INDEX

1 MAN WORD TRANSLATIONS - SUMMARY

2 MAN NUMBER PROPERTIES GUIDE - SUMMARY
3 MAN GEOMETRY GUIDE - SUMMARY

4 NP. Various
5 NP. Powers-Roots
6 NP. Multiples
7 NP. DIVISIBILITY TESTS
8 NP. Primes
9 NP. RECURRING DECIMALS
10 NP. Calc shortcuts
11 NP. Digits

12 G. Pythagorean Triples
13 G. Circles & Triangles
14 G. Triangles & Others
15 G. Solids
16 G. Circles-Squares (Pi)

17 Equations, Algebra

18 WT. Probability-Combinatorics
19 WT. Statistics

20 FDP

21 Strategies
MAN WORD TRANSLATIONS - SUMMARY

A) ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATIONS
1) Assign variables, write equations, solve
2) Use charts to organize variables

B) RATES & WORK

1) RT = D
2) Average rate = Total D / Total T -> don’t just average -> double RTD chart
3) Simultaneous motion problems
. Time relations: be careful -> quadratics. The one traveling for longer time should have a variable + constant
. Distance relations:
. Moving along same path -> same D, different T -> focus on difference between R
. Moving towards -> sum of distances equal a constant, different T -> add R
. Moving away -> different D, same T
4) Basic work problems
. RT = W
. case1. W refers to number of items produced; R refers to ratio of numbers produced to time … eg: 5w/h x 5h = 25
. case2. W refers to a work completed; R refers to amount of the work completed in one unit of time … eg: 1w/5h x
. Working together -> add the rates
5) Population problems -> population chart

C) RATIOS
. if you have the weighted average and both endpoints, then you also have the RATIO of the weights, which is the
eg: 10%x +2%y=5%z only need one value to solve, as x/y = (dist y)/(dist x) = (5-2) / (10-5) = 3/5
D) COMBINATORICS
1) Simple factorials
2) Anagrams
Represent situations in which the order does not matter with repeated letters in your combinatorics grid. Then divid
eg: ways to arrange 7 different letters in 7 different positions -> 7! ... = arrange ABCDEFG in 1234567 = 5040
eg: ways to arrange 7 different letters in 4 different positions -> 7! / 3! = 7P4 = 7C4 * 4! = 7! / (7-4)! … = arrange AB
eg: ways to pick 4 letters from 7 different letters (order does not matter) -> pick from ABCDEFG, put as YYYYNNN
3) Combinatorics with constraints - 2 methods explained through examples - pages 52 & 53
4) Valuable exercises from the book
#1 - In how many different ways can the letters in the word "LEVEL" be arranged -> 5!/(2!*2!)
#2 - How many boxes with 2 different truffles can be made from 5 different kinds truffles (unlimited quantity for each
#3 - With digits 1-5, how many different jerseys with two-digit numbers can be made such that no player has a num
#4 - 4 different ingredients; how many bins are needed to hold every possible blend, given that each blend must ha
#7 - The lock requires to enter one number, from 1-9, and then push a pair of colored buttons (6 colors) simultaneo
#11 - Casey walks 9 blocks from home to work; school is 5 blocks down and 4 blocks left; how many different route
#14 - 3 dwarves and 3 elves; 6 chairs; dwarves and elves wont sit next to each other; how many different arrangem
#15 - distribute 5 dolls (2xS,1xE,1xJ,1xT) to 5 nieces, given that the yougest one does not want J -> 5!/2! - 4!/2! (al

E) PROBABILITY
1) P(A) & P(B) = P(A) x P(B)
2) P(A) OR P(B) = P(A) + P(B) (minus P(A&B) if events not independent -> not often tested on probability problems)
3) The 1-x probability trick
4) The domino effect
5) Tough probability -> list the winning scenarios
 . Find probability of each scenario and add
. Find the number of winning scenarios and divide by the numer of outcomes (= counting method using combinator
eg: 6 girls, including K and A - pick 4 - probability that both K and A will be selected? -> 4C2/6C4
6) Valuable exercises from the book
#10 - have 2a, 3b and 4p; select 2 randomly - probability that the 2 will not be the same? -> a) (2C1*3C1+2C1*4C1
#11 - have 40c, 12t, 28v, 20s; A will pick 1 and B will pick 1 but different than A's - probability that one of them is c o
#15 - L,M,N,O,P sit randomly in a row; proabability that O and P are not next to each other? -> 1 - 4!*2!/5!

F) STATISTICS
1) Mean = total of quantities / number of quantities
2) Median = the "middle" number in a group
3) Standard deviation: measure of how far data points fall from the mean
Long method: 1-find the mean; 2-for each term, calculate deviation from the mean; 3-square the differences; 4-avg
Short method: square root of (average of the squares - square of the average).

G) OVERLAPPING SETS
1) Double-set matrix
2) 3-set problems -> venn diagram -> work from the inside out
Total = A + B + C - (AB+AC+BC) + ABC + N (where AB= intersection of A&B including the part shared with C)
Total = A + B + C - (AB''+AC''+BC'') - 2*ABC + N (where AB"= intersection of A&B excluding the part shared with C

H) CLOCK PROBLEMS (not from Man guide)

Problems on clocks can be tackled as assuming two runners going round a circle, one 12 times as fast as the other.
The minute hand describes 6 degrees /minute. (360/6)
The hour hand describes 0.5 degrees /minute. (360/6/12)
=> minute hand describes 5.5 degrees more than the hour hand per minute .
The hour and the minute hand meet after every 65(5/11) minutes after being together at midnight.

