Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 13, July, 2013 (p.

82-93)

A Study on the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Foamed Concrete

Containing Pulverized Bone as a Partial Replacement of Cement
Funso Falade1, Efe Ikponmwosa2* & Christopher Fapohunda3
1. Professor, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
E-mail: ffalade@hotmail.com
2. Associate Professor, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
E-mail: efe_ewaen@yahoo.com or eikponmwosa@unilag.edu.ng
3. Department of Building, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos, Nigeri. E-mail: fapohunda07@yahoo.com

Abstract
In this study, structural properties of foamed aerated concrete with and without pulverized bone
were investigated. These properties are: workability, plastic and testing densities, compressive
strength, and tensile strength at the design density of 1600kg/m3. The tensile strength was evaluated
by subjecting 150 x 150 x750mm unreinforced foamed concrete beams to flexural test and 150x300mm
cylinder specimens were subjected to splitting test. 150mm cube specimens were used for the
determination of both the compressive strength and the testing density of the foamed aerated concrete.
The plastic density was investigated using a container of known volume, and its workability
determined using the slump test. The pulverized bone content was varied from 0 to 20% at interval of
5%. The specimens without the pulverized bone served as the control. At the designed density of 1600
kg/m3, the results for the control specimens at 28-day curing age are 15.43 and 13.89N/mm2 for air-
and water-cured specimens respectively. The modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength are 2.53
and 1.63N/mm2 respectively. The results for specimens with pulverized bone did not differ significantly
from the specimens without pulverized bone. From the results of this investigation, it can be concluded
that foamed aerated concrete used for this study has potential for structural applications. Also
pulverized bone can be used to reduce (partially replace) the quantity of cement used in aerated
concrete production; thus ridding our environment of potentially harmful wastes, as well as reduce the
consumption of non-renewable resources.

Key Words: Compressive Strength, Density, Modulus of Rupture, Pulverized bone, Splitting
Tensile Strength, Workability

1. Introduction Recent discovery that these wastes can be

One of the most important components of processed and later used as a partial replacement of
concrete production is cement. But cement cement in the production of concrete is not only
manufacturing is at a great environmental cost. helping to cleanse the environment but also gradually
According to Mehta [1], cement manufacturing is the reducing the volume of cement being consumed.
largest producer of carbon dioxide (CO2) accounting According to Ecosmart [2], about 30% of cement
for over 50% percent of all industrial CO2 emissions. used globally is needed to be replaced with
Also huge amount of natural resources which are not supplementing cementitious materials to achieve, a
renewable are required in the production of cement. zero percent increase in CO2 emission from cement
This bothers on consumption and depletion of non- manufacturing. Such wastes that have been found
renewable resources which raises a serious suitable for the production of concrete are: silica
environmental concern as the usage of cement fume, granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, rice husk
continues unabated. On the other hand, industrial and ash, palm oil fuel ash, etc. For example, Hussin and
agricultural wastes are also becoming a health and Abdullah [3] worked on palm oil fuel ash (POFA),
environmental problem especially in the developing and concluded that it has a beneficial effect on
nations where technology for efficient waste disposal concrete provided the percentage replacement does
is lacking. not exceed 30%. Givi et al. [4], researched on rice

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 A Study on the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Foamed Concrete Containing Pulverized Bone as a …..

husk ash (RHA). They showed that rice husk ash size 3.35mm but retained on sieve size with 0.150mm
increased the setting times, improved workability, aperture in accordance with BS 882:1992 [10] were
and increase the compressive and flexural strengths used. This is because coarser aggregate might settle
of concrete. Wilson and Ding [5] investigated the in a lightweight mix and lead to collapse of the foam
performance of fly ash in mortar and concrete. Their during mixing. Protein-based foaming agent was used
work indicated that the use of fly ash enhanced the for this project. The dilution ratio for the surfactant
workability and increased the setting times of cement consists of one part surfactant to 25 parts of water.
mortar and concrete. Yilmaz [6] worked on silica The water used for this work is potable tap water.
fume and observed delayed setting times, increase in This is crucial when using a protein-based foaming
water demand and reduction in permeability with the agent because organic contamination can have an
use of silica fume. Salau and Olonade [7] conducted adverse effect on the quality of the foam, and hence
a research into the pozzolanic potentials of cassava the concrete produced.
peel ash (CPA) on cement paste and mortar cube
2.2 Mix Proportions
specimens. The results showed that CPA retarded the
rate of hydration reaction and setting times of cement A mix proportion that will produce the target
paste; and at up to 15% replacement of cement with plastic density of 1600kg/m3 (±100kg/m3) was
CPA, there were no significant different in the 90-day developed; the density being the design criterion in
flexural and compressive strengths when compared foamed concrete. To date, proper guidelines for mix
with those of the control samples (specimens without proportioning of foamed concrete are non-existent.
CPA). Falade et al. [8] investigated the effects of Therefore, to achieve desired density and workability
pulverized bone on some properties of cement paste with the available local materials, trial mixes were
and mortar. They concluded that up to 20% carried out in this study. It was on the basis of the
replacement of cement with pulverized bone did not results from trial mixes that the following mix design
result in significant difference in 28-day compressive parameters were adopted:
strength when compared with specimens without i. Binder (cement and pulverized bone) /sand
pulverized bone. But the effects of pulverized bone ratio of 1: 3
on structural properties of foamed concrete are yet to ii. Water/Binder (cement and pulverized bone)
be investigated. ratio of 0.5
iii. Foaming agent dilution of 1: 25
The objectives of this work are to investigate the
structural properties of foamed aerated concrete with The mix constituent proportions for a concrete
and without pulverized bone. These properties are: mixer batch for 20 numbers of 150 x 150 x 150mm
workability, density, stability, compressive strength, cubes are shown in Table 1. All the cube specimens
and tensile strength. were demoulded 24hrs after casting.

