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    Swirls in Intake Structures

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    Vinod Molkere
    The document discusses swirling flows and their modeling. Swirling flows are important in industrial processes like mixing and combustion, but can also cause problems like turbulence. They are axisymmetric flows with no circumferential gradients. Conservation of angular momentum results in a free vortex flow profile. Turbulence models like k-epsilon, RNG k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress models can be used to model swirling flows. As an example, a pressure swirl fuel injector is modeled using conservation equations and a homogeneous relaxation model for the liquid-gas interface. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the internal flow and predict spray characteristics. Challenges include considering the Schmidt number which impacts mass diffusion between phases.

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    Swirls in Intake Structures

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Molkere
    83 views30 pages
    The document discusses swirling flows and their modeling. Swirling flows are important in industrial processes like mixing and combustion, but can also cause problems like turbulence. They are axisymmetric flows with no circumferential gradients. Conservation of angular momentum results in a free vortex flow profile. Turbulence models like k-epsilon, RNG k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress models can be used to model swirling flows. As an example, a pressure swirl fuel injector is modeled using conservation equations and a homogeneous relaxation model for the liquid-gas interface. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the internal flow and predict spray characteristics. Challenges include considering the Schmidt number which impacts mass diffusion between phases.

    Original Description:

    Design of intake structures in reference to HIS manual and conduct of sump model tests

    Original Title

    Swirls in Intake structures

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    The document discusses swirling flows and their modeling. Swirling flows are important in industrial processes like mixing and combustion, but can also cause problems like turbulence. They are axisymmetric flows with no circumferential gradients. Conservation of angular momentum results in a free vortex flow profile. Turbulence models like k-epsilon, RNG k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress models can be used to model swirling flows. As an example, a pressure swirl fuel injector is modeled using conservation equations and a homogeneous relaxation model for the liquid-gas interface. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the internal flow and predict spray characteristics. Challenges include considering the Schmidt number which impacts mass diffusion between phases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views30 pages

    Swirls in Intake Structures

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Molkere
    The document discusses swirling flows and their modeling. Swirling flows are important in industrial processes like mixing and combustion, but can also cause problems like turbulence. They are axisymmetric flows with no circumferential gradients. Conservation of angular momentum results in a free vortex flow profile. Turbulence models like k-epsilon, RNG k-epsilon, and Reynolds stress models can be used to model swirling flows. As an example, a pressure swirl fuel injector is modeled using conservation equations and a homogeneous relaxation model for the liquid-gas interface. Computational fluid dynamics is used to simulate the internal flow and predict spray characteristics. Challenges include considering the Schmidt number which impacts mass diffusion between phases.

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    Swirling flows

    “When I meet God, I am going to


    ask him two questions: why
    relativity and why turbulence? I
    really believe he will have an
    answer for the first”
    Werner Heisenberg
    I. Swirling flows
    OutLine II. Turbulence modeling of swirling
    flows
    III. Application of swirling flows
    Rotation
    An essential ingredient in many industrial processes:

    ● mixing,
    ● separation
    ● stabilisation

    However, in some cases is an inevitable by product causing damage


    and financial loss:

    ● Temperature-differences between ocean and atmosphere


    leading to thunderstorms and tornadoes
    ● vortices generated by wings of large airplanes leading to delay
    during landing-procedures.
    Swirling flows:

    Many Engineering applications involve


    swirling or rotating flow:

    ● In combustion chambers of Jet


    engines
    ● Turbomachinery
    ● Mixing tanks
    2D Swirling or Rotating flows
    Also known as the axisymmetric flow with swirl or rotation:

    Assumption: no circumferential gradients in the flow.

    Solving this problem includes the prediction of the circumferential or swirl velocity.

    The momentum conservation equation for swirl velocity is given by :

    Where x: is the axial coordinate

    r: the radial coordinate

    u: the axial velocity

    v: the radial velocity

    w: the swirl velocity


    Physics of the swirling flows:
    In swirling flow, conservation of angular momentum results in the
    creation of a free vortex flow in which circumferential velocity w
    increases as the radius decreases and then decays to zero at r=0
    due to the action of viscosity.

