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(iii) Some A are B also indicates that – All B are A.

LOGICAL REASONING
SYLLOGISM
Syllogism is a verbal reasoning type problem in which a
conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions
(premises); a common or middle term is present in the two
premises but not in the conclusion.
For e.g.: Some mangoes are pears.
The best method of solving the Syllogism’s problem is
(i)
through Venn Diagrams. There are four ways in which the
relationship could be made.

Category 1

All A are B – Means the whole circle representing A lies within

the circle representing B.

(ii)

Category 2 (iii)

No A is B – means that circles representing A and B does not

intersect at all.

Category 4.

Some A are not B

Example: No chair is a table.
Means that some portion of circle A has no intersection with
Category 3 circle B while the remaining portion of circle A is uncertain
whether this portion touches B or not.
Some A are B
(i) Some A are not B also indicates that – Some A are B.
Means that some part of the circle represented by A is within the
circle represented by B.

(ii) Some A are not B also indicates that – No A is B.

(i) Some A are B, also indicates that – Some A are not B

Complementary Pairs: (Either & or) – Either and or cases only

take place in complementary pairs.

Conclusions: (i) Some A are B.

(ii) Some A are B also indicates that – All A are B. (ii) No A are B.

From the given above conclusions, it is easy to understand that

one of the given conclusions must be true, which is represented
by option either (i) or (ii).

These types of pairs are called complementary pairs.

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Note: ‘All A are B’ & ‘Some A are not B’ are also complementary 4. Statement:
pairs. 1. No animals are plants.
It is important to note that, in complementary pairs, one of the 2. All sheep are animals.
two conclusions is true and other will be false simultaneously. Therefore,
(a) All sheep are plants.
For example –
(b) All animals are sheep.
Statement: All A are B. Some B are C.
(c) Some Sheep Are Plants.
Conclusion: I. All C are A. II. Some C are not A. (d) None of the above.

5. Statements:
1. Some actors are singers.
2. All the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:

Here we can make conclusion, either I or either II follows. I . Some actors are dancers.
II. No singer is actor.
Possibility cases in Syllogism – In possibilities cases, we have
(a) Only I conclusion follows
to create all possibilities to find whether the given conclusion is
possible or not. If it is possible and satisfies the given statement (b) Only II conclusion follows
then given conclusion will follow otherwise conclusion will not (c) Either I or II follows
follow. (d) Neither I nor II follows
Exercises: (e) Both I and II follow

Directions for Q1 and Q2: State whether the given conclusion 6. Statements:
is True or False: 1. All states are towns.
2. Some villages are not towns
1. Statement:
Conclusion:
1. All A are B. I. All states are villages
2. Some B are C. II. Some states are villages
Conclusion: III. Some villages are not states
All A being C is a possibility. IV. Some states are not villages
(a) True (b) False (a) None follows
2. Statements: (b) Only III
1. Some mouse is cat. (c) Only II and III follows
2. All mouse are pets. (d) All follows
3. No pet is animal. 7. Statements:
Conclusions: 1. Some mangoes are yellow.
All mouse being animal is a possibility. 2. Some tixo are mangoes.
(a) True (b) False Conclusions:

Directions for Q3 to Q17: Which of these is a logical I. Some mangoes are green.
conclusion. II. Tixo is yellow.
(a) Only I conclusion follows
3. Statements:
(b) Only II conclusion follows
1. Some Red Boxes are Green Boxes.
(c) Either I or II follows
2. All Red Boxes are Yellow Boxes.
(d) Neither I nor II follows
Conclusions:
(e) Both I and II follow
I. Some Yellow Boxes are Green Boxes.
8. Statements:
II. All Green Boxes are Red Boxes.
1. All the trucks are flies.
(a) Only I can be true always
2. Some scooters are flies.
(b) Only II can be true always
Conclusions:
(c) Both I and II can be true always
I. All the trucks are scooters.
(d) Both I and II cannot be true always
II. Some scooters are trucks.