2. Experimental Procedures Table 1: Mix Constituent Proportions for the Foam

2.1 Materials Concrete Mixes
Ordinary Portland cement whose production Water Foam
Binder (kg)
was in accordance with BS 12:1996 [9] was used as % Sand for Base Concentration
the main binder. The cow bones, from which PB* (kg) Mix Mixing Foam
Cement PB*
pulverized bone was produced, were obtained from (kg) Water (g)
Oko-Oba abattoir in Agege Local government of 0% 25.00 0.00 75 12.50 4.688 187.5
Lagos State, Nigeria. The bones were dried after 5% 23.75 1.25 75 12.50 4.688 187.5
they have been separated from all the muscles, flesh, 10% 22.50 2.50 75 12.50 4.688 187.5
tissues, intestines and fats. The dried bones were then 15% 21.25 3.75 75 12.50 4.688 187.5
pulverized through a grinder into powder, and the 20% 20.00 5.00 75 12.50 4.688 187.5
fraction passing through 150µm was later packaged *PB – Pulverised bone
in bags and stored in cool dry place. Sand from River
Ogun at Ibafo town in Ogun State of Nigeria was The following tests were conducted on the
used for this work. Particles passing through sieve foamed aerated concrete.

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.13, July, 2013

Workability Test: The slump test was carried [14] for lightweight concrete and BS EN 12390-6
out in accordance with the provisions of BS EN (2009), [15]. The specimens were 150 x 150 x 300
12350 Part 2: (2000), [11]. cylinders. They were water-cured for 7 days,
followed by air curing under ambient condition until
Wet Density Test: The wet density of the
the day of testing. The tests were carried out by
foamed concrete was determined according to the BS
compressing the cylinders on their sides. The
EN 12350: Part 6 (2000), [12].
splitting strengths were determined on 600kN Avery
Compressive Strength Test: Compressive Denison Universal Testing machine at a loading rate
strength was measured at 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 90 of 120kN/min until failure. The splitting tensile
days essentially in accordance with BS EN 12390-3 strength (Ts) is then calculated as follows:
(2009), [13]. Two curing methods were employed:
2P
water- and air-curing. The water-cured specimens Ts  (1)
were tested at saturated state (immediately after id
removal from curing tank). The strength where: Ts = splitting tensile strength (N/mm2), P =
characteristics of each cube were determined on maximum applied load (in Newtons) by the testing
600kN Avery Denison Universal Testing Machine at machine, l = length of the specimen (mm) and d =
a loading rate of 120kN/min. Three specimens for diameter of the specimen (mm)
each of the curing ages were tested to failure by Modulus of Rupture Test: The flexural strength
crushing, and the average failure load was recorded. of foamed concrete was determined by using a
The average failure load of the three specimens was simply supported unreinforced beam subjected to a
then divided by the area of the specimens to obtain third point loading. 150 x 150 x 750mm beam
the compressive strength. specimens were tested in accordance with the
Splitting Strength Test: The splitting tensile provisions of BS EN 12390-5 (2009), [16]. Figure 1
strength was carried out on the foamed concrete in shows the third point loading arrangement on a beam
accordance with the provision of Tex-421-A (2008), specimen.

Load
(

I-Spreader Beam

Load
150
Roller 150
Spreader

Roller
Hinge Support
Support

90
90 190 190 190 90

Fig. 1: Typical Beam and Loading Arrangement (Load is in KN, and dimensions in mm)

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 A Study on the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Foamed Concrete Containing Pulverized Bone as a …..

The specimens were loaded at a constant rate of The loss on ignition, a measure of the extent of
120N/min. until failure. The maximum tensile stress carbonation and hydration of free lime and free
(es) reached at the bottom of the fibre of the test magnesia due to atmospheric exposure, of pulverised
beam is known as the modulus of rupture (Mr). bone is 1.14%. This value is within the limits of
Thus the Modulus of Rupture (Mr) is calculated 3.0% set by [9]. The alkalis (K2O and Na2O), with a
as: combined percentage of 2.18% is low, and thus
PL reduce the possibility of the destructive alkali-
Mr  (2) aggregate reaction [20]. But it is however free of
bd 2
cyanide which cause corrosion of reinforcement The
where: Mr = modulus of rupture (MPa), P = specific gravity of pulverized bone was lower than
maximum applied load (N), L = span (mm), b = that of cement. This means more volume of
average width of the specimen at the failure (mm)
pulverized bone will be needed for the same unit
and d = average depth of the specimen at the failure
(mm). weight of cement.

