in individuals in their
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daily lives. This material can be used in simple works or as an emergency utensil; from torn books

to stripped parts of paper works; this tool is very significant in our lives.

Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue

can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. The first glues

may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later people learned to

make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glue is made from fish

bones, rubber or milk. Simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat flour and water. This

glue will stick pieces of paper together. Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a

work of art made by using glue to stick colored things onto paper.

Some glue can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case the

glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made

using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. These qualities of our project,

the homemade glue, really come in handy to our fellows with problems about toxics in their homes.

This project isn’t only helpful to us, but is also easy to organize in times of financial crisis and

emergencies to come (Abigail, 2014).

Polyvinyl acetate includes all homopolymers and copolymers where the vinyl acetate

content is at least 50%. About 80% of total consumption is used in wood, construction and paper

adhesives, and architectural coatings. Most of the remaining polymers are used in paper and textile

coatings. Almost all of these polymers are made in emulsion form. Copolymers generally consist

of 80–90% vinyl acetate and 10–20% butyl acrylate, ethylene, vinyl versatate, or some other

modifier. Generally, uses are well established and consumption trends mirror those of GNP. In

North America and Western Europe, consumption is expected to grow by 2–2.5% per year during

2016–21. Consumption in Asia is expected to grow by 4–4.5% annually.

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Some polymer types have grown more rapidly than others. Copolymers of vinyl acetate–

ethylene (VAE) have been growing relatively fast since they can be used in architectural coatings

with very low levels of solvent (low volatile organic compounds [VOCs]). Also, consumption in

construction mortars has been growing for bonding larger ceramic tiles to vertical surfaces. The

product can be used in powdered form for easy transport and mixing at the construction site. The

leading producers of these copolymers are Wacker and Celanese, which have been adding capacity

in recent years (IHS Markit, 2017).

Cellulose acetate and triacetate fibers are derived from acetylated cellulose. Cellulose

acetate is used primarily in the production of cigarette filter tow, which is used in the majority of

cigarette filters worldwide. The filter tow helps remove tar and nicotine while maintaining

favorable taste to the smoker. It also provides desired hardness/firmness filter mouth feel; a

uniform, white appearance at the end of an unlighted cigarette; is readily processed; and is cost-

effective. In cellulose acetate textile fibers, the fabrics made provide comfort along with a soft and

good drape, and also have pleatability and ease-of-care characteristics (IHS Markit, 2016).

The economic stability of a nation depends on the availability of the cheap sources of our

products. Products from waste are expected to supply part of the country's economic problem in

the future.

For the sake of cleaner environment and to produce products from waste materials, the

researchers decided to explore the potentials of cigarette filter are glue paste. Cigarette filters are

place in the glass added 15ml of acetone and stir thoroughly. The cigarette filters were also tested

with water. The pastes produced from cigarette filters were compared with other commercial paste.
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Findings of the study showed effective results in the production of glue paste from cigarette

filters. The product was a sticky substance that can be used as a substitute for any commercial glue

paste (Bance, Shayne Amor, 2005).

Foreign Studies

Discarded cigarette butts are a form of non-biodegradable litter. Carried as runoff from

streets to drains, to rivers, and ultimately to the ocean and its beaches, cigarette filters are the single

most collected item in international beach cleanups each year. They are an environmental blight

on streets, sidewalks, and other open areas. Rather than being a protective health device, cigarette

filters are primarily a marketing tool to help sell ‘safe’ cigarettes. They are perceived by much of

the public (especially current smokers) to reduce the health risks of smoking through technology.

Filters have reduced the machine-measured yield of tar and nicotine from burning cigarettes, but

there is controversy as to whether this has correspondingly reduced the disease burden of smoking

to the population. Filters actually may serve to sustain smoking by making it seem less urgent for

smokers to quit and easier for children to initiate smoking because of reduced irritation from early

experimentation. Several options are available to reduce the environmental impact of cigarette butt

waste, including developing biodegradable filters, increasing fines and penalties for littering butts,

monetary deposits on filters, increasing availability of butt receptacles, and expanded public

education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of

their adverse environmental impact. This option may be attractive in coastal regions where beaches

accumulate butt waste and where smoking indoors is increasingly prohibited. Additional research

is needed on the various policy options, including behavioral research on the impact of banning

the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether (Thomas E. Novotny, Kristen Lum, Elizabeth Smith,

Vivian Wang, Richard Barnes, 2009).

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Cigarette butts are the most common form of litter, as an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette

butts are thrown away every year worldwide. Many chemical products are used during the course

of growing tobacco and manufacturing cigarettes, the residues of which may be found in cigarettes

prepared for consumption. Additionally, over 4000 chemicals may also be introduced to the

environment via cigarette particulate matter (tar) and mainstream smoke (Elli Slaughter, Richard

Gersberg, Kayo Watanabe, John Rudolph, Chris Stransky, Thomas Novotny, 2011).

Paste is widely used worldwide. From schools to offices, from homes to buildings, paste is

always present to help individuals in their daily lives. This material can be used in simple works

or as an emergency utensil; from torn books to stripped parts of paper works; this tool is very

significant in our lives. Paste is a thick, soft, moist substance, usually produced by mixing dry

ingredients with liquid. It is a substance which is used to attach light things, such as papers,

together just by rubbing it to one object to the other. This substance has only limited grip when

used for it is not that sticky but is suitable to be used in fastening papers and such (Homemade

Glue, 2014).

A research was done by Mr. Benjamin. Russ of University of California, the reason why

adhesives are sticky because they are eventually high in viscosity liquids that also have some

elastic characteristics. The viscoelastic means that they exhibit some of the characteristics of

liquids, and so they will “wet” a surface to which they are pressed, but because of their elasticity,

they will resist separation when stressed.

Most cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate. Cigarette filters contain twelve

thousand plastic-based fibers, and like many other forms of plastic are not biodegradable.The raw

material for the manufacture of cigarette filters is cellulose (obtained from wood). The cellulose is
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acetylated (i.e. making it into a material called cellulose acetate or simply "acetate" for short),

dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called tow.

Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it

from plant matter and determined its chemical formula. Cellulose was used to produce the first

successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870.

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C 6H 10O 5)n, a polysaccharide

consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose

units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many

forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms. Cellulose

is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that

of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%. Cellulose is mainly used to

produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative

products such as cellophane and rayon. Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood

pulp and cotton.

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula

(CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is a

good solvent for many plastics and some synthetic fibers. It is used for thinning polyester resin,

cleaning tools used with it, and dissolving two-part epoxies and superglue before they harden.

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula

(CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is a

good solvent for many plastics and some synthetic fibers. It is used for thinning polyester resin,

cleaning tools used with it, and dissolving two-part epoxies and superglue before they harden

(Group 6 Grade 9- Democritus, 2014).

 21

Local Studies

A cigarette filter is use to strain the dangerous ingredients of the cigarette. Most of the

Filipinos are smokers or cigarette users, which is one of the reasons that relieves their stress

because it contains nicotine which helps us to calm down, but unfortunately they just throw their

waste anywhere and because of this habit we are challenged to find a way to help our beloved

country on its campaign against improper disposal of garbage. The aim of this research is to find

a cheaper and easily made alternative for glue, because glue is useful product especially to the

students like us, teachers, office workers, and etc (Investigatory project, 2014).

