CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter provides the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

substantial in the development and validation of a reviewer for Traffic Management and

Accident Investigation.

1. Assessment of the Experts on the Content Validity of the Developed Reviewer

The following table presents the experts’ evaluation on the content validity of the

developed reviewer.

Table 4.1
Assessment of the Experts on the Content Validity of the
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer

Good Moderate Poor Unknown

T.V. W.M. V.I.
(4) (3) (2) (1)

Content Validity 5 2 7

20 6 26 3.71 Good
 32

As shown in Table 4.1, the tallied and tabulated result of the content validity

evaluation of the developed reviewer for Traffic Management and Accident Investigation

showed that most of the experts rated the content validity with a score of 4. It obtained a

weighted mean of 3.71 which is verbally interpreted as good.

This finding indicates that the reviewer reviews what it intended to review and

that all relevant components are included.

2. Level of Reliability of the Developed Reviewer.

The following table exhibits the tabulated result of the reliability test of the

developed reviewer using the Spearman rho.

Table 4.2

Result of the Reliability Test of the

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer

Respondent x y Rx Ry d d²
1 45 16 9 5.5 3.5 12.25
2 40 13 11.5 8 3.5 12.25
3 77 19 1 2.5 -1.5 2.25
4 44 14 10 7 3 9
5 40 15 11.5 6.5 5 25
6 22 6 17.5 12.5 5 25
 33

Respondent x y Rx Ry d d²
7 76 19 2 2.5 -0.5 0.25
8 49 16 8 5.5 2.5 6.25
9 24 12 16 9.5 6.5 42.25
10 22 8 17.5 11 6.5 42.25
11 21 11 18 10 8 64
12 57 17 7 4.5 2.5 6.25
13 63 18 6 3.5 2.5 6.25
14 38 15 12 6.5 5.5 30.25
15 31 12 13 9.5 3.5 12.25
16 67 18 5 3.5 1.5 2.25
17 28 6 14 12.5 1.5 2.25
18 71 17 4 4.5 -0.5 0.25
19 25 5 15 13 2 4
20 74 20 3 1 2 4
TOTAL 308.5

The squared difference total value of 308.5 was used in the spearman rho formula

for the computation of the reliability test. The computation yielded a 0.77 spearman rho

with a verbal interpretation of fair reliability.

This finding shows that the developed reviewer for Traffic Management and

Accident Investigation has a fair reliability.

 34

3. Index of Difficulty of the Developed Reviewer

Each of the items in the reviewer was tested for their index of difficulty.

The following table presents the findings on the index of difficulty of the developed

reviewer.

Table 4.3

Result of the Test on the Index of Difficulty of the

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
1 9 0.45 average
2 10 0.5 average
3 9 0.45 average
4 8 0.4 average
5 10 0.5 average
6 9 0.45 average
7 11 0.55 average
8 9 0.45 average
9 11 0.55 average
10 9 0.45 average
11 10 0.5 average
12 8 0.4 average
13 9 0.45 average
14 8 0.4 average
 35

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
15 10 0.5 average
16 11 0.55 average
17 12 0.6 average
18 11 0.55 average
19 12 0.6 average
20 8 0.4 average
21 7 0.35 average
22 11 0.55 average
23 10 0.5 average
24 12 0.6 average
25 11 0.55 average
26 11 0.55 average
27 10 0.5 average
28 11 0.55 average
29 12 0.6 average
30 9 0.45 average
31 9 0.45 average
32 9 0.45 average
33 12 0.6 average
34 10 0.5 average
35 11 0.55 average
36 10 0.5 average
37 10 0.5 average
 36

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
38 11 0.55 average
39 8 0.4 average
40 8 0.4 average
41 12 0.6 average
42 11 0.55 average
43 9 0.45 average
44 11 0.55 average
45 11 0.55 average
46 11 0.55 average
47 9 0.45 average
48 9 0.45 average
49 8 0.4 average
50 10 0.5 average
51 9 0.45 average
52 10 0.5 average
53 10 0.5 average
54 10 0.5 average
55 8 0.4 average
56 11 0.55 average
57 9 0.45 average
58 10 0.5 average
59 9 0.45 average
60 11 0.55 average
 37

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
61 8 0.4 average
62 9 0.45 average
63 9 0.45 average
64 8 0.4 average
65 9 0.45 average
66 9 0.45 average
67 12 0.6 average
68 10 0.5 average
69 9 0.45 average
70 11 0.55 average
71 10 0.5 average
72 9 0.45 average
73 9 0.45 average
74 9 0.45 average
75 12 0.6 average
76 9 0.45 average
77 10 0.5 average
78 8 0.4 average
79 8 0.4 average
80 9 0.45 average
81 9 0.45 average
82 9 0.45 average
83 8 0.4 average
 38