I) DAYS OF THE WEEK PROBLEMS (not from Man guide)

1 year = 365 days = 52 * 7 + 1 => with the passing of one year the day of the week advances 1 day
For a leap year, the day of the week advances 2 days.
 variable + constant

ime … eg: 5w/h x 5h = 25w

nit of time … eg: 1w/5h x 5h = 1w

the weights, which is the reciprocal of the ratio of the distances between the endpoints and the weighted average.
= (5-2) / (10-5) = 3/5

binatorics grid. Then divide by the factorial of the number of the repeated letters to account for over-counting
G in 1234567 = 5040
7! / (7-4)! … = arrange ABCDEFG in 1234NNN = 840
DEFG, put as YYYYNNN -> anagram of the word YYYYNNN -> 7! / 4! x 3! = 7C4 = 7! / (7-4)! x 4! = 35

unlimited quantity for each) -> 5C2

that no player has a number with a repeated digit? -> 5P2 (12345 // TUNNN)
n that each blend must have at least 2 ingredients? (each bin can hold one and only one blend.) -> 4C2+4C3+4C4
ons (6 colors) simultaneously. How many different combinations? -> 9*6C2
how many different routes? -> LLLLDDDDD: 9!/(5!*4!) = 9C4 = 9C5
w many different arrangements? -> 2*3!*3!
t want J -> 5!/2! - 4!/2! (all poss=5!/2!; divide by 2 to account for the repeated dolls => substract)

obability problems)
 method using combinatorics)
ected? -> 4C2/6C4

-> a) (2C1*3C1+2C1*4C1+3C1*4C1)/9C2 or b) 1 - (2C2+3C2+4C2)/9C2

lity that one of them is c or v? -> 1 - [P(t&s) + P(s&t)] = 1 - [12/100*20/88 + 20/100*12/80]
r? -> 1 - 4!*2!/5!

are the differences; 4-avg squared differences; 5-calculate the square root of this average

g the part shared with C)

ding the part shared with C)

st as the other.
MAN NUMBER PROPERTIES GUIDE - SUMMARY

A) DIVISIBILITY & PRIMES

1) Divisibility rules (see separate tab)
2) Prime factorization
3) GCF: the largest divisor of two integers -> Venn diagram -> GCF is the product of primes in the overlapping region = share
4) LCM: the smallest multiple of two integers -> Venn diagram -> LCM is the product of all primes in the diagram (overlappin

B) ODDS & EVENS /

(+/-) = x = o o
o o e o o o e e
e e e e e e o e
o e o o e e e o

C) POSITIVES & NEGATIVES

1) Absolute value. |x| + |y| >= |x+y| (> if xy<0 = other cases) //// |x-y| >= |x| - |y| => (> if xy<0 or |y|>|x| = other

D) CONSECUTIVE INTEGERS
1) Definition: Evenly Spaced sets -> Consecutive multiples -> consecutive integers
2) Properties of evenly spaced sets
. Arithmetic mean and median are equal
. Arithmetic mean and median = (1st term + last term) /2
. Sum of all elements equals the average times the number of items
. n = Number of Consecutive multiples: [(Last - First) / increment ]+ 1
. The average of an odd number of consecutive integers will always be an integer -> The sum will always be a mult
. The average of an even number of consecutive integers will never be an integer -> The sum will never be a multip
. The product of k consecutive integers is always divisible by k factorial (eg: 1x2x3 = 6; divisible by 3!)

E) EXPONENTS
1) Have two solutions (+/-) when the exponent is even

F) ROOTS
1) Have one solution when the root is even
2) Imperfect vs perfect squares -- more accurate estimates by combining coefficient with root (eg: 4sqrt(5) = sqrt(80) = 8.9

G) PEMDAS (parenthesis, exponents, multiplication-division, addition-susbtraction)

H) STRATEGIES for DS
1) Always factor algebraic expressions when possible
2) Testing numbers
. Value question -> try to find examples that yield multiple values
. Yes/no question -> try to find examples that yield a Maybe
3) Statements never contradict each other

I) DIVISIBILITY & PRIMES - ADVANCED

1) Operations with multiples
Add/substract multiples of N, result is multiple of N
Add/substract multiple of N to non-multiple of N, result is non-multiple of N
 Add/substract two non-multiples of N, result could be either multiple or non-multiple of N
2) Prime columns & GCF/LCM (for three or more numbers, or large numbers)
. GCF: smallest count in any column // LCM: largest count in any column
2 5 7
100 2^2 5^1 7^1
250 2^1 5^3 -
GCF 2^1 5^1
LCM 2^2 5^3 7^1
3) Some properties of GCF/LCM:
. GCF (m,n) x LCM (m,n) = m x n
. GCF (m,n) cannot be larger than the difference between m and n
. Consecutive multiples of n have a GCF of n
4) Perfect squares have an odd number of (distint) factors (and its sum is also odd); non-square integers have an eve
Prime factors of perfect squares must come in pairsl prime factors of perfect cubes must come in groups of 3
5) Factorials and divisibility
(m+n)! is divisible by m! * n!
6) Remainder theory
. The remainder of any number must be non-negative and smaller than the divisor -> range of possible remainders
. You can add/substract/multiply remainders directly, as long as you correct excess or negative remainders
7) Counting total factors: If a prime factor appears to the Nth power, there are (N+1) possibilities for the occurences of that
8) Valuable exercises from the book
#10 - Is the sum of integers a and b divisible by 7? 1) a is not divisible by 7; 2) a-b is divisible by 7
#15 - If x^2 is divisible by 216, what is the smallest possible value for positive integer x?
#18 - Which of the following is not prime? a) 6!-1 b) 6!+21 c) 6!+41 d) 7!-1 e) 7!+11
#24 - x/y=q+5/y -> what is the smallest value for xy?
#25 - a and b are integers such that a/b=3.45. Which if the following could be be the remainder of a/b? a)3 b)9 c)36
#26 - 15/y=q+(y-3)/y -> what are all the possible values of y?

J) O&E / P&N / CONSEC INT - ADVANCED

1) Representing odds and evens algebraically -> helpful when all that is known about a variable is whether it is odd or ev
even = 2k odd = 2k +/-1
Remainder of the square of odd integer "a" when divided by 4 or 8 -> a = (2n +/-1)^2 = 4n^2 +/- 4n + 1
2) Absolute value of a difference = distance between x and y (eg: |x-3|<4 means the distance between x and 3 is less than
 3) Complex absolute value equations
. Equation or inequality contains two different variables in absolute value expressions (these problems usually have
eg: |x|-|y| = |x+y| and xy not 0 ---> which of the following must be true? Answer:xy<0
. Equation has more than one absolute value expression but only one variable and one or more constants.
4) Consecutive integers and divisibility -> x^3 - x = p = (x-1)*x*(x+1) ---> consect integ are divisible by 24 if middle
5) Valuable exercises from the book
#5 - remainder upon division by 4 of the product of two consecutive odd integers: always 3 ---> (2n+1)*(2n+3) = 4n
#10 - |x+1| + |x-1| <=2 ---> true for -1<=x<=1
#12 - is the average of n consecutive integers equal to 1? 1) n is even 2) if S is the sum of the n consecutive intege

K) EXPONENTS & ROOTS - ADVANCED

1) 4-step process: simplify or factor additive/substractive items; prime factorization; distribute exponents; combine exponen
2) Use conjugates to rationalize denominators
overlapping region = shared prime factors
n the diagram (overlapping factors counted only once) = non-shared prime factors

=
o or NI
e or o or NI
NI
e or NI

f xy<0 or |y|>|x| = other cases)

sum will always be a multiple of the number of items

sum will never be a multiple of the number of items
visible by 3!)

