Nature of Disaster

The Nature of Disaster and
Disaster Risk
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduc/on
Objectives
At the end of the module, you should be
able to:
o  explain and distinguish the concepts of
hazard, disaster and disaster risk;
o  explain how and when a hazard
becomes a disaster;
o  differentiate the main types of
disasters;
Objectives
o  describe the effects of disasters on life,
property and the environment;
o  describe and analyze disasters from
different perspectives, and;
o  identify and differentiate the risk factors
underlying disasters.
What is Hazards?
•  a threat or harm
•  potential to cause damage (e.g. injury,
destruction of properties, environmental
degradation)
•  generally affects a community
What are the types of hazards?
A. Natural Hazards
•  Are naturally occurring physical
phenomena caused by rapid or slow
onset events which can be:
A. Geophysical ( earthquake, landslide, tsunami, flood,
Volcanic activity)
B. Hydrological (avalanches, floods)
C. Climatological ( extreme temp, wildfires)
D. Meteorological ( cyclones, storms, wave surges)
E. Biological (disease epidemics, plagues)

What are the types of hazards?
B. Man-Made or Technological Hazards
•  Are events caused by human/human
activities and usually occur in or close to
human settlements. This may include the ff:
A. Environmental degradation
B. Pollution
C. Accidents( industrial, transport)
D. Famine
E. Complex Conflicts ( terrorism)

What agencies are responsible for
the different hazards in our country?
What is Disaster?
•  Can be caused by
hazards (natural/
manmade)
•  any sudden, calamitous
event that causes
widespread human,
economic, and
environmental losses or
impacts.
•  seriously disrupt the
normal functioning of a
community if proper
planning and preparation
was not done. “ When the impact of hazards
cannot be alleviated, it may
turn into a disaster/s”
From Hazard to Disaster
o  large amount of death is involved,
missing people or injured people due
to the event
o  when there is tremendous and costly
damage to infrastructures
o  greatly affected the income, livelihood
and other economic activities in an
area
TAKE AWAY
Disasters usually follow

hazards that are not
anticipated. A hazard
becomes a disaster
only when the
community is not
prepared for it.
What are the Types of Disasters?
Natural Disasters Man-made disasters

•  devastating outcomes •  also known as
from natural hazards technological disasters
•  earthquakes •  nuclear disasters
•  typhoons •  biological and
•  landslides and sinkholes chemical disasters
•  wildfires •  fire accidents
•  droughts, etc •  road accidents
•  terrorism, epidemic,
etc.
What are the Types of Disasters?
Natural Disasters Man-made disasters

What is Disaster Risk?
•  specific to a location or
condition of a community
•  it determines the tendency
of a community to face
disasters
•  learning about the disaster
risks can help lessen the
impact of disaster
Image taken from:

h1ps://www.niwa.co.nz/natural-‐hazards/hazards/risk-‐and-‐
vulnerability

How does a particular
country’s disaster risk is
measured?
What is World Risk Index (WRI)?
o  Done by United Nations University:
Institute for Environment and Human
Security in 171
countries worldwide
o  Determine the ranking of the countries
around the world based on their natural
disaster risk.
o  Measures the countries vulnerability and
its exposure to different natural hazards.
What are the indicators for
World Risk Index (WRI)?
1.  Exposure : earthquake, cyclone, flood,
drought, sea level rise
2.  Susceptibility: accessed to sanitation,
water supply, malnutrition, etc.
3.  Coping Capacity: number of physician,
hospitals, insurance coverage, corruption
perception index
4.  Adaptive capacity : literacy rate, gender
parity in education, biodiversity and
habitat etc.
Note: There are 28 indicators used by the United Nations University

WRI (2017-2018)
What is the rank of the Philippines
based on WRI report (2017)?
What could be the possible
reason/s why Philippines ranked
third in WRI?
How disaster risk can be
reduced?
Move away
Hazard Exposure
“potential /
threat”
Vulnerability
Can be decreased by
EducaCon and MiCgaCon
What are the Effects of Disaster?
o  according to measurable severity, the
effects of disasters are: primary,
secondary or tertiary.
o  Primary effects: direct situations caused
by the disaster.
o  Secondary effects: situations arising from
primary effects.
o  Tertiary effects: situations arising after the
disaster occurred
Bohol Quake of 2013 Effects
o  Primary effects: loss of lives, damage in
infrastructures (P1.1B)
o  Secondary effects: loss of electric power
to various districts for two weeks,
psychological trauma for survivors
o  Tertiary effects: cost of rehabilitation
efforts, economic distress in the region
Take Away
The effects of disaster vary, mostly

depending on the severity of the
exposure of life, property, and the
environment to the hazard.
Nature and Effects of
Disasters
Affected Components During a Disaster
o PEOPLE
•  deaths
•  missing people
•  injured
casualties
•  those who
became sick
Image taken from:
h1ps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/
philippines/10440461/Typhoon-‐Haiyan-‐live.html

o  BUILDINGS AND
INFRASTRUCTURES
•  damaged homes and
buildings àlost
properties
•  destroyed roads
•  rehabilitation of these
structures

