QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HVITQA_2002_2012_1118

While selling goods, a certain percentage on the cost price is

PROFIT LOSS AND DISCOUNT added to the cost price and printed on the products. The price
Profit and Loss plays an important role in every commercial thus obtained is called the marked price.
transaction. In fact, the entire economy and the concept of If the product is sold at the marked price then selling price
capitalism is based on the so called ‘Profit Motive’. The terms = marked price
‘Cost Price’ and ‘Selling Price’ are used at every stage of goods
exchanging hands. The price at which a person buys a product is If the trader gives a discount, it is given in the marked price and
the Cost Price (CP) of the product with respect to that person. after the discount, it is sold at its discounted price.
The price at which a person sells a product is the Selling Price
 Marked Price – Discount = Selling Price
(SP) of the product. When a person is able to sell a product at a
price higher than its cost price, he has earned a profit. Example 3

If SP > CP, the difference SP – CP is called the profit or gain. A retailer marks all his goods at 50% above the cost price. He
offers a discount of 25% on the marked price. What will be the
Similarly when a person sells an item for a price lower than its
profit on the sales?
cost price, a loss has been incurred.
Solution
If SP < CP, the difference CP – SP is called the loss.
Let the C.P. be Rs.100.
Remember:
Then marked price = Rs.100 + 50% of Rs.100 = Rs.150
(i) If SP > CP, Profit = SP – CP
75
S.P. = 75% of Rs.150   150  Rs.112.50
100
(ii) If CP > SP, Loss = CP – SP
Gain = Rs.112.50 – Rs.100 = Rs.12.50
Profit  100 Example 4
(iii) Percentage Profit 
CP
Find a single discount equivalent to three consecutive discounts
of 10%, 12% and 5%.
Loss  100
(iv) Percentage Loss 
CP Solution
Let the cost price be Rs.100.

90
Example 1 Price after 10% discount  100   Rs.90
100
A man purchases an item for Rs.120 and sells the item for
88
Rs.144. Find the profit percent. Price after 12% discount  90   Rs.79.20
100
Solution 95
Price after 5% discount  79.2   Rs.75.24
Cost price of the item = Rs.120 100

Sale price of the item = Rs.144  The single discount = 100 – 75.24 = 24.76%

Profit = Rs.144 – Rs.120 = Rs.24

Profit  100 24  100

SMART Tip
Profit percent  % %  20%
CP 120
Successive Increases:
Example 2
 If a number x is successively changed by a%, b% and
A fruit vendor recovers the cost of 25 mangoes by selling C%...
20 mangoes. Find his percentage profit.
 Final Change = ( )( )( )
Solution
PERCENTAGE PROFIT
Since the money spent is equal to the money earned, the
Goods left 5 Percentage profit is always determined on the cost price of the
percentage profit   100%   100%  25%
Goods sold 20 item.

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Selling Price  Cost Price 570  105

Percentage profit   100%   6  105  Rs.630
Cost Price 95

Percentage Profit  Cost Price  He should sell the horse for Rs.630.
 Selling Price  Cost Price 
100
Example 8
 Percentage Profit 
 Cost Price 1   A machine is sold for Rs.5060 at a gain of 10%. What would have
 100 
been the gain or loss percent if it had been sold for Rs.4370.
Selling Price S.P.  100
Cost Price   Solution
 Percentage Profit  100  Percentage Profit 
1  
 100  Sale price of the machine at a gain of 10% = Rs.5060
Similarly, when there is a loss,
100
 Percentage Loss   Cost price of the machine  5060   Rs.4600
Selling Price = Cost Price 1  
110
 100 
Second sale price = Rs.4370
Selling Price S.P.  100
Cost Price   Let the loss percent be x.
 Percentage Loss  100  Percentage Loss 
1  
 100   Rs.4600 – x% of Rs.4600 = Rs.4370
 x% of 4600  Rs .230
Example 5
x
If by selling an article for Rs.390, a shop keeper gains 20%, find   4600  230
100
the cost price.
230  100
Solution x  5%
4600
Selling Price 39000
Cost Price   100   The required loss percent is 5%.
100  Percentage Profit 100  20
Example 9
39000
  Rs.325
120 A person sells an article at a profit of 10%. If he had bought it at
 Cost Price = Rs.325 10% loss and sold it for Rs.3 more, he would have gained 25%.
Find the cost price.
Example 6
Solution
A sells an item to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to C at a profit
of 25%. If C pays Rs.225 for it, what was the cost price for A. Let the actual cost price be Rs.100.

Solution Actual selling price at 10% profit = Rs.110

Supposed selling price at 10% loss = Rs.90

Selling price of B = Rs.225
125
100 Supposed selling price at 25% gain  90   Rs.112.50
 Cost price of B  225   Rs.180 100
125
Difference in the selling price = 112.50 – 110 = Rs.2.50
 Selling price of A  Rs.180
If the difference is Rs.2.50, Cost price = Rs.100
100  If the difference is Rs.3, cost price
 Cost price of A  180   Rs.150
120
100  3 3 2
 Cost price of A = Rs.150   100   Rs.120
2.5 5
Example 7  Required cost price = Rs.120
By selling a horse for Rs.570, a tradesman would lose 5%. At Example 10
what price should he sell it to gain 5%?
A person sells his table at a profit of 12 1 % and the chair at a
Solution 2

100 loss of 8 1 %. But on the whole he gains Rs.25. If he sells the

3
Cost price of the horse  Rs.570 
95 table at a loss of 8 1 % and the chair at the profit of 12 1 % he
3 2
100 105 neither gains nor loses. Find the cost price of the table.
If the gain will be 5%, S.P.  Rs.570  
95 100

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Solution Example 12

Let the cost price of the table be Rs.x and the cost price of the A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he
chair be Rs.y. uses a weight of 950 gms for the kg weight. Find his gain percent.

Then, 12 12 % of x  8 13 % of y  25 Solution


and  8 13 % of x  12 12 % of y  10   True weight 
Percentage gain    1   100%
 False weight 
25 25 
 x y  25
200 300   1000  50 5000
   1   100%   100%   5.26%
25 25  950  950 950
 x y 0 
300 200 

 Percentage gain = 5.26%
 3x  2y  600 ...(i) 
 Example 13
 2x  3y  0 ...(ii)
A dishonest dealer sells his goods at 6 1 % less on cost price, but
(i)3  (ii)  2  5x  1800 4

uses 12 1 % less weight. Find his profit percent.

1800 2
x  Rs.360
5
Solution
 The cost price of the table = Rs.360
 100  6 1 
Percentage profit   4
   100%
 100  12 1 
CALCULATING PERCENTAGE PROFIT BY EQUATING THE C.P  2 
AND S.P  25 
 100  4   375 
If the cost price of x articles is equal to the selling price of   1   100%    1   100%
 100  25   350 
xy
y articles, the profit percentage   100%  2 
y
25 500
  100%   7 71 %
Let us consider the example that 16 articles are sold for the 350 70
same money spent for 20 articles. What is the gain percent %?
Example 14
20  16 4 1
Gain percent   100%   100%   100  25% If goods be purchased for Rs.450, and one third be sold at a loss
16 16 4
of 10% at what gain percent should the remainder be sold so as
Example 11 to gain 20% on the whole transaction?

The cost price of 50 mangoes is equal to the selling price of Solution

40 mangoes. Find the percentage profit. 1 rd 1
Cost of of goods  450   Rs.150
Solution 3 3
1 rd 90
50  40 10 Selling price of of goods  150   Rs.135
Percentage profit   100%   100%  25% 3 100
40 40
If there is a profit of 20% on the whole, the total selling price
FALSE WEIGHTS 120
 450   Rs.540
If an item is claimed to be sold at the cost price using false 100
weights, then the overall percentage profit is given by 2 rd
 Selling price of the remaining of the goods
3
 Claimed weight of item 
Percentage profit    1   100%  540  135  Rs.405
 Actual weight of item 
2 rd
But the cost price of of the goods = Rs.300
For example, a vendor uses a weight of 750 gms instead of 1 kg 3
weight and then sells his goods at cost price.
405  300 105
 Gain percent   100%   100%
 1000  300 300
Then the profit percentage is given by   1   100%
 750  105
 %  35%
3
1
  100%  33 13 %  The required gain percent = 35%
3

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Example 15 Solution

A person bought 2 watches for Rs.480. He sold one at a loss of Let the marked percent above cost price be x.
15% and the other at a gain of 19% by selling each watch at the
5x
same price. Find the cost price of the 2 watches. x  5   10
100
Solution
x
Let the cost price of one watch be Rs.x. x 5  10  20x  100  x  200
20
 Cost price of the other watch = Rs.(480 – x)
300 15
Selling price of the first watch at a loss of 15%  19x  300  x   15 %
9 19
85 17
 Rs.x   x
100 20  He has to mark 15 15 % above the cost price.
19
Selling price of the second watch at a profit of 19%
119 119 Example 17
  480  x     480  x 
100 100
If a discount of 10% is given on the marked price of an article,
Now, the selling prices of both the watches are the same. the shop keeper gets a profit of 20%. Find his profit percent if he
17 119 offers a discount of 20% on the same article.
 x  480  x 
20 100
 85x  119(480  x) Solution

 119x  85x  119  480 Let the marked price be Rs.100.

 204x  480  119
Selling price at 10% discount = Rs.90
480  119 480 7
x    Rs.280
204 2 100
Since he gets a profit of 20%, his cost price  90   Rs.75
 The cost price of the 2 watches are Rs.280 and Rs.200. 120

DISCOUNT FOR CASH PAYMENT At 20% discount, the selling price = Rs.80

If a tradesman marks his goods at x% above his cost price and 80  75 5

His profit percent   100%   100%
allows purchasers a discount of y% for each, then there is 75 75
 xy 
x  y   % profit or loss according to + sign or – sign 100
 100   %  6 32 %
15
respectively.
SUCCESSIVE DISCOUNTS
 xy 
 Profit/loss percent   x  y  
 100  If there are successive discounts of x%, y% and z% in a transaction,

For example, a tradesman marks his goods at 25% above his  100  x   100  y   100  z 
Total discount  1       100%
cost price and allows a discount of 12 1 % for cash. What profit  100   100   100 
2
percent does he make? Example 18

Here x  25%, y  12 1 % A retail store offered a discount of 15% on every item

2
purchased. Later they announced an additional discount of 20%.
 25  Find the total discount percentage availed by the customer.
 25 

 x  y 
xy  1 2  %
 %   25  12  Solution
 100   2 100 
 
First discount = 15%, second discount = 20%
25 625 1875 75
 25     9 200  9 38 % profit  85 80 
2 200 200  Discount percentage   1    100%
 100 100 
Example 16
10000  6800 3200
A trader allows a discount of 5% for cash payment. How much   100%  %  32%
10000 100
percent above cost price must he mark his goods to make a
profit of 10%.

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Example 19 6. By what percent must the cost price be raised in fixing the
sale price in order that there may be a profit of 20% after
A shopkeeper allows a discount of 10% on the marked price of
allowing a commission of 10%?
an item, but charges a sale tax of 8% on the discounted price. If
(a) 33.33% (b) 3.33%
the customer pays Rs.680.40 as the price including sales tax,
(c) 30% (d) 11.11%
find the marked price of the item.
7. Jawed sells 2,000 mangoes in a week. He recovers his total
Solution
cost by selling first 1,200 mangoes. He sells the next
Let the marked price be Rs.x. 300 mangoes for a loss of 20% and he sells the last
500 mangoes for a loss of 40%. What is his overall
90 9 percentage of profit/loss?
Then price after discount  Rs. x  Rs. x
100 10 (a) 45% profit (b) 12.5% loss
9 108 9  108 (c) 35% loss (d) 27% profit
Price with the sales tax  x  x
10 100 1000 8. The total expenses of a boarding house are partly fixed
9  108 and partly variable with the number of boarders. The
Now x  Rs.680.40 charge is Rs.70 per head when there are 25 boarders and
1000
Rs.60 when there are 50 boarders. Find the charge per
 972x  680400
head when there are 100 boarders.
680400 (a) Rs.65 (b) Rs.55 (c) Rs.50 (d) Rs.45
x   Rs.700 [972  7  6804]
972 9. A man would gain 25% by selling a chair for Rs.47.5 and
 Marked price of the item = Rs.700 would gain 15% by selling a table for Rs.57.5. He sells the
chair for Rs.35.5. What is the least price for which he must
SESSION – 1 sell the table to avoid any loss on the two together?
1. A man purchases a certain number of oranges at 25 a (a) Rs.51.2 (b) Rs.58.5
rupee and the same number at 20 a rupee. He mixes them (c) Rs.62.5 (d) Rs.52.5
together and sells them at 45 for two rupees. How much
percent does he gain or lose in the transaction approx.? 10. Amit bought two cars. He then sold the first car at 10%
(a) 1.23% loss (b) 1.23% gain profit and the second one at 25% profit. The selling price
(c) 1.83% loss (d) 1.83% gain of the second car is 25% more than the selling price of the
first car. What is the approximate profit percent in the
2. If books bought at prices ranging from Rs.200 to Rs.350 sale of both the cars together?
are sold at prices ranging from Rs.300 to Rs.425, what is
(a) 17.85% (b) 18.36%
the greatest possible profit that might be made in selling
(c) 16.19% (d) Cannot be determined
eight books?
(a) Rs.1800 (b) Rs.2000 (c) Rs.4200 (d) Rs.4250
11. A and B purchased a radio each for the same price and
3. Rahul went to purchase a mobile handset. The both marked-up their respective radios by the same
shopkeeper asked him to pay 20% tax if he asked for the amount. A gave a discount of Rs.20 followed by another
bill. Rahul manages to get the discount of 5% on the actual discount of 20% on the reduced price, while B gave a
sale price of the mobile and he paid the shopkeeper discount of 20% followed by a discount of Rs.20. If A's
Rs.3325 without tax. Besides he manages to avoid paying profit percentage is equal to thrice of B's loss percentage,
20% tax on the already discounted price. What is the
what is the profit (in Rs.) of A on his radio?
amount of discount that he has got?
(a) Rs.2 (b) Rs.3 (c) Rs.4 (d) Rs.5
(a) Rs.895 (b) Rs.785
(c) Rs.875 (d) Rs.985
12. By selling a watch at a profit of 10%, a man got Rs.15
4. Apples are bought at 7 for Rs.9 and sold at 9 for Rs.7. Find more than half its price. What is the price of the watch?
the gain or loss percentage. (a) Rs.10 (b) Rs.15 (c) Rs.25 (d) Rs.5
(a) 36.59% loss (b) 36.59% gain
(c) 39.506% gain (d) 39.506% loss 13. A shrewd shop owner adjusted his electronic weighing
scale in a typical way. Error percentage of his sale is
5. A shopkeeper attaches a 100 gm magnet to a weighing
directly proportional to the displayed weight of the
scale used to sell vegetables. He uses the scale to sell
commodity. But he gives a discount of 10% in every
500 gm, 1 kg and 2 kg worth cabbages to three different
customers. If his cost price is same as his selling price, transaction. His weighing scale shows 5 kg for 4 kg. What
what is the average profit percentage? is the actual profit % when the displayed weight is 10 kg?
(a) 10% (b) 33.33% (c) 9.375% (d) 8.5% (a) 35% (b) 30% (c) – 5% (d) 50%

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14. A shopkeeper purchases a packet of 50 pens at Rs.10 per 2. A trader purchased 180 bags of cement at Rs.900 per bag.
pen. He sells a part of the packet at a profit of 30%. On the He sold 70 bags at 20% profit and 50 bags at 6% loss. At
remaining part, he incurs a loss of 10%. If his overall what rate per bag should the remaining bags be sold so as
profit on the whole packet is 10%, the number of pens he to gain 9% on the whole transaction?
sold at profit is (a) Rs.900 (b) Rs.951 (c) Rs.978 (d) Rs.975
(a) 25 (b) 30 (c) 20 (d) 15
3. Bala purchased a pen and sold it at a gain of 10%. If he
had bought it at 6% less and sold it for Rs.5 less, the profit
15. Riya goes to the furniture shop to buy a sofa set and a
would have been 15%. Find the C.P of the pen.
center table. She bargains for a 10% discount on the center
table and 25% discount on a sofa set. However, the (a) Rs.452.61 (b) Rs.461.52
shopkeeper, by mistake, interchanged the discount (c) Rs.263.16 (d) Rs.216.63
percentage figures while making the bill and Riya paid 4. A shop keeper buys oranges at the rate of 4 for Rs.20 and
accordingly. When compared to what she should have paid sells them at the rate of 5 for Rs.30. What is his profit
for her purchases, what percentage did Riya pay extra given percentage?
that the center table costs 40% as much as the sofa set?
(a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 10 (d) 30
(a) 12.3% (b) 7.2% (c) 8.1% (d) 6.3%
5. I bought 15 pens and sold 12 of them at the cost price of
16. An article costing Rs.20 was marked 25% above the cost 18 pens. What is the profit percentage?
price. After two successive discounts of the same (a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50
percentage, the customer now pays Rs.20.25. What would
6. A retailer cheats both while buying and selling goods.
be the percentage change in profit had the price been
While buying the goods, he uses a weighing machine that
increased by the same percentage twice successively
shows 1000 g when the actual weight is 1100 g and while
instead of being reduced?
selling he uses a machine that shows 1100 g when the
(a) 3600% (b) 3200% actual weight is 1000 g. If he sells goods at the cost price,
(c) 2800% (d) 4000% determine his profit percentage?