Historically, glue only refers to protein colloids prepared from animal tissues. Glue is

essentially collagen, a protein derived from the skin, bones and connective tissues of cattle and is

an important by product of the meat packing industry. Although there are many ingredients used

to make glue most formulas contains something called polymers which is naturally sticky.

Cigarette filter also known as cigarette butts. It contains hazardous chemical like cadinium,

arsenic and lead. It is made for safer smoking. The row materials for the manufacture or cigarette

filter is cellulose. It is acetylated, dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into

a bundle called tow. This tow is opened, plasticized, shaped, and cut to act as a filter (Cf Glue:

Made from Cigarette Filters, 2017).

A cigarette filters is a components of a cigarette, along with cigarette paper, capsules and

adhesives. The filter may be made from cellulose acetate fiber or activated charcoal (either as a

cavity filter or embedded into the cellulose acetate). Macro porous phenol—formaldehyde resins

and asbestos have also been used in cigarette filters. The acetate and paper modify the particle

retention (filtration), and finely divided carbon modifies the gaseous phase (adsorption). Filters
 22

can reduce “tar” and nicotine smokes= yields up to 50%, with a greater removal rate for other

classes of compounds (e.g., phenols), but are ineffective in filtering toxins such as carbon

monoxide. Most factory- made cigarette are equipped with filter; those who roll their own can buy

them from a tobacconist.

Cellulose acetate is non- toxic, odorless, tasteless, and weakly flammable. It is resistant to

weak acids and is largely stable to mineral and fatty oils as well as petroleum. It is biodegradable

and the raw materials is a renewable natural polymer expected to find application for other uses in

the future. Smoked cigarette butts contains 5-7 mg nicotine (25% of the total cigarette nicotine

content), children ingesting >2 whole cigarettes, 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg/kg of nicotine

should be admitted to a hospital. Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains the water- soluble

smoke constituents, o which many re irritating (acids, alkali, aldehydes, and phenols), while letting

through the lipophilic aromatic compounds (Reyes, 2009).

A lot people nowadays are engaging into different vices, one of which is smoking. There

are a lot of people who smokes and after smoking they just toss aside the cigarette filters or butts

everywhere not knowing that it can be recycled and used. Commercial glue is relatively expensive

because of their brand names and the materials used in making and manufacturing glues are tissues

from animals (Tanya Ticzon, Faith Tolentino, Bianca Vibal, Vanessa Vibar, Dayzzel Villaruel,

2014).

This experiment aims to develop a product that would serve as an alternative to expensive

commercial glue. The reason for the researcher to choose this topic is to know if acetone and

cigarette butts or cigarette filters would be an effective glue. Commercial Glue is relatively

expensive because if their brand names and the materials used in making and manufacturing glues

are tissues from animals. The organic compound (CH3)2CI, or acetone, is a translucent flammable
 23

liquid that exhibits a high degree of solvency that is why it can dissolve cigarette filters. Many

compounds are soluble when exposed to acetone. Glue is very common in homes, school and

offices. Many people toss aside a cigarette filter and it can be recycled and used. Due to the

expensiveness and unaffordable of some glue, many would prefer making home- made glue. Glues

from cigarette filter are affordable and easy to make (Reyes, 2009).

The glue from cigarette filter had gone a several test. It was tested in paper and cloths to

found out what appropriate concentration is effective as glue, at the same time what materials is it

best used. Though it was found out that the glue from cigarette filter has lesser stickiness property

that commercial glue. However, the glue from cigarette filter was able to meet the standard

properties of glue.

Synthesis

This section of the study contains the synthesis of review of literature and studies. It

emphasizes the past studies related to the innovative and alternative glue from cigarette filters and

its benefits.

Synthesis of Literature Reviewed

The literature that the researchers gather will support their claim about the topic. It will

also serve as the guide for this study. The foreign and local literature is somehow related to each

other, tackling about the benefits of innovative and alternative glue from cigarette filters.

Cigarette butts are consistently the most collected items in litter clean- up efforts, which

are costly burden to local economics. The majority (71.4%) of smokers reported having littered

cigarette butts at least once in their life, by disposing of them on the ground or throwing them out

of a car window. Over half (55.7%) reported of disposing of cigarette butts on the ground, in a
 24

sewer/ gutter, or down a drain in the past month. Those who did not consider cigarette butts to be

litter were over three and half times as likely to report having ever littered cigarette butts (OR=

3.68, 95% CI= 2.04, 6.66) and four times as likely to have littered cigarette butts in the past month

(OR= 4.00, 95% CI = 2.53, 6.32).

It is true that littered cigarette filters are public nuisance, and not just for aesthetic reasons.

The filters on cigarette- four fifths of all cigarette have them- are made of cellulose acetate, a form

of plastic that is very slow to degrade in the environment, a typical cigarette butt can take anywhere

form 18 months to 10 years to decompose, depending on environmental conditions.

Cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate belongs to the same group which is polymers that

makes cigarette filters more possible to be used and recycled as glue with the use of acetone as

solvent. It has the characteristics of stickiness in nature, cigarette filters are made of cellulose

acetate and glue are made up of polyvinyl acetate that makes it possible.

Glue is widely used worldwide. From schools to offices, from homes to buildings, glue is

always present to help in individuals in their daily lives. This materials can be used in simple works

or as an emergency utensil; from torn books to tripped parts of paper works; this tool is very

significant in our lives.

Melting process were done to produce glue from cigarette filters using acetone as solvent.

It was found out that glue from cigarette filters has lesser stickiness property than commercial glue.

However, the glue from cigarette filters was able to meet the standard properties of glue. It was

concluded that the use of recycled materials as a substitute of commercial glue for paper feasible.

(Cigarette filter as glue , 2016)

 25

Synthesis of Studies Reviewed

Cigarette butts are the most common form of litter, as an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette

butts are thrown away every year worldwide. Many chemical products are used during the course

of growing tobacco and manufacturing cigarettes, the residues of which may be found in cigarettes

prepared for consumption. Additionally, over 4000 chemicals may also be introduced to the

environment via cigarette particulate matter (tar) and mainstream smoke. (Elli Slaughter, Richard

Gersberg, Kayo Watanabe, John Rudolph, Chris Stransky, Thomas Novotny, 2011)

Most cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate. Cigarette filters contain twelve

thousand plastic-based fibers, and like many other forms of plastic are not biodegradable.The raw

material for the manufacture of cigarette filters is cellulose (obtained from wood). The cellulose is

acetylated (i.e. making it into a material called cellulose acetate or simply "acetate" for short),

dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called tow.

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C 6H 10O 5)n, a polysaccharide

consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose

units.The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp

is approximately 45%. Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller

quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon.

Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula

(CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is a

good solvent for many plastics and some synthetic fibers. It is used for thinning polyester resin,
 26

cleaning tools used with it, and dissolving two-part epoxies and superglue before they harden.

(Group 6 Grade 9- Democritus, 2014)

Historically, glue only refers to protein colloids prepared from animal tissues. Glue is

essentially collagen, a protein derived from the skin, bones and connective tissues of cattle and is

an important by product of the meat packing industry. Although there are many ingredients used

to make glue most formulas contains something called polymers which is naturally sticky.