Image taken from:
h1ps://thediplomat.com/2016/11/remembering-‐deadly-‐
typhoon-‐haiyan-‐in-‐the-‐philippines/

o  ECONOMY
•  loss of livelihood
•  transportation and
communication are
affected
•  employment and tourism
will be affected
•  any damaged
infrastructures will have an Image taken from:
effect on the economy h1p://newsinfo.inquirer.net/941130/philippine-‐news-‐
updates-‐padian-‐islamic-‐state-‐marawi-‐siege

o  ENVIRONMENT
•  environmental
degradation
•  wildlife are
displaced off their
natural habitats
•  pollution
Image taken from:

h1ps://www.sms-‐tsunami-‐warning.com/pages/tsunami-‐
eﬀects#.WziVV9gzY0o

Take Away
The effects of disasters can be complex

and widespread, however; we can
mitigate such effects if we are
consistently prepared for such disasters.
Perspectives on the Effects of Disasters
o Physical perspective: includes
visible and tangible materials, which
have been affected by a disaster.
o Psychological perspective: refers to
the people’s emotional, cognitive,
or interpersonal reaction to
difficulties.
How does the DSWD extend their
post-disaster?
o  Sociocultural perspective
•  centers on the response of the people,
whether victims or not , to emergency
situations and to the kind of assistance
they receive.
•  dependent on their religion, customs,
attitudes, beliefs and values
How do our culture, beliefs, and values
help us in recovering from a disaster?
Do our culture, beliefs and values
impede us to a fast recovery?
o  Economic perspective
•  focuses on the disruption of economic
activities in the community
•  assessed in terms of injuries, deaths,
destroyed assets and infrastructures,
disruption in flow of goods and
services, etc
o  Political perspective
•  how government services are used to
reduce loss or damage by preparing for
rand preventing disasters
•  poverty reduction strategies as a way to
mitigate risk of disaster
•  budget constraints as a political issue when
it comes to disaster preparedness
o  Biological perspective
•  potential for infectious and
communicable diseases
•  development of medical services,
sanitation facilities and recovery
programs during post-disaster
activities
•  minimize risk of exposure to harmful
microorganisms
TAKE AWAY
While there is very li7le thing or nothing that

can be done to prevent natural hazards, some
human ac/ons worsen the risk of their
occurrence.
What are the risk factors underlying
disaster?
Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
A. Anthropogenic activities that
compound disaster risk ( man-made)
•  Poor-planned housing and building
development
•  presence of physical structures prone to
disaster risk areas.
•  institutional framework and systems for risk
reduction and prevention
B. Climate Change
•  Can increase disaster risk in different ways –
by altering the frequency and intensity of the
hazards events, affecting the vulnerability to
hazards, and changing the exposure pattern.
C. Environmental Degradation
•  Both a driver and consequence of disasters,
reducing the capacity of the of the
environment to the socio-ecological needs

D. Poverty and Inequality
•  Both a driver and consequence of disasters,
and the processes that further disaster risk
related poverty are permeated with
inequality.

E. Weak Governance
•  Public sectors of the government are unable
and unwilling to assume their roles and
responsibilities in protecting the rights, and
providing basic public services.
E. Education

•  Community can never be disaster resilient if
they don’t understand basic knowledge of
disasters and disaster risk reduction..

Group Activity 3
Typhoon Ondoy Risk Factors
•  Group output: Research on typhoon Ondoy that
devastated Metro Manila and its nearby provinces in
2009. Analyze what aggravated the disaster by
specifying the risk factors involved.
•  15-minute activity
•  use iPad appropriately (iPad Notes or Keynote)
•  send copy of your output to Genyo Submission box
( Group Activity 3: Typhoon Ondoy)
•  three groups will present their output
Valuing Prompt
In all types of disasters, who are the most

important consideration?

Nature of Disaster

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Nature of Disaster

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The Nature of Disaster and

Disasters usually follow

Natural Disasters Man-made disasters

Natural Disasters Man-made disasters

Image taken from:

Note: There are 28 indicators used by the United Nations University

The effects of disaster vary, mostly

Image taken from:

The effects of disasters can be complex

While there is very li7le thing or nothing that

In all types of disasters, who are the most

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