17. The profit earned when an article is sold for Rs.800 is (a) 21 (b) 23.5 (c) 28 (d) 19.7
20 times the loss incurred when it is sold for Rs.275. At 7. There are two shopkeepers having shops side by side. The
what price should the article be sold if it is desired to first shopkeeper sells bicycles. He sells a bicycle worth
make a profit of 25%? $30 for $45. One day a customer comes and buys a
(a) Rs.300 (b) Rs.350 (c) Rs.375 (d) Rs.400 bicycle. He gives a $50 note to the shopkeeper. The
Directions for Q18 to Q20: Read the passage below and solve shopkeeper doesn't have change so he goes to the second
the questions based on it. shopkeeper, gets the change for $50, and gives $5 and the
bicycle to the customer. The customer goes away. The
Had the CP been 10% less and SP been 10% more, profit% next day the second shopkeeper comes and tells the first
would have been double than that of the earlier case. shopkeeper that the $50 note is counterfeit and takes his
18. What is the actual CP? $50 back. Now, how much does the first shopkeeper lose?
(a) Rs.70 (b) Rs.100 (a) $45 (b) $40 (c) $35 (d) $30
(c) Rs.140 (d) Cannot be determined 8. A dishonest shopkeeper sells goods at a price 6.25% less
19. What is the profit % in original case? than the C.P but uses 12.5% less weight. Find his profit
(a) 20% (b) 28.56% percentage.
(c) 14.28% (d) None of these (a) 7.14% (b) 7.54% (c) 6.84% (d) 7.24%

20. How many values for actual SP is/are possible? 9. A woman goes to the market with Rs.500 to buy apples. The
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) infinite price of apples was decreased by 10% and so she could buy
2 kg more. What was the original price of the apples?
SESSION – 2 (a) Rs.25.55/kg (b) Rs.26.66/kg
1. A shopkeeper offers 15% discount on all plastic toys. He (c) Rs.27.77/kg (d) Rs.28.88/kg
offers a further discount of 4% on the reduced price to
10. A man bought apples at the rate of 8 for $ 34 and sold
those customers who pay in cash. What does a customer
have to pay in cash for a toy of Rs.200? them at the rate of 12 for $ 57. How many apples should
be sold to earn a net profit of $ 45?
(a) Rs.150.50 (b) Rs.165.80
(a) 90 (b) 100 (c) 110 (d) 120
(c) Rs.163.20 (d) Rs.173.50

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11. What is the maximum percentage discount that a 19. A shopkeeper calculated his profit on the marked price
merchant can offer on her Marked Price so that she ends and finds it to be 30%. He forgets the fact that he gave a
up selling at no profit or loss, if she had initially marked discount of 20%. What is his actual profit percentage?
her goods up by 50%? (a) 14.28% (b) 28.57%
(a) 55.55 (b) 44.44 (c) 33.33 (d) 22.22 (c) 20% (d) 25%

12. A trader buys goods at a 19% discount on the label price. 20. The local fruit vendor buys a certain number of oranges at
If he wants to make a profit of 20% after allowing a Rs.7 a dozen and an equal number at Rs.6 a dozen. He
discount of 10%, by what % should his marked price be sells the oranges at Rs.7.50 a dozen and makes a profit of
greater than the original label price? Rs.80. How many oranges did he buy?
(a) 8% (b) 3.8% (a) 20 dozens (b) 30 dozens

(c) 33.33% (d) None of these (c) 40 dozens (d) 80 dozens

13. A merchant buys two articles for Rs.600. He sells one of INTEREST CALCULATION
them at a profit of 22% and the other at a loss of 8% and 1. Principal:
makes no profit or loss in the end. What is the selling
The amount of money initially borrowed for a certain
price of the article that he sold at a loss?
period is called the principal or the sum.
(a) Rs.404.80 (b) Rs.408.80
2. Interest:
(c) Rs.412.80 (d) Rs.416.80
Extra money paid for use of the principal after the certain
14. The Maximum Retail Price (MRP) of a product is 55% period is called the interest.
above its manufacturing cost. The product is sold through
3. Amount:
a retailer, who earns 23% profit on his purchase price.
The sum of the principal and the interest after a certain
What is the profit percentage (expressed in nearest
period is called the amount.
integer) for the manufacturer who sells his product to the
retailer? The retailer gives 10% discount on MRP. 4. Rate of Interest:
(a) 15% (b) 8% (c) 22% (d) 13% The rate at which the interest is calculated is called the
rate of interest, which is always specified as a percentage.
15. Two merchants sell, each an article for Rs.1000. If
merchant A computes his profit on cost price, while 5. Simple Interest (S.I):
merchant B computes his profit on selling price, they end If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is
up making profits of 25% respectively. By how much is reckoned uniformly, it is called simple interest.
the profit made by merchant B greater than that of If P is the principal, R% is the rate of interest per annum
merchant A? and T the time in years,
(a) Rs.45.5 (b) Rs.50 PR T
S.I. 
(c) Rs.66.66 (d) Rs.33.33 100

16. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost PRT
Amount  P 
increases by 25% but the selling price remaining 100
constant, approximately what percentage of the selling
6. Compound Interest:
price is the profit (approx)?
If after specific intervals, the interest is also added to the
(a) 60 (b) 66 (c) 70 (d) 77
principal for calculation of further interest, then the interest
17. A man bought an article and sold it at a gain of 5 %. If he is called compound interest.
had bought it at 5% less and sold it for Re 1 less, he would The specific interval may be annual, half yearly and
have made a profit of 10%. The C.P. of the article was quarterly.
(a) Rs.150 (b) Rs.190 (c) Rs.200 (d) Rs.220 7. Formulae for compound interest:
18. The cash difference between the selling prices of an Let P be the principal, rate of interest r% per annum and
article at a profit of 4% and 6% is Rs.3. The ratio of the ‘n’ the time in number of years.
two selling prices is (i) When the interest is compounded annually
(a) 51:52 (b) 52:53 Compound Interest = A – P where
(c) 53:54 (d) None of these n
 r 
A  P1  
 100 

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

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(ii) When the interest is compounded half-yearly 3

5 
 Amount = 16000   1  
2n 100 
 r  
Compound Interest = A – P where A  P  1  
 200  3
 21  21  21  21
 16000     Rs.16000  = Rs.18522
(iii) When the interest compound quarterly,  20  20  20  20

r 
4n  Compound interest = Amount – Principal

Compound Interest = A – P, where A  P  1  
 400  = 18522 – 16000 = Rs.2522

(iv) When the interest is compounded annually, but time is Application 4

1 A sum of money doubles itself at compound interest in 15 years.
in fraction, say 3 years
2 In how many years will it become 8 times?
3 1/2 Solution
 R   R 
Amount  P  1   1   15 15
 100   100   r   r 
P1    2P   1   2 … (i)
 100   100 
(v) Present worth of Rs.x due n years hence is,
Let it become 8 times in n years.
x
 n n n
Present worth  R   r   r 
P  1    8P   1   8 … (ii)
1    100   100 
 100 
From (i) and (ii)
Application 1
3
Find the simple interest on a principal of Rs.5000 at an interest  r 
n  r  
15
 1   8   1  
rate of 6% p.a. for a period of 6 years.  100  
 100  

Solution:
n 45
 r   r 
P = Rs.5000, R = 6% p.a., T = 6 years  1    1  
 100   100 
PRT 5000  6  6
Simple interest    Rs.1800  n  45 years
100 100
 The required time is 45 years.
Application 2
If Rs.5000 becomes Rs.5700 in a year’s time, what will Rs.7000 Application 5
become at the end of 5 years at the same rate of interest? If the difference between the compound interest and the simple
Solution interest on a certain sum of money is Rs.72 at 12% per annum
Amount = Principal + Interest for 2 years, find the amount.

 Interest = Amount – Principal Solution

= 5700 – 5000 = Rs.700 Let the amount be P.

PRT P  12  2 24P
I Simple interest    0.24 P
100 100 100
2
5000  r  1 7000 70  12 
 700  r    14% Compound interest  P  1   P
100 500 5  100 
 The rate of interest = 14%  28 2 
The interest on Rs.7000 at 14% interest for 5 years  P    1
25
  
7000  14  5
  Rs.4900
100  P 1.122  1  0.2544 P
 
 Amount = 7000 + 4900 = Rs.11900
Difference = 0.2544 P – 0.24 P = Rs.72
Application 3
 0.144P  Rs.72
Find the compound interest on Rs.16,000 at 20% per annum for
9 months, compounded quarterly. 72 720000
P   Rs.5000
Solution 0.0144 144
Principal = Rs.16,000, Rate = 20% per annum = 5% per quarter
 The amount is Rs.5000.
Time = 9 months = 3 quarters

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GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS 3. Ranjan purchased a Maruthi van for Rs.1,96,000 and the
2
rate of depreciation is 14 % per annum. Find the value
7
1. While calculating the interest, the time period is always of the van after 2 years.
years. If months are given, it has to be converted to years
(a) Rs.1,40,000 (b) Rs.1,44,000
by dividing by 12.
(c) Rs.1,50,000 (d) Rs.1,60,000
2. If the rate of interest is specified as half-yearly or
4. A sum was invested at simple interest at certain rate for
quarterly, time to be taken in terms of 6 months or 3
2 years. It would have fetched Rs.60 more had it been
months.
invested at 2% higher rate. Find the sum.

1 (a) Rs.1500 (b) Rs.1300

3. The half yearly interest rate will be of the annual rate
2 (c) Rs.2500 (d) Rs.1000
1 5. Shashikanth derives an annual income of Rs.688.25 from
of interest and the quarterly interest rate will be of the
4 Rs.10,000 invested partly at 8% per annum and partly at
annual rate of interest. 5% per annum simple interest. Find the sum of money
invested at 5%.
4. While calculating compound interest, the principal should
(a) Rs.5000 (b) Rs.4225 (c) Rs.4800 (d) Rs.3725
be subtracted from the amount calculated.
6. A sum of money doubles itself in 5 years. In how many
TWI QUESTIONS years will it become four-fold if interest is compounded
annually?
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 12

7. If a person repaid Rs.22500 after 10 years of borrowing a

loan at 10% per annum simple interest, find out the
amount he took as loan.
(a) Rs.11225 (b) Rs.11250
(c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.7500

8. The RBI lends a certain amount to the SBI on simple

interest for 2 years at 20%. The SBI gives this entire
1. Ranjan deposited Rs.2000 in a bank. The bank pays 5%
amount to Bharathi Telecom on compound interest for 2
interest per annum. What will be his annual income?
years at the same rate annually. Find the percentage
2. Shyam lent Rs.2100 at compound interest of 5% p.a. for 2 earning of the SBI at the end of 2 years on the entire
years to his friend. Find the amount after 2 years. amount.
1 2 6
3. Find the rate of interest if the amount after 2 years of (a) 4% (b) 3 % (c) 3 % (d) 3 %
7 7 7
simple interest on a capital of Rs.1200 is Rs.1440.
9. Find the compound interest at the rate of 10% for 2 years
4. At what rate percent per annum simple interest will a sum on the principal which in 3 years at the rate of 10% p.a.
of money double in 16 years? gives Rs.300 as simple interest.
(a) Rs.331 (b) Rs.310 (c) Rs.330 (d) Rs.333
5. At what time will Rs.1000 become Rs.1331 at 10% per
annum compounded annually? 10. The difference between compound interest and simple
interest on a certain sum of money at 10% p.a. for 3 years
SESSION – 3
is Rs.620. Find the principal if it is known that the interest
1. Find the difference between the simple interest and is compounded annually.
compound interest at 5% per annum for 2 years on a (a) Rs.200,000 (b) Rs.20,000
principal of Rs.2000. (c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.100,000
(a) Rs.5 (b) Rs.105 (c) Rs.50 (d) Rs.5.50
11. Find the least number of complete years in which a sum of
2. The SBI lent Rs.1331 to the Tata group at compound money put out at 20% compound interest will be more
interest and got Rs.1728 after 3 years. What is the rate of than doubled.
interest charged if the interest was compounded annually?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) 11% (b) 9.09% (c) 12% (d) 8.33%

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12. Mr. Dhas invested money in 2 schemes A and B offering 3. Mr. X puts equal amount of money in two schemes: one at
compound interest at 8% per annum and 9% per annum 10% per annum compound interest payable half yearly
respectively. If the total amount of interest accrued and the second at a certain percent per annum compound
through the two schemes together in 2 years was interest payable yearly. If he gets equal amounts after
Rs.4818,30 and the total amount invested was Rs.27,000. 3 yrs, what is the value of the interest percent in the
Find the amount invested in scheme A. second scheme?
(a) Rs.12,000 (b) Rs.13,500 (a) 10.25% (b) 15% (c) 22% (d) 21%
(c) Rs.15,000 (d) None of these
4. A sum of Rs.5887 is divided between Prince and Fernando,
Directions for Q13 to Q15 such that Prince’s share at the end of 9 yrs is equal to
Answer (a) if Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the Fernando’s share at the end of 11 yrs both compounded
question but statement II alone is not sufficient to answer the annually at the rate of 5%. The share of Prince is
question.
(a) Data inadequate (b) Rs.3087
Answer (b) if Statement II alone is sufficient to answer the
(c) Rs.2000 (d) Rs.2088
question but Statement I alone is not sufficient to answer the
question. 5. A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a
Answer (c) if Statements I and II together are sufficient to certain rate. If simple interest instead of compound were
answer the question but neither Statement alone is sufficient to reckoned, the interest for the first two years would be
answer the question. diminished by Rs.20 and that for the first three years by
Answer (d) if each Statement alone is sufficient to answer the Rs.61. Find the sum.
question. (a) Rs.7000 (b) Rs.47405
Answer (e) if both Statements I and II together are not sufficient (c) Rs.45305 (d) Rs.8000
to answer the question and additional data is needed.
6. An amount of Rs.7500 is invested in a compound interest
13. What is the compound interest earned by Akash at the end scheme for 4 years. The rate of interest is 2% for the first
of 2 years? year, 3% for the next 2 years and for the last year, it is 4%.
I: Simple interest at the same rate for 1 year in Rs.1020 The final amount approximately is
and the rate of interest is 12% per annum.
(a) Rs.8356.7 (b) Rs.8557.45
II: The amount invested is Rs.8500.
(c) Rs.8440 (d) Rs.8635
14. An amount of money was lent for 3 years. Find the
7. A took a sum of Rs.4500 from B. He promised B that he
difference between the simple and the compound interest
would give back her money at the end of the year but she
earned on it at the same rate.
gave an option to him that he could pay her in two equal
I: The rate of interest was 8% per annum.
annual instalments. A agreed on her suggestion. If the rate
II: The total amount of simple interest was Rs.1200.
of interest on the sum was 10% per annum, compounded
15. What is the principal deposited by Krishna in a bank? annually, find the amount of the instalment given by A.
I: The interest earned on a fixed deposit for 2 years is (a) Rs.2390 (b) Rs.3429
Rs.4830. (c) Rs.2560 (d) Rs.2592
II: The bank offers 10% interest compounded annually
8. The simple interest accrued on an amount of Rs.27,500 at
on fixed deposits.
the end of three years is Rs.9900. What would be the
SESSION – 4 difference between compound interest and simple
1. Kaviya borrowed a sum of Rs.4800 from Anitha as a loan. interest on the same amount at the same rate in the same
She promised Anitha that she would pay it back in two period?
equal instalments. If the rate of Interest be 5% per annum (a) Rs.11550 (b) Rs.1262.52
compounded annually, find the amount of each instalment (c) Rs.1235.52 (d) Rs.11135.52
(a) Rs.2581.46 (b) Rs.4232.075
(c) Rs.2845.16 (d) Rs.4243.075 9. Shawn invested one half of his savings in a bond that paid
simple interest for 2 years and received $ 550 as interest.
2. Equal sums of money are deposited in two different banks He invested the remaining in a bond that paid compound
by M/s ABC Company, one at compound interest interest, interest being compounded annually, for the
(compounded annually) and the other at simple interest, same 2 years at the same rate of interest and received
both at 15% per annum. If after two years, the difference $605 as interest. What was the value of his total savings
in the amounts comes to Rs.360, what is the amount
before investing in these two bonds?
deposited with each bank?
(a) $5500 (b) $7750 (c) $3550 (d) $2750
(a) Rs.17200 (b) Rs.16400
(c) Rs.16000 (d) Rs.18400