The glue from cigarette filter had gone a several test. It was tested in paper and cloths to

found out what appropriate concentration is effective as glue, at the same time what materials is it

best used. Though it was found out that the glue from cigarette filter has lesser stickiness property

that commercial glue. However, the glue from cigarette filter was able to meet the standard

properties of glue.

Hypothesis

The result of the study supports the hypothesis that glue from cigarette filters has benefits

to the STEM students of PSHS furthermore the product will be beneficial to the community in

terms of environmental cleanliness because be making the product, the litter caused by cigarette

filters will be lessen that takes years to degrade.

 27

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research presents the research design in terms of research method, research

instruments, sampling technique, research procedure and treatment of materials.

Research Method

The study utilized the quantitative type of research, in which a large sample size is included

where in the objectives are more accurate. It certain numerical data and used structured research

instruments that are used in observing phenomenon. An experimental design is used to determine

whether something causes a particular effect. It supports a hypothesis using statistical analysis and

it is the only research design that can establish cause and effect.

In line with this research use the experimental design. Experimental Design is a blueprint

of the procedure that enables the researchers to test his hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions

about relationship between conceptual frameworks within which the experiment is conducted. The

results and findings of the study should always be compared to the standards. Experimental design

was approached in this study to determine the benefits of the alternative and innovative glue from

cigarette filters to the students and also to the environment

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique that the researchers will use in this study which is entitled “Glue

from cigarette filters: Innovative and Alternative glue for STEM students of PSHS” is the Cluster

sampling. Cluster sampling refers to a type of a sampling method, the researchers divides the

population into separate group, called clusters. From the large group of the whole student body of
 28

PSHS narrowed down to the students of the Academic track and lastly narrowed down into small

group which is the students of the STEM Department. Then, a simple random sample of clusters

is selected from the population. A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in

which each member of subset has an equal probability of being chosen. The researchers conducts

the analysis on data from the sampled clusters.

The researchers used Slovin’s formula, it is used to calculate the desired sample size (n)

given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e) it is computed as

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

Where in n= the sample size

N= total population

e= marginal error.

The marginal error that is used is 3% and the confidence level is 97%. If a sample is taken

from a population, a formula must be used to take into account confidence levels and margins of

error.

N=115 students of STEM Department

e= 3%= .03

n=?

115
𝑛=
1 + (115)(.03)2
 29

115
𝑛=
1 + (115)(. 0009)

115
𝑛=
1 + 0.1035

115
𝑛=
1.1035

𝑛 = 104.21

𝑛 = 105

Therefore the researchers conclude that the respondents needed in this study is 105 students

from the STEM Department of Pantalan Senior High School

Instruments used

For purpose of the study the researchers used a survey form to determine the benefits of

alternative and innovative glue to the STEM students of PSHS.

The main data gathering instruments used in the study was the survey form to determine

the benefits of glue from cigarette filters. The researchers distribute a 21 statement with likert’s

scale to gain the perceptions of the respondents towards the benefits of alternative and innovative

glue. The survey is divided four parts: (1) the alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in

school, home and office; (2) It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment;

(3) What are the perceptions of the user and the critics to the characteristics of it; and (4) What are

the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue can contribute. The survey form is

distributed to the STEM students of PSHS.

 30

The researchers conducted s pilot testing to validate if the constructed questions will

answer the problem in this study.

Research Procedure

Making glue out of cigarette filters requires a lot of work, first the researchers gathered

enough cigarette filters, some of the cigarette filters were find in the streets. And also the

researchers gathered the materials needed which is acetone, which is used as the solvent and a

container. Second the researchers proceed to cleaning the cigarette filters, in cleaning the cigarette

filters first remove the paper that us attached to the cigarette filters then wash it thoroughly. After

washing the cigarette filters dry it under the heat of sun. Cut the filters into tiny pieces for it to

easily dissolved, put it into a clean container. Then the 5 ml of acetone is slowly poured into the

container, then stirred gradually. The container was covered with a tight cap and were shaken for

about 30 seconds.

Treatment of Material

The quantitative research is used to conduct this study, quantitative research is a formal,

objective, systematic process for obtaining quantifiable information about the world. It is presented

in numerical form, and analyzed through the use of statistics. The researchers distribute the survey

questionnaires to 105 students of STEM Department and collected it afterwards. The collected

information were primary data in which the data were original and had been collected primarily

through the survey questionnaires. The collected information were not change or altered, thus the

data were more valid and adequate. The data collected by the researchers is evaluated by tallying

and making graphs and tables. The data used in making the graphs were based on the questions

and statement that the respondents answer.

 31

The researchers does not use a complicated method of statistics. The data gathered and

collected was tabulate, analyze and interpret the researchers used the following statistics tools. The

data collected is arranged according to their percentage. To get the percentage, the formula below

will be used:

𝑅𝑎𝑤 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥100
𝑛

Weighted mean will be used to determine the general answer of the participants of the

study among the indicators presented. To get the weighted mean the formula below will be used:

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛

Where in: f= weight/ scale

x= respondents in a scale

n= sample size

Likert’s scale rating of response will be used to measure the respondent answers by

determining the extent to which they strongly agree or strongly disagree in the particular statement.

The scale will use the following response:

TABLE 1

Likert’s Scale Rating of Response

Scale Range Interpretation

5 4.5- 5.0 Strongly Agree

4 3.5- 4.49 Agree

 32

3 2.5- 3.49 Fairly Agree

2 1.5- 2.49 Disagree

1 1- 1.49 Strongly Disagree

Likert’s scale rating of response will be used to measure the respondent answers by

determining the extent to which they are very satisfied or not. The scale will use the following

response:

TABLE 2

Likert’s Scale Rating of Response

Scale Range Interpretation

5 4.5- 5.0 Very Satisfactory

4 3.5- 4.49 Satisfactory

3 2.5- 3.49 Fairly Satisfactory

2 1.5- 2.49 Fair

1 1- 1.49 Poor

To test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire the researchers conduct a pilot

testing on the 22th day of February 2018. The respondents were 10 students from the ABM

Department.
 33

LEVELS OF VALIDITY

TABLE 3

Points Statistical Range Descriptive Equivalent Rating

5 4.21- 5.00 Very High Validity (VHV)

4 3.41- 4.20 High Validity (HV)

3 2.61- 3.40 Moderate Validity (MV)

2 1.81- 2.60 Poor Validity (PV)

1 1.00- 1.80 Very Poor Validity (VPV)

TABLE 4

Validity Validators

Indicators A B C D E F G H I J Average

1 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4.5

2 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4

3 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4.4

4 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3.7

5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3.8

6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3.8

7 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3.8

8 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3.8

9 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.2
 34

10 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3.6

11 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4.5

12 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4.4

13 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 4.5

14 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.2

15 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 3 3.9

16 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4.1

17 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4.1

18 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4.4

19 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 4.2

20 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

21 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4.2

Average 4.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.9 4 4.2 4.3 3.5 3.8 4.11

After tabulating and computing the data gathered from the pilot testing the average score

is 4.11 with a descriptive equivalent rating of high validity, which means that the questionnaire

has a high validity and it is valid to be used for the actual survey.