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
84 11 0.55 average
85 9 0.45 average
86 9 0.45 average
87 8 0.4 average
88 10 0.5 average
89 9 0.45 average
90 10 0.5 average
91 9 0.45 average
92 12 0.6 average
93 6 0.3 average
94 10 0.5 average
95 12 0.6 average
96 8 0.4 average
97 8 0.4 average
98 10 0.5 average
99 9 0.45 average
100 9 0.45 average
101 9 0.45 average
102 9 0.45 average
103 9 0.45 average
104 10 0.5 average
105 9 0.45 average
106 12 0.6 average
 39

Item Total Correct Index of Verbal

Number Score Difficulty Interpretation
107 11 0.55 average
108 10 0.5 average
109 11 0.55 average
110 9 0.45 average
111 9 0.45 average
112 11 0.55 average
113 10 0.5 average
114 10 0.5 average
115 10 0.5 average
116 12 0.6 average
117 9 0.45 average
118 10 0.5 average
119 10 0.5 average
120 8 0.4 average

Table 4.3 showed that all the 120 questions/items included in the reviewer have

an average level of difficulty. This maybe attributed to the careful construction of each

items included in the reviewer.

 40

4. Index of Discrimination

The questions/items in the reviewer were tested for their index of discrimination.

The following table presents the findings on the index of discrimination of the developed

reviewer.

Table 4.4

Result of the Test on the Index of Discrimination of the

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
1 5 1 0.57 positive
2 4 2 0.29 positive
3 5 2 0.43 positive
4 5 2 0.43 positive
5 4 1 0.43 positive
6 5 2 0.43 positive
7 6 2 0.57 positive
8 5 1 0.57 positive
9 6 3 0.43 positive
10 4 1 0.43 positive
11 4 1 0.43 positive
12 4 1 0.43 positive
13 5 2 0.43 positive
 41

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
14 3 0 0.43 positive
15 4 1 0.43 positive
16 5 1 0.57 positive
17 6 3 0.43 positive
18 4 2 0.29 positive
19 6 2 0.57 positive
20 4 1 0.43 positive
21 3 0 0.43 positive
22 4 2 0.29 positive
23 3 1 0.29 positive
24 5 1 0.57 positive
25 4 2 0.29 positive
26 5 2 0.43 positive
27 5 2 0.43 positive
28 5 2 0.43 positive
29 5 2 0.43 positive
30 5 2 0.43 positive
31 3 1 0.29 positive
32 3 0 0.43 positive
33 4 1 0.43 positive
34 3 1 0.29 positive
35 5 3 0.29 positive
 42

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
36 5 2 0.43 positive
37 4 3 0.14 positive
38 5 1 0.57 positive
39 3 1 0.29 positive
40 3 1 0.29 positive
41 5 2 0.43 positive
42 4 1 0.43 positive
43 3 1 0.29 positive
44 4 1 0.43 positive
45 4 2 0.29 positive
46 4 1 0.43 positive
47 3 1 0.29 positive
48 4 1 0.43 positive
49 4 1 0.43 positive
50 4 1 0.43 positive
51 4 1 0.43 positive
52 5 2 0.43 positive
53 4 1 0.43 positive
54 5 1 0.57 positive
55 4 1 0.43 positive
56 4 2 0.29 positive
57 4 1 0.43 positive
 43

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
58 5 2 0.43 positive
59 3 1 0.29 positive
60 5 3 0.29 positive
61 3 1 0.29 positive
62 3 1 0.29 positive
63 4 1 0.43 positive
64 4 1 0.43 positive
65 3 2 0.14 positive
66 3 1 0.29 positive
67 5 2 0.43 positive
68 4 2 0.29 positive
69 3 1 0.29 positive
70 5 2 0.43 positive
71 5 2 0.43 positive
72 3 1 0.29 positive
73 4 1 0.43 positive
74 4 2 0.29 positive
75 5 2 0.43 positive
76 3 1 0.29 positive
77 4 1 0.43 positive
78 3 1 0.29 positive
79 4 1 0.43 positive
 44