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(a) Only I conclusion follows Conclusions:

(b) Only II conclusion follows I. Some papers are bags.
(c) Either I or II follows II. Some books are papers.
(d) Neither I nor II follows III. Some books are purses.
(e) Both I and II follow (a) Only I (b) Only II and III

9. Statements: (c) Only I and II (d) Only I and III

1. All the books are pencils. 13. Statements:
2. No pencil is eraser. 1. Some trains are cars
Conclusions: 2. All cars are branches
I. All the pencils are books. 3. All branches are nets
II. Some erasers are books. 4. Some nets are dresses
III. No book is eraser. Conclusions:
IV. Some books are erasers. I. Some dresses are cars
(a) Only III II. Some nets are trains
(b) Only I and III III. Some branches are trains
(c) Only I and II
IV. Some dresses are trains
(d) Only II and III
(a) Only I and III follow.
(e) Only III and IV
(b) Only II and III follow.
10. Statements: (c) Only II and IV follow.
1. No man is sky. (d) All follow.
2. No sky is road.
14. 1. Some jackfruits are lilies.
3. Some men are roads
2. No lily is a canoe.
Conclusions:
3. All canoes are oceans.
I. No road is man
Conclusions:
II. No road is sky
I. Some jackfruits are oceans.
III. Some skies are men
II. Some oceans are canoes.
IV. All roads are men
III. Some oceans are jackfruits.
(a) Only I and III follow.
IV. Some lilies are jackfruits.
(b) Only II and III follow.
(a) Only I and III follow.
(c) Only II and IV follow.
(b) Only II and III follow.
(d) Only II follows.
(c) Only II and IV follow.
11. Statements: (d) All follow.
1. All players are spectators.
2. Some spectators are theatres. 15. Statements:

3. Some theatres are dramas 1. Only stars are moons.

Conclusions: 2. No galaxy is a star.
I. Some dramas are spectators 3. No planets are moons.
II. Some players are dramas Conclusions:
III. Some theatres are players. I. Some moons are not planets
IV. All spectators are players II. No moon is a galaxy.
(a) Only I and III follow. III. No galaxy is a planet.
(b) Only II and III follow. IV. No stars are planets.
(c) Only II and IV follow. (a) I, II and IV follow
(d) None follows. (b) I, III and IV follow
12. Statements: (c) II, III and IV follow
1. All the papers are books. (d) III and IV follow
2. All the bags are books. (e) I and II follow
3. Some purses are bags.

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16. Statements: 20. The below question consists of six statements followed by
1. No navies are air forces. options consisting of three statements put together in a
2. All armies are navies. specific order. Choose the option, where the third
statement is a conclusion drawn from preceding two
3. All air forces are combats.
statements.
Conclusions:
A. Six is five. B. Five is not four.
I. No air forces are navies
C. Some five is ten. D. Some six is twelve.
II. Some combats are air forces
E. Some twelve is five. F. Some ten is four.
III. Some combats are not navies
IV. No armies are air forces (a) ABC (b) ADE (c) AEF (d) EDC

(a) Only either I or II follows BINARY LOGIC

(b) Only II follows
(c) Only either I or IV follows 1. While Balbir had his back turned, a dog ran into his
butcher shop, snatched a piece of meat off the counter and
(d) All follows
ran out. Balbir was mad when he realised what had
(e) None follows
happened. He asked three other shopkeepers, who had
17. Statements: seen the dog, to describe it. The shopkeepers really didn't
want to help Balbir. So each of them made a statement
1. All petals are flowers. Some flowers are buds.
which contained one truth and one lie.
2. Some buds are leaves. All leaves are plants Shopkeeper Number 1 said: "The dog had black hair and a
Conclusions: long tail."
I. Some petals are not buds Shopkeeper Number 2 said: "The dog has a short tail and
II. Some flowers are plants wore a collar."