TABLE 5

INTERPRETING RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT

Range Interpretation

1.00 Perfect Reliability

 35

0.71- 0.99 Very High Reliability

0.51- 0.70 High Reliability

0.21- 0.50 Low Reliability

0.01- 0.20 Negligible Reliability

0.00 No Reliability

TABLE 6

Items Total (𝑥 − )2

Students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

A 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 97 110.25

B 5 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 98 132.25

C 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 88 2.25

D 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 82 20.25

E 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 81 30.25

F 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 87 0.25

G 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 88 2.25

H 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 91 20.25

I 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 74 156.25

J 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 79 56.25

Total 865 530.5

Mean 86.5

Variance 53.05
 36

After tabulating the data gathered from the response of the participants the mean and

variance were computed. To compute the score for reliability the formula below will be used:

𝑛𝜎 2 − [𝑀(𝑛 − 𝑀)]
𝐾𝑅21 =
(𝑛 − 1)𝜎 2

Where:

n= highest possible rate multiplied to the number of items

M= Mean Score (the average of the given rates)

𝜎 2 = population variance

𝑛𝜎 2 − [𝑀(𝑛 − 𝑀)]
𝐾𝑅21 =
(𝑛 − 1)𝜎 2

105(53.05) − [86.5(105 − 86.5)]

𝐾𝑅21 =
(105 − 1)53.05

5570.25 − 1600.25
𝐾𝑅21 =
5517.2

𝐾𝑅21 = 0.72

After computing the reliability the result is 0.72 with an interpretation of Very High

Reliability, which means that the questionnaire has a very high reliability and it is reliable for the

study and no questions will be excluded for the actual survey.

 37

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter represents an analysis and interpretation of the data obtained in the study. Its

findings were based on the data gathered through the questionnaires retrieved from the

respondents. Those data were then analyzed to be presented, discussed and interpreted according

to the perimeters of this research to answer the problem sought for the study.

GRAPH 1

Gender
Female
28%
Male
72%

Male Female

The distribution of the respondents according to their age were shown in graph 1. Within

105 STEM students 76 of the respondents were males and 29 are females

GRAPH 2

Age
19 16
8%5% 17
18 34%
53%

16 17 18 19
 38

In graph 2 the distribution of the respondents according to the age were shown. Five (5) of

the respondents were 16 years of age, 36 were 17 years of age, 55 were 18 years of age and eight

(8) of the respondents were nineteen years of age. Half of the respondents were eighteen years old

which is usually a student who is in their Grade 12.

STUDENTS RESPONSE ABOUT THE USEFULNESSOF ALTERNATIVE GLUE

TABLE 7

Usefulness of Alternative Glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Disagree

1. The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in/at:

a. School as:

 Projects 54 43 8 0 0

 Splinters 24 56 26 4 0

 Doing an art work or 45 44 16 0 0

activities

b. Home as/ in:

 Furniture 18 41 40 5 1

 Seal Pruned plants 14 41 42 8 0

 Crackle 21 38 41 5 0

 Fix a loose screw 16 38 41 4 0

c. Office as:
 39

 Protection and sealing 26 51 7 5 0

system

 Posting office supplies 24 60 21 0

 Manufacture materials 18 52 32 3 0

STUDENTS RESPONSE ABOUT THE ECOFRIENDLYNESS OF THE ALTERNATIVE

GLUE

TABLE 8

2. It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment because:

Eco- friendly of Glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Agree

a. It contribute to green 52 43 10 0 0

living that help

conserve resources

like water and energy.

a. Manufacturing it can help 44 55 6 0 0

the community maintain

cleanliness in the

surrounding.
 40

b. The intent is focused on 49 47 8 1 0

not creating harm to

environment

THE STUDENTS RESPONSE ABOUT THE PERCEPTION OF THE USERS OF

ALTERNATIVE GLUE

TABLE 9

3. What are the perceptions of the user and the critics in terms of:

Very Satisfactory Fairly Fair Poor

Satisfactory Satisfactory

 Functions 43 53 9 0 0

 Production 47 46 12 0 0

 Efficiency 39 50 15 1 0

 User friendly 56 38 10 1 0

THE STUDENTS RESPONSE ABOUT THE POSSIBLE BENEFITS OF THE

ALTERNATIVE GLUE

TABLE 10

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue can contribute?
 41

Benefits of Alternative Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Glue Agree Agree Agree

 Lessen ecological waste 67 33 5 0 0

in streets/ community

 Applicators are simple 53 41 11 0 0

and low- cost

 Little or no environmental 56 36 13 0 0

precautions for disposal

 Rapid drying and curing 45 50 9 1

TABLE FOR THE PERCENTAGE OF THE RESPONSE

TABLE 11

Usefulness of Alternative Glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Agree

1. The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in/ at:

a. School as:

 Projects 51.43% 40.95% 7.62% 0% 0%

 Splinters 22. 86% 48.57% 24.76% 3.81% 0%

 Doing an art work or 42.86% 41.90% 15.24% 0% 0%

activities
 42

b. Home as/ in:

 Furniture 17.14% 39.05% 38.1% 4.76% 0.95%

 Seal Pruned plants 13.33% 39.05% 40% 7.62% 0%

 Crackle 20% 36.19% 39.14% 4.76% 0%

 Fix a loose screw 15.24% 41.90% 37.14% 5.72% 0%

c. Office as:

 Protection and sealing 24.76% 48.57% 21.92% 4.76% 0%

system

 Posting office supplies 22.86% 57.14% 20% 0% 0%

 Manufacture materials 17.14% 49.52% 30.48% 2.86% 0%

TABLE 12

2. It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment because:

Eco- friendly of Glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Agree

a. It contribute to green living 49.53% 40.95% 9.52% 0% 0%

that help conserve resources

like water and energy.

b. Manufacturing it can help the 41.90% 52.38% 5.72% 0% 0%

community maintain
 43

cleanliness in the

surrounding.

c. The intent is focused on not 46.67% 44.76% 7.62% 0.95% 0%

creating harm to environment

TABLE 13

3. What are the perceptions of the user and the critics in terms of:

Very Satisfactory Fairly Fair Poor

Satisfactory Satisfactory

 Functions 40.95% 50.48% 8.57% 0% 0%

 Production 44.76% 43.81% 11.43% 0% 0%

 Efficiency 37.14% 47.62% 14.24% 0.95% 0%

 User friendly 53.33% 36.19% 9.53% 0.95% 0%

TABLE 14

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue can contribute?