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10. Raj borrowed Rs.7000 from a bank at 5% simple annual 19. Arun borrowed a certain sum from Manish at a certain
rate of interest. The amount is to be paid after five years. rate of simple interest for 2 years. He lent this sum to
Raj paid Rs.4000 after two years. How much amount Sunil at the same rate of interest compounded annually
should he pay at the end of 5 years to pay off his debt for the same period. At the end of two years, he received
completely? Rs.2400 as compound interest but paid Rs.2000 only as
(a) Rs.4050 (b) Rs.4100 simple interest. Find the rate of interest.
(c) Rs.4150 (d) Rs.4200 (a) 40% (b) 30% (c) 10% (d) 20%

11. Effective annual rate of interest corresponding to nominal 20. Divide Rs.3364 between A and B, so that A's share at the
rate of 6% per annum compounded half yearly will be end of 5 years may equal to B's share at the end of 7 years,
the compound interest being at 5 percent.
(a) 6.09% (b) 6.10%
(a) Rs.1764, Rs.1600 (b) Rs.1756, Rs.1608
(c) 6.12% (d) 6.14%
(c) Rs.1722, Rs.1642 (d) None of these
12. Adam borrowed some money at the rate of 6% p.a. for the
first two years, at the rate of 9% p.a. for the next three MIXTURES & ALLIGATIONS
years, and at the rate of 14% p.a. for the period beyond
five years. If he pays a total interest of Rs.11,400 at the Mixture is a material system made up of two or more different
substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A
end of nine years, how much money did he borrow ?
mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more
(a) Rs.15000 (b) Rs.11000
substances in which the identities are retained.
(c) Rs.12000 (d) Rs.18000
A Solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed
13. The compound interest on a sum for 2 years is Rs.832 and together. One of them is called the solute and the other is the
the simple interest on the same sum for the same period solvent. A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). The
is Rs.800. The difference between the compound and solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). Both the
simple interest for 3 years will be substances may be of liquid form.
(a) Rs.98.56 (b) Rs.99.86 ALLIGATION
(c) Rs.96.62 (d) Rs.97.77
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which
14. Sally borrowed a sum of Rs.14000 at 9% rate of interest two or more ingredients at the given prices must be
per annum from Martha for a term of 2 years. After mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
completion of one year, Sally repaid some amount and • MEAN PRICE
finally at the end of two years Sally completed the debt by The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the
discharging a sum of Rs.11990. What amount did Sally mean price.
pay at the end of the first year?
• RULE OF ALLIGATION
(a) Rs.4560 (b) Rs.4260
When two or more quantities of different products are
(c) Rs.4460 (d) Rs.4360
mixed together to produce a mixture of a mean value,
15. What annual instalment will discharge a debt of Rs.6450 the ratios of their amounts are inversely proportional to
due in 4 years at 5% simple interest? the difference of their values from the mean value.
(a) Rs.1000 (b) Rs.1200 If two ingredients are mixed, then
(c) Rs.1450 (d) Rs.1500
Quantity of cheaper = C.P. of dearer – Mean Price
16. A sum of Rs.10 is given as a loan to be returned in Quantity of dearer = Mean price – C.P. of cheaper
6 monthly instalments at Rs.3. What is the rate of interest?
Alligation is represented as:
(a) 500% (b) 620% (c) 640% (d) 580%

17. Rs.7500 is to be paid in 3 years at 5% C.I in equal annual

instalments. Find the value of the instalment?
(a) Rs.2754 (b) Rs.2457
(c) Rs.2547 (d) Rs.2745

18. Interest on a sum of money at the end of 3 years is 3/8th of

the sum itself. Find the rate of interest. The ratio in which the quantity of the cheaper is mixed with the
(a) 11.5% (b) 12.2% (c) 12.5% (d) 13.5% quantity of the dearer to obtain the mean value is given as:

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To be known: Type 2:

1. Choose any one constituent of the mixture or solution. Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution with the ratio of the
(There is no rule in selection) constituents.

2. Check out the proportion or percentage or amount of the To find: The quantity of similar mixture or solution of same
chosen constituent in the two mixtures or solutions constituents to be added to obtain a desired ratio of constituents
available and also in the resultant mixture. in the resultant mixture.

PROBLEMS ON MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS FALL UNDER Example

FIVE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES:
A container has 60 liters of 40% alcohol solution. How many
Type 1 liters of a 50% alcohol solution should be added to this solution
Given: Two similar mixtures or solutions containing the same so that the resultant solution will have 42% alcohol?
two constituents in two different ratios. (a) 2:3 (b) 5:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 3:4
Ans: (c)
To Find: Ratio in which these two mixtures are to be mixed to
obtain a desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant Solution
mixture. Let the quantity of 50% alcohol to be added be x litres.
Quantity of alcohol in 60 litres of 40% solution
Example
 60  0.4  24 litres
In what ratio should a coffee blend containing coffee and chicory
Quantity of alcohol in x litres of 50% solution  x0.5  0.5x.
in the ratio 3:7 and another blend with coffee to chicory ratio as
2:3 be mixed so that the resultant blend will have a coffee to Quantity of alcohol in (60 + x) litres of the resultant solution
chicory ratio of 7:13?  24  0.5x.

Solution Percentage of alcohol in (60 + x) litres of resultant solution

 24  0.5x  / 60  x   100.
Let x and y be the quantities of the first and the second blends
respectively to be mixed. Then in the resultant blend, the This is required to be 42%.
3 2 Equating,
quantity of coffee  x  y
10 5 24  0.5x  / 60  x   100  42 or
7 3
and the quantity of chicory  x  y. 24  0.5x  0.4260  x or
10 5
24  0.5x  25.2  0.42x or
By the given condition,
0.08x  1.2 or
3 2  7 3  x  1.2 / 0.08  15.
 x  y  :  x  y   7 :13 or
 10 5   10 5 
So, 15 litres of 50% alcohol are to be added.
3 2  Aliter:
 x  y
 10 5   7 or
7 3  13
 x  y
 10 5 

3 2  7 3 
13  x  y   7  x  y 
 10 5   10 5 

 26 21   49 39 
   y    x  or
5 5  10 10 

y  x x : y  1 :1
Therefore, 15litres of 50% alcohol solution are to be added.
Aliter:
Type 3:

Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution of two constituents

in a particular ratio.

To find: The quantity of either of the constituents to be added to

obtain a desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant
Therefore, the required ratio is 1:1. mixture or solution.

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Example 3x
Quantity of water in the new mixture  3   x litres
7
Sea water contains 5% salt by weight .How many kilograms of
fresh water must be added to 40 kg of sea water for the salt 4x
Quantity of milk in the new mixture  4  litres
content of the solution to be 2%? 7
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c)65 (d) 70 Ratio of water to milk in the resulting mixture =1:1
Ans: (b) 3x 4x
3 x  4
Solution 7 7
Let the quantity of fresh water to be added be x kg. 1
 xx 1
Quantity of salt in 40 kg of sea water  40  0.05  2kg 7

Total quantity of the solution after adding water  40  x . 8

 x  1.
7
Percentage of salt in the resultant solution
7
 2/  40  x   100  2(given) x
8
40  x  100 or x  60. So, the part of the mixture to be drawn off and replaced
So, 60 kg of fresh water should be added. 1 7 1
   .
7 8 8
Aliter:
Type 5:
40 kg
Sea water 5% Fresh water 0% A variation of type 4 where the process of removing and
replacing is repeated

2% Solutions to the problems of this type can be worked out quickly

using the following formula.
2–0=2 5–2=3
Sea water 2 where
By the theory of alligation, 
Fresh water 3 F.C. - Final Concentration of constituent
40 2 I.C. - Initial Concentration of constituent
 
Fresh water 3 P - Proportion of the quantity taken out and replaced
120 K - Number of repetitions
Fresh water   60 kg
2 Example
60 kg of fresh water must be added.
A milkman has in his container 80 litres of pure milk. He sells 8
Type 4: litres to his first customer. After adding 8 litres of water to his
container, he sells 8 litres to the second customer. Again after
Given: The quantity of one mixture or solution of two
adding 8 litres of water to the container, he sells 8 litres to the
constituents in a particular ratio. third customer. How many litres of pure milk does the third
To Find: The ratio of the two constituents in the resultant customer get?
mixture or solution when certain quantity is removed and
replaced with one of the constituents. Solution
Example In the problem, the initial concentration is 100% since the
container contains pure milk. The quantity taken out and
A vessel is filled with a liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 4 parts replaced is 8 litres and the full quantity is maintained at 80 litres
milk. How much of the mixture must be drawn off and replaced each time before sale. The process is repeated twice.
with water so that the mixture may be half water and half milk? So, initial concentration = 100%
1 1 1 1  8 
(a) (b) (c) (d) Concentration after first sale  100  1  
7 4 8 6  80 
Ans: (c)
  8   8 
Solution Concentration after second sale  100 1     1   
  80   80 
Suppose the vessel initially contains 7 litres of liquid.
  8 2 
Let x litres of this liquid be drawn off and replaced with water.  100 1    
  80  
 

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2 Application 3
 100 0.9 = 81%
Hence, the third customer gets 81% of pure milk or In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of tea worth Rs.60
80.81  6.48 liters of pure milk. a kg and Rs.65 a kg so that by selling the mixture at Rs.68.20 a
kg, he may gain 10%?
Application 1
(a) 3:2 (b) 3:4 (c) 3:5 (d) 3:7
In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of pulses costing Ans: (a)
Rs.15 and Rs.20 per kg respectively so as to get a mixture worth Solution
Rs.16.50 kg?
Selling price of the mixture per kg = Rs.68.20
(a) 2:3 (b)5:1 (c) 7:3 (d) 3:4
Gain = 10%
Ans: (c)
100
Solution  Cost price of the mixture  68.20   Rs.62
110
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 1 = Rs.15
Cost price of 1 kg of variety 1 = Rs.60
Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg.
Cost price of 1 kg of variety 2 = Rs.65
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 2 = Rs.20
Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg

Cost of 1 kg pulses of the mixture = Rs.16.50 Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg

Quantity of the mixture = (x + y) kg So, we get 60x + 65y = 62(x + y)  2x = 3y
So, we get 15x + 20y = 16.50 (x + y) So, the required ratio = 3:2
1.50x = 3.50y  x:y = 3.5:1.5 = 7:3 Aliter:
Aliter:

Therefore, the required ratio = 3:2.

Therefore, required ratio = 3.50:1.50 = 7:3.
Application 4
Application 2
A vessel is filled with a mixture 3 parts of which are water and 5
A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar part of which he sells at 8% parts syrup. How much part of the mixture must be drawn off
profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. and replaced with water so that the final mixture may be half
The quantity sold at 18% profit is water and half syrup?
(a) 400 kg (b) 560 kg (c) 600 kg (d) 640 kg
1 1  1
Ans: (c) (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 5 6
Solution Ans: (c)
Let the quantity sold at 8% profit be x kg and that at 18% profit Solution
be y kg Let the vessel initially contain 8 litres of mixture.
 Profit on x kg = 8% x and profit on y kg = 18% y Let x litres of this mixture be drawn off and replaced with water.
Profit on (x + y) kg = 14% (x + y)
3x
So, we get 8%x + 18%y = 14%(x + y)  6%x = 4%y Quantity of water in the new mixture  3   x litres
8
Hence, the required ratio of x and y = 4:6
5x
Therefore, the quantity sold at 18% profit is 600 kg. Quantity of syrup in the new mixture  5  litres
8
Aliter: 3x 5x
3   x  5
8 8
8
 5x  24  40  5x  10x  16  x  .
5
So, the part of the mixture drawn off and replaced with water
8 1 1
60    .
 Quantity sold at 18% profit  1000   600 kg 5 8 5
10

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Application 5  x : y  2:3

A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container, 4 The contents of the two containers should be mixed in the ratio
litres of milk were taken out and replaced with water. This 2:3.
process was repeated further two times. How much milk is now
Application 8
contained by the container?
(a) 26.34 litres (b) 27.36 litres Two alloys contain zinc and copper in the ratio of 2:1 and 4:1
(c) 28 litres (d) 29.16 litres respectively. In what ratio the two alloys should be melted to get
Ans: (d) a new alloy having zinc and copper in the ratio 3:1?
Solution (a) 3:5 (b) 3:7 (c) 4:7 (d) 7:5
k Ans: (a)
Applying the formula, F.C.  I.C.  1  9
Solution
amount of milk left after 3 repetitions
Let the two alloys be mixed in the ratio x:y.
3
 4  2 4
 40  1   litres Quantity of zinc in the new alloy  x  y
 40  3 5
9 9 9  Percentage of zinc
 40     29.16 litres.
10 10 10 2 4
x y
3 5  100  10x  12y  100 … (1)
Application 6
xy 15  x  y 
Four litres of 100% pure sulphuric acid is added to six litres of 20% Ratio of zinc and copper in the new alloy = 3:1
sulphuric acid. What is the strength of the acid in the new mixture?
3
(a) 48% (b) 42% (c) 52% (d)51%  Percentage of zinc in the new alloy   100 … (2)
31
Ans: (c)
From (1) and (2),
Solution
Let the strength of the acid in the new mixture be x%. 10x  12y 3
  x : y  3:5
15  x  y  4
Applying the principle of alligation,

Application 9

In what ratio must a person mix three kinds of solution costing

Rs.12, Rs.14.40 and Rs.17.40 per kilogram so that the mixture
may be worth Rs.14.10 per kilogram?
(a) 11:77:7 (b) 11:17:7 (c) 11:7:77 (d) 13:11:77
6 100  x
   6  x  20  4 100  x   x  52 Ans: (a)
4 x  20
Solution
Strength of acid in the new mixture = 52%
Let the ratio in which the three kinds of solution are to be mixed
Application 7 be x:y:z. Applying first the principle of alligation to the 1st and
2nd kinds and then to the 1st and 3rd kinds, we get
Ratio of milk and water in one container is 5:1 and that in the
other container is 7:2. In what ratio the contents of the two
containers should be mixed so that the quantity of milk in the
resulting mixture may become 80%?
(a) 3:4 (b) 2:3 (c) 4:3 (d) 2:5
Ans: (b)
Solution
Let the contents of the two containers be added in the ratio x:y
x 14.40  14.10 0.30 1
  
5 7 y 14.40  12.00 2.10 7
 Quantity of milk in the new mixture  x  y
6 9
x 17.40  14.10 3.30 11
 Percentage of milk in the new mixture and   
z 14.10  12.00 2.10 7
5 7
x y  1st:2nd = 1:7
6 9  100  45x  42y  100  80% given
xy 54  x  y  1st:3rd = 11:7
 Combined ratio 1st:2nd:3rd = 11:77:7
45x  42y5  454x  y

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Application 10 3. How many litres of a 12 litre mixture containing milk and

water in the ratio of 2:3 are to be replaced with pure milk
A vessel contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio so that the resultant mixture contains milk and water in
7:5. When 9 litres of mixture are drawn off and the flask is filled equal proportions?
with liquid B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7:9.
How many litres of liquid A was present initially in the flask? 4. The milk and water in two vessels A and B are in the ratio
4:3 and 2:3 respectively. In what ratio the liquids in the
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 24 (d) 21
two vessels be mixed to obtain a new mixture in vessel C
Ans: (d) consisting half milk and half water?
Solution 5. A goldsmith has two qualities of gold, one of 10 carat and
Let the volume of the vessel be a litres. the other of 15 carat purity. In what proportion should he
mix both to make an ornament of 12 carat purity?
7
Initial Concentration of liquid A 
12 SESSION – 5
7 1. In what ratio two varieties of milk costing Rs.8 and Rs.9
Final Concentration of liquid A 
16 per litre respectively are to be mixed, so that the mixture
costs Rs.8.30 per litre?
Applying the formula,
(a) 9:8 (b) 7:3 (c) 3:7 (d) 8:9
Final Concentration(FC)
Initial Concentration(IC) 2. How many litres of pure alcohol should be added to 10
litres of a 30% alcohol solution to make it a 44% alcohol
Initial Volume  Volume of mixture taken out and replaced solution?