    For an ideal free vortex: The circumferential forces are in


    equilibrium with radial pressure gradient

    For non-ideal vortices the radial pressure gradient also changes


    affecting the radial and axial flows.
    Turbulence modeling in swirling flow:

    Turbulent flows with significant amount of swirl: swirling


    jets or cyclone flows.

    The strength of the swirl is gauged by the swirl number S,


    defined as the ratio of the axial flux of angular
    momentum to the axial flux of the axial momentum.

    Where is R is the hydraulic radius*


    Turbulence modeling in swirling flow:
    Realizable k-epsilon model
    ● Realizable: model meets certain
    mathematical constraints on the Reynold’s
    stresses that correspond to the physics of
    the turbulent flows.
    ● Considered as an improvement of the k-
    epsilon standard model.
    ● Characterized by both the new formulation of
    the turbulent viscosity and a new equation
    for the dissipation rate epsilon that is derived
    from the transport of the mean square
    vorticity fluctuation.
    ● Provides improved predictions for the
    spreading rate of both planar and round jets.
    ● Exhibits superior performance for flows
    involving rotation, boundary layers under
    strong adverse pressure gradients,
    separation, and recirculation.
    RNG k-epsilon model
    ● Developed using Renormalisation Group (RNG)
    methods to renormalize the Navier-Stokes
    equations to account for small scales of motion.
    ● This is different from the original k-epsilon model
    where the eddy viscosity is determined from a
    single turbulence length scale.
    ● Mathematically similar to the k-epsilon model, but
    it has a different epsilon equation that accounts
    for different scales contribution to the production
    term.
    Reynolds Stress Models:
    ● Also known as the Reynolds stress
    Transport (RST)
    ● Usually used for high level turbulence
    models
    ● The method of closure used is called
    Second Order Closure
    ● The Eddy viscosity approach is not used
    and the Reynold stresses are directly
    calculated using differential transport
    equation.
    ● The calculated Reynold’s stresses are
    then used to obtain closure for the
    Reynolds’ averaged momentum equation.
    Application of the swirling flow:
    Simulating the internal flow of a pressure swirl fuel
    injector
    Fuel injectors

    High velocity liquid fuel⇒ atomization and oxidation


    with air⇒ evaporation ⇒ combustion
    Swirl injectors:

    Hollow cone spray ⇒ more fuel droplets


    exposed to the hot air in the combustion
    chamber⇒ shorter evaporation time
    The Physics of the atomization inside a PSI:

    1. Film formation:
    - Liquid fuel is introduced through the tangential
    ports into the swirl chamber.
    - The swirling motion pushes the liquid to the walls
    of the injector which constitutes the origin of the
    thin film
    2. Free Sheet :
    - At the exit of the nozzle, the free sheet is formed
    in the shape of a cone.
    3. Atomization:
    - The liquid free sheet is an unstable structure. As it
    interacts with air, it starts to break down into
    ligaments, these ligament disintegrate into small
    droplets [1].
    Mathematical formulation

    Favre averaging:

    Favre averaging is a time averaging method that takes into account a


    changing density:

    Applying the Favre averaging on Y, the gas mass fraction :


    Mathematical formulation

    Conservation of mass:

    Conservation of momentum:

    Conservation of energy
    Closure: Homogeneous relaxation model
    ● Used to study thermal non equilibrium
    two phase flow
    ● Assumes adiabatic conditions
    ● Provides an equation for the return or the
    relaxation of the quality to the equilibrium
    value
    Computational methods
    The geometry
    Creating the mesh
    Boundary conditions:

    Fuel Inlets:
    -zero pressure gradient

    Outlets:
    -atmospheric pressure
    -zero velocity

    Walls:
    -zero velocity
    -zero pressure gradient
    Post-processing:
    A swirling velocity field
    Simulation results:

    Pressure field
    Density field

    Temperature field
    Volume fraction
    Spray angle predictions:
    Problems and challenges:
    Schmidt Number consideration:

    ● Swirling flows have a higher critical Re to transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow:
    relatively stable
    ● The Schmidt number is the ratio of the momentum diffusion rate over the mass
    diffusion rate.
    ● If there is no mass diffusion between the liquid phase and the gas phase (no mixing)
    then the Schmidt number goes to infinity
    ● A Schmidt number of 1: means that both types of diffusion are occurring at the same
    rate.

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