Benefits of Alternative Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Glue Agree Agree Agree

 44

 Lessen ecological waste 63.81% 31.43% 4.76% 0% 0%

in streets/ community

 Applicators are simple 50.48% 39.04% 10.48% 0% 0%

and low- cost

 Little or no environmental 53.33% 34.29% 12.38% 0% 0%

precautions for disposal

 Rapid drying and curing 42.86% 47.62% 8.57% 0.95%

TABLE FOR THE WEIGHTED MEAN OF THE STUDENTS RESPONSE

TABLE 15

Statement Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation Rank

1. Alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in/at:

a. School as:

 Projects 4.44 Agree 1

 Splinters 3.90 Agree 5

 Doing an art 4.28 Agree 2

work or

activities

b. Home as/ in:

 Furniture 3.67 Agree 8.5

 45

 Seal Pruned 3.58 Agree 10

plants

 Crackle 3.71 Agree 7

 Fix a loose 3.67 Agree 8.5

screw

c. Office as:

 Protection and 3.93 Agree 4

sealing system

 Posting office 4.03 Agree 3

supplies

 Manufacture 3.81 Agree 6

materials

The table shows the weighted mean of the respondent’s response. It also includes the

interpretation and the rank of the following responses. The result show that the most useful way

of cigarette filters as an alternative glue is in making school projects which have 4.44 weighted

mean and interpreted as agree. The second one which have 4.28 weighted mean and have an agree

interpretation is in doing artwork and other related activities. The usefulness of the alternative glue

in office as posting office supplies ranked as 3rd and gains 4.03 weighted mean and interpreted as

agree. The next one that got the weighted mean of 3.92 which ranked as 4th is the protection and

sealing system that are usually done in offices. The protection from splinters ranked as 5th

gathering a weighted mean of 3.90. The sixth one that has a weighted mean of 3.51is manufacture

materials that is also interpreted as agree. At the 8.5th rank furniture and fixing loose screw have
 46

the same weighted mean of 3.67 and has an interpretation “Agree”. The last was the alternative

glue as used to seal pruned plants that has the weighted mean of 3.58 also interpreted as agree.

TABLE 16

Weighted mean Statement Verbal Rank

Interpretation

2. It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment because:

a. It contribute to 4.4 Agree 1

green living that

help conserve

resources like

water and energy.

b. Manufacturing it 4.36 Agree 3

can help the

community

maintain

cleanliness in the

surrounding.

c. The intent is 4.37 Agree 2

focused on not

creating harm to

environment
 47

The table above shows some factors on how the alternative glue is eco- friendly. The results

are shown and interpreted as well as the ranking of the following statements. The alternative glue

from cigarette filters contribute to green living that help conserve resources like water and energy

is the most gratifying and agreeable of all claiming the 1st rank with a weighted mean of 4.48 that

has an interpretation of “Agree”. The next statement that states that the intent of the product is

focused on not creating harm to the environment with a weighted mean of 4.37 and interpreted as

agree. Alternative glue from cigarette can help the community to maintain the cleanliness to the

surroundings interpreted as agree and has a weighted mean of 4.26.

TABLE 17

Weighted mean Statement Verbal Rank

Interpretation

3. What are the perceptions of the user and the critics in terms of:

 Functions 4.32 Satisfactory 3

 Production 4.33 Satisfactory 2

 Efficiency 4.21 Satisfactory 4

 User friendly 4.42 Satisfactory 1

The table shows the perception of the respondents to the characteristics of the product. The

results were shown and interpreted as well as the ranking of the following characteristics. The first

characteristics claiming the 1st rank is the user- friendliness of the product gathering a weighted

mean of 4.42 and interpreted as satisfactory. Second in the ranking is the production of the product,

the production of the product has a weighted mean of 4.33 and interpreted as satisfactory. Th4
 48

functions of the alternative glue ranked as 3rd with a weighted mean of 4.32 and interpreted as

satisfactory. And last in the ranking is the efficiency of the product with a weighted mean of 4.21

and interpreted as satisfactory.

TABLE 18

Weighted mean Statement Verbal Rank

Interpretation

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue can

contribute?

 Lessen 4.6 Strongly Agree 1

ecological

waste in

streets/

community

 Applicators are 4.4 Agree 2.5

simple and

low- cost

 Little or no 4.4 Agree 2.5

environmental

precautions for

disposal
 49

 Rapid drying 4.32 Agree 4

and curing

The table above shows the weighted mean of the respondent’s response on the following

statements, the rank and the interpretation were also presented. 1st in the ranking is that the possible

benefits of the product is that is lessens the ecological waste in streets/ community with a weighted

mean of 4.6 and interpreted as “strongly agree”. Two of the statements has the same weighted

mean of 4.4 and also interpreted as agree and ranked 2nd, the two statements were: the applicators

are simple and low- cost; and there is little or no environmental precautions for disposal. The last

in the ranking which is 4th is that the product is rapid drying and curing with a weighed mean of

4.32 and interpreted as agree

GRAPH 3

Usefulness of Alternative glue in

school projects
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
51.43%
20.00% 40.96%

10.00%
7.62% 0 0
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Usefulness of Alternative glue in school as projects

The graph above shows the usefulness of alternative glue in doing school project. Out of

100%, 51% of the respondents says that the product is very useful by strongly agreeing, 41%
 50

agrees with it and the remaining 8% fairly agrees with the usefulness of the innovative and

alternative glue.

GRAPH 4

Usefulness of Alternative glue in school in

Protection from Splinters
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
48.57%
20.00%

22.86% 24.76%
10.00%
3.81% 0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Out of the 105 respondents 4 respondents disagrees to the usefulness of alternative glue in

school in protection from splinters which takes 3.81% of the population. The remaining 96% of

the respondents agrees to the usefulness of alternative glue to remove splinters. 23% of the

respondents says that the product is very useful in protection from splinters by strongly agreeing,

48% agrees with it and 25% fairly agrees with it.

 51

GRAPH 5

Usefulness of Alternative Glue in school in

doing an artwork or activities
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 42.86% 41.90%
15.00%
10.00%
15.24%
5.00% 0% 0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

The response of the respondents to the usefulness of alternative glue in school in doing

artworks and activities were shown in the graph above. All the respondents agree to the usefulness

of alternative glue in doing such things. Out of 100%, 42% of the respondents says that the

alternative glue is very useful in doing artworks and such activities by strongly agreeing, 42%

agrees with it and the remaining 15% fairly agrees with its usefulness.
 52

GRAPH 6

Usefulness of Alternative Glue at home in

furniture
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 39% 38.10%
15.00%
10.00%
17.14%
5.00% 0.95%
4.76%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

The graph above shows the usefulness of alternative glue at home when applied in a

furniture. 17% of the respondents says that the product is very useful by strongly agreeing, 39%

agrees to it, 38% fairly agrees with the usefulness when it is applied in a furniture, 5% disagrees

to it and 0.95% strongly disagrees to it which is equal to 1 respondent.

GRAPH 7
 53

Usefulness of Alternative glue at home in

seal pruned plants
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 39.05% 40%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00% 13.33%
7.62% 0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Out of 105 respondents 8 disagrees to the usefulness of alternative glue at home in seal

pruned plants, this 8 respondents is equal to 8%. The remaining 92% agrees to the usefulness of

it. 13% of the respondents says that the product is very useful by strongly agreeing, 39% agrees

with it and 40% fairly agrees with it.

GRAPH 8

Usefulness of Alternative glue at home in a

crackle
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20% 39.05%
36.19%
15%
10% 20%
5%
4.76% 0%
0%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
 54

The response of the respondents about the usefulness of alternative glue at home in a

crackle were shown in the graph above. 20% of the respondents strongly agrees to the usefulness

of it to reduce the crackle or the noise, 36% agrees with it, 39% fairly agrees with it and 5%

disagree with it and says that putting the alternative glue does not reduce the noise or crackle. All

in all 95% of the respondents agrees to the usefulness of the alternative glue in home in a crackle.