Initial Volume (a) 7.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 5.0 (d) 2.5

7 3. A grocer bought two kinds of rice at Rs.38 and Rs.32 per

16 a  9 12 a  9 kg respectively. In what ratio should these be mixed, so
     a  36 litres
7 a 16 a that by selling the mixture at Rs.42.5 per kg, 25% may be
12 gained?
7 (a) 2:1 (b) 3:2 (c) 3:4 (d) 1:2
 liquid A in the vessel  36   21 litres
12 4. In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. If
GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS the ratio of the milk to water is to be 1:2, then the amount
of water to be added is
• Mixing 80% milk solution and 90% milk solution does (a) 20 litres (b) 30 litres (c) 40 litres (d) 60 litres
not always result in a 85% milk solution - this is possible
only if equal quantities are mixed. 5. A trader mixes ‘Ariel’ detergent costing Rs.64 per kg with
‘Surf Excel’ which costs Rs.76 per kg in the ratio 1:3. If the
• In 20 litres of milk solution, milk and water are in the cost of ‘Surf excel’ drops to Rs.74 per kg, then in what ratio
ratio 3:2. When 10 litres of water added to the solution, should he mix the two to leave the cost of mixture
the ratio becomes 2:3, but not at 3:2. unchanged?
• In 10 litres of mango juice, milk and mango are in the (a) 1:9 (b) 1:8 (c) 9:1 (d) None of these
ratio 1:2. Then every drop of the 10 litres will bear the 6. A milkman dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. The
same ratio. percentage of milk in the solution is now 80%. How many
• In case of solid mixtures, the ingredients should be litres of water did he add?
powdered and mixed so that they become (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 36
homogeneous. Then only each and every part of the
7. From a vessel containing only milk, 5 litres are drawn and
mixture will bear the same ratio. replaced with water. This action is repeated once more
TWI QUESTIONS (i.e. 5 litres of the mixture are drawn and replaced with
water). The ratio of milk to water now is 36:13. How
1. How many kgs of Basmati rice costing Rs.42/kg should a many litres of solution does the vessel hold?
shopkeeper mix with 25 kgs of ordinary rice costing Rs.24
(a) 35 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) None of these
per kg so that he makes a profit of 25% on selling the
mixture at Rs.40/kg? 8. A vessel contains wine solution, wine and water being in
the ratio 4:1. How many litres of water should be added to
2. A zookeeper counted the heads of the animals in a zoo
this solution so that the ratio of wine to water becomes
and found it to be 80. When he counted the legs of the
3:2 in the resultant solution of 100 litres?
animals he found it to be 260. If the zoo had only pigeons
and horses, how many horses were there in the zoo? (a) 25 (b) 9 (c) 23 (d) None of these

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9. The cost price of three kinds of sugar is Rs.5, Rs.6 and 14. What is the ratio of the gold added to the gold present in
Rs.6.80 per bag respectively. In what ratio should they be the alloy originally?
mixed so that the price of the mixture is Rs.6.50 per bag? I. In an alloy, the ratio of gold and tin present is 5:3.
(a) 1:3:10 (b) 1:10:3 (c) 1:2:3 (d) None of these II. By adding certain quantity of gold, the ratio becomes 2:1.
10. Two vessels contain a litre each of kerosene and petrol. 15. A cowboy dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. How many
100 ml of kerosene is added to the vessel containing litres of water did he add?
petrol. Now, 100ml from the vessel originally containing I. After adding water, percentage of milk in the solution
only petrol is poured back into the vessel originally is 80%.
containing only kerosene. Then, the fraction of kerosene
II. Cost of milk is Rs.15 per litre
in petrol is same as the fraction of petrol in kerosene.
State whether the above statement is true or false. TIME & WORK I
(a) True (b) False
SESSION – 6
(c) Cannot say (d) None of these
1. 2 men and 3 women working 7 hours a day finish a work in 5
11. A grocer mixes 38 kg of rice that cost him Rs.8 per kg with days, 4 men and 4 women working 3 hours a day do the same
42 kg of rice that cost him Rs.12.50 per kg. He sells the work in 7 days. Find the number of days in which the work is
mixture at Rs.11.25 per kg. Find his gain or loss done by 7 men, only working 4 hours a day?
percentage. (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6
(a) 8.05% (b) 7%
2. 25 men were employed to do a piece of work which they
(c) 7.05% (d) None of these
could finish in 20 days but the men drop off by 5 at the end of
12. A can contains 200 litres of pure spirit. From this can, 20 every 10 days. In what time will the work be complete?
litres of spirit is removed and replaced with water. This 1
(a) 17 days (b) 23 days (c) 8 days (d) 26 days
process is repeated two more times. Find the 3
concentration of spirit in the resultant solution.
3. A and B can fill a tank in 10 hours and 30 hours
(a) 72.9% (b) 70.9%
respectively. However, when there is a leak in the tank
(c) 52.9% (d) None of these
they together take 9 hours to fill the tank. Another tank is
13. Two glasses are filled with a solution of water and spirit. In placed below the first tank to collect the leaked water
the first glass, the volume of water is thrice the volume of which fills the tank. How long will pipe B, working alone,
spirit, while in the second glass the volume of spirit is twice take to fill the tank placed below?
the volume of water. The contents of the two glasses are (a) 5 hours (b) 6 hours (c) 7.5 hours (d) 9 hours
emptied into a third glass of capacity 15 litres, so that it
4. Twenty workers can finish a piece of work in 30 days.
contains an equal amount of spirit and water. What is the
After how many days should 5 workers leave the job so
volume (in litres) of the solution taken from the second glass?
that the work is completed in 35 days?
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) None of these (a) 5 days (b) 10 days (c) 15 days (d) 20 days
Directions for Q14 and Q15: 5. Ajit can do as much work in 2 days as Baljit can do in
Answer (a) if statement I alone is sufficient to answer the 3 days and Baljit can do as much in 4 days as Diljit in
question but statement 2 alone is not sufficient to answer the 5 days. A piece of work takes 20 days if all work together.
question; How long would Baljit take to do the entire work by himself?
Answer (b) if statement II alone is sufficient to answer the (a) 82 days (b) 44 days (c) 66 days (d) 50 days
question but statement 1 alone is not sufficient to answer the
6. 15 men could finish a piece of work in 210 days. But at the
question;
end of 100 days, 15 additional men are employed. In how
Answer (c) if statements I and II together are sufficient to many more days will the work be complete?
answer the question but neither statement alone is sufficient to
(a) 80 days (b) 60 days (c) 55 days (d) 50 days
answer the question;
Answer (d) if each statement alone is sufficient to answer the 7. A tank of capacity 25 litres has an inlet and an outlet tap.
question; If both are opened simultaneously, the tank is filled in
5 minutes. But if the outlet flow rate is doubled and the
Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are sufficient to
taps are opened, the tank never gets filled up. Which of
answer the question and additional data specific to the problem
the following can be outlet flow rate in litres per min?
are needed.
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 3

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8. A contractor undertakes to build a wall in 50 days. He 15. A leak was found in a ship when it was 77 kilometres from
employs 50 people for the same. However, after 25 days the shore. It was found that the leak admits 2.25 tonnes of
he finds that the work is only 40% complete. How many water in 5.5 minutes. 92 tonnes will suffice to sink the
more men need to be employed to complete the work in ship. But the pumps can throw out the water at the rate of
time? 12 tonnes an hour. Find the average rate of sailing at
which the ship may reach the shore as it begins to sink.
(a) 25 (b) 65 (c) 30 (d) 80
(a) 9.75 kmph (b) 13 kmph
9. There are three taps A, B and C in a tank. They can fill the (c) 14.5 kmph (d) 10.5 kmph
tank in 10 hrs, 20 hrs and 25 hrs respectively. At first, all
16. A can complete a job in 8 days and B can complete the
of them are opened simultaneously. Then after 2 hours,
same job in 5 days, then how long it will take to complete
tap C is closed and A and B are kept running. After the 4th the entire job if they work on alternate days, if the process
hour from starting time, tap B is also closed. The starts with B?
remaining filling is done by tap A alone. Find the
(a) 7 days (b) 6 1 8 days
percentage of the work done by tap A by itself.
(a) 32% (b) 52% (c) 5 days (d) 7 3 4 days
(c) 75% (d) None of these
17. A can lay railway track between two given stations in
10. Two workers A and B were employed for a work. A takes 16 days and B can do the same job in 12 days. With help of
8 hours more than the time taken by A and B together. If C, they did the job in 4 days only. Then, C alone can do the
job in
1
B takes 4 hours more than the time taken by A and B 4
2 (a) days (b) 9 days
together, how long would A and B take to complete the 5
work together? 3 3
(c) 8 days (d) 9 days
(a) 7 hours (b) 6 hours 8 5
(c) 5 hours (d) 4 hours 18. A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in
11. A cylindrical overhead tank is filled by two pumps P1 and 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs.3200. With the
help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is
P2. P1 can fill the tank in 8 hours while P2 can fill the tank
to be paid to C?
in 12 hours. There is another pipe P3 which empties the
(a) Rs.360 (b) Rs.400 (c) Rs.200 (d) Rs.300
tank in 8 hours. Both the pumps are opened
simultaneously. The supervisor of the tank, before going 19. Two pipes M and N can fill a cistern in 24 min and 32 min ,
out on a work, sets a timer to open P3 when the tank is respectively. If both the pipes are opened together, then
half filled so that the tank is exactly filled up by the time after how many minutes N should be closed so that the
he is back. Due to technical fault P3 opens when the tank tank is full in 18 minutes?
is one-third filled. If the supervisor comes back as per the (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 12
plan what percentage of the tank is still empty?
20. 5 men and 2 boys working together can do four times as
(a) 20% (b) 10% (c) 50% (d) 70% much work as a man and a boy. Working capacity of man
and boy is in the ratio?
12. A and B together can do a piece of work in 12 days, which
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 (c) 3:4 (d) 2:3
B and C together can do in 16 days. After A has been
working at it for 5 days and B for 7 days, C finishes it in 21. Three persons Manmohan, Anna and Sushma working
13 days. In how many days C alone will do the work? together, can do a job in X hours. When working alone,
(a) 16 (b) 24 (c) 37 (d) 48 Manmohan needs an additional six hours to do the job; Anna,
working alone needs an additional hour and Sushma working
13. 5 women and 3 children can do a piece of work in 60 days. along needs X additional hours. What is the value of X?
In how many days will 15 women and 9 children do one- 3 2 1 2
fifth of the work if they work 4 times as hard as before? (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 2 3
(a) 1 day (b) 4 days (c) 15 days (d) 30 days
22. X can do a piece of work in 40 days. He works at it for
14. A tank has a leak at the bottom that can empty the entire 8 days and then Y finished it in 16 days. How long will
tank in 6 hours. The tank is entirely fill and a tap that they together take to complete the work?
admits 5 litres per minute is turned on, as a result of 1 2
which the tank takes 12 hours to be emptied. Find the (a) 13 days (b) 11 days
3 4
capacity of the tank.
1
(a) 2400 litres (b) 3600 litres (c) 12 days (d) days
3
(c) 5700 litres (d) Cannot be determined

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23. Mr.P and Mr.Q can build a wall in 10 days; Mr.Q & Mr.R 30. Twenty women can do a work in sixteen days. Sixteen
can take 14 days to build the same wall; and Mr.P and men can complete the same work in fifteen days. What is
Mr.R can do it in 8 days. Who among them will take more the ratio between the capacity of a man and a woman?
time when they work alone? (a) 2:3 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:4 (d) 4:3
(a) P (b) Q
TIME & WORK II
(c) R (d) data inadequate
SESSION – 7
24. Three pipes A, B and C are connected to a tank. These
1. Ram can do 25% of a piece of work in 5 days. How many
pipes can fill the tank separately in 5 hr, 10 hr and 15 hr
days will he take to complete the work which is ten times
respectively. When all the three pipes were opened
of the previous one?
simultaneously, it was observed that pipes A and B were
(a) 150 days (b) 250 days
3 (c) 200 days (d) 180 days
supplying water at   th of their normal rates for the 1st
4
2. A can do a piece of work in 20 days and B can do it in
hour after which they supplied water at normal rate. 15 days. How long will they take to complete the work, if
2 they work together?
Pipe C supplied water at   th of its normal rate for 1st
3 6 4
(a) 8 days (b) 8 days
2 hours, after which it supplied at its normal rate. In how 7 7
much time, tank would be filled? 3 4
(c) 9 days (d) 9 days
(a) 6 hours (b) 2 hours 7 7
(c) 3 hours (d) 4 hours 3. Pinky and Neha can do a piece of work in 10 days. Neha alone
can do it in 12 days. In how many days can Pinky do it alone?
25. A and B undertake to do a piece of work for Rs.600. A
(a) 60 days (b) 30 days (c) 50 days (d) 45 days
alone can do it in 6 days while B alone can do it in 8 days.
With the help of C, they can finish it in 3 days, Find the 4. A, B, C can complete a piece of work in 24, 6, 12 days
share of C? respectively. Working together how long will they take to
(a) Rs.400 (b) Rs.100 (c) Rs.85 (d) Rs.75 complete the work?
1 7 3
(a) day (b) day (c) 3 days (d) 4 days
26. Among four persons Prince, Queen, Raj and Sashi. Prince 24 24 7
takes thrice as much time as Queen to complete a piece of
work. Queen takes thrice as much time as Raj and Raj 5. A man can do a piece of work in 15 days. His father takes
20 days and his son takes 25 days to complete the work.
takes thrice as much time as Sashi to complete the same
How long will they take to complete the work if they all
work. One group of three of the four men can complete
work together?
the work in 13 days while another group of three can do
(a) Less than 6 days
so in 31 days. Which is the group that takes 13 days?
(b) Exactly 6 days
(a) Prince, Queen, Raj (b) Prince, Queen, Sashi
(c) Approximately 6.4 days
(c) Queen, Raj, Sashi (d) Prince, Raj, Sashi
(d) More than 10 days
27. A can do a work in 15 days and B in 20 days. If they work 6. 2 men can produce 2000 bolts in 2 days working 2 hours
on it together for 4 days, then the fraction of the work that a day. In how many days can 1 man produce 1000 bolts
is left is working 1 hr per day?
7 8 8 7 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 10 15 20
7. A and B can do a work in 12 days. B and C in 15 days, C
28. A works twice as fast as B. If B can complete a work in and A in 20 days. If A, B, C work together, they will
12 days independently, the number of days in which A complete the work in
and B can together finish the work in 5
(a) 5 days (b) 7 days
(a) 4 days (b) 5 days (c) 4.5days (d) 5.5 days 6

29. Mr. Arjun is on tour and he has Rs.360 for his expenses. If 2
(c) 10 days (d) 15 days
he exceeds his tour by 4 days, he must cut down his daily 3
expenses by Rs.3. The number of days of Mr.Arjun's tour 8. If 8 men and 5 women can do a piece of work in 12 days,
programme is 6 men and 12 women can do the same work in 8 days, in how
(a) 26 days (b) 25 days many days can 4 men and 9 women complete the work?
(c) 20 days (d) 28 days (a) 13 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 10