: 4sqrt(5) = sqrt(80) = 8.9)

 are integers have an even number of factors (and its sum is even)
come in groups of 3

ge of possible remainders = divisor N -> from 0 to (N-1)

ative remainders
for the occurences of that prime factor. Eg: total factors of 12: 2^2*3: (2+1)*(1+1)=6

ainder of a/b? a)3 b)9 c)36 d)81 e)144

is whether it is odd or even

+/-1)^2 = 4n^2 +/- 4n + 1 = 4n*(n +/- 1) +1 --> remainder always 1

ween x and 3 is less than 4 units)
ese problems usually have no constants). Algebra is complicated. Better pick numbers.

r more constants. Algebra is easier. See "Equations, inequalities and VIC's" Man guide
ble by 24 if middle # (x) odd, or div by 4 if x even and div by 4

3 ---> (2n+1)*(2n+3) = 4n^2+8n+3

f the n consecutive integers, then 0<S<n

onents; combine exponents

MAN GEOMETRY GUIDE - SUMMARY

A) POLYGONS
1) Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram opposite sides and opposite angles are equal
Rectangle opposite sides and all angles (90) are equal --- d^2 = l^2+w^2
Rhombus all sides and opposite angles are equal
Square all sides and angles (90) are equal
Trapezoid one pair of opposite sides is parallel
Rhomboid (inc rhombus) adjacent sides and opposite angles are equal
2.a) Polygons and interior/exterior angles
(n-2) x 180 = sum of interior angles
Triangles=180
Quadrilateral=360
Pentagon=540 (regular pent: 540/5=108)
Hexagon=720 (regular hex: 720/6=120)
1 ext angle + 1 int angle = 180 (supplementary)
Sum of the exterior angles = 360 => measure of any external angle = 360/n
2.b) Hexagons can be cut into four triangles by three lines connecting corners

3) Area formulas Triangle bh/2

Parallelogram bh
Trapezoid (b1+b2)/2 x h
Rhomboid d1 x d2 /2
4) Volume & Surface area (see separate tab)
5) Maximum area
Of all quadrilaterals given a certain perimeter, the square has the largest area
Of all quadrilaterals given a certain area, the square has the smallest perimeter
Of all triangles given certain sides, the right triangle has the largest area

B) TRIANGLES & DIAGONALS

1) Triangle inequality: the sum of any 2 sides must be greater than the third -> Triangle ABC: A-B < C < A+B
2) To determine measures of a triangle, the following is needed:
Regular 2 sides + 1 angle (included angle) // 2 angles + 1 side (included side)
Right 2 sides
Right 45-45-90 or 30-60-90 1 side
3) The Pythagorean Theorem (see separate tab for common right triangles)
4) Isosceles triangles and the 45-45-90 triangle: (s:s:d) = (s : s : s*sqrt(2)) -> A = (s^2)/2 = (d^2)/4
5) Equilateral triangles and the 30-60-90 triangle: (b:h:d) = (s/2 : s/2*sqrt(3) : s) -> A = (s^2)*sqrt(3)/8 = (d^2)*sqrt(3)/8
Equilateral triangle = 30-60-90 triangle x 2 --> Aeq = (d^2)*sqrt(3)/4
6) Other polygons
square = 45-45-90 triangle x 2 ---> d = s*sqrt(2) --> A-(d^2)/2
cube: d = s* sqrt(3)
Rectangle: to find the diagonal must know either the length and the width OR one dimension and the "proportion to
 7) Similar triangles -> all corresponding angles equal and corresponding sides in proportion
If two triangles have two pairs of equal angles, they are similar triangles
Ratio of the areas = square of the ratio of the corresponding lenghts

C) CIRCLES & CYLINDERS

1) Arc: angle/360 = arc/circumf
2) Measures of a sector: Perimeter = 2*r+arc // area: angle/360 = sect-area/circ-area
3) Inscribed angle = Central angle / 2 = half of the arc it intercepts
4) Inscribed triangles: if one of the sides of an incribed triangle is a diameter, then the triangle must be a right tirangle

D) LINES & ANGLES

1) Angles: Supplementary (x+y=180), Complementary (x+y=90) & vertical/opposite angles (x=y)
2) Exterior angles of a triangle

3) Parallel lines cut by a transversal

E) COORDINATE PLANE
1) Slope of a line = rise/run = y1-y2 / x1-x2
2) Intercepts: x-intercept: (x,0) // y-intercept: (0,y)
For two lines intersecting in a point: to know if the product of their slopes is +/- one needs to know the product of bo
3) From 2 points to a line: find slope, plug slope into equation, plug any set of coordinates, solve and find y-intercept -> plu
4) Distance between 2 points: Pythagoras: sqrt[(x1-x2)^2+(y1-y2)^2]
5) Quadrants: +/+=I, -/+=II, -/-=III, +/-=IV
6) Perpendicular Bisectors: it has the negative reciprocal slope of the line it bisects -> find slope, find mid-point of original l
7) Intersection of two lines
8) Function graphs and Quadratics
Quadratic -> parabola -> y=a x^2 + bx + c a>0: curve opens upward; a<0: curve opens downward
|a| large -> narrow curve; |a| small -> wide curve
Roots: [ - b +/- (b^2 - 4ac)^(0.5) ] / 2a b^2 - 4ac is called the discriminant
if>0 then two solutions for x; if<0 then no solutions for x; if=0 then one
Equation of a circle is (x - a)^2 + (y-b)^2 = r^2, where (a,b) is the center and r is the radius
s + 1 side (included side) // 3 sides

(3)/8 = (d^2)*sqrt(3)/8

ion and the "proportion to the other (=area)"

st be a right tirangle

to know the product of both their x and y intercepts

and find y-intercept -> plug into equation

find mid-point of original line, plug in, solve and find y-intercept -> plug into equation

lutions for x; if=0 then one solution for x

NP. Various

http://gmatclub.com/forum/math-formula-and-shortcuts-77949.html

1) If for two numbers x+y = k (=constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if x = y (=k/2). The maximum product is th

