4. Server-Client model: Computer networking is used in the 1. What is a Computer Network?

server-client model. A server is a central Computer Network is a group of computers connected with
computer used to store the information and maintained by the each other through wires, optical fibres
system administrator. Clients are the or optical links so that various devices can interact with each
machines used to access the information stored in the server other through a network.
remotely. o The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources
o Communication medium: Computer network behaves as a among various devices.
communication medium among the users. o In the case of computer network technology, there are several
For example, a company contains more than one computer has types of networks that vary from simple
an email system which the employees to complex level.
use for daily communication. Components Of Computer Network:
o E-commerce: Computer network is also important in
businesses. We can do the business over the
internet. For example, amazon.com is doing their business over
the internet, i.e., they are doing their
business over the internet.
Features Of Computer network
A list Of Computer network features is given below.
o Communication speed
o File sharing
o Back up and Roll back is easy
o Software and Hardware sharing
o Security
o Scalability
o Reliability

8. Client/Server Network 5. File sharing

Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end File sharing is one of the major advantage of the computer
users called clients, to access the network. Computer net Back up and Roll back is easy
resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central computer Since the files are stored in the main server which is centrally
known as Server. located. Therefore, it is easy to take the back up from the main
The central controller is known as a server while all other server.
computers in the network are called clients. Software and Hardware sharing
A server performs all the major operations such as security and We can install the applications on the main server, therefore, the
network management. user can access the applications centrally. So,
A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as we do not need to install the software on every machine.
files, directories, printer, etc. Similarly, hardware can also be shared.
All the clients communicate with each other through a server. Security
For example, if client1 wants to send Network allows the security by ensuring that the user has the
some data to client 2, then it first sends the request to the server right to access the certain files and applications.
for the permission. The server sends Scalability
the response to the client 1 to initiate its communication with Scalability means that we can add the new components on the
the client 2. network. Network must be scalable so that we
Advantages Of Client/Server network: can extend the network by adding new devices. But, it decreases
A Client/Server network contains the centralized system. the speed of the connection and data of the
Therefore we can back up the data easily. transmission speed also decreases, this increases the chances of
A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that improves error occurring. This problem can be overcome
the overall performance of the whole by using the routing or switching devices.
system.
Security is better in Client/Server network as a single server Reliability
administers the shared resources. Computer network can use the alternative source for the data
oIt also increases the speed of the sharing resources. communication in case of any hardware failure.
o work provides us to share the files with each other.
2. Major components of a computer network are: 3. Cables and connectors
NIC(National interface card) Cable is a transmission media that transmits the communication
NIC is a device that helps the computer to communicate with signals. There are three types of cables:
another device. The network interface card o Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the
contains the hardware addresses, the data-link layer protocol use data over 1Gbps or more.
this address to identify the system on the o Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable resembles like a TV installation
network so that it transfers the data to the correct destination. cable. Coaxial cable is more expensive
There are two types of NIC: wireless NIC and wired NIC. than twisted pair cable, but it provides the high data
Wireless NIC: All the modern laptops use the wireless NIC. In transmission speed.
Wireless NIC, a connection is made o Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that
using the antenna that employs the radio wave technology. transmits the data using light beams. It
o Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over provides high data transmission speed as compared to other
the medium. cables. It is more expensive as compared
Hub to other cables, so it is installed at the government level.
Hub is a central device that splits the network connection into Router
multiple devices. When computer requests for Router is a device that connects the LAN to the internet. The
information from a computer, it sends the request to the Hub. router is mainly used to connect the distinct
Hub distributes this request to all the networks or connect the internet to multiple computers.
interconnected computers. Modem
Switches Modem connects the computer to the internet over the existing
Switch is a networking device that groups all the devices over the telephone line. A modem is not integrated with
network to transfer the data to another the computer motherboard. A modem is a separate part on the
device. A switch is better than Hub as it does not broadcast the PC slot found on the motherboard.
message over the network, i.e., it sends the Uses Of Computer Network
message to the device for which it belongs to. Therefore, we can o Resource sharing: Resource sharing is the sharing of resources
say that switch sends the message directly such as programs, printers, and data requirement of the physical
from source to the destination. location of the resource and user.

7. Peer-To-Peer network 6. Computer Network Architecture

Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers Computer Network Architecture is defined as the physical and
are linked together with equal privilege logical design of the software, hardware,
and responsibilities for processing the data. protocols, and media of the transmission of data. Simply we can
o Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually say that how computers are organized and
up to 10 computers. how tasks are allocated to the computer.
Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server. The two types of network architectures are used:
Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing
the resources, but this can lead to a
problem if the computer with the resource is down.
Advantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:
It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated server.
If one computer stops working but, other computers will not
stop working.
It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer manages
itself.
Disadvantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:
o In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not contain the
centralized system . Therefore, it cannot
back up the data as the data is different in different locations.
o It has a security issue as the device is managed itself.
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