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
80 4 2 0.29 positive
81 3 1 0.29 positive
82 4 1 0.43 positive
83 4 1 0.43 positive
84 4 2 0.29 positive
85 4 1 0.43 positive
86 4 1 0.43 positive
87 3 1 0.29 positive
88 5 2 0.43 positive
89 4 2 0.29 positive
90 5 2 0.43 positive
91 3 1 0.29 positive
92 5 2 0.43 positive
93 2 1 0.14 positive
94 3 1 0.29 positive
95 5 2 0.43 positive
96 3 1 0.29 positive
97 3 1 0.29 positive
98 4 2 0.29 positive
99 4 2 0.29 positive
100 4 2 0.29 positive
101 3 1 0.29 positive
 45

Correct Correct
Answers from Answers from Index of Discriminating
Item Upper Group Lower Group Discrimination Power
102 4 1 0.43 positive
103 3 1 0.29 positive
104 4 2 0.29 positive
105 3 1 0.29 positive
106 5 2 0.43 positive
107 5 2 0.43 positive
108 5 2 0.43 positive
109 4 2 0.29 positive
110 4 1 0.43 positive
111 3 1 0.29 positive
112 4 2 0.29 positive
113 4 1 0.43 positive
114 3 1 0.29 positive
115 5 2 0.43 positive
116 4 2 0.29 positive
117 4 2 0.29 positive
118 3 1 0.29 positive
119 3 1 0.29 positive
120 2 1 0.14 positive
 46

The findings showed that all of the 120 questions/items have positive

discriminating power which also implies that the upper group had more correct answers

on each item than the lower group.

5. Questions/Items that can be Retained and Used in the Reviewer

The following tables present the decision on each question items included

in the developed reviewer based on their index of difficulty and index of

discrimination.

Table 4.5

Decisions on the Items of Traffic Management and

Accident Investigation Reviewer

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
1 average positive retain
2 average positive retain
3 average positive retain
4 average positive retain
5 average positive retain
6 average positive retain
7 average positive retain
8 average positive retain
9 average positive retain
 47

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
10 average positive retain
11 average positive retain
12 average positive retain
13 average positive retain
14 average positive retain
15 average positive retain
16 average positive retain
17 average positive retain
18 average positive retain
19 average positive retain
20 average positive retain
21 average positive retain
22 average positive retain
23 average positive retain
24 average positive retain
25 average positive retain
26 average positive retain
27 average positive retain
28 average positive retain
29 average positive retain
30 average positive retain
31 average positive retain
32 average positive retain
 48

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
33 average positive retain
34 average positive retain
35 average positive retain
36 average positive retain
37 average positive retain
38 average positive retain
39 average positive retain
40 average positive retain
41 average positive retain
42 average positive retain
43 average positive retain
44 average positive retain
45 average positive retain
46 average positive retain
47 average positive retain
48 average positive retain
49 average positive retain
50 average positive retain
51 average positive retain
52 average positive retain
53 average positive retain
54 average positive retain
55 average positive retain
 49

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
56 average positive retain
57 average positive retain
58 average positive retain
59 average positive retain
60 average positive retain
61 average positive retain
62 average positive retain
63 average positive retain
64 average positive retain
65 average positive retain
66 average positive retain
67 average positive retain
68 average positive retain
69 average positive retain
70 average positive retain
71 average positive retain
72 average positive retain
73 average positive retain
74 average positive retain
75 average positive retain
76 average positive retain
77 average positive retain
78 average positive retain
 50

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
79 average positive retain
80 average positive retain
81 average positive retain
82 average positive retain
83 average positive retain
84 average positive retain
85 average positive retain
86 average positive retain
87 average positive retain
88 average positive retain
89 average positive retain
90 average positive retain
91 average positive retain
92 average positive retain
93 average positive retain
94 average positive retain
95 average positive retain
96 average positive retain
97 average positive retain
98 average positive retain
99 average positive retain
100 average positive retain
101 average positive retain
 51

Item Index of
Number Level of Difficulty Discrimination Decision
102 average positive retain
103 average positive retain
104 average positive retain
105 average positive retain
106 average positive retain
107 average positive retain
108 average positive retain
109 average positive retain
110 average positive retain
111 average positive retain
112 average positive retain
113 average positive retain
114 average positive retain
115 average positive retain
116 average positive retain
117 average positive retain
118 average positive retain
119 average positive retain
120 average positive retain

Table 4.4 showed the decisions on each of the items of the developed reviewer

based on their level of difficulty and index of discrimination. Based on the findings, all

the question/items of the developed reviewer has an average level of difficulty and as
 52

shown on Table 4.4, all of the one hundred twenty items (120) have positive index of

discrimination. Thus the researchers decided to include all the questions in the final

copy of the reviewer.