2) If for two numbers x*y = k (=constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if x = y (=root(k)). The minimum sum is then 2*ro

3) For three positive numbers a, b ,c: (a+b+c) * (1/a+1/b+1/c) >= 9

4) For any positive integer n: 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3

5) a^2+b^2+c^2 >= ab+bc+ca … If a=b=c , then the equality holds

6) a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 >=4abcd … If a=b=c=d , then the equality holds

7) If a+b+c+d=constant , then the product a^p * b^q * c^r * d^s will be maximum if a/p = b/q = c/r = d/s

8) x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .......+ a^(n-1) ) ......Very useful for finding multiples. eg: 17-14=3 will be a multiple

9) when a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken, the middle number is alwa

10) (1+x)^n ~ (1+nx) if x<<<1

11) knowing |x|-|y| and |x|+|y| is not enough to know |x-y| (man5-13)

12) Factorials and trailing zeros: count how many times 5 is a factor of the factorial

13) Number of powers of a prime number k in n!: shortcut: n/k+n/k^2+n/k^3 … until k^x>n (then stop). Eg: Power of 2 in 25

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ('A1' + 'A2 '+ 'A3' = 'A1' + 'A1'+d + 'A1'+2d)

1) 'An' = 'Am' + (n-m)*d where 'Am' is the 1st element, 'An' the last, and d is the increment between elements in the sequenc
2) 'Sn' = n * ('Am' + 'An')/2 = n * Avg
. n = Number of Consecutive multiples: [(Last - First) / increment ]+ 1
note: on APs one starts with A1
3) Product of elements if d=1 --> n!/(m-1)!

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION ('A1' + 'A2 '+ 'A3' = 'A1'*(r^0) + 'A1'*(r^1) + 'A1'*(r^2)) = A + A*r + A*(r^2) --- Notice that 'A1' = A
1) 'An' = A * r^(n-m) = 'An-1' * r where r is the common ratio between elements in the sequence; if r=1 then all elements are
2) 'S(m,n)' = A * (r^(n+1) - r^m) / (r-1) -----> if m=0 => 'S(0,n)' = A * (r^(n+1) - 1) / (r-1) --- Note: sum goes from m=0 to n -> t
3) if number of elements infinite => 'Sn' = A * r^m / (1-r) -----> if m=0 => 'Sn' = A / (1-r)
4) Product of elements (for m=0): [sqrt( A * 'An+1')]^(n+1) (if A,r>0)
5) Average (for m=0): nroot(A * A*r * … * A*r^n)
 maximum product is then (k 2)/4 .

nimum sum is then 2*root(k).

7-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 - 14^3

e middle number is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9 .

op). Eg: Power of 2 in 25!: 25/2+24/4+25/8+25/16=12+6+3+1=22

elements in the sequence; if d=1 then elements are consecutive integers

^2) --- Notice that 'A1' = A(0) --> use nomenclature A for the initial value (instead of 'A1' or 'Am')
r=1 then all elements are equal
m goes from m=0 to n -> there are n+1 elements ('An+1' is the last)
NP. Powers-Roots

Squares pattern n2 = (n − 1)2 + (2n − 1)

Cubes pattern n3 = (n − 1)3 + (3n − 3)n + 1

POWER
Diff w/ prev for squares 1 2 3 4 10 Last digit cycle
1 1 1 1 idem 1
3 2 4 8 16 1024 cycle of 4 (2,4,8,6) 2
5 3 9 27 81 59049 cycle of 4 (3,9,7,1) 3
7 4 16 64 256 cycle of 2 (4,6) 4
9 5 25 125 625 idem 5
11 6 36 216 1296 idem 6
13 7 49 343 2401 cycle of 4 (7,9,3,1) 7
15 8 64 512 4096 cycle of 4 (8,4,2,6) 8
17 9 81 729 6561 cycle of 2 (9.1) 9
19 10 100 1000 10000 idem 10
21 11 121 1331 14641 11
23 12 144 1728 20736 12
25 13 169 2197 28561 13
27 14 196 2744 38416 14
29 15 225 3375 50625 15
31 16 256 4096 65536 16
33 17 289 4913 83521 17
35 18 324 5832 104976 18
37 19 361 6859 130321 19
39 20 400 8000 160000 20
41 21 441 9261 194481 21
43 22 484 10648 234256 22
45 23 529 12167 279841 23
47 24 576 13824 331776 24
49 25 625 15625 390625 25
51 26 676 17576 456976 26
53 27 729 19683 531441 27
55 28 784 21952 614656 28
57 29 841 24389 707281 29
59 30 900 27000 810000 30
61 31 961 29791 923521 31
63 32 1024 32768 1048576 32
65 33 1089 35937 1185921 33
67 34 1156 39304 1336336 34
69 35 1225 42875 1500625 35
71 36 1296 46656 1679616 36
73 37 1369 50653 1874161 37
75 38 1444 54872 2085136 38
77 39 1521 59319 2313441 39
79 40 1600 64000 2560000 40
81 41 1681 68921 2825761 41
83 42 1764 74088 3111696 42
 85 43 1849 79507 3418801 43
87 44 1936 85184 3748096 44
89 45 2025 91125 4100625 45
91 46 2116 97336 4477456 46
93 47 2209 103823 4879681 47
95 48 2304 110592 5308416 48
97 49 2401 117649 5764801 49
99 50 2500 125000 6250000 50