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9. A can do a work in 24 days. B can do the work in 21 days. 19. Pipe A can fill an empty tank in 3 hours less than the time
A starts the work and works for 9 days, then B also joins in which pipe B can empty a full tank. If both the pipes are
A. In how many days in all will the work be completed? opened together, the tank is filled in 60 hours. In how
(a) 18 (b) 16 (c) 15 (d) 17 many hours can pipe A fill the tank?
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 24
10. 12 monkeys can eat 12 bananas in 12 minutes. In how
many minutes can 4 monkeys eat 4 bananas? 20. If 12 men and 16 boys can do a piece of work in 5 days,
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 10 13 men and 24 boys can do it in 4 days, find the ratio of
11. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 25 and 10 days the daily work done by a man to that of a boy.
respectively. A starts the work. After 5 days B joins and (a) 2:1 (b) 3:1 (c) 3:2 (d) 5:4
after 2 more days C joins. In how many days in all will the
21. If 10 women can complete a work in 7 days and 10 children
work be completed?
take 14 days to complete the work, how many days will
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 16
5 women and 10 children take to complete the work?
12. A and B can do a piece of work in 18 and 24 days (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) None of these
respectively. If they work on alternate days beginning
with A in what time will the work be completed? 22. A certain job was assigned to a group of men to do it in
20 days. But 12 men did not turn up for the job and the
1 3
(a) 22 days (b) 21 days remaining men did the job in 32 days. What was the
2 4
original number of men in the group?
1 3
(c) 20 days (d) 23 days (a) 32 (b) 34 (c) 36 (d) 40
2 4
23. 12 men complete a work in 18 days. 6 days after starting
13. 20 men can do a piece of work in 18 days. They worked
work, 4 men join them. How many more days will all of
for 3 days, then 5 men joined them. In how many more
them take to complete the remaining work?
days is the work completed?
(a) 10 days (b) 12 days (c) 15 days (d) 9 days
(a) 15 (b) 13 (c) 12 (d) 14
24. A takes 5 days more than B to do a certain job and 9 days
14. A can do a piece of work in 48 days. A started the work
more than C. A and B together can do the job in the same
and worked for 15 days and then left it. B completed the
remaining work in 22 days. In how many days can A and B time as C. How many days A would take to do it?
together complete the work? (a) 16 days (b) 10 days (c) 15 days (d) 20 days
3 3 2 1 25. A cistern is normally filled in 6 hrs, but takes 4 hrs longer
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 18 (d) 19
5 5 5 5 to fill because of a leak in its bottom. If the cistern is full,
15. P can paint 18 balls in 5 hrs. Q can paint 11 balls in 2 hrs the leak will empty it in how much time?
30 min. If P and Q work together, how many balls can they (a) 15 hrs (b) 16 hrs (c) 20 hrs (d) None of these
paint in 4 hrs?
26. Three taps A, B and C can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hrs
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 28 (d) 24 respectively. If A is open all the time and B and C are open
16. A is twice as fast as B and C together. If B and C can do the for 1 hr each alternately, the tank will be filled in
same work in 10 and 30 days respectively, in how much 2
(a) 6 hrs (b) 6 hrs (c) 5 hrs (d) 7 hrs
time can A finish the work alone? 3
1 2
(a) 3 days (b) 3 days 27. A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank in
4 3
8 hrs. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 6 litres a
3 1
(c) 3 days (d) 3 days minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due
4 3 to the leak, the tank is empty in 12 hrs. How many litres
17. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 10, 30 and 20 days does the cistern hold?
respectively. A started the work and worked for 4 days (a) 7580 (b) 7960 (c) 8290 (d) 8640
1
and left. B completed of the remaining work and left. C 28. 10 men and 15 women together can complete a work in
3
6 days. It takes 100 days for 1 man alone to complete the
completed the remaining work. In how many days did C
work. How many days will be required for 1 women to
complete the work?
complete the same work?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12
(a) 190 (b) 225 (c) 145 (d) 150
18. A is 60% more efficient than B. If A alone can do the work
in 20 days, in how many days can B finish the work alone?
(a) 12.5 (b) 28 (c) 22.5 (d) 32

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29. A sum of money is sufficient to pay A’s wages for 21 days 7. A boat sails 15 km of a river towards upstream in 5 hours.
and B’s wages for 28 days. The same money is sufficient to How long will it take to cover the same distance
pay the wages of both for downstream, if the speed of current is one-fourth the
speed of the boat in still water:
1
(a) 12 days (b) 12 days (a) 1.8 h (b) 3 h (c) 4 h
4
(d) 5 h (e) None of these
1
(c) 14 days (d) 24 days
2 8. A thief steals a car at 2.30 p.m. and drives it at 60 kmph.
The theft is discovered at 3 p.m. and the owner of the
30. P can do as much work in 2 days as Q can do in 3 days and stolen starts in another car at 75 kmph. At what time will
Q can do as much in 4 days as R in 5 days. A piece of work he overtake the thief?
takes 20 days if all work together. How long would Q take
(a) 5 p.m. (b) 6 p.m. (c) 5.30 p.m.
to do all the work by himself?
(d) 4 p.m. (e) None of these
(a) 82 days (b) 44 days
(c) 66 days (d) 50 days 9. Excluding stoppages, the speed of the bus is 54 kmph and
including stoppages it is 45 kmph, for how many min does
TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE I the bus stop per hr?
(a) 10 min (b) 15 min (c) 12 min
SESSION – 8 (d) 11 min (e) 13 min
1. Walking at the rate of 4 kmph a man cover certain 10. A man takes 5 hr 45 min in walking to certain place and
distance in 2hr 45 min. Running at a speed of 16.5 kmph riding back. He would have gained 2 hrs by riding both
the man will cover the same distance in. ways. The time he would take to walk both ways is?
(a) 12 min (b) 25 min (c) 40 min (a) 8 hr 45 min (b) 7 hr 45 min
(d) 60 min (e) 30 min (c) 7 hr 40 min (d) 8 hr 30 min
(e) None of these
2. Two boys starting from the same place walk at a rate of
5kmph and 5.5kmph respectively. What time will they 11. A and B are two stations. A train goes from A to B at
take to be 8.5km apart, if they walk in the same direction? 64 km/h and returns to A at a slower speed. If its average
(a) 17 hrs (b) 25 hrs (c) 31 hrs speed for the whole journey is 56 km/h, at what speed did
(d) 45 hrs (e) 40 hrs it return?
(a) 48 km/h (b) 49.77 km/h (c) 30 km/h
3. A car during its journey travels 40 minutes at a speed of
(d) 47.46 km/h (e) None of these
30 km/h, another 50 minutes at a speed of 60 km/h, and
1 hour at a speed of 30 km/h. Find the average speed of 12. In a flight of 3000 km, an aircraft was slowed down by
the car. bad weather. Its average speed for the trip was reduced
(a) 45 km/hr (b) 40 km/hr (c) 36 km/hr by 100 km/hour and the time increased by one hour. Find
the original duration of the flight.
(d) 48 km/ hr (e) None of these
(a) 5 hours (b) 6 hours (c) 4 hours
4. Two trains are running in opposite direction with the (d) 10 hours (e) 9 hours
same speed. If the length of each train is 135 meters and
they cross each other in 18 seconds, the speed of each 13. The different between downstream speed and upstream
train is speed is 3 km/h and the total time taken during upstream
(a) 29 km/h (b) 35 km/h (c) 27 km/h and downstream is 3 hours. What is the downstream
speed, if the downstream and upstream distances are
(d) 28 km/h (e) None of these
3 km each?
5. In a kilometer race, A beats B by 50 meters and B beats C (a) 2.5 km/h (b) 4.3 km/h (c) 4 km/h
by 75 meters. By how many meters does A beat C in the (d) 3.3 km/h (e) 2 km/h
same race?
(a) 135 m (b) 121.25 m (c) 142.5 m Direction for Q14 and Q15:
(d) 125 m (e) 130 m A train started at 9.00 a.m. from station X with a speed of
6. A motor boat whose speed is 15 km/h in still water goes 72 km/h. after two hours, another train started from station Y
30 km downstream and comes back in four and a half towards X with a speed 90 km/h. the two trains are expected to
hours. The speed of the stream is cross each other at 1.30 p.m. owing to a signal problem arising
at 12 noon, the speed of each of them was reduced by the same
(a) 4 km/h (b) 6 km/h (c) 7 km/h
quantity and they crossed each other at 4.30 pm
(d) 5 km/h (e) 5.5 km/h

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14. What is the new speed of the train that started from 2. Ravi starts walking from point A at an uniform speed of 4
station X? km/hr. Fortyfive minutes later, Kunal starts walking in
(a) 18 km/h (b) 36 km/h (c) 45 km/h the same direction as Ravi from the same point. Kunal
(d) 54 km/h (e) Cannot be Determined overtakes Ravi after 36 minutes. Find the speed of Kunal.
(a) 4 km/hr (b) 5 km/hr
15. If the signal problem had occurred at 1.00 p.m. instead of
(c) 4.5 km/hr (d) 9 km/hr
12 noon, at what time would the two trains cross each
other? 3. It takes 8 hrs for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by
(a) 2.30 p.m. (b) 3.00 p.m. (c) 2.00 p.m. train and the rest by car. It takes 20 mins more, if 200 km
(d) 2.30 p.m. (e) None of these is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed
of the train to the speed of the car is
16. A lives on 9th floor and B lives on 44th floor. A goes up at a (a) 4:3 (b) 3:4 (c) 3:2 (d) 2:3
rate of 34 floors per minute and B comes down at a rate of
36 floors per minute. At which floor they will meet? 4. Two men start travelling in the opposite directions up to a
(a) 27 (b) 26 (c) 18 (d) 32 (e) 28 point where the other started. If they take 13 minutes and
52 minutes respectively to reach the other end, after how
17. A man swimming in a stream which flows 1 km/h finds much time (all in minutes) would they have met?
that in a given time he can swim twice as far with the (a) 39 (b) 10.4
stream as he can against it. At what rate does he swim? (c) 26 (d) Cannot say

(a) 4 km/h (b) 5 km/h (c) 7 km/h 5. Two buses travel to a place at 45 km/h and 60 km/h
(d) 5 km/h (e) 4 km/h respectively. If the second bus takes 5 hours less than
the first for the journey, the length (all in km) of the
18. In a race of 600 m, A can beat B by 60 m and in a race of
journey is
500 m, B can beat C by 50m.by how many meters will A
(a) 900 (b) 945 (c) 990 (d) 1350
beat C in a race of 400 m?
(a) 78 m (b) 56 m (c) 76 m 6. City B is located between the cities A and C, dividing the
(d) 86 m (e) 70 m distance in the ratio 2:3. Raju travels from A to B at 20
km/h and B to C at 30 km/h. When he comes back from C,
19. Anjali fires two bullets from the same place at an interval he reaches B at an average speed of 20 km/h and then A
of 6 minutes but Bhagwat sitting in a car approaching the at 30 km/h. Then the average speed of his journey is (all
place of firing hears the second fire 5 minute 32 seconds in km/h)
after the first firing. What is the speed of car, if the speed
(a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 27 (d) 22.5
of sound is 332 m/s?
(a) 50 m/s (b) 102 m/s (c) 28 m/s 7. A train travelling at 42 km/h passes a runner in 9 seconds
running in same direction and took 5 seconds in the
(d) 32 m/s (e) 56 m/s
opposite direction. Find the length of the train.
20. A man can walk up in a moving escalator (upwards) in 30 (a) 75 m (b) 100 m (c) 84 m (d) 90 m
s. The same man can walk down this moving ‘up’ escalator
8. A can beat B by 20 yards in a race of 200 yards. B can beat
in 90 s. Assume that this walking speed is the same both
C by 10 yards in a race of 250 yards. By how many yards
upwards and downwards. How much time will he take to
can A beat C in a race of 100 yards?
walk up the escalator when it is not moving?
(a) 13.6 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) None of these
(a) 20 s (b) 35 s (c) 45 s
(d) 22 s (e) 25 s 9. In a stream running at 2 km/h, a motor boat goes 10 km
upstream and returns to the starting point in 55 minutes.
TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE II Find the speed (all in km/h) of the motor boat in still
water.
SESSION – 9
(a) 2 (b) 11 (c) 22 (d) None of these
1. A boat covers 24 km upstream and 36 km downstream in 10. On a river, B is between A and C and is equidistant from A
6 hrs. It covers 36 km upstream and 24 km downstream and C. A boat goes from A to B and back in 5 hours 15
in 6 1 hrs. Find the speed of the current. minutes and from A to C in 7 hours. How long will it take
2
to go from C to A, if the river flows from C to A (all in
(a) 1 km/hr (b) 1.5 km/hr
hours)?
(c) 2 km/hr (d) 2.5 km/hr
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 3

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11. A man keeps on walking at constant speed in the moving PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION I
escalator. It takes him 30 seconds to reach the top and 90
seconds to come back. If his walking speed is constant in SESSION – 10
both the directions, find out the time taken by the man to
walk up when the escalator is stationary (in seconds) 1. Suppose an automobile number plate contains two letters
followed by three digits with the first digit not zero. How
(a) 40 (b) 45 (c) 54 (d) 60
many different number plates can be printed? (Assuming
12. A man starts from A to B at 12 noon travelling at 16 km/h. repetition allowed).
Another man leaves from B to A at 3 p.m. at 14 km/h. If (a) 754320 (b) 608400 (c) 546754 (d) 875640
they meet at 4 p.m., what is the distance(all in km) between
A and B? 2. Three persons enter a railway carriage, where there are 5
(a) 64 (b) 78 (c) 96 (d) Cannot say vacant seats. In how many ways can they seat themselves?
(a) 60 (b) 70 (c) 80 (d) 90
13. A car travelling in fog passed a man walking at 3 km/h in
the same direction. The man could see the car for 4 3. How many numbers between 0 and one million can be
minutes and up to a distance of 100 m. What is the speed formed using 0, 7 and 8?
of the car (all in km/h)?
(a) 486 (b) 1086 (c) 728 (d) None of these
(a) 40.5 (b) 4.5 (c) 1.5 (d) 15
4. A palindrome is a number that reads the same left to right
14. Two trains of length 115 m and 110 m respectively run on
as it does from right to left, such as 252. How many six-
parallel rails. When running in the same direction, the
digit palindromes are there which are even?
faster train passes the slower one in 25 seconds, but when
they are running in opposite directions with the same (a) 900 (b) 500 (c) 9 × 105 (d) 400
speeds as earlier, they pass each other in 5 seconds. Find 5. Find the number of squares that we can find on a chess
the speed of the faster train.
board.
(a) 27 m/s (b) 18 m/s (c) 36 m/s (d) None ofthese
(a) 64 (b) 160 (c) 224 (d) 204
15. The speed of a boat when it travels downstream is 5 times
6. In how many ways, we can choose a black and a white
the speed when it travels upstream. The speed of the
square on a chessboard such that the two are not in the
current is what percent of the speed of the boat in still
same row or column?
water?
(a) 432 (b) 768 (c) 869 (d) None of these
(a) 33 % (b) 50%
(c) 66 % (d) Cannot be determined 7. There are 6 boxes numbered 1, 2, …., 6. Each box is to be
filled up either with a red or a green ball in such a way
16. A train passes a standing pole on the platform in 5 that at least 1 box contains a green ball and the boxes
seconds and passes the platform completely in 20 seconds. containing green balls are consecutively numbered. The
If the length of the platform is 225 metres, find the length total number of ways in which this can be done is
of the train (in metres). (a) 5 (b) 21 (c) 33 (d) 60
(a) 125 (b) 80 (c) 75 (d) 150
8. Of the 128 boxes of oranges, each box contains at least
17. In a kilometre race, A can give B a start of 100 m or 15 120 and at most 144 oranges. The number of boxes
seconds. How long does A take to complete the race (all in containing the same number of oranges is at least
seconds)?
(a) 5 (b) 103 (c) 6 (d) 125
(a) 120 (b) 135 (c) 155 (d) 150
9. There are 5 letters and 5 directed envelopes. The number
18. Anitha drivers from home to office at a speed of 30 km/hr
of ways in which all the letters can be put into wrong
on the 1st day and at 40 km/hr on the 2nd day. Find the
envelope is
ratio of the time she has taken in these two days?
(a) 119 (b) 44 (c) 59 (d) 40
(a) 4:3 (b) 3:2 (c) 5:4 (d) 5:3
10. A five-digit number is formed using digits 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9
19. Train A crosses a pole in 20 seconds and train B crosses it
in 60 seconds. If the length of train A is half the length of without repetition. What is the sum of all such possible
train B, then the ratio of their speed is numbers?
(a) 4:3 (b) 6:5 (c) 3:2 (d) None of these (a) 6666600 (b) 6666660
(c) 6666666 (d) None of these
20. The ratio of the speed of the boat in still water to the
speed of the current is 4:1. What is the ratio of the 11. A party of ‘n’ persons sits at around table. Find the odds
downstream speed of the boat to the upstream speed? against two specified persons sitting next to each other.
(a) 2:1 (b) 1:1 (a) (n – 1)/2 (b) (n – 3)/2
(c) 5:3 (d) None of these (c) (n + 3)/2 (d) None of these