III. No flower is plant Shopkeeper Number 3 said: "The dog had white hair and
no collar."
(a) Only I and II follow
Based on the above statements, which of the following
(b) Either II or III follows
could be a correct description?
(c) Only I follows
(a) The dog had white hair, short tail and no collar.
(d) I and III follows
(b) The dog had white hair, long tail and a collar.
(e) I, II and III follow
(c) The dog had black hair, long tail and a collar.
Directions for Q18 and Q19: Each question contains six (d) The dog had black hair, long tail and no collar.
statements followed by four sets of combinations of three.
2. Out of three people X, Y and Z, one is a knight, one a knave
Choose the set in which the statements are most logically and the third a spy, who can either speak the truth or lie.
related. X says: “Y is not a spy.” Z says: “X is a spy.” Which of the
following statements is definitely true?
18. A. All roses are fragrant.
(a) X is a knave (b) Y is a knave
B. All roses are majestic.
(c) X is a spy (d) Y is a knight
C. All roses are plants.
3. Shahrukh speaks truth only in the morning and lies in the
D. All roses need air.
afternoon, whereas Salman speaks truth only in the
E. All plants need air. afternoon. A says that B is Shahrukh. Is it morning or
F. All plants need water. afternoon and who is A - Shahrukh or Salman?
(a) CED (b) ACB (c) BDC (d) CFE (a) Afternoon, Shahrukh (b) Afternoon, Salman
(c) Morning, Shahrukh (d) Morning, Salmon
19. A. Some mammals are carnivores.
4. Five college students met at a party and exchanged
B. All whales are mammals.
gossips. Uma said, “Only one of us is lying”. David said,
C. All whales are aquatic animals.
“Exactly two of us are lying”. Thara said, “Exactly 3 of us
D. All whales are carnivores. are lying”. Querishi said, “Exactly 4 of us are lying”. Chitra
E. Some aquatic animals are mammals. said “All of us are lying”. Which one was telling the truth?
F. Some mammals are whales. (a) David (b) Quershi
(c) Chitra (d) Thara
(a) ADF (b) ABC (c) AEF (d) BCE

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5. Rajesh, Rakesh, Prakash-among Truth-teller, Liar, (a) Gandhi

Alternator in any order. When asked about their category, (b) Nehru
they replied: (c) Either Gandhi or Nehru
Rajesh: Prakash is an alternator. I am the Truth-teller. (d) Neither Gandhi nor Nehru
Rakesh: I am the liar. Prakash is the Truth-teller.
10. One of these three is telling the truth, and the other two
Prakash: I am not the liar. Rajesh is not an alternator.
are lying. Based on their statements, can you determine
Who is the Truth-teller?
who is telling the truth?
(a) Rajesh A: I never lie.
(b) Rakesh B: A is lying. I'm the one telling the truth!
(c) Prakash C: B is lying, I'm the honest one!
(d) Cannot be determined (a) B (b) A
(c) C (d) Cannot be determined
6. On an Island there live three types of tribes Sachcha,
Jhutha and Lota. Sachchas always tell the truth, Jhuthas Directions for 11 and 12: Read the question below very carefully
always lie and Lotas tell the truth and lie alternating (they and choose the correct answer for the questions that follow:
can tell truth first or lie first). Three persons (of different On an island ‘Tristan da Cunha’ the inhabitants always answer
tribes) from this Island give these statements. any question with two sentences – one of which is always true
GOOD: UGLY is of Sachcha tribe: I am of Lota tribe and the other always false.
BAD: GOOD is of Jhutha tribe; I am of Sachcha Tribe The Head of the island discovers illegal activities. In order to
determine the identity of the culprits and also to know more
UGLY: BAD is of Jhutha tribe; I am of Lota tribe.
about the next heist on the basis of the plane and what it looks
GOOD belongs to which tribe?
like. This is what they have to say:
(a) Sachcha (b) Jhutha
S: It arrives at 9:00 p.m. The colour of the plane is only red.
(c) Lota (d) either (a) or (c)
R: It arrives at 9:00 p.m. The colour of the plane is only red.
(e) Cannot say
B: I know at what time the ship arrives. R is lying about the time
7. Out of three people (Lavesh, Mayank and Manoj), one of of arrival.
them is a king, one a bureaucrat, and one a thief.
11. At what time does the plane arrive?
The king always tells the truth, the bureaucrat always lies,
(a) 4 p.m. (b) 9:00 p.m.
and the thief can either lie or tell the truth.
(c) Can’t say (d) Won’t arrive
Lavesh says: 'Manoj is a bureaucrat.'
Mayank says: 'Lavesh is a king.' 12. What is the colour of the plane?
Manoj says: 'I am the thief.' (a) Can’t say (b) Red
Who is the king, who the bureaucrat, and who the thief? (c) Blue (d) Both red and blue
(a) Lavesh – King, Manoj – Thief, Mayank – Bureaucrat
(b) Lavesh – Thief, Mayank – King, Manoj – Bureaucrat Directions for Q13 to Q17: Read the question below very carefully
and choose the correct answer for the questions that follow:
(c) Lavesh – King, Mayank – Thief, Manoj – Bureaucrat
(d) Mayank – Thief, Manoj – King, Lavesh – Bureaucrat There are two types of inhabitants at Hawaii Islands – X type
and Y type. The X type of inhabitants always speaks the truth
8. It is known only one character is telling the truth. and the Y type of inhabitants always lie.
Mr. April says that Mr. May tells lies.
13. John says, “I always lie”. Which type of an inhabitant is he?
Mr. May says that Mr. June tells lies.
(a) X
Mr. June says that both Mr. April and Mr. May tell lies.
Who is telling the truth? (b) Y
(a) Mr. May (b) Mr. June (c) Either X or Y
(c) Mr. April (d) Cannot be determined (d) The given statement infeasible