OTHERS
1) 0^0 not defined
2) 2^33 < 10^10 < 2^34
3) Cycle for 7 = cycle for 3 inverted; cycle for 8 = cycle for 2 inverted
 ROOT
2 3 Diff w/ prev for sqrt Diff w/ prev for cbrt
1 1
1.41 1.26
1.73 1.44 0.32 0.18
2 1.59 0.27 0.15
2.24 1.709976 0.24 0.12
2.45 1.817121 0.21 0.11
2.65 1.912931 0.20 0.10
2.83 2 0.18 0.09
3 2.080084 0.17 0.08
3.16 2.154435 0.16 0.07
3.316625 2.22398 0.15 0.07
3.464102 2.289428 0.15 0.07
3.605551 2.351335 0.14 0.06
3.741657 2.410142 0.14 0.06
3.872983 2.466212 0.13 0.06
4 2.519842 0.13 0.05
4.123106 2.571282 0.12 0.05
4.242641 2.620741 0.12 0.05
4.358899 2.668402 0.12 0.05
4.472136 2.714418 0.11 0.05
4.582576 2.758924
4.690416 2.802039
4.795832 2.843867
4.898979 2.884499
5 2.924018
5.09902 2.962496
5.196152 3
5.291503 3.036589
5.385165 3.072317
5.477226 3.107233
5.567764 3.141381
5.656854 3.174802
5.744563 3.207534
5.830952 3.239612
5.91608 3.271066
6 3.301927
6.082763 3.332222
6.164414 3.361975
6.244998 3.391211
6.324555 3.419952
6.403124 3.448217
6.480741 3.476027
6.557439 3.503398
6.63325 3.530348
6.708204 3.556893
6.78233 3.583048
6.855655 3.608826
6.928203 3.634241
7 3.659306
7.071068 3.684031
NP. Multiples

MULT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Last digit cycle

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 5
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 10
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 5
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 2
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 5
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 10
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 5
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 10
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 10
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 5
13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 10
14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 5
15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 2
16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 5
17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 10
18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 5
19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 10
20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 1

Cycle of 1: 1, #s ending in 0
Cycle of 2: #s ending in 5
Cycle of 5: even #s (except #s ending in 0)
Cycle of 10: 9, primes (except 2)
NP. DIVISIBILITY TESTS

2 Even (last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8)

3 The sum of the digits is divisible by 3
4 Last two digits divisible by 4
5 The last digit is 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3
7 Double the last digit, subtract it from the rest and the answer is: 0, or divisible by 7
eg: 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67-4=63, and 63÷7=9) Yes
8 Last three digits divisible by 8
9 Sum of digits is divisible by 9
10 Last digit is 0
11 Difference between the sum of the odd numbered digits and the sum of the even numbered digits is divisible by 11.
eg: 1364 ((3+4) - (1+6) = 0) Yes
" Subtract last digit from the rest and the answer is divisible by 11
NP. Primes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number
PRIMES
1) all prime numbers except 2 and 5 end in 1, 3, 7 or 9
2 3) If p is prime and a is any integer, then a^p − a is divisible by p
3 5) An integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial (p − 1)! + 1 is divisible by p
5 p=7 721 103
7 Conversely, an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if (n − 1)! is divisible by n
11 n=6 120 20
13 6) If n is a positive integer greater than 1 there is always a prime number p with n < p < 2n
17 7) In every arithmetic progression a, a + q, a + 2q, …
19 where the positive integers a and q are coprime, there are infinitely many primes
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53 Primality Tests
59 Divide by all primes less than or equal to the square root of that number.
61 If any of the divisions come out as an integer, then the original number is not a prime.
67 all primes are of the form 6k ± 1, with the only exceptions of 2 and 3
71 So a more efficient method is to test if n is divisible by 2 or 3,
73 then to check through all the numbers of form 6k ± 1 <= n^(1/2)
79
83
89
97
…
199
…
293
…
397
…
499
…
599
…
691
…
797
…
887
…
997
etc
NP. RECURRING DECIMALS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_decimal

If p is a prime number other than 2 and 5, 1/p is always a recurring decimal,

whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1.

1/7 7 0.142857142857 .-> 6 repeating digits

The following multiplications exhibit an interesting property:

2
⁄7 = 2 × 0.142857... = 0.285714
3
⁄7 = 3 × 0.142857... = 0.428571
4
⁄7 = 4 × 0.142857... = 0.571428
5
⁄7 = 5 × 0.142857... = 0.714285
6
⁄7 = 6 × 0.142857... = 0.857142
These multiples can be obtained from rotating the digits of the original decimal of ⁄7
1

Of course 142857 × 7 = 999999, and 142 + 857 = 999

Decimals of other prime fractions exhibit the same property.
 p period dig p-1
1/3 3 0.333333333333 1 2 divisor of p - 1
1/11 11 0.090909090909 2 10 divisor of p - 1
1/13 13 0.076923076923 6 12 divisor of p - 1
NP. Calc shortcuts

FACTORS OF 360 FACTORIZATION

360 1 0 1
180 2 1 1
120 3 2 2
90 4 3 6
72 5 4 24
60 6 5 120
45 8 6 720
40 9 7 5040
30 12 8 40320
25 15 9 362880
20 18 10 3628800
5 * 3^2 * 2^3
24 factors
6 prime factors
3 different prime factors
NP. Digits

BASIC DIGITS WORK DIGITS IN NUMBERS

TRANCHES
non-zero Digit X from 1 to 999 d3 d2 d1 = Numbers w/ non-zero Digit X from 1 to 999
1-9 - - 1 1 _ _ X (units place only)
1-99 - 10 9+1=10 20 _ X _ (tens place only)
1-999 100 90+10=100 90+9+1=100 300 X _ _ (hundreds place only)
_ X X (units and tens place only)
non-zero Digit X on 2 digit # d3 d2 d1 = X _ X (units and hundreds place only)
10-99 - 10 9 19 X X _ (hundreds and tens place only)
X X X (all three places)
non-zero Digit X on 3 digit # d3 d2 d1 =
100-999 100 90 90 280 or
300 - 10 (X_X) - 10 (_XX) - 10 (XX_) + 1 (overlap adj)
or
Digit 0 from 1 to 999 d3 d2 d1 = __X
1-9 - - 0 - _ X _ (without units)
1-99 - 0 9+0=9 9 X _ _ (without units or tens)
1-999 0 90+0=90 90+9+0=99 189

NOT IN TRANCHES Numbers w/ non-zero Digit 9 from 1 to 699

non-zero Digit X from 1 to 999 X__ _X_ __X = _ _ 9 (units place only)
1-999 method 1 1*10*10 10*1*10 10*10*1 300 _ 9 _ (tens place only)
1-999 method 2 1000/1000*100 1000/100*10 1000/10*1 300 9 _ _ (hundreds place only)
_ 9 9 (units and tens place only)
non-zero Digit X on 3 digit # X__ _X_ __X = 9 _ 9 (units and hundreds place only)
100-999 1*10*10 9*1*10 9*10*1 280 9 9 _ (hundreds and tens place only)
9 9 9 (all three places)

http://gmatclub.com/forum/counting-digits-m09q17-66823.html
http://gmatclub.com/forum/m01-70917.html