GRAPH 9

Usefulness of Alternative glue at home to

fix a loose screw
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00% 41.90%
37.14%
15.00%
10.00%
15.14%
5.00% 0
5.72%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

In the graph, the response were shown about the usefulness of the alternative glue at home

to fix a loose screw. 15% of the respondents says that the product is very useful by strongly

agreeing, 42% agrees with it, 37% fairly agrees with the statement and 6% of the respondents

disagrees to the statement and does not believe that the alternative glue can be used to fix a loose
 55

screw. All in all 94% of the respondents agrees that the alternative glue can be used in fixing a

loose screw.

GRAPH 10

Usefulness of Alternative glue in office as

protection and sealing system
60

50

40

30
48.57%
20
24.76% 21.2%
10
0%
4.76%
0
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Out of 105 respondents 5 of them disagrees to the statement that the alternative glue can

be used as protection and sealing system, this 5 respondents is equal to 5%. The remaining 95%

of the respondents agrees to the statement. 25% of the respondents says that the product is very

useful by strongly agreeing, 49% agrees with the statement and 21% of the respondents fairly
 56

agrees in this statement. All in all the respondents agrees to the statement that the alternative glue

can be used as a protection and sealing system.

GRAPH 11

Usefulness of Alternative glue in office as

posting office supplies
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00% 57.14%

20.00%

10.00% 22.86% 20%

0 0
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

The graph above shows the usefulness of alternative glue in office as posting office

supplies or used to post the paper usually used in the office. All the respondents agrees with the

statement. 23% of the respondents says that the alternative glue is very useful strongly agreeing,

57% agrees to the statement and 20% fairly agrees with it.
 57

GRAPH 12

Usefulness of Alternative glue in office to

manufacture materials
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
49.52%
20.00%
30.48%
2.86%
10.00% 17.14%
0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Out of 105 respondents 3 of them disagrees to the statement that the alternative glue is

useful in manufacturing office materials, this 3 respondent is equal to 3%. The remaining 97% of

the respondents agrees to the statement. 17% of the respondents says that the product is very useful

by strongly agreeing, 50% of the respondents agrees to the statement and 17% fairly agree to it.

GRAPH 13

It contribute to green living that help

conserve resources like water and energy.
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
49.53%
20.00% 40.95%

10.00%
9.52% 0%
0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
 58

All the respondents agrees that the alternative glue contributes to green living that helps

conserve resources like water and energy. The graph shows in the last page after this page were

the responses of the response of the respondents were in percentage. 50% of the respondents says

that the product can contribute to green living that can help to conserve resources like water and

resources by strongly agreeing, 41% agrees with it and 9% of the respondents fairly agrees with

it.

GRAPH 14

Manufacturing it can help the community to

maintain cleanliness
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
52.38%
20.00% 41.90%

10.00%
5.72% 0 0
0.00%
Stronfly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

In the graph shown above were the response of the respondents to the statement

“Manufacturing it can help the community maintain the cleanliness”. All of the respondents agrees

to the said statement. 42% of the respondents says that making it can help to maintain the

cleanliness in the surroundings by strongly agreeing, 52% agree to it and 6% of the respondents

fairly agrees to the statement. Therefore the researchers conclude that manufacturing it can help
 59

the community maintain the cleanliness in its environment. The conclusion is based on the answer

of the respondents.

GRAPH 15

The intent is focused on not creating harm

to environment.
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
46.67% 44.76%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00% 0.95%
7.62% 0%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Out of 105 respondents from STEM Department only 1 student or 1 respondent disagree

to the statement and the rest agrees with it, that the intent of making alternative glue from cigarette

filters is focused on not creating harm to environment. 47% of the respondents says that the intent

of making alternative glue from cigarette filters is focused on not creating harm to environment by

strongly agreeing, 45% agree to it and 7% fairly agrees with it.

 60

GRAPH 16

Functions
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
50.48%
20.00% 40.95%

10.00%
8.57% 0% 0%
0.00%
Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory Fair Poor

All of the respondents were satisfied about the functions of the alternative glue. 41% of the

respondents says that they are very satisfied in the functions of the alternative glue, 50% is only

satisfied and 9% of the respondents is fairly satisfied by its functions.

GRAPH 17
 61

Production
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
44.76% 43.81%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00% 11.43%
0% 0%
0.00%
Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory Fair Poor

In the graph shown were the response of the respondents about the production of the

alternative glue. 45% of the respondents says that they were very satisfied about the production of

the product, 44% of them is satisfied to it and 11% of the respondents were fairly satisfied. All in

all the respondents were satisfied about the production of the alternative glue.

GRAPH 18

Efficiency
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
47.62%
20.00% 37.14%

10.00%
14.29%
0.95%
0.00%
Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory Fair Poor
0%
 62

In the graph shown above were the response of the respondents about the efficiency of the

alternative glue from cigarette filters. 37% of the respondents is very satisfied about the efficiency

of the alternative glue, 48% is satisfied, 14% of the respondents is fairly satisfied by it and 1% of

the respondents is not much satisfied by its efficiency.

GRAPH 19

User- friendly
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
53.33%
20.00%
36.19%

10.00%
9.53% 0.95%
0.00%
Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory Fair 0%
Poor

In the graph, the response of the respondents were shown about the alternative glue

from cigarette filters being a user- friendly product. 53% of the respondents is very satisfied about

the alternative glue being a user-friendly product, 36% is satisfied to it, 10% of the respondents

were fairly satisfied by it and 1% of the respondents were not much satisfied by the product.
 63

GRAPH 20

Lessen ecological waste in streets/

community
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00% 63.81%

20.00%
31.43%
10.00%
4.76% 0
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Lessen ecological waste in streets/ community 0

In the graph shown above were the response of the respondents about the benefits of

alternative glue can contribute, one of which is to lessen the ecological waste in the streets. 64%

of the respondents strongly agrees to the statement, 31% agrees with it and the remaining 5 % of

the respondents fairly agrees with it. All in all, all of the respondents agrees that the one of the

benefits of the alternative glue can contribute is to lessen the ecological waste.

GRAPH 21
 64

Applicators are simple and low- cost

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
50.48%
20.00% 39.04%

10.00%
10.48% 0 0
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

In the graph shown above were the response of the respondents about the statement

“Applicators are simple and low- cost” 50% of the respondents strongly agrees with the statement,

39% of them agrees to it and the remaining 11% fairly agrees with it. All in all, all of the

respondents agrees that the applicators can be easily found and low- cost.

GRAPH 22
 65

Little or no environmental precautions for

disposal
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
53.33%
20.00%
34.39%
10.00%
12.38% 0 0
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

All of the respondents agrees that one of the benefits that the alternative glue can contribute

is a little or no environmental precautions for disposal. 53% of the respondents strongly agree to

it, 34% of the respondents agrees with it and 12% fairly agrees with it.

GRAPH 23

Rapid drying and curing

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
47.62%
20.00% 42.86%

10.00%
8.57% 0.95%
0.00%
Strongly Agree Agree Fairly Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
0

In the graph shown above were the response of the respondents about the benefits of the

alternative glue can contribute on of which is rapid drying and curing. 43% of the respondents
 66

strongly agrees to the statement, 48% agrees to it, 8% of the respondents fairly agrees to it and 1%

of the respondents disagree to the statement.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 67

This chapter presents the summary of findings from the data gathered from the respondents,

conclusions drawn from the result, and the recommendation for the problem the study about

Cigarette Filters: Alternative and Innovative Glue from cigarette filters and its benefits to the

students under the STEM Department in Pantalan Senior High School and also to the community.