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12. The number of non-negative integral solutions of the PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION II
equation a + b + c + d = 20 will be
(a) 1208 (b) 4024 (c) 1140 (d) 1771 SESSION – 11
13. A, B, C and D are four towns, any three of which are non- 1. In how many ways 3 boys and 3 girls can be seated in a
collinear. Then the number of ways to construct three row so that boys and girls are alternate?
roads each joining a pair of towns so that the roads do not (a) 6! (b) 3!
form triangle is
(c) 3!  3! (d) None of these
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) more than 9
2. How many numbers between 2000 and 3000 can be
14. Find the number of ways in which five gentlemen and
formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ? (repetition of
three ladies can be seated in a row so that no two ladies
digits not allowed)
are together.
(a) 720 (b) 7,200 (c) 14,400 (d) 5,040 (a) 210 (b) 300 (c) 420 (d) 360

15. Six mobsters have arrived at the theater for the premiere 3. These are 3 different rings to be worn in 4 fingers with
of the film “Good buddies”. One of the mobsters, Frankie, atmost one in each finger. Find the number of ways in
is an informer, and he’s afraid that another member of his which this is done.
crew, Joey, is on to him. Frankie, wanting to keep Joey in (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 36
his sights, insists upon standing behind Joey in line at the
concession stand, though not necessarily right behind 4. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'HEXAGON'
him. How many ways can the six arrange themselves be arranged?
inline such that Frankie’s requirement is satisfied? (a) 2520 (b) 5040 (c) 8020 (d) 900
(a) 24 (b) 120 (c) 360 (d) 720
5. How many different signals can be transmitted by
16. Serena and Venus were only two women participating in a arranging 3 red, 2 yellow and 2 green flags on a pole?
chess tournament. Every participant played two games (a) 210 (b) 420 (c) 360 (d) 400
with every other participant. The number of games that
men played between themselves proved to exceed by 66, 6. How many straight lines can be formed from 8
compared to the number of games the men played with non-collinear points on the XY plane?
women. How many participants were there? (a) 24 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 48
(a) 156 (b) 610 (c) 13 (d) 108
7. Find the number of ways in which 20 different pearls of
17. Find the number of whole numbers formed on the screen 2 different colours can be set alternately on a necklace
of a calculator which can be recognized as numbers with there being 10 pearls of each colour.
(unique) correct digits when they are read inverted. The 2
greatest number that can be formed on the screen of the (a) 9! 10! (b) 5  9!
calculator is 999999. 2
(c)  9! (d) None of these
(a) 98970 (b) 89912 (c) 110050 (d) 100843

18. A question paper has two parts - Part A and Part B. Part A 8. A box contains two red, three green and four blue balls. In
contains 5 questions and part B has 4. Each question in how many ways can three balls be drawn from the box if
part A has an alternative. A student has to attempt at least atleast one green ball is to be included in the draw.
one question from each part. Find the number of ways in (a) 23 (b) 64 (c) 46 (d) None of these
which the student can attempt the question paper
(a) 3360 (b) 1258 (c) 3850 (d) 3630 9. How many 4 digit numbers divisible by 5 can be formed
with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 6?
19. There are 5 different boxes and 7 different balls. All the 7 (a) 220 (b) 249 (c) 432 (d) 288
balls are to be distributed in the 5 boxes placed in a row
so that any box can receive any number of balls. In how 10. How many new words can be formed with the word
many ways can these balls be distributed into these boxes 'MANAGEMENT' all ending in G?
if ball 2 can be put into either box 2 or box 4?
10! 9! 10! 9!
(a) 12360 (b) 31250 (c) 13490 (d) 31526 (a) (b) (c) (d)
 2!4  1  2!4  2!4  2!4  1
20. Two packs of 52 playing cards are shuffled together. Find
the number of ways in which a man can be dealt 26 cards 11. How many different nine digit numbers can be formed
so that he does not get two cards of the same suit and from the number 223355888 by rearranging its digits so
same denomination. that the odd digits occupy even positions
(a) 52C26*226 (b) 52!/(2!)26 (a) 60 (b) 75 (c) 88 (d) 77
(c) 226 (d) None of these

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12. Five balls of different colours are to be placed in three 22. In how many ways can 12 persons among whom are
boxes of different sizes. Each box can hold all the five 2 brothers be arranged along a circle so that there is
balls. In how many ways can we place the balls so that no exactly one person between the 2 brothers?
box remains empty? (a) 9!2! (b) 11 ! (c) 10 !2! (d) 10 !
(a) 5C3 (b) 5! (c) 150 (d) 53
PROBABILITY I
13. There are 4 letters and 4 envelopes. In how many ways
can wrong choices be made? Probability is the measure of happening of a particular event. It
is classically defined as, if a sample space (S) contains n
(a) 43 (b) 4!  1 (c) 16 (d) 44  1 outcomes and if m of them are favourable to an event A, then,
we write n(S) = n and n(A) = m and the probability of the event
14. If a team of 4 persons have to be selected from 8 males
n(A) m
and 8 females, find the number of ways in which the A, P(A) = 
selection is made to include atleast 1 male. n(S) n
(a) 3500 (b) 875 (c) 1200 (d) 1750
Some important classifications on events are as follows:
15. If we have to make 7 boys sit with 7 girls around a round
Equally likely events
table, then find the number of different relative
arrangements of boys and girls that we can make so that Two or more events are said to be equally likely if each one of
not two boys are no two girls sitting next to each other. them has an equal chance of occurrence.
2
(a) 2  7! (b) 6!  7! Mutually exclusive events
(c) 7!  7! (d) 2  6!  7!
Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if the
16. In how many ways can one divide 12 books into 4 equal occurrence of one event prevents the occurrence of other
bundles? events. That is, mutually exclusive events can’t occur
simultaneously. Thus, if A and B are two mutually exclusive
12! 12!
(a) 4
(b) events, then A  B = 
4! 3!  3! 2
Complementary events
12!
(c) (d) None of these
 4!2 3!2 Let E be an event of a random experiment and S be its sample
space. The set containing all the other outcomes which are not in
17. Find the number of ways in which 21 balls can be E but in the sample space is called the complimentary event of E.
distributed among 3 persons such that each person does It is denoted by E'. Thus, E' = S – E.
not receive less than 5 balls.
Note that E and E' are mutually exclusive events.
(a) 28 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 7
Exhaustive events
18. In how many ways can the letters of the English alphabet
be arranged so that there are 7 letters between A and B? Events E1 , E2 , ..., En are exhaustive events if their union is the
(a) 31! 2! (b) 24 P7  18! sample space S.
(c) 36  24! (d) None of these
Sure event
19. Find the number of circle that can be drawn out of 10
The sample space of a random experiment is called sure or
points of which 7 are collinear.
certain event as any one of its elements will surely occur in any
(a) 130 (b) 85 (c) 45 (d) 65 trail of the experiment. So, probability of a sure event is 1.
20. Find the number of ways of selecting the committee of 5 Impossible event
with a maximum of 2 women and having at the maximum
one women holding one of the two posts of the An event which will not occur on any account is called an
committee. There are 4 men and 4 women. impossible event. It is denoted by . So, probability of an
(a) 16 (b) 512 (c) 608 (d) 324 impossible event is 0.

21. There are 8 orators A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Find the Important results of probability
number of ways in which the arrangement is made so that
(1) 0  P(A)  1
A always comes before B and B always comes before C
8! 8! 8! (2) P(S) = 1 (S – sample space)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5!3!
3! 6! 5!3!
Application 1

The probability of raining today is 0.54. What is the probability

of not raining?

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Solution
A bag contains x red balls, y blue balls
The events of raining and not raining or mutually exclusive and z green balls. 'r' balls are drawn
events. So, the probability of not raining is (1 – 0.54) i.e. 0.46. from the box at random. The probability
that all the balls are of same colour is
Application 2
x
Cr  y Cr  zCr
A bag contains 10 yellow balls and some red balls. If the given by (x  y  z)
Cr
probability of drawing a yellow ball is twice that of drawing a
red ball, then find the number of red balls.
Application 4
Solution
Three covering letters are written to three different companies
Let the number of red balls be x. and addresses on 3 envelopes are also written. Without looking
Then the probability of drawing yellow and red balls are at the addresses, letters are kept inside the envelopes and sent
10 x to the companies. What is the probability that,
, respectively.
10  x 10  x (i) right letters reach right companies.
10 2x (ii) none of the letters reach the right companies.
By the given condition, 
10  x 10  x
Solution
or 100 + 10x = 2x 2 + 20x
or 2x 2 + 10x –100 = 0 Let A, B and C the covering letters written to 3 different
x 2 + 5x – 50 = 0 companies and EA, EB and EC be their envelopes respectively.
(x+ 10)(x – 5) = 0 The different combinations of letters and envelopes can be
So, number of red ball is 5 (as –10 is not possible). showed as follows.
Application 3
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Find the probability that EA A A B B C C
(i) a leap year selected at random will have 53 Sundays. EB B C A C A B
(ii) a leap year selected at random will have 52 Mondays. EC C B C A B A
(iii) a non-leap year selected at random will have 53 Sundays.
Ci's are different combinations of letters and envelopes.
Solution
(i) Then, the probability of right letters reaching right
Number of days in a leap year = 366 days (52 weeks and 1
companies =
2 days). 6
52 weeks contains 52 Sundays, remaining 2 days can be any one (ii) And the probability that none of the letters reach the right
of the following: {Sunday and Monday, Monday and Tuesday, 2 1
Tuesday and Wednesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Thursday companies = 
6 3
and Friday, Friday and Saturday, Saturday and Sunday} Aliter for (ii):
So, S = {Sun and Mon, Mon and Tue, Tue and Wed, Wed and Thu, Number of ways none of the letters reach the right companies
Thu and Fri, Fri and Sat, Sat and Sun}
 1 1 1 6 6 31
= 3!  1     = 3!  2
(i) Here, A = {Sun and Mon, Sat and Sun}  1! 2! 3!  6
2 So, probability that none of the letters reach the right companies
Therefore, P(A) =
7 2 1
= 
(ii) Here, A = {Tue and Wed, Wed and Thu, Thu and Fri, Fri 6 3
and Sat, Sat and Sun}
Addition Theorem on Probability
5
Therefore, P(A) =
7 If the subsets A and B are events of a random experiment and if
(iii) Number of days in a non-leap year = 365 (52 weeks and the set S is the sample space of the experiment, then P(A  B) = P
a day) (A) + P(B) – P(A  B). This result is known as the addition
So, sample space S = {Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat} theorem on probability.
Here, A = {Sun} Similarly, if A, B and C are events of a random experiment, then
1 P(A  B  C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A  B) – P(B  C) – P(C  A)
Therefore, P(A) =
7 + P(A  B  C)

Note: If A and B are mutually exclusive events, P(A  B)

= P(A) + P(B)

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Application 5 34 17
Probability of selecting 2 female employees = 
One number is chosen randomly from the integers 23 to 61. 84 42
Find the probability that it is divisible by 3 and 7. Conditional Probability
Solution
The conditional probability of an event B, assuming that the
Let A be the event of choosing a number divisible by 3 and B be event A has already happened is denoted by P (B/A).
the event of choosing a number divisible by 7. Then A = {24, 27,
P(A  B)
30, 33, ... , 60}, B = {28, 35, 42, ... , 56} and A  B = {42} And P(B/A) = provided P(A)  0.
P(A)
13 5 1 13  5  1 17
So, P(A  B) =    
39 39 39 39 39 Multiplication Theorem on Probability
Application 6 The probability of the simultaneous happening of two events A
A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. and B is given by P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P (B/A)
Find the probability that it will be a diamond or a queen. or P(A ∩ B) = P(B) . P(A/B)
Solution
Independent Events
Let D be the event of drawing diamond card and Q be the event
Events are said to be independent if the occurrence or non
of drawing queen card.
occurrence of any one of the event does not affect the
13 4 1
So, P(D) = , P(Q) = and P(D  Q) = probability of occurrence or non-occurrence of the other event.
52 52 52
13 4 1 13  4  1 16 4 Two events A and B are independent if P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
Therefore, P(D  Q) =     
52 52 52 52 52 13 That is, P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B)
Application 7
Application 9
The probability that A, B and C can solve a problem are
From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, two cards are drawn.
1 1 2
, and respectively. The probability of the problem being Find the probability that both are Jack.
5 4 5
(i) if the first card is replaced,
1 1 2
solved by A and B is , B and C is , A and C is and the (ii) if the first card is not replaced.
9 10 25
1 Solution
probability of the problem being solved by all the three is .
50
Let A and B be the event of taking first and second card
Find the probability that the problem is not solved by any of the
three. respectively.
(i) n(A) = n(B) = 4
Solution The occurrence of A will not disturb the probability of B.
From addition theorem of probability, 4 4 1
So, P( A  B) = P(A) . P(B) =  
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 52 52 169
P(A  B  C) =       (ii) n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 3 (as the first card is not replaced)
5 4 5 9 10 25 50
Now, A and B are dependent events.
180  225  360  100  90  36  18 557
  4 3 1
900 900 So, P(A  B) = P(A). P(B/A) =  
So, the probability that the problem is not solved by any of the 52 51 221
557 343 Application 10
three = 1  
900 900
The probability of solving a problem by A, B and C is given as
Application 8 1 3 3
, and respectively. What is the probability that the
Out of 9 employees in a company there are 5 males and 4 12 11 10
females. A team of 3 is selected at random for a special training. problem is solved?
Find the probability that there are atleast 2 female employees. Solution
Solution
1 11
Probability of A not solving = 1  
Total number of ways of selecting the team = 9 C3 = 84 12 12
Number of ways of selecting the team with atleast 2 female 3 8
Probability of B not solving = 1  
employees  4C2  5C1  4C3  5C0  6  5  4  34 11 11

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3 7 4 3
Probability of C not solving = 1   P(B/A1) = and P(B/A2) =
10 10 9 9
Probability that the problem is not solved by any one 1 4 3 1 7
11 8 7 7
P(B) = P(A1) . P(B/A1) +P(A2) . P(B/A2) =    
2 9 9 2 9
=   
12 11 10 15 4
Therefore, the probability that the problem is solved P(A1 ).P B/ A1  4
P(A1/B) = 9
7 8 P  A1  . P B/ A1   P  A2  . P B/ A2  7 7
1 
15 15 9

Total Probability Application 13

If A1, A2 … An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and B The chances of A and B getting selected in a company are 2:3.
is any event in S then P(B) = P(A1) . P(B/A1) +P(A2) . P(B/A2) … The probabilities that they give treat are 0.3 and
+ P(An). P(B/An) 0.2 respectively. If one of them gave treat, what is the
probability that A is one who has got selected?
Here, P(B) is called the total probability of event B.
Solution
Application 11

A factory has two machines I and II. Machine I produces 40% of Let A and B are the events of them getting selected to the
items of the output and Machine II produces 60% of the items. company respectively and T be the event of giving treat.
Further 2% of items produced by Machine I are defective and 2 3
P(A) = , P(B) =
1% of items produced by Machine II are defective. If an item is 5 5
drawn at random, find the probability that it is a defective item. P(T/A) = 0.3 and P(T/B) = 0.2
Solution 2 3 3 2 6
P(T) = P(A)P(T/A) +P(B)P(T/B) =    
5 10 5 10 25
Let A1 and A2 be the event of production by Machine I and
Machine II respectively and B be the event of drawing a 6
P(A)  P  T / A  50 1
defective item. P(A/T) =  
P  A   P  T / A   P  B  P  T / B 6 2
40 60
P(A1) = and P(A2) = 25
100 100
2 1
SESSION – 12
P(B/A1) = and P(B/A2) =
100 100 bag contains 3 white balls and 4 black balls. A bag and a ball are
P(B) = P(A1) . P(B/A1) +P(A2) . P(B/A2) picked at random. The probability that the ball will be
1 140 7 white is
= 80  60  
10000 10000 50
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
Bayes Theorem
2. What is the probability that there are 53 Wednesdays and
A1, A2 … An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and B 52 Mondays in a leap year?
is any event in S such that P(Ai) > 0 for i = 1, 2 … n.
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
Let B be any event with P(B) > 0 then
3. If events A and B are independent and P(A) = 0.15,
P(Ai ) P(B/ Ai ) P(AUB) = 0.45, then P(B) =
P(Ai / B) 
P(A1 ) P(B/ A1 )  P(A2 ) P(B/ A2 )  ...  P(An ) P(B/ An )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Application 12
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.
Urn I contains 4 yellow and 5 blue balls while urn II contains 3 What is the probability that one is a spade and the other a
yellow and 6 blue balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of king?
the bags and it is found to be yellow. Find the probability that it
(a) (b) (c) (d)
is drawn from Urn I.