SUMMATORY
From To all even odd div3
1 10 55 30 25 18
1 20 210 110 100 63
1 30 465 240 225 165
1 40 820 420 400 273
1 50 1275 650 625 408
1 100 5050 2550 2500 1683
UMBERS

9*9*1=81
9*1*9=81
1*9*9=81
9*1*1=9
1*9*1=9
1*1*9=9
1*1*1=1
271

271

1000/10*1=100
1000/100*9=90
1000/1000*(100-19)=81

7*9*1=63
7*1*9=63
-
7*1*1=7
-
-
-
133
G. Pythagorean Triples

SIDES of the Triangle

p odd>q q odd a=pq b = (1/2) (p2 - q2) c = (1/2) (p2 + q2) diff w nxt diff w nxt diff w nxt
3 1 3 4 5 - - -
5 1 5 12 13 2 8 8
7 1 7 24 25 2 12 12
9 1 9 40 41 2 16 16
11 1 11 60 61 2 20 20
13 1 13 84 85 2 24 24
15 1 15 112 113 2 28 28
17 1 17 144 145 2 32 32
19 1 19 180 181 2 36 36
21 1 21 220 221 2 40 40
23 1 23 264 265 2 44 44
25 1 25 312 313 2 48 48
27 1 27 364 365 2 52 52
29 1 29 420 421 2 56 56
31 1 31 480 481 2 60 60

p odd>q q odd a=pq b = (1/2) (p2 - q2) c = (1/2) (p2 + q2) diff w nxt diff w nxt diff w nxt

7 3 21 20 29
11 3 33 56 65
13 3 39 80 89 6 24 24
15 3 45 108 117 6 28 28

7 5 35 12 37
9 5 45 28 53 10 16 16
11 5 55 48 73 10 20 20
13 5 65 72 97 10 24 24

9 7 63 16 65
11 7 77 36 85 14 20 20
13 7 91 60 109 14 24 24
15 7 105 88 137 14 28 28

p even>q q odd a=2pq b = p2 - q2 c = p2 + q2 diff w nxt diff w nxt diff w nxt

2 1 4 3 5 - - -
3 1 6 8 10 2 5 5
4 1 8 15 17 2 7 7
5 1 10 24 26 2 9 9
6 1 12 35 37 2 11 11
7 1 14 48 50 2 13 13
8 1 16 63 65 2 15 15
9 1 18 80 82 2 17 17
10 1 20 99 101 2 19 19
11 1 22 120 122 2 21 21
12 1 24 143 145 2 23 23
13 1 26 168 170 2 25 25
14 1 28 195 197 2 27 27
15 1 30 224 226 2 29 29
16 1 32 255 257 2 31 31
G. Circles & Triangles

1.a) Tangent-secant theorem

PQ^2 = QR x QS

1.b) Tangent-secant theorem 2

The three theorems for the intercepted arcs to the angle of two tangents, two secants or 1 tangent and 1 secant are summariz
The angle formed by the intersection of by the intersection of 2 tangents, 2 secants or 1 tangent and 1 secant outside the circl

http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/circle/tangents-secants-arcs-angles.php

2) Apollonius circle
When AP / BP = AC / BC => PC is the bisector of interior angle APB, and PD bisects the corresponding exterior angle

3) Others (taken from target 760 quant notes)

. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre

. Two chords AB and DC intersecting at E. then AExEB = DExEC

. Angle between tangent and a chord = angle in alternate segment

4) Cyclic quadrilateral
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose vertices all lie on a single circle.
Opposite angles are supplementary (their sum is 180°).
Any square, rectangle, or isosceles trapezoid is cyclic. A kite is cyclic if and only if it has two right angles.
If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle , it must be a rectangle.
If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (=sum of a pair of opposite sides is equ
Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is = interior opposite angle
NOTE: If a quadrilateral circumscribes a circle , the sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal to the sum of the othe

5) Circle inscribed in triangle & inradius

Area = sqrt(k*(k-a)*(k-b)*(k-c)) where k=(a+b+c)/2 = semiperimeter = s

inradius = r =

http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/CircleInscribeTriangleGen.cfm

If it is a right triangle, that gets simplified and the inradius =

If the triangle is equilateral, the diameter is 2/3 its height.

6) Circumscribed Triangle & circumradius

The circumradius of a cyclic polygon is a radius of the circle inside which the polygon can be inscribed.

circumradius = R = abc/4rk

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Circumradius.html

If it is an equilateral triangle:
Per = 3sqrt(3)*R
A = [3sqrt(3)*R^2]/4

7) Triangle inscribed in tangent circles

8) The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is 2:1 .

9) Equilateral triangle with side a -> if 3 circles be drawn inside this triangle touching each other then each's radius =

10) Bysected Tangent & radius form a right triangle

nd 1 secant are summarized by the pictures below.
1 secant outside the circle equals half the difference of the intercepted arcs!

ding exterior angle

air of opposite sides is equal in length to the sum of the other pair of opposite sides)

ual to the sum of the other pair .

er then each's radius = a/(2*(root(3)+1))
G. Triangles & Others

1) APPOLLONIUS THEOREM: In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the other

mAB2 + nAC2 = mBD2 + nDC2 + (m + n)AD2.

BD/DC = n/m

2) The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) are: (a+c+e)/3 , (b+d+f)/3) .

3) In triangle ABC, if AB^2+AC^2=>BC^2 then ABC is either acute or right

4) Let W be any point inside a rectangle ABCD . Then WD^2 + WB^2 = WC^2 + WA^2

5) Cut Equilateral triangle in 6 equal parts

6) Triangle split into an isosceles triangle and triangle T, where x = 2x

7) Rectangle split into rectangles: knowing that the 3 smaller rectangles have similar dimensions is enough to know t
in the ratio of the other two sides.
ons is enough to know the ratio of the sides of the bigger rectangle
G. Solids

http://math.about.com/library/blmeasurement.htm

IRREGULAR SOLID
volume (area of base) * h
surface A 2*(area of base) + (per of base) * h

RECTANGULAR SOLID CYLINDER

volume lwh volume (Pi*r^2) * h
surface A 2*(lw) + (2l+2w) *h = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh surface A 2*(Pi*r^2) + (2*Pi*r) * h
d sqrt(l^2+w^2+h^2)