Summary of Findings

The succeeding paragraphs are the summary of the findings garnered in this study.

1. The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in/ at:

a. School as:

The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in school in doing projects with a

weighted men of 4.44 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. This shows that according to the

students the alternative glue is useful in doing projects.

Furthermore, the alternative glue can be useful in protection in splinters. It has a weighted

mean of 3.90, it also has a verbal interpretation of “Agree”, based on the response of the

respondents, the alternative glue form cigarette filters is useful in protection from splinters.

According to the data gathered the alternative glue is also useful in doing art works and

activities, with a weighted mean of 4.28 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. The respondents

agrees to its usefulness.

b. Home as:

The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful at home in furniture with a weighted

mean of 3.67 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. This shows that according to the respondents

the alternative glue is useful in furniture.

 68

According to the data gathered the alternative glue is also useful in seal pruned plants with

a weighted mean of 3.58 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. Based on this the students were

agreeing to its usefulness.

The alternative glue is also useful in crackle or reducing noises with a weighted mean of

3.71 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree’. The students agree to the usefulness of the alternative

glue in a crackle.

Also, the alternative glue is useful in fixing a loose screw. The students agree to its

usefulness with a weighted mean of 3.67 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”.

c. Office as:

The alternative glue is useful in office as a protection and sealing system with a weighted

mean of 3.93 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. This shows that the students agree to the

usefulness of the alternative glue in office.

According to the data gathered the alternative glue is also useful in office as a posting office

supplies with a weighted mean of 4.03 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. The students agree

to the usefulness of the alternative glue in office.

The alternative glue is useful in office as manufacture material has a weighted mean of

3.81 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. This shows that the respondents agree to the usefulness

of the alternative glue to manufacture materials.

2. It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment because:

The alternative glue contributes to green living that help conserve resources like water and

energy. It has a weighted mean of 4.4 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. According to the data
 69

gathered the respondents agree that the alternative glue can contribute to green living and

manufacturing it can lead to better environment.

According to the data gathered manufacturing the alternative glue can help the community

to maintain cleanliness with a weighted mean of 4.36 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”. Based

on the data the respondents agree that it can help the community maintain the cleanliness in the

surroundings.

The intent of the alternative glue is focused on not creating harm to environment with a

weighted mean of 4.37 and a verbal interpretation of “agree”. The respondents agree that the intent

of the product is focused on not creating harm to the environment.

3. What are the perceptions of the user and the critics in terms of:

a. Functions

According to the perception of the respondents about the functions of the product has a

weighted mean of 4.32 and a verbal interpretation of “Satisfactory”. Based on the data gathered

the respondents is satisfied by the functions of the product.

b. Production

The students were satisfied to the production of the alternative glue from cigarette filters.

According to their perception the production of the product has a weighted mean of 4.33 and a

verbal interpretation of “Satisfactory”.

c. Efficiency

The efficiency of the product were tested by respondents which is the students from the

STEM Department. The perception of the respondents about the efficiency of the product has a
 70

weighted mean of 4.21 and a verbal interpretation of “Satisfactory”. Based on the data gathered

the respondents were satisfied to the efficiency of the product.

d. User- friendly

According to the participants the product is user-friendly and it does not contribute any

harm to the user. The perception of the respondents about the product being user- friendly has a

weighted mean of 4.42 and a verbal interpretation of “Satisfactory. The respondent were satisfied

to the product being user- friendly.

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative glue and innovative glue can

contribute?

a. Lessen ecological waste in streets/ community

The alternative glue can help to reduce ecological. Based on the data gathered the

alternative glue can lessen the ecological waste with a weighted mean of 4.6 and a verbal

interpretation of “Strongly Agree”. The students were agreeing to the said benefits.

b. Applicators are simple and low- cost

The alternative glue can be easily made without a hitch. Based on the data gathered the

applicators were very simple and low- cost with a weighted mean of 4.4 and a verbal interpretation

of “Agree”. The respondents agree that the applicators or the materials needed to make the product

is simple and can be easily made.

c. Little or no environmental precautions for disposal

 71

The alternative glue has no environmental precautions for disposal with a weighted mean

of 4.4 and a verbal interpretation of “Agree”, this shows that the respondents were agreeing the

there is no environmental precautions for disposal of the product.

d. Rapid curing and drying

The alternative glue is rapid curing and drying with a weighted mean of 4.32 and a verbal

interpretation of “Agree”. Based on the data gathered, the respondents agree that the product can

be dry quickly.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The alternative glue can be useful in such things like doing a projects and artworks or

posting office supplies and also can be used to reduce noises or crackle or others by the

students from STEM department. The respondents revealed that the alternative glue can be

useful in various ways.

2. The alternative and innovative glue is eco- friendly hat it can lead to a better environment.

The participants revealed that it contribute to green living that help conserve resources like

water and energy, manufacturing it can help the community maintain the cleanliness in its

surroundings, and the intent of the product is focused on not creating harm to the

environment.

3. The alternative and innovative glue from cigarette filters has a rating of very good

characteristics. The production of the product can be easily done, efficient and user-

friendly, the functions are satisfactory and it can be used very well.

4. The alternative and innovative glue provides benefits not only to the students but also to

the community. The respondents revealed that the manufacturing the product can lessen
 72

the ecological waste and also the applicators or the materials needed to produce the product

can be easily found, also there is no environmental precautions for disposal and it is rapid

drying and curing.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and the conclusions made, the researchers offer the following

recommendations:

1. The administration of the school can integrate a seminar or orientation for the students to

understand more and to gain sufficient knowledge about the cigarette filters as alternative

and innovative glue.

2. For the community, there should be a separate trash bin for only the cigarette filters to they

can manufacture the alternative glue, they just have to thoroughly clean it and turned into

glue, in this way can earn funds for their community by selling the alternative glue to the

public.

3. Future researchers may use the data collected by the researchers to improve the alternative

glue or it to provide more benefits to the students and to the society and to generate more

evidence and gain more knowledge and understanding about the alternative and innovative

glue from cigarette filters.

APPENDIX A
 73

Letter for the Respondents

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IV-A (CALABARZON)
Division of Batangas
Nasugbu District
NASUGBU SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2
Barangay Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas
February 28, 2018
Dear Respondents,
Greetings of peace and prosperity!
We, the students under Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, are currently
conducting a study about “Glue from Cigarette Filters: Innovative and Alternative Glue for
the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students of Pantalan Senior
High School” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research 2.
In this regard, we would like to ask for your full cooperation in accomplishing the survey
questionnaire that will provide necessary data for the aforementioned study.
Your answers will be of great help in fulfilling this study. Rest assured that these answers
will be taken with the strictest confidentiality.
Thank you and God bless.
Sincerely yours,
The Researchers
Noted by:

ROMUEL G. NOVENO
Research Teacher

Approved:

ARNOLD S. ROSALES
Principal II
APPENDIX B
 74

Questionnaire for the Actual Survey

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region IV-A (CALABARZON)
Division of Batangas
Nasugbu District
NASUGBU SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 2
Barangay Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

“Glue from Cigarette Filters: Innovative and Alternative Glue for the Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students of Pantalan Senior High School”

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Name (Optional): _________________ Gender: Male Female
Age: 17 18 19 20 21
Kindly check (/) your answer for the following statement or question.