Solution 5. A four-digit number is formed by using digits 2, 4, 6 and 8

without repetition. What is the probability that the
Let A1 and A2 be the events of choosing urn I and urn II number is divisible by 4?
respectively and B be the event of drawing yellow balls.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1
P(A1) = P(A2) =
2

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6. Consider a circle and a point is chosen inside the circle. 15. Three numbers are chosen at random from the numbers
What is the probability that this point is closer to the 10 to 99 with replacement. What is the probability that
centre rather than to the circumference? the product of the digits of the number is 12 at least once?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (a)1 – ( ) (b) ( )

7. Four persons A, B, C and D are to speak at a function along (c)1 – ( ) (d) ( )

with four others. If they all speak in random order, find
the probability that A speaks before B, B speaks before C PROBABILITY II
and C speaks before D.
SESSION – 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. There are 10 pairs of socks in a cupboard from which
8. A cube has 3 blank but different coloured faces and the 4 individual socks are picked at random. The probability
remaining faces numbered 1, 2 and 3. What is the that there is at least one pair is
probability of obtaining a total of exactly 10 in 4 throws? (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2. A thought of a two-digit number and divided the number by
9. Bag A contains 6 red and 4 blue balls. Bag B contains 4 red the sum of the digits of the number. He found that the
and 6 blue balls. One ball is drawn at random from Bag A remainder is 3. B also thought of a two-digit number and
and placed in Bag B. Then one ball drawn at random from divided the number by the sum of the digits of the number.
Bag B is placed in Bag A. If one ball is now drawn from He also found that the remainder is 3. Find the probability
that the two digit numbers thought by A and B are same?
Bag A, what is the probability that it is found to be red?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3. Five different balls numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are distributed
10. Six white balls and four black balls are randomly placed in
at random in five boxes numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What is the
a row. The probability that no two black balls are placed
probability that exactly one ball occupies the place
adjacently is
corresponding to its number?
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these

11. A bag contains ten balls numbered from 1 to 10. A person 4. There are totally 7 persons in a room. What is the
chose a ball at random and replaced it in the bag after probability that exactly two of them were born on the
noting its number. He repeated this process 3 more times. same day of the week?
What is the probability that the ball chosen first is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
numbered higher than the ball chosen second and the
second ball numbered higher than the third ball and the
5. 100 identical coins each with probability p of showing up
third ball numbered higher than the fourth ball?
Heads are tossed once. If the probability of Heads
(a) (b) (c) (d) showing on 50 coins is equal to that of Heads showing on
51 coins, then value of p is
12. On a toss of two dice, A throws a total of 4. Then the
(a) (b) (c) (d)
probability that he would throw another 4 before he
throws 6 is
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these 6. A and B are throwing an unbiased die. If B throws 2, what
is the probability that A will throw a higher number?
13. If the integers x and y are chosen at random from integers (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 to 100 with replacement, what is the probability that a
number of the form + is divisible by 5?
7. A five digit number is formed by using digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and
(a) (b) (c) (d) 5 without repetition. What is the probability that the
number is divisible by 3?
14. There are 7 seats in a row. Three persons take seats at
random. What is the probability that the middle seat is (a) (b) (c) (d) 1
always occupied and no two persons are sitting on
adjacent seats? 8. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the
probability that all of them show the same number.
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(a) (b) (c) (d)

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9. If four coins are tossed at random, what is the chance that 19. A box contains 5 green, 4 yellow and 3 white balls. Three
these will turn up head and tail alternately but not balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that
necessarily head in the first toss? they are not of same color?
(a) 3/44 (b) 3/55 (c) 52/55 (d) 41/44
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20. The odds in favor of standing first of three students Amit,
10. What is the probability that there are 52 Thursdays in a Vikas and Vivek appearing at an examination are 1:2, 2:5
normal year? and 1:7 respectively. What is the probability that either of
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1 them will stand first (assume that a tie for the first place is
not possible)?
11. A bag contains 7 objects - 3 cubes and 4 cuboids having (a) 168/178 (b) 122/168
been painted in three different colours. No two cubes (c) 5/168 (d) 125/168
have the same colour. An item is taken out from the box.
21. A box contains 6 red balls, 7 green balls and 5 blue balls.
What is the probability that this item is a cube having red
Each ball is of a different size. The probability that the red
colour?
ball selected is the smallest red ball is
(a) (b) (a) 1/18 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/6 (d) 2/3

(c) (d) Cannot be determined 22. From a group of 13 scientists which contain 5
mathematicians and 8 physicists, it is required to appoint
12. In a km race where 10 runners are running, the a committee of two. If the selection is made without
probability that A will win is 0.25, that B will win is knowing the identity of the scientists. What is the
0.1 and that C will win is 0.3. What is the probability that probability that one will be mathematician and the other a
one of them will win if tie is impossible? physicist?
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.65 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.3 (a) 20/39 (b) 1/4
(c) 7/13 (d) None of these
13. An urn contains 9 white and 11 black balls. Two balls are
drawn in succession without replacement. What is the 23. Of a total of 600 bolts, 20% are too large and 10% are too
probability that first is black and second is white? small. The remaining are considered as suitable bolts. If a
bolt is selected at random, what is the probability that it
(a) (b) (c) (d) will be suitable?
(a) 7/10 (b) 3/5 (c) 2/7 (d) 3/10
14. Three cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.
What is the probability of getting all the three cards of the 24. A problem in mathematics is given to three students
same suit? whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4
respectively. What is the probability that the problem will
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
be solved?
15. An urn contains 3 red, 5 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls (a) 3/5 (b) 3/4 (c) 5/7 (d) 7/10
are drawn at random. What is the probability that none of 25. In a two-child family, one child is a boy. What is the
the balls drawn is blue? probability that the other child is a girl?
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these (a) 2/3 (b) 2/5 (c) 5/3 (d) 1/2

16. A box contains 20 electric bulbs, out of which 4 are GEOMETRY AND MENSURATION I
defective. Two bulbs are chosen at random from this box.
SESSION – 14
The probability that atleast one of these is defective is
(a) 7/19 (b) 32/95 (c) 3/95 (d) 7/95 1. The diagonal of a rectangle is 26 cm long and its
perimeter is 68 cm. Find the area of the rectangle.
17. A speaks truth in 75% of cases and B in 80% of cases. In
what percentage of cases are they likely to contradict each A D
other, narrating the same incident
26 cm
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 35% (d) 45%

18. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket

B C
is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ticket
drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5? (a) 240 sq.cm (b) 235 sq.cm
(a) 6/20 (b) 9/20 (c) 260 sq.cm (d) 225 sq.cm
(c) 10/20 (d) None of these

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2. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted by a hemisphere of 9. From a cylinder with a diameter of 10 cm and height 15
radius 3.5 cm. The total length of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find cm, a cone with base diameter 10 cm and height 6 cm is
the volume and the total surface area of the solid. hollowed out. Find the volume of the remaining solid.

10 cm 6 cm

15.5 cm

15 cm

3
(a) 1021.45cm (b) 157.14cm3

(c) 707.15cm3 (d) None of these

3.5 cm

10. The radius of a circle is 10 cm and the length of one of its

2 3 2 chords is 12 cm. Find the distance of the chord from the
(a) 234.82, 205.5cm (b) 243.82cm , 214.5cm
centre.
(c) 224.82, 220.5cm2 (d) 214.82, 234.5cm2 (a) 64 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 16 cm (d) 8 cm

3. Length of the fence of the trapezium shaped field ABCD is 11. P and Q are points on the sides AB and AC of ABC, If AP
120 m. If BC = 48 m, CD = 17 m, AD = 40 m, find the area of = 2 cm, PB = 4 cm, AQ = 3 cm, QC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm,
the field. Side AB is perpendicular to the parallel sides AD find PQ.
and BC. A
(a) 400m2 (b) 660m2 (c) 600m2 (d) 480m2 2 cm 3 cm
P Q
4 cm 6 cm
4. The diagonal of a quadrilateral shaped field is 24 m and
the perpendiculars dropped on it from the remaining C
B 12 cm
vertices are 8 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field.
(a) 4 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 10 cm

12. One angle of a pentagon is 140º. If the remaining angles

13 m are in the ratio 1:2:3:4, find the size of the greatest angle.
24 m (a) 150º (b) 160º (c) 165º (d) 170º
8m
13. AB and CD are two parallel chords of a circle such that
(a) 250 sq. m. (b) 225 sq. m. AB = 16 cm and CD = 30 cm. If the chords are on the
opposite sides of the centre and the distance between
(c) 252 sq. m. (d) 196 sq. m.
them is 23 cm, find the radius of the circle.
5. If the lateral surface area of a cube is increased by 44%, M
A 8 cm B
find the percentage change in the volume of the cube.
r x
(a) 68% (b) 44% (c) 72.8% (d) 60%
O
6. A solid metallic spherical ball of diameter 6 cm is melted r 23 – x
and recast into a cone with diameter of the base 12 cm. C 15 cm N D
Find the height of the cone.
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 6 cm (a) 10 cm (b) 13 cm (c) 17 cm (d) 20 cm

7. The surface area of a cube is 1734 cm2. Find its volume. 14. In the adjoining figure ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
(a) 17 cm 3
(b) 289cm 3 whose side AB is a diameter of the circle through A, B, C,
D. If ADC  130, find BAC.
3
(c) 4913cm (d) None of these
C
D
8. Find the length of the canvas 1.25 m wide required to 130º

build a conical tent of base radius 7 m and height 24 m.

A B
O
(a) 440 m (b) 550 m
(c) 44 m (d) None of these

(a) 20º (b) 30º (c) 35º (d) 40º

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15. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. O is the centre of the circle. If 2. A cone of height 9 cm with diameter of its base 18 cm is
BOD  160, find BCD . If P is any point on minor arc BC carved out from a wooden solid sphere of radius 9 cm.
of the circle, find BPD. Find the percentage of the wood wasted.
A (a) 25% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 75%

3. There is a circular pond of diameter 2 m at the centre of the

square plot of side 8 m and a cow is tethered at the centre
O
of the pond with a rope of length 3 m. Find the area of the
160º
D
plot that the cow can cover.
B
(a) 10 sq. m. (b) 8  sq. m.
P C (c) 4  sq. m. (d) 6  sq. m.
(a) 90º (b) 100º (c) 110º (d) 120º
4. A man walked diagonally across a square plot. Find the
16. In the given figure PT and TQ are 2 tangents to a circle percent saved by not walking along the edges approximately.
with centre O. POQ  110. Find PTQ and  OPQ. (a) 20% (b) 24% (c) 30% (d) 33%
T
5. A sphere of maximum volume is cut out from a solid
hemisphere of radius 'r'. The ratio of the volume of the
hemisphere to that of the cutout sphere is
P (a) 3:2 (b) 4:1 (c) 4:3 (d) 7:4
110º Q
6. The circumference of the front wheel of a cart is 30 ft long
O and that of the back wheel is 36 ft long. Find the distance
travelled by the cart when the front wheel has done five
more revolutions than the back wheel.
(a) 20 ft (b) 25 ft (c) 750 ft (d) 900 ft
(a) 50º (b) 60º (c) 70º (d) 80º 7. If the sides of a triangle measure 72 cm, 75 cm and 21 cm,
17. In the accompanying figure for which value of x is find the measure of its in-radius.
1 || 2.
(a) 37.5 cm (b) 24 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 15 cm
B 1

78º 8. The height of a cylinder is to the diameter of the base as 1:2.

x
Find the ratio of the area of its surface to the sum of the
C
areas of its two ends.
y
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 1:3
35º
2
A
9. A square is drawn by joining the mid points of the sides of
(a) 37° (b) 45° (c) 47° (d) 55° a square of side 16 cm. Another square is drawn by
joining the midpoints of the sides of the previous square.
18. Two chords AB and CD of a circle intersect each other at a
Another square is drawn by joining the mid points of the
point E inside the circle. If AAE = 3 cm, CE = 5 cm, EB = 4
sides of the new square. The process is continued
cm, find ED.
infinitely. Find the sum of the areas of all the squares.
(a) 3.75 cm (b) 2.4 cm
(c) 4.8 cm (d) None of these (a) 256 sq. cm. (b) 128 sq. cm.
(c) 512 sq. cm. (d) 1024 sq. cm.
19. The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD
intersect each other at the point O. If DAC  32 and 10. A solid cylinder of glass whose diameter is 1.5 m and
AOB  70 , find DBC. height 1 m is melted and turned into a sphere. Find the
diameter of the sphere.
(a) 24 (b) 86 (c) 38 (d) 32
(a) 1 m (b) 0.75 m (c) 1.25 m (d) 1.5 m
20. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is three times
the sum of the exterior angles. Find the number of sides of 11. The perimeter of a triangle is 28 cm and the inradius 2.5
the polygon. cm. Find the area.
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8 (a) 25cm2 (b) 42cm2 (c) 49cm2 (d) 35cm2

GEOMETRY AND MENSURATION II 12. A cylindrical can of radius 14 cm and height 20 cm is

completely filled with milk. A pipe is opened at the bottom
SESSION – 15 of the can to fill the milk into identical bottles each which
1. Find the length of the wire required to fence 25 times has a capacity of 770 ml. How many such bottles can be
around a circular garden of area 154 hectare. filled with the milk in the can?
(a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 16
(a) 110 km (b) 1100 km (c) 11 km (d) None of these

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13. Side AB of a triangle ABC is 80 cm long, whose perimeter TRIGNOMETRY

is 170 cm. One of its angle = 60 degrees, the shortest side
SESSION – 16
of triangle ABC measures (cm) ________
(a) 40 (b) 36 (c) 17 (d) 14 1. If tan A = 2, evaluate sec A. sin A  tan2 A  cosec A

14.  ABC and  DBC are right triangle with common 12  5 3 1

(a) (b)
hypotenuse BC. The side AC and BD are extended to 2 2
intersect at P, then AP  PC/DP  PB = ? 1 3
(c) (d) None of these
(a) 2 (b) 1/3 2 2
(c) 1 (d) None of these
1
15. In a  ABC, P, Q and R are the mid-points of sides BC, CA 2. If sin B  find the value of 3cos B  4cos3 B
2
and AB respectively. If AC = 21 cm, BC = 29 cm and
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) 1
AB = 30 cm. The perimeter of the quadratic ARPQ is
(a) 91 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 51 cm (d) 70 cm 3. Evaluate: tan30 sec 45  tan60 sec30
16. In the adjoining figure AC  BC and ABC  47

(a) 2  3  (b)  3 2 
ADB  91, find DAB. .
2 2 3
C (c)
3

(d) 1  3 
D

91º
 4 1 
47º    2sin2 45 
A B  tan2
60 cos2
30 
4. Find the value of  
(a) 30° (b) 36° (c) 42° (d) 47° 

sin2 60  cos2 45   

 
17. If the circumference of a circle increases from 4 to 8  , 1 1 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
find the change that occurs in its area. 6 3 3 7
(a) It is halved (b) It doubles
5. Find the value of
(c) It triples (d) It quadruples
cos2 60 tan2 30  sin30 cos0 sin60 tan 45
18. 27 identical spheres are filled into a cube such that no more
such spheres can be placed. Find the part of the cube 3 3 13 3
(a) (b)
14 12
occupied by the spheres.
1
 3  2 (c) (d) None of these
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3  12
6 4 2 3

19. The ratio of the measure of an angle of a regular octagon 6. Simplify

to the measure of its exterior angle is 1 1 1
tan2 30  sin2 45  cos2 30  2
(a) 1:2 (b) 3:1 (c) 2:3 (d) 3:4 2 3 tan 60
1 1 1 2
20. In the adjoining figure, a plot ABCD is given. AF = 30 m, CE (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
7 9 6 7
= 40 m, ED = 50 m, AE = 120 m. Find the area of the plot
ABCD. 7. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute through
A how many radians does it turn in one second?
(a) 10 radians (b) 8 radians
30 m (c) 12 radians (d) 16 radians
B F
8. Find the value of

90 m
sin 420 cos390  cos 300 sin 330    
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
40 m
C
E 50 m D 9. If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral find the
(a) 1800 sq. m. (b) 2400 sq. m. value of cos A  cos B  cos C  cos D
(c) 3600 sq. m. (d) 7200 sq. m.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

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10. If x  r sin  .cos  LOGARITHM & FUNCTIONS

y  r sin  .sin 
LOGARITHM
z  r cos , find the value of x2  y2  z2
Let a be a positive number other than 1 and let x be a real
(a) r (b) r 2 (c) r 3 (d) r 4 number.

