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    Cryptography

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    rajivkurjee
    The document discusses different types of cryptography techniques including substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, one time pads, and quantum cryptography. Substitution ciphers replace letters with other letters while transposition ciphers reorder letters. One time pads use random bit strings as keys for encryption to produce ciphertext that cannot be broken. Quantum cryptography uses the properties of polarized light and photons for encryption.

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    Cryptography

    Uploaded by

    rajivkurjee
    81 views4 pages
    The document discusses different types of cryptography techniques including substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, one time pads, and quantum cryptography. Substitution ciphers replace letters with other letters while transposition ciphers reorder letters. One time pads use random bit strings as keys for encryption to produce ciphertext that cannot be broken. Quantum cryptography uses the properties of polarized light and photons for encryption.

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    The document discusses different types of cryptography techniques including substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, one time pads, and quantum cryptography. Substitution ciphers replace letters with other letters while transposition ciphers reorder letters. One time pads use random bit strings as keys for encryption to produce ciphertext that cannot be broken. Quantum cryptography uses the properties of polarized light and photons for encryption.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    81 views4 pages

    Cryptography

    Uploaded by

    rajivkurjee
    The document discusses different types of cryptography techniques including substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, one time pads, and quantum cryptography. Substitution ciphers replace letters with other letters while transposition ciphers reorder letters. One time pads use random bit strings as keys for encryption to produce ciphertext that cannot be broken. Quantum cryptography uses the properties of polarized light and photons for encryption.

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    CRYPTOGRAPHY

    Cryptography means secret writing.


    A cipher is a character-for-character or bit-for-bit transformation, without
    regard to the linguistic structure of the message.
    A code replaces one word with another word or symbol.

    The encryption model (for a symmetric-key cipher)

    The messages to be encrypted, known as the plaintext, are transformed by a


    function that is parameterized by a key.
    The output of the encryption process, known as the ciphertext, is then
    transmitted, often by messenger or radio.

    The art of breaking ciphers, called cryptanalysis, and the art devising them
    (cryptography) is collectively known as cryptology.

    A fundamental rule of cryptography is that one must assume that the


    cryptanalyst knows the methods used for encryption and decryption.
    The key consists of a (relatively) short string that selects one of many
    potential encryptions. In contrast to the general method, which may only be
    changed

    every few years, the key can be changed as often as required. Thus, our basic
    model is a stable and publicly-known general method parameterized by a
    secret and easily changed key.

    Encryption methods have historically been divided into two categories:


    • Substitution ciphers
    • Transposition ciphers

    Substitution Ciphers

    In a substitution cipher each letter or group of letters is replaced by another


    letter or group of letters to disguise it. One of the oldest known ciphers is the
    Caesar cipher, attributed to Julius Caesar. In this method, a becomes D, b
    becomes E, c becomes F, and z becomes C. For example, attack becomes
    DWWDFN.

    Plaintext: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

    cipher text: Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G H J K L Z X C V B N M

    The general system of symbol-for-symbol substitution is called a


    monoalphabetic substitution, with the key being the 26-letter string
    corresponding to the full alphabet.
    TRANSPOSITION CIPHER:
    Substitution ciphers preserve the order of the plain text sysmbols but
    disguise them. Transposition ciphers in contrast reorder the letters but do not
    disguise them.

    The following figure depicts a comman transposition cipher, the


    column transposition.

    M E G A B U C K
    7 4 5 1 2 8 3 6
    p l e a s e t r
    a n s f o r o n
    e m i l l i o n
    d o l l a r s t
    o m y s w i s s
    b a n k a c c o
    u n t s I x t w
    o t w o a b c d

    Plain text: pleasetransferonemilliondollarstomyswissbankaccountsixtwotwo

    In this example, MEGA BUCK is a key. The purpose of the key is to


    number the columns , column 1 being under the key letter closed to the start
    of the aplphabet and so on.
    ONE TIME PADS:

    Constructing an unbreakable cipher is actually quite easy. The


    technique has been known for decades. First choose a random bit string as
    the key. Then convert the plaintext into a bit string, Finally compute the
    XOR of these two strings. The resulting ciphertext cannot be broken, and
    each letter will occur equally often . this method is known as one time pad.
    There is simple no information in the message because all possible
    plaintexts of the given length are equally likely.

    QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAHY:

    Quantum cryptography is based on the fact that lights come


    in little packets called photons which have peculiar properties. Furthermore,
    light can be polarized by passing through a polarized filter. If a beam of light
    is passed through a polarizing filter, all the photons emerging from it will be
    polarized in the direction of filter‘s axis. The absolute orientation of the two
    filters does not matter only the angle between their axis counts.

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