9. Three persons give these statements. 14. David says, “According to John. I always speak the truth”.
P says either Gandhi or Nehru wins the elections. Which of the following is a correct conclusion?

Q says Gandhi wins. (a) David has to be of type X.

R says neither Gandhi nor Nehru wins the elections. (b) David has to be of type Y.

In these statements only one is wrong. Who wins the (c) John has to be of type X.
elections? (d) John has to be of type Y.

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15. Mike says, “Albert and I are of the same type”. Which of 19. With reference to the previous question, what type is the
the following is a correct conclusion? Advisor?
(a) Mike and Albert are necessarily of the same type. (a) Awaker
(b) Albert has to be of type X. (b) Asleeper
(c) Mike and Albert cannot be of the same type.
(c) Could be either of the two types
(d) The given statement is infeasible.
(d) Data inconsistent
16. Rolly says, “Soni and I are of different types”. Which of the
following is a correct conclusion? 20. At one time, and inhabitant believed that he was both
(a) Rolly and Soni are of Type Y and Type X respectively. asleep and awake, what was he really?

(b) Rolly and Soni cannot be of the same type. (a) Awaker
(c) Soni has to be of Type Y. (b) Asleeper
(d) Rolly has to be of Type Y. (c) Could be either of the two types

17. Mike says, “At least one person among Albert and I always (d) Data inconsistent
lies”. What types are Mike and Albert respectively?
VISUAL REASONING – III
(a) Y, X
(b) Y, Y CUBES
(c) X, Y
Directions for Q1 and Q2: The sheet of paper shown in the
(d) It is not possible to deduce figure (X) given on the left hand side, in each problem, is folded
to form a box. Choose from amongst the alternatives (1), (2), (3)
Directions for Q18 to Q20: Refer to the passage below and
and (4), the boxes that are similar to the box that will be formed.
answer the questions given below it.
1. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
The inhabitants of the Island of Middle Andaman Island have given sheet of paper (X).
very bright and interesting lives. Just as we earthlings have
continuity in our routine lives, the inhabitants of the Island of
Middle Andaman Island have continuity in both their waking
lives, as well as their dreams. As result, the inhabitants of the
Island of Middle Andaman Island have great difficulty in
knowing whether they are awake or asleep at a given time. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 4 only

However, the inhabitants can be classified into two broad types (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only
– Awakers and Asleepers. 2. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X).
An Awaker is characterized by the fact that everything they
believe while they are awake is true, and everything they
believe while they are asleep is false. An Asleeper on the
other hand, has the characteristic that everything he believes
while asleep is try, and everything he believes while awake is
false. (a) 1 and 4 only (b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only
18. The island has a King, an advisor and a Doctor. At one
3. How many dots lie opposite to the face having three dots,
point, the Doctor believed that his bosses were of different when the given figure is folded to form a cube?
types. Twelve hours later, he changed his state (from sleeping to
waking or from waking to sleeping), and he then believed that
the King was an Awaker and the Advisor was an Asleeper. What
type is the King?
(a) Awaker
(b) Asleeper
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(c) Could be either of the two types
4. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
(d) Data inconsistent given sheet of paper (X).