11. The difference between two complementary angles is 2 If ax = b, then this can be written as loga b  x.
π/5 radians. Find the angles in degrees.
From the definition of logarithm, we can deduce that, log1 = 0
(a) 30˚, 60˚ (b) 9˚, 81˚
(c) 45˚, 45˚ (d) 25˚, 65˚ and loga a  1

12. A moving horse, tied to a post by a rope along a circular

Product rule
path always keeping the rope tight and describes 88 metres
when it traces 45° at the centre, find the length of the rope. loga mn  loga m  log a n , where m and n are positive numbers
(a) 125 m (b) 112 m and a  0
(c) 108 m (d) 98 m
Quotient rule
13. A person ties a balloon on 550 m of a string and flies at an
angle of 45˚. It is observed that the angle formed by the m
loga  loga m  log a n , where m and n are positive numbers
balloon on the ground is 75˚. Find the distance of the n
balloon from the angular point it makes on the ground. and a  0
(a) 401.6 m (b) 400 m
Power rule
(c) 402.9 m (d) 408.6 m
loga mn  n loga m , where m is a positive number and a  0
14. If 3tan θ = – 4 and θ is 90˚ ≤ θ ≤ 180˚, find cosec θ.
(a) 4/5 (b) 3 – √2
Change of base rule
(c) 3 + √2 (d) 5/4
loga m  logb m loga b, where m, a and b are positive numbers
15. The length of the arc of a semicircle is equal to the
and a  0 and b  0
perimeter of a certain sector of a circle having the same
radius. Find the angle of the sector. Important results on logarithm
(a) 65.5 ˚ (b) 63.8˚ (c) 67˚ (d) 62˚
1
 loga b 
16. An UFO is hovering 800 m above a river. It is observed by log b a
the passengers of a boat as they look upwards at an angle of
 aloga n  n
30˚. Thirty seconds later, passengers look up at an angle of
x
60˚ to see the UFO. How far did the boat in 30 seconds?  logby a x  log b a
y
(a) 923.7 m (b) 925 m
log b x
(c) 925.8 m (d) 929 m  loga x 
log b a
17. In  ABC, b:c = √3:√2 and the angles are in A.P. Find A.
(a) 65º (b) 75º (c) 85º (d) 70º Application 1
 1 
18. The base of a tower erected vertically on a hill side makes If log 2 2    x, find the value of x.
 128 
an angle of 15˚ with the horizontal. From a point on the
ground 50 m down the hill from the base of the tower, the Solution
angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 45˚. Find the
2 2 
x
 1281  27
height of the tower.
3
(a) 25 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 50 x
22  27
19. Find the value of θ if sin θ + cos θ = √2 14
So, x  
(a) 45˚ (b) 60˚ (c) 75˚ (d) 30˚ 3
Aliter
20. Solve cot2п/6 + cosec 5 + 3 tan2 п/6
 1  7
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 x  log2 2  128 
 log 3 27   log2 2
  22
3
2

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14 Application 5
So, x  
3 If log12 27  a, then find log6 8.
Solution
Application 2
log 27
Find the value of 42log4 8log16 2. Given, log12 27  a
log12
Solution
3log3
a
42log4 8log16 2  42  4log4 8  4 log16 2 log3  log 4
1
 42  4log4 8  4
 log 4 2
2 a log3  2log2  3log3

1 (3 – a)log3 = 2alog2
(as log16 2 log4 16  log4 2 and log16 2  log4 2)
2 log2 3  a

1 log3 2a

 42  82 2  64 2
log 8 3log 2
Now, log6 8  
log 6 log3  log 2
SMART Tip log2  3a 
3 3 
log3 2a  3(3  a)
y    
 If log( x  y)  log x  log y then x  . log2 3 a 3 a
y 1 1 1
log3 2a
logb c logb a
 a c . Application 6

Application 3 Find the number of digits in 1660 (given that log10 2  0.3010 ).

Find the value of log16 64  log9 27. Solution

Solution Number of digits in 1660 = Integral part of 60log24 +1 

3 3
log16 64  log9 27  log 2 4  log 2 3 = Integral part of (240 × 0.3010) + 1
4 3
= Integral part of 73.24 = 73
3 3
  0
2 2
KEY POINTS
Application 4
If log125 x  log25 x  log5 x  11 , find X. 1
1. log b a 
loga b
Solution
Given equation can be written as, x
2. log by a x  log b a
1 1 1 y
   11
log x 125 log x 25 log x 5 SESSION – 17
1 1 1
   11 1. The value of log2(log2(log3(log3273))) is
3log x 5 2log x 5 log x 5
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 0 (d) 25
1 1 1 
    1   11 2. Simplify: [1/logxy(xyz) + 1/logyz(xyz) + 1/logxz(xyz)]
log x 5  3 2 
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 0
236 1
 11  log x 5 or log x 5  3. Product of roots of log5 (x2) = 6
6 6
(a) – 15625 (b) 15625 (c) 15265 (d) – 15265
1
 x6  5 or x  56 4. log23.log3 4.log4 5 ... logn (n + 1) = 10 then the value of n is
(a) 9 (b) 99 (c) 1023 (d) 999
SMART Tip
log3 243 813 3
 Logarithm is not defined for negative value. 5. 
log2 4 64  loge e10
 loga 0 is not defined. (a) – 43/102 (b) 64
(c) 27 (d) None of these

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6. If log 2 = 0.30103, the number of digits in 520 is FUNCTIONS

(a) 18 (b) 14 (c) 24 (d) 20
1. What is the minimum and maximum value of
7. If log105 + log10(5x + 1) = log10 (x + 5) + 1, then x is equal
respectively?
to
(a) – 1, 1 (b) – 2, 1 (c) – , 0 (d) None of these
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 10 (d) 1
2. Let f(x) = max (2x + 1, 3 – 4x), where x is any real number.
8. If log32 A = 0.8, then A is equal to
Then, the minimum possible value of f(x) is:
(a) 16 (b) 256 (c) 10 (d) 128
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9. If log1036 = y, what does log10 36000 equal?
(a) 1000 (b) y 3. Minimum value of f(x) = |3 – x| + |2 + x| + |5 – x|, will be:

(c) y + 1000 (d) y + 3 (a) 0 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 10

4. A function f(x) is defined as follows:

10. log82 + log8(1/2) = ?
(i) f(1) = 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 8
(ii) f(2x) = 4 f(x) + 6
11. √ =? (iii) f(x + 2) = f(x) + 12x + 12
then calculate f(6).
(a) 1 (b) – 2 (c) – 6 (d) – 8
(a) 106 (b) 96 (c) 86 (d) 76
12. What is the value of ? (Take value of log 2 = 0.3)
5. Let f(x) = |x – 2| + |2.5 – x| + |3.6 – x|, where x is a real
(a) 0.3 (b) – 3/7 (c) – 0.06 (d) – 1/10 number, attains a minimum at
(a) x = 2.3 (b) x = 2.5
13. Find logx2, if x3 = 128
(c) x = 2.7 (d) None of these
(a) 4/3 (b) 3/4 (c) 3/7 (d) 7/3
6. Find for what value of a is: f(n) = (a – 2)n + 3a – 4 an even
14. Find x if = – √ x. function?
(a) – 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) √ (d) √
7. Let g(x) = max (5 – x, x + 2 ). The smallest possible value
15. Find x if a^(2 ) = 49.
of g(x) is?
(a) 7/2 (b) 49/2 (c) 7 (d) 49 (a) 4.0 (b) 4.5 (c) 1.5 (d) None of these
16. + √ + √
+ √
+......... 8. Find the maximum value of the functions 1/(x2 – 3x + 2)?
upto 20 terms. (a) 11/4 (b) 1/4 (c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) 40/log2 (b) 420/log2
9. Let g(x) be a function such that g(x + 1) + g(x – 1) = g(x)
(c) 380/log2 (d) None of these for every real x. Then, for what value of p is the relation
g(x + p) = g(x) necessarily true for every real x ?
17. + + + ..... upto ∝.
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 6
(a) (b) √
(c) √
(d) √
10. A function f(x) satisfies f(1) = 3600 and f(1) + f(2)
+……f(n) = n2f(n), for all positive integers n > 1. What is
 1  the value of f(9)?
18. Find the value of log 2
32  log5  .
 125  (a) 200 (b) 100 (c) 120 (d) 80
11 10
(a) (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) QUADRATIC EQUATIONS & SET THEORY
2 3
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1 1
19. If log8 x  log8  , find the value of x.
6 3 An equation of form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c  R and
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 24 a  0 is called as the quadratic equation. It is a polynomial of
degree 2.
1 1 1
20. Simplify:   Roots of the quadratic can be found using factorization method
logp/q x logq/r x logr/p x
b  b2  4ac
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 or the formula x  .
2a

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If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2  bx  c  0, then the Sum of
the roots of the required equation:
1
b c 1 1   6
sum of the roots      and the product of the roots   .     1
a a    1

6
NATURE OF THE ROOTS
1
Product of the roots of the required equation:  6
The nature of the roots is decided by the expression b2  4ac, 

called the discriminant.  1 1 1

So, the required equation is x2     x  0
    
If the expression b2  4ac  0, then the roots are real and
 x2 + x – 6 = 0
unequal.
Application 5
If the expression b2  4ac  0, then the roots are real and equal.
If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + 4x – 45 = 0, find the
If the expression b2  4ac  0, then the roots are not real but value of 4 + 4.
Solution
will be imaginary and conjugate to each other.
Here,  +  = –4 and  = –45

 
2
Application 1 4  4  2  2  222

Find the roots of the equation x2 – x – 12 = 0.

 
2 2
     2  222 =(16 + 90)2 – 4050
Solution
= 11236 – 4050 = 7186
x2 – x – 12 = x2 – 4x + 3x – 12= x(x –4) +3 (x – 4)
 (x – 4)(x + 3) = 0 Application 6
A and B solves a quadratic equation. In solving, A commits a
So, the roots of the given equation are 4 and –3.
mistake in constant term and finds the roots as –2 and –8. In
Application 2 solving, B commits a mistake in the coefficient of x and finds the
roots as 8 and 3. Find the correct roots of the equation.
Find the roots of the equation x2 + 2x – 2 = 0.
Solution
Solution
Let the correct equation be x2 + ax + b = 0
2  4  8 2  2 3 A's equation is x2 + 10x + 16 = 0
x 
2 2 As he commits mistake in constant term, correct value of a = 10
B's equation is x2 – 11x + 24 = 0
So, the roots of the given equation are 1  3 and 1  3
As he commits mistake in the coefficient of x, correct value of b
Application 3 = 24
So, the given equation is x2 + 10x + 24 = 0
If 2 – 2 is a root of the equation x2 + 4x + 2 = 0, find its other
Therefore, the correct roots of the given equation is –6 and –4
root. [

Solution
Let the other root be  .
SMART Tip
b
Sum of the roots  = –4
a
In a quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0.
 2 – 2 +  = –4 or  = –2 – 2
If b = 0, then roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
 Other root is –2 – 2 . If c = 0, then one of it root is zero.

Application 4 If a = c, then roots are reciprocal to each other.

If  and  are the roots of the equation 6x2 –x –1 = 0, find the Application 7
1 1 For what value of k, the equation 4x2 – 4x + k = 0 has equal roots?
equation whose roots and .
 
Solution
Solution
Determinant = b2  4ac  16 – 16k = 0 or 1 – k = 0
b 1 c 1
    and     So, for k = 1, the given equation has equal roots.
a 6 a 6

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Application 8 5. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the

Find the range of p, so that the equation x2 + px + 16 = 0 has real reciprocals of the roots of the equation x2  7x  12  0.
roots.
(a) x2  12x  7  0 (b) x2  12x  7  0
Solution
For the solution to be real, determinant  0 . (c) 12x2  7x  1  0 (d) 12x2  7x  1  0
Determinant = p2 – 64  0 or (p + 8)(p – 8)  0
6. The equation 4 x  9  11x  1  7 x  4  0 has
So, the required range is p  8 and p  –8
(a) no solution
Application 9 (b) 1 solution
Solve: x  3  2x  9 (c) 2 solutions
Solution (d) more than 2 solutions
On squaring the given equation,
7. If f  x   x2  2x  5 and g( x )  5x  30, find the roots of
x  3  4x2  36x  81
the quadratic equation gf( x)  0.
4x2 – 37x + 78 = 0
4x2 – 24x – 13x + 78 = 0 (a)  1,  1
4x(x – 6) – 13(x – 6) = 0 or (4x – 13)(x – 6) = 0 (b) 2,  1
13 (c)  1  2,  1  2
Therefore, x = 6 (as x = does not satisfy the given equation)
4 (d) 1, 2

8. The only value of x satisfying the equation

SMART Tip x 4 x
6 2  11, x  R is
4 x x
For ax2  bx  c  0 with a > 0, the minimum value of the
4 16 4 16
4ac  b2 b (a) (b) (c)  (d) 
expression is for x  . 35 3 35 3
4a 2a
For ax2  bx  c  0 with a < 0, the maximum value of the 9. If one root of the quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 is
three times the other, find the relationship between a, b
4ac  b2 b
expression is for x  . and c.
4a 2a
(a) 3b2  16ac (b) b2  4 ac
SESSION – 18 2 a2  c2 b
(c)  a  c   4b (d) 
1. If 7a  8b  53 and 9a  5b  47, find the values of a and b. ac 2

(a) (4, 5) (b) (4, 3) (c) (3, 4) (d) (5, 4)

10. If the roots of the equation a
2

 b2 x2  2b  a  c  x
2. If I add 7 times my age seven years from now and 3 times
my age three years ago, I get 12 times my current age.  
 b2  c2  0 are equal, then a, b, c are in
How old will I be 3 years from now?
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(a) 22 years (b) 23 years
(c) H.P. (d) Cannot be determined
(c) 24 years (d) 25 years

3. A farmer has some chickens and feed for them. The feed SET THEORY
lasts for exactly 30 days. He sold 10 of the chickens and
1. Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A) = 20, n(B)
purchased some feed such that the entire feed with him
= 28 and n(A ∪ B) = 36, find n(A ∩ B).
will last for 150 days. Now, he has thrice the initial feed.
Find the initial number of chickens. (a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16
(a) 25 (b) 30 2. In a group of 60 people, 27 like cold drinks and 42 like hot
(c) 40 (d) Cannot be determined drinks and each person likes at least one of the two
drinks. How many like both coffee and tea?
3 th
4. Tree I grows at of tree II. If both the trees together (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
7
grow 3 ft for every 3 years, find the time required by tree Directions for Q3 and Q4: Consider the sets defined below and
II to grow 7 ft. answer the questions that follow.
(a) 7 years (b) 10 years
(c) 8 years (d) 12 years Universal set U = [positive real numbers less than 300]

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

HVITQA_2002_2012_1118

A= {x € N}[x is divisible by 15]

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, ......... 198, 200}

C = the set of all natural numbers divisible by 5

D = {x € N}[x < 100]

E = {3, 6, 9, 12}

3. How many of the sets described above are finite sets?

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

4. Are sets A/B and B/A equal?

(a) Yes (b) No
(c) Data insufficient (d) None of these

Directions for Q5 to Q7: The Power of a set is defined as the

number of distinct subsets of that set. Let A= {x < 100: x is a
prime number}. Let AP denote the power set of A

5. Is {2, 5, 3} a subset of AP?

(a) Yes (b) No
(c) Can't be determined (d) None of these

6. Find the number of sets in AP that have exactly 3 elements

(a) 2300 (b) 13800 (c) 25800 (d) 2800

7. How many non-empty sets are elements of the power set

of AP?
(a) (2 ^ 2 ^ 25) – 1 (b) 1
(c) 2 ^ 25 – 1 (d) 2 ^ 2 ^ 25

8. In a group of 100 persons, 72 people can speak English

and 43 can speak French. How many can speak English
only? How many can speak French only and how many
can speak both English and French?
(a) 25 (b) 28 (c) 30 (d) 35

9. On its annual sports day, School awarded 35 medals in

athletics, 15 Judo and 18 in swimming. If these medals
goes to a total of 58 students and only three of them got
medals in all the three sports. The number of students
who received medals exactly two of the three sports are
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7

10. In a community it is found that 52% people like Idly and

73% like sambar. If p% like both idly and sambar then
(a) p  25 (b) p  52
(c) 25  p  52 (d) All of these

11. In a committee, 50 people speak Hindi, 20 speak Bengali

and 10 speak both Hindi and Bengali. How many speak at
least one of these two languages?
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 70 (d) None of these

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