MODULE

Lenses and Optical Instrument

I. Objectives
a. Identify how does a lens work and its relation to different optical
instrument
b. Know how the different optical instrument work
c. Appreciate the importance of lens to human being
II. Pre-Test

1. Lens which is thin at center and thick at edges is

a. convex lens

b. biconvex lens

c. both A and B

d. concave lens

2. Lens which diverges light from a single point is

a. concave lens

b. convex lens

c. biconvex lens

d. both B and C

3. In most cameras the location of the image is adjusted to appear on the film
by changing the

a. position of the lens.

4. A human eye employs a lens to form images.

5. What type of image is formed when an object is placed at a distance of 1.5

a. erect and virtual

III. CONTENT
LENS
When light is refracted while crossing a curved boundary between two different
media, the light rays obey the law of refraction at each point of the boundary. The angle
at which the light rays cross the boundary (with respect to the local normal to the
boundary) is different along the curve, so the refracted is different at different points
along the curve. If light enters a medium through one spherical surface and then returns
to the original medium through another spherical surface , the device that has the
spherical surface is called lens.
Classification of Lenses 1.Converging Lenses
which has f>0, is shaped such that rays incident parallel to the optical axis
are focused by refraction at the focal distance f from the center of the lens.
2. Diverging Lenses
which has f<O is shaped such that parallel rays striking the lens diverge
refraction. The extrapolation of the diverging rays would intersect at a focal distance
from the center of the lens of the same side of the lens as the object.
Optical Instrument

Magnifier
One way to make an object appear larger is to bring it closer. However, if the
object is brought too close to the eye, the object will appear fuzzy. The position closest
to the eye that the object can be placed at and remain in focus is called “near point”.
Another way to make an object appear larger is to use a magnifier or magnifying glass.
Human Eye
The human eye can be considered an optical instrument. The eye is nearly
spherical in shaped, about 2.5 cm in diameter. The front part of the eye is more sharply
curved than the rest of the eye and is covered with cornea. Behind the cornea is a fluid
called aqueous humor. Behind that is a lens, composed of a fibrous jelly. The lens is
held in place by ligaments that connect it to the ciliary muscles, which allow the lens to
change shape and thus change its focus. Behind the lens is the vitreous humor.
CAMERA
Is an optical instrument consisting of a body that exclude light and contains a
system of lenses that focuses an image of an object on a recording medium such
as photographic films or a digital sensor. A camera with a digital sensor is often
called digital camera.
MICROSCOPE
A compound microscope uses multiple lenses to magnify an image for an
observer. It is made of two convex lenses: the first, the ocular lens, is close to the
eye; the second is the objective lens.
Compound microscopes are much larger, heavier and more expensive than simple
microscopes because of the multiple lenses. The advantages of these microscopes,
due to the multiple lenses, are the reduced chromatic aberrations and exchangeable
objective lenses to adjust magnification.

TELESCOPE
The telescope is of two types. One is the reflecting type and another one is the
refracting type. Reflecting telescopes are the ones which do not use lenses at all.
They use mirrors to focus the light together. The type of mirror used is a concave
mirror.
Mirrors also bend the light together, except that they do it by reflecting the light
instead of bending it. Refracting telescopes work by using two lenses to focus the
light and make it look like the object is closer to you than it really is. Both the
lenses are in a shape of ‘convex’. Convex lenses work by bending light inwards.
Refracting telescope
A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses
a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The
refracting telescope design was originally used in spy glasses and astronomical
telescopes but is also used for long focus camera lenses. Although large refracting
telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for most research
purposes the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting telescope
which allows larger apertures. A refractor's magnification is calculated by dividing the
focal length of the objective lens by that of the eyepiece.
REFLECTING TELESCOPE
A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses
a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The
refracting telescope design was originally used in spy glasses and astronomical
telescopes but is also used for long focus camera lenses. Although large refracting
telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for most research
purposes the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting telescope
which allows larger apertures. A refractor's magnification is calculated by dividing the
focal length of the objective lens by that of the eyepiece.
Reflectors are used not only to examine the visible region of the electromagnetic
spectrum but also to explore both the shorter- and longer-wavelength
regions adjacent to it (i.e., the ultraviolet and the infrared). The name of this type of
instrument is derived from the fact that the primary mirror reflects the light back to a
focus instead of refracting it. The primary mirror usually has a concave spherical or
parabolic shape, and, as it reflects the light, it inverts the image at the focal plane. The
diagram illustrates the principle of a concave reflecting mirror. The formulas for resolving
power, magnifying power, and light-gathering power, as discussed for refractors, apply
to reflectors as well.
Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low
Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. Although not the first space telescope,
Hubble is one of the largest and most versatile, and is well known as both a vital
research tool and a public relations boon for astronomy. The HST is named after
the astronomer Edwin Hubble, and is one of NASA's Great Observatories, along with
the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer
Space Telescope.
James Webb Space Telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope that will be the
[5][6]
successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. The JWST will offer unprecedented
resolution and sensitivity, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the
[7]
fields of astronomy and cosmology. One of its major goals is observing some of the
most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first
galaxies. These types of targets are beyond the reach of current ground- and space-
based instruments. Other goals include understanding the formation of
stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas.
Chandra X-ray Observatory
The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray
Astrophysics Facility(AXAF), is a Flagship-class space observatory launched on STS-
93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter
than any previous X-ray telescope, enabled by the high angular resolution of its mirrors.
Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, they are not
detectable from Earth-based telescopes; therefore space-based telescopes are required
to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64-hour orbit, and its
mission is ongoing as of 2018.
Laser Tweezers
are capable of manipulating nanometer and micron-sized dielectric particles by exerting
extremely small forces via a highly focused laser beam. The beam is typically focused
by sending it through a microscope objective. The narrowest point of the focused beam,
known as the beam waist, contains a very strong electric field gradient. Dielectric
particles are attracted along the gradient to the region of strongest electric field, which is
the center of the beam. The laser light also tends to apply a force on particles in the
beam along the direction of beam propagation.

IV. Learning Activities

Required Materials

I. Science notebooks
II. Mirror
III. Masking tape
IV. Paper

What will the students do?

Students will mount the mirror, which should be covered with a piece of paper, flat on a
wall at eye level. Making sure to use the mirror as a centerline, have students lay a 2 to
3 meters length of masking tape on the floor, extending out from, and perpendicular to,
the wall.

Students will then work in pairs using the student page as a guide. They will be
challenged to predict where two people must stand so each can see the other's
reflection in the mirror. Each pair will discuss and agree on the places where they think
they must stand. They will draw diagrams in their science notebooks to show the places
they have selected.

Once students have determined where they will stand, they remove the paper from the
mirror and test their predictions. Pairs of students will continue doing this until they have
found and marked the places where they must stand to see both reflections in the
mirror.

V. Application

Optics has, since ancient times, being used as aid for the examination of
human patients and in some therapeutic treatments. Many of the optic
medical instruments in use today were developed in the nineteenth century
and, with the advent of optical fibers and laser light sources in the mid
 twentieth century, a new generation of medical devices, instruments, and
techniques have been developed that have helped modernize medicine and
perform task unimaginable only a few decades ago. This chapter
illustrates—through several optical instrument and application examples—
the uses, benefits, and future prospects that optics brings as an enabling
technology to the medicine and the overall healthcare industry.

VI. Time Frame

1 hour

VII. References

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_13

https://sharemylesson.com/teaching-resource/optical-instruments-246070
VIII. Answer Key
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. A

Prepared By: Jonalyn S. Escudero

BEED III-A