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(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 4 only (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only

5. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the 11. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X). given sheet of paper (X).

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
6. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X). 12. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X).

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
7. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X). 13. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X).

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 only (d) 3 and 4 only
8. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X). 14. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X).

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only

(c) 3 only (d) 4 only (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only

9. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the 15. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the
given sheet of paper (X). given sheet of paper (X).

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 4 only

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
10. Choose the box that is similar to the box formed from the (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
given sheet of paper (X).

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16. Observe the dots on a dice (one to six dots) in the 22. A dice is numbered from 1 to 6 in different ways.
following figures. How many dots are contained on the If 1 is adjacent to 2, 3 and 5, then which of the following
face opposite to that containing four dots? statements is necessarily true?
(a) 4 is adjacent to 6
(b) 2 is adjacent to 5
(c) 1 is adjacent to 6
(a) 2 (b) 3 (d) 1 is adjacent to 4
(c) 6 (d) Cannot be determined
23. If the total number of dots on opposite faces of a cubical
17. Three different positions of a dice are shown below. How block is always 7, find the figure which is correct.
many dots lie opposite 2 dots?

(a) Fig.1 (b) Fig.2 (c) Fig.3 (d) Fig.4

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 24. A dice is numbered from 1 to 6 in different ways.

18. The six faces of a dice have been marked with alphabets A, If 2 is opposite to 3 and adjacent to 4 and 6, then which of
B, C, D, E and F respectively. This dice is rolled down three the following statements is necessarily true?
times. The three positions are shown as: (a) 1 is opposite to 5
(b) 4 is opposite to 6
(c) 4 is adjacent to 2 and 6
(d) 1 is adjacent to 2 and 3

Find the alphabet opposite A. 25. A dice is numbered from 1 to 6 in different ways.
(a) C (b) D (c) E (d) F If 1 is opposite to 5 and 2 is opposite to 3, then
(a) 4 is adjacent to 3 and 6
19. Three positions of a dice are given. Based on them find
out which number is found opposite the number 2 in the (b) 2 is adjacent to 4 and 6
given cube. (c) 4 is adjacent to 5 and 6
(d) 6 is adjacent to 3 and 4

26. A cube has six different symbols drawn over its six faces.
The symbols are dot, circle, triangle, square, cross and
arrow. Three different positions of the cube are shown in
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1 figures X, Y, and Z.
20. A dice is thrown four times and its four different positions Which symbol is opposite the dot?
are shown below. Find the number on the face opposite
the face showing 2.

(a) Circle (b) Triangle

(c) Arrow (d) Cross
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 27. A cube has six different symbols drawn over its six faces.
21. Two positions of a parallelepiped are shown below. When The symbols are dot, circle, triangle, square, cross and
the number 3 will be on the top side, then which number arrow. Three different positions of the cube are shown in
will be at the bottom? figures X, Y, and Z.
Which symbol is opposite the arrow?

(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (a) Circle (b) Triangle

(c) Dot (d) Cross

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28. A cube has six different symbols drawn over its six faces.
The symbols are dot, circle, triangle, square, cross and
arrow. Three different positions of the cube are shown in
figures X, Y, and Z.
Which symbol occurs at the bottom of fig.(Y)?

(a) Arrow (b) Triangle

(c) Circle (d) Dot

29. Three different positions X, Y and Z of a dice are shown in

the figures given below. Which of the hidden numbers
adjacent to 5 in position X is/are common to the hidden
numbers adjacent to 5 in position Z?

(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2

(c) 6 (d) None

30. Four usual dice are thrown on the ground. The total of
numbers on the top faces of these four dice is 13 as the
top faces showed 4, 3, 1 and 5 respectively. What is the
total of the faces touching the ground?
(a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 15 (d) Cannot be determined

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