1. The alternative glue from cigarette filters is useful in/ at:

Usefulness of Alternative glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Disagree
a. School as:

 Projects

 Protection from Splinters

 Doing an art work or

activities

b. Home as:

 Furniture

 Seal Pruned Plants

 Crackle

 Fix a loose screw

c. Office as:

 Protection and sealing

system

 Posting office supplies

 75

 Manufacture materials

2. It is eco- friendly and manufacturing it can lead to better environment because:

Eco- friendly of glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Disagree
a. It contribute to green living that help
conserve resources like water and
energy
b. Manufacturing it can help the
community to maintain the
cleanliness.
c. The intent is focused on not creating
harm to environment

3. What are the perceptions of the user and the critics in terms of:

Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Fairly Satisfactory (3) Fair Poo

(5) (4) (2) r
(1)
 Functions
 Production
 Efficiency
 User- friendly

4. What are the possible benefits that the alternative and innovative glue can contribute?

Benefits of Alternative glue Strongly Agree Fairly Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Disagree
a. Lessen ecological waste in streets/
community
b. Applicators are simple and low-
cost
c. Little or no environmental
precautions for disposal
d. Rapid drying and curing

________________
Signature

APPENDIX C
 76

The picture was taken at the 22th of February 2018, the researchers conduct a pilot

testing to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire that is going to be used in the actual

survey. In the picture were the ABM students, the respondents for the pilot testing is 10 in total.

As seen in the picture, the respondents were using and testing the product which is the alternative

glue from cigarette filters.

In the picture one of the researchers were busily

separating the cigarette filters thoroughly so that is can

dissolved in the acetone.

 77

The photos above were taken on the 28th day

of February 2018 wherein the researchers conduct

the actual survey. As seen in the pictures the

respondents were busily answering an analyzing

the product and the questionnaire, and also they

are answering the questionnaire seriously because

their answer will be data for this study.

 78

The researchers were busily

tallying the result of the answer of

the 105 respondents from the STEM

Department. They are making sure

that the tally is correct and accurate

for a better result.

The picture was taken in the room of one of the researchers

doing the paper works specifically the graphs and table in the

chapter IV.
 79

Bibliography

Unpublished Thesis
IHS Markit. (2017). Polyvinyl Acetate.
Investigatory project. (2014).
Jessica M. Rath, Rebecca A. Rubenstein, Laurel E. Curry, Sarah E. Shank and JUlia C. Cartwright.
(2012). Cigarette Litter: Smokers' Attitudes and Behaviors.
Juergen Puls, Steven A. Wilson and Sirk Holter. (2011). Degradation of C"Glue." How products are
made. (Retrieved January 25, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com).
Abigail, F. (2014). Can Glue made from milk compete against Commercial Glue.
Bance, Shayne Amor. (2005). Investigatory project glue from Cigarette filters.
Cf Glue: Made from Cigarette Filters. (2017).
Cigarette filter as glue . (2016). California.
Elli Slaughter, Richard Gersberg, Kayo Watanabe, John Rudolph, Chris Stransky, Thomas Novotny.
(2011). Toxicity of Cigarette butts, and their chemical comoponents, to marine and freshwater
fish.
ENVIRONMENT: Cigarette Filter. (2009).
Group 6 Grade 9- Democritus. (2014). Used Cigarette Filters as Glue.
Homemade Glue. (2014).
IHS Markit. (2016). Cellulose Acetate Fibers.
Cellulose Acetate- Based Materials: A Review.
Reyes, C. B. (2009). the feasibility of using acetone and cigarette fliters as glue.
Science Buddies. (2012). Playing with Polymers.
Tanya Ticzon, Faith Tolentino, Bianca Vibal, Vanessa Vibar, Dayzzel Villaruel. (2014). The Feasibility if
using Cigarette Filters as GLue with the use of Acetone.
Thomas E. Novotny, Kristen Lum, Elizabeth Smith, Vivian Wang, Richard Barnes. (2009). Cigarette
Butts and the case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste.
 80

Websites

www.sciencedirect.com

www.greenlivingtips.com

www.55places.com

www.bond-tech-industries.com

www.scribd.com

www.beachapedia.com

www.thesaurus.com

www.merriam-webster.com

www.medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

www.yourdictionary.com

www.en.oxforddictonaries.com

www.interplexindia.com

www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

www.edukasyon.com

www.stem.org.uk
 81

CURRICULUM VITAE

RAIZZA MAE R. DASTAS

Home Address: 131 San Roque St. Brgy. 4, Nasugbu, Batangas

E- mail Address: dastasraizza@gmail.com

Mobile Number: 09352184898

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : July 7, 2000

Age : 17

Height : 5’

Weight : 42 kg.

Sex : Female

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

 82

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Nasugbu West Central School 2005- 2012

__________________

Raizza Mae R. Dastas

IAN JEORIE E. CARGADO

J.P Laurel St. Brgy. 11 Nasugbu, Batangas

CP# 09354856769

Email: iannecargado@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : October 14,1999

Age : 18

Height : 5’9

Weight : 52 kg.

Sex : Male

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
 83

Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Nasugbu West Central School 2005- 2012

_____________________

Ian Jeorie E. Cargado

VERNON S. CASTILLO

Brgy 2 Nasugbu, Batangas

Vernoncastillo@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : April 10, 1999

Age : 18

Height : 5’5

Weight : 87 kgs.

Sex : Male

Religion : Roman Catholic

 84

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Nasugbu West Central School 2005- 2012

ACE R. DIAGO

Brgy. Papaya Nasugbu, Batangas

CP# +639754874766

Email Address: 09163264627

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : October 7, 1999

Age : 18

Height : 5’4

Weight : 60 kg.
 85

Sex : Male

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Looc National High School 2012-2016

Brgy. Looc Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Papaya Elementary School 2005- 2012

ANGELO MENDOZA

Pantalan Nasugbu, Batangas

09129707804

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : November 18, 1999

Age : 18

Height :

Weight :

Sex : Male
 86

Religion : Roman Catholic

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Wawa Elementary School 2005- 2012

JOMEL DE LAS ALAS PUNONGBAYAN

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas
Contact Number: 0905-199-3379
E-add: jpunongbayan7@email.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : June 17, 2000

Age : 17

Height : 5’8

Weight : 68 kg.

Sex : Male
 87

Religion : Christian

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Pantalan Elementary School 2005- 2012

JELLY M. STA. BARBARA

Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas
CP# 09057282337

Email Address: jellystabarbara@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : November 3, 1999

Age : 18

Height :

Weight :.

Sex : Female
 88

Religion :

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Pantalan Elementary School 2005- 2012

JAMES B. STA. BARBARA

Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas
CP# 09057282337
Email Address:

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : June 15, 1999

Age : 18

Height :

Weight :

Sex : Male
 89

Religion : Christian

Civil Status : Single

Dialect Spoken : English and Tagalog

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Senior High : Nasugbu West Senior High School 2016- Present

Brgy. Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas

Junior High : Dr. Crisogono B. Ermita Senior 2012-2016

Memorial National High School

J.P. Laurel St. 4321, Nasugbu, Batangas

Elementary : Pantalan Elementary School 2005- 2012

90