CUBE
volume a3
surface A 6a2
d sqrt(3)*a SPHERE
radius of circumscr. sphere sqrt(3)*a/2 volume (4/3) pi r 3
radius of inscribed sphere a/2 surface A 4 pi r 2
PYRAMID
volume (area of base) * h /3
surface A (area of base) + (area of all triangular faces)

CONE
volume (area of base) * h /3 = (pi r 2) * h /3
surface A (area of base) + Pi*r*d = (Pi*r^2) + Pi*r*d
d sqrt(r^2 + h^2)
G. Circles-Squares (Pi)

CIRCLE INSCRIBED IN SQUARE DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA

SQ 8.49 6 24 36
CIRC - 6 18.84 28.26
ratio s/c - 1 1.27 1.27
ratio c/s - 1 0.79 0.79
ratio Diag/Diam 1.41 - - -
EQUAL PERIMETERS DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
SQ 8.49 6 24 36
CIRC - 7.64 24 45.81
ratio s/c - 0.79 1 0.79
ratio c/s - 1.27 1 1.27
ratio Diag/Diam 1.11 - - -
EQUAL AREAS DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
SQ 8.49 6 24 36
CIRC - 6.77 21.27 36
ratio s/c - 0.89 1.13 1
ratio c/s - 1.13 0.89 1
ratio Diag/Diam 1.25 - - -
CIRCLE CIRCUMSCRIBES SQUARE DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
SQ 8.49 6 24 36
CIRC - 8.49 26.66 56.55
ratio s/c - 0.71 0.90 0.64
ratio c/s - 1.41 1.11 1.57
ratio Diag/Diam 1 - - -
Pi 3.1415927 22/7
sqrt(Pi) 1.7724539 220/124
cbrt(Pi) 1.4645919 220/150
 DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
S*sqrt(2) S 4*S S^2
- D=S Pi*S Pi*(S/2)^2
- 1 4/Pi 4/Pi
- 1 Pi/4 Pi/4
sqrt(2) - - -
DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
S*sqrt(2) S 4*S S^2
- 4*S/Pi Pi*D=4*S Pi*(D/2)^2
- Pi/4 1 Pi/4
- 4/Pi 1 4/Pi
sqrt(2*Pi)/4 - - -
DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
S*sqrt(2) S 4*S S^2
- S*2/sqrt(Pi) S*2*sqrt(Pi) Pi*(D/2)^2 = S^2
- sqrt(Pi/4) sqrt(4/Pi) 1
- sqrt(4/Pi) sqrt(Pi/4) 1
sqrt(Pi/2) - - -
DIAG SIDE & DIAM PER AREA
S*sqrt(2) S 4*S S^2
- S*sqrt(2) S*sqrt(2)*(Pi) Pi*S^2/2
- 1/sqrt(2) 4/sqrt(2*Pi) 2/Pi
- sqrt(2) sqrt(2*Pi)/4 Pi/2
1 - - -
Equations, Algebra

Quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0

Roots x = [ - b +/- (b^2 - 4ac)^(0.5) ] / 2a
- if b even: roots odd // if b odd: roots odd or even
product of roots c/a
sum of roots -b/a
Cubic equation ax3+bx2+cx+d=0
product of roots -d/a
sum of roots -b/a
sum of product of roots taken two at a time c/a
Biquadratic equation ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e = 0
sum of roots -b/a
sum of product of roots taken three at a time c/a
(x-y)^2 x2 – 2xy + y^2
(x+y)^2 x2 + 2xy + y^2
x2 - y2 (x – 2)(x + 2)
x2 + y2 (x-y)^2 + 2xy
x3 + y3 (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
x3 – y3 (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)

OTHER PROPERTIES

1) If an equation all co-efficients of any powers of x are positive, it has no positive roots then. (may have negative roots if c
If an equation all co-efficients of any powers of x are negative, it has no positive roots then. (may have negative roots if coe

2) If all the even powers of x have same sign coefficients and all the odd powers of x have the opposite sign coefficients, t

3) DESCARTES rules of signs: For f(x)=0, the maximum number of positive roots is the number of sign changes in f(x); a

4) Consider the two equations: ax + by = c // dx + ey = f … if:

then we have infinite solutions for these equations.

then we have no solution for these equations.

then we have a unique solutions for these equations.

OBSERVATIONS FROM GRAPHING (a*x^2+b*x+c=0)

For more complex equations: a*x^4+b*x^3+c*x^2+d*x+e=0), all even (odd) powers affect the equation in the same direction

FACTORING METHOD
Factor 2x^2 + x – 6
1)

2) ac = (2)(–6) = –12. So I need to find factors of –12 that add up to +1

3) Then factor the rows and columns:

 DERIVATIVES
f(x)=ax^r --> f'(x)=r*ax^(r-1)
f(x)=3x^2 --> f'(x)=6x
derivative of a constant = 0
sum: (ay+bz)' = ay'+bz'
product: (yz)' = y'z+yz'
division: (y/z)' = (y'z+yz')/(z^2)
For a concave-up function, its minimum will be the point where its derivative =0
For a concave-down function, its maximum will be the point where its derivative =0
If in doubt, take the 2nd derivative. If >0 then it’s a minimum, if <0 the it’s a maximum

then. (may have negative roots if coefficients of odd powers are big enough -> see graphs below)
en. (may have negative roots if coefficients of odd powers are small enough -> see graphs below)

ve the opposite sign coefficients, then the equation has no negative roots. Eg x^2-x+2=0

e number of sign changes in f(x); and the maximum number of negative roots is the number of sign changes in f(-x).
he equation in the same direction
imum will be the point where its derivative =0
maximum will be the point where its derivative =0
. If >0 then it’s a minimum, if <0 the it’s a maximum

enough -> see graphs below)

nough -> see graphs below)

roots. Eg x^2-x+2=0

ive roots is the number of sign changes in f(-x).

WT. Probability-Combinatorics

COMBINATORICS
nCr = n! / r! (n-r)!
nPr = n! / (n-r)! = nCr * r!

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
P of A given B = P(A|B) = P(A intersection B) / P(B)

CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS
The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects along a circle is (n-1)!

Distributing n identical things amongst r people such that any person might get any number of things ( including 0) is

PROBABILITY - DICE

The 36 possible outcomes of rolling 2 dice simultaneously can be summarised as follows:

sum ways diff w. prev prob
2 1 3%
3 2 1 6%
4 3 1 8%
5 4 1 11%
6 5 1 14%
7 6 1 17%
8 5 -1 14%
9 4 -1 11%
10 3 -1 8%
11 2 -1 6%
12 1 -1 3%
36 100%
6^2

The 216 possible outcomes of rolling 3 dice simultaneously can be summarised as follows:
sum ways diff w. prev prob
3 1 0.5%
4 3 2 1%
5 6 3 3%
6 10 4 5%
7 15 5 7%
8 21 6 10%
9 25 4 12%
10 27 2 13%
11 27 0 13%
12 25 -2 12%
13 21 -4 10%
 14 15 -6 7%
15 10 -5 5%
16 6 -4 3%
17 3 -3 1%
18 1 -2 0.5%
216 100.0%
6^3

http://homepage.smc.edu/mcgraw_colleen/math_52/dice%20roulette.pdf

PROBABILITY - COINS

The counting method works, and is very good for getting the right answer with a small number of coins. However, for larger nu
the denominator is 2^n for n coins. Numerator: use Pascal's Triangle

start 1
1st toss 1
2nd toss 1 2
3rd toss 1 3
4th toss 1 4 6
5th toss 1 5 10
6th toss 1 6 15 20

Every line is made by adding the two numbers in the line above. You assume that there are zeros at the start and end of each
Take the nth row of Pascal's triangle, and the mth number in it, and you have the numerator (top bit) of the probability
eg: on 5 tosses the probability of finding 2 heads is 10 / 2^5 = 0.3125

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/probability/info.htm

PROBABILITY - BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

nCm * p^m * (1-p)^(n-m)

In each individual test, the probability of A happening is p and not happening is 1-p. What is the probability of A happening exa
eg: on 5 tosses the probability of finding 2 heads is C(5,2) * (1/2)^2 * (1/2)^(5-2) = 10/32 = 0.3125
The events need to be independent. If you're working a dependent event, use the hypergeometric distrubution instead.

http://gmatclub.com/forum/permutation-combination-and-probabilities-14706.html
number of things ( including 0) is (n+r-1)C(r-1)

The 36 cases:
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66

Neither dice is a particular number 5/6 x 5/6 = 25/36

Either dice is a particular number (eg: 3) 1- (5/6 x 5/6) = 11/36 = (12-1)/36
Both dice are the same particular number 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36
At least one dice isn't a particular number 1 - (1/36) = 35/36
Both dice are the same number 6/36 = 1/6
The highest dice is a particular number (eg: 5) varies - for 5: (5 + 5 - 1)/36 = 9/36 or 1/4
The lowest dice is a particular number (eg: 5) varies - for 5: 3/36
The dice are not either particular number 4/6 x 4/6 = 16/36
The dice have two particular numbers 1 - 16/36 = 20/36
The dice are two particular numbers 2/36 or 1/18.

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/probability/calcdice.htm
ber of coins. However, for larger numbers, we need a more mathematical approach. We know that

1
1
3 1
4 1
10 5 1
15 6 1

e zeros at the start and end of each line, and you start with a one in the top row.
merator (top bit) of the probability of finding m heads when tossing n coins.

s the probability of A happening exactly m times in n repeated tests?

ometric distrubution instead.

- 1)/36 = 9/36 or 1/4
WT. Statistics

1) Mode is the most frequently recurring number/numbers.

2) Range = | largest number - smallest number| -> 0 is neither +ve nor -ve => range of eg (7,0) = 7 - 1 = 6

3) The median of the combined set (A) must be any value at or between the medians of the two smaller sets (B and C)

4) The sum of the deviations of the elements from the mean must be 0

5) If mean = maximum value => all values are equal => SD = 0

6) if range = 0 => all values are the same => SD = 0

7) If you multiply all terms by x then SD =x times old SD and the mean = x times old mean

8) SD does not change when the same constant is added/subtracted to all the members of the set

9) The more values closer to the mean => lower the SD

10) For data with approximately the same mean, the greater the range, the greater the SD

11) SD is sensitive to outliers.

12) Only need to know the difference between values and total number of values to compute SD.

13) SD is not dependent on the average, but on the deviation from the average => just by knowing that two sets have

14) For comparing the SD of two sets any information about mean/median/mode/range is insufficient unless you can

15) No direct relationship between sample size and SD

o smaller sets (B and C).

wing that two sets have different averages doesn't say anything about SD

fficient unless you can determine the individual terms from the given data.
FDP

FRACTIONS diff w/ prev-rounded

1/3 0.333333 0.333
1/4 0.25 0.25
1/5 0.2 0.2 2/5 0.4 3/5 0.6
1/6 0.166667 0.167 5/6
1/7 0.142857 0.143 3/7 0.429 4/7 0.571 6/7
1/8 0.125 0.125 3/8 0.375 5/8 0.625 7/8
1/9 0.111111 0.11
1/11 0.090909 0.091
1/12 0.083333 0.083 -0.008
1/13 0.076923 0.077 -0.006
1/14 0.071429 0.071 -0.006
1/15 0.066667 0.067 -0.004
1/16 0.0625 0.063 -0.004
1/17 0.058824 0.059 -0.004
1/19 0.052632 0.053 -0.006
1/20 0.05 0.05 -0.003

PERCENTS
0.8*1.25 = 1
0.66*1.5 = 1

OTHERS
1) If "a" is small, x/(y+a) is close to (x/y-a). Eg: 4/(2+0.001) is close to (2-0.001)=1.999
2) 1/60+1/40=1/24
3) if xy>(x+y)*2 => x,y>1 if xy>x+y => x,y>2

INTEREST
. compund interest: X2 = X0 * (1+r/c)^(t*c) where r=annual rate, c=number of times compounded annually, and t=number of
Eg: invest 100 at 10% per annum compounded quarterly for half a year, and the principal will grow to -> 100 * (1 +
. Simple interest = X0 * r * t
 0.833
0.857
0.875

annually, and t=number of years

al will grow to -> 100 * (1 + 0.1/4)^(0.5*4) = 105.0625
Strategies

1) Backsolving: when answer choices have variables in them, start from the LAST

2) Guessing PS: go with D or E (especially with problems that force you to use or plug in answer choices)
Same applies to fully underlined SC

3) Guessing DS
Half the time A and B are both insufficient -> 50% chances for C or E
Don't choose E if you have to guess -> based on the above, on a wild guess, C would be the best choice
If you can eliminate B/D -> pick A or C
Historically A is slightly more common as the right answer (yes, it does contradict the above)