3. Results and Discussion 3.2 Workability

3.1 Preliminary Investigations Foamed concrete is a free-flowing, self-leveling,
The grading and the physical properties of the and self-compacting material and should therefore be
sand show that the uniformity coefficient is 2.0 while expected to give a collapse slump at lower density.
the coefficient of curvature is 1.2. The sand is well Thus neither the slump test (BS EN 12350: Part 2:
graded. The results of chemical analysis to determine 2000), [11], for normal weight concrete, nor the flow
the chemical composition of cement and the test (BS EN 12350: Part 6: 2000), [12], for concrete
pulverized bone used for this study is shown in Table
with a high slump are applicable. Therefore, the
2. From the table, it is seen that the composition of
the pulverized bone is almost similar to that of workability of foamed concrete is evaluated visually
Portland cement used. Yet pulverized bone on its and in most cases it would not be difficult to spot
own was unable to produce any cementious until when workability was unacceptably low. Thus, for
cement was present [8]. This could be attributed to the high density that was adopted for this work, it
the fact that, unlike cement, it did not go through was obvious from visual inspection that the material
high temperature regime in the process of its was of such viscosity that subjecting it to slump test
manufacture, which would have remove impurities of will be appropriate. Subsequently, slump test was
organic source. The presence of residual organic carried out in accordance with BS EN 12350: Part 2
element might have been responsible for its non- (2000), [11]. The aerated concrete material used in
cementitious traits. this investigation displayed true slump. The slump
Table 2: Chemical Composition of Portland Cement values are 50, 40, 30, 30 and 25mm for 0, 5, 10, 15
and Pulverized Bone and 20% replacement level of cement with pulverized
bone.
Sr.No. Compound Portland Pulverized
Cement Bone 3.3 Wet Density
1 Cao 72.26 70.87 The effect of pulverized bone on the density of
2 SiO2 6.39 7.03 the foamed concrete is shown in Fig. 2.
3 Al2O3 0.88 0.91
4 Fe2O3 0.05 0.15 Figure 2 shows that density decreases with
5 MnO 0.01 0.03 increasing content of pulverized bone. In relation to
6 MgO 2.60 2.58 the control specimens, the decreased in wet density
7 K2O 0.39 0.51 are 2.5%, 4.0%, 4.8%, and 6.3% respectively for 5%,
8 Na2O 1.58 1.67 10%, 15%, and 20% cement replacement with
9 SO2 0.73 1.24 pulverized bone. This trend can be attributed to the
10 H2O 0.62 0.75 fact that the specific gravity of cement of is 2.92 and
11 CO2 0.00 0.00 that of pulverized bone is 2.22. The results of the dry
12 Loss on Ignition 0.98 1.14 density test on specimens are presented in Appendix
13 Specific Gravity 2.92 2.22 A.

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.13, July, 2013

3.5 Testing Density

The effects of pulverized bone on dry density of
the foamed concrete are shown in Figures 3 (a and b).
It can be seen that increase in the pulverized bone
content in the mix resulted in decrease in the dry
density at all the curing ages both for water- and air-
cured specimens. For example, at 7-day curing age,
for water-cured specimens, there was decrease in the
dry density with increase in the replacement of
pulverized bone in the mix (Table 4). This trend was
Fig. 2 Effect of pulverized bone on density of also observed for all curing ages for both water-cured
foamed concrete and air-cured specimens. For example in Figure 3(a),
the densities are 1689.29kg/m3, 1679.01 kg/m3,
3.4 Stability
1648.29 kg/m3, 1631.89kg/m3, and 1621.79kg/m3 for
Stability indicates the ability of the foam to go
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% cement replacement
through the whole production process without
with pulverized bone respectively at 28-day for
collapse. It is the ratio of wet density to design
density. For stability, this value must tend to unity. water-cured specimens; while from figure 3(b), the
The ratios obtained for different percentages of densities are 1662.50kg/m3, 1659.23kg/m3,
pulverized bone are presented in Table 3 where the 1644.23kg/m , 1623.78kg/m , and 1603.24kg/m3 for
3 3

results show that stability is achieved at all levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% cement replacement
cement replacement with pulverized bone with the with pulverized bone respectively at 28-day for air-
ratio revolving around unity. Thus the inclusion of cured specimens.
pulverized bone up to 20% of cement did not reduce
the stability of the mix. Table 4: Variation of Dry Density with Pulverized
Bone at 7-Day of Water-Curing
Table 3: Effect of Pulverised Bone on Stability of
foamed Concrete
%PB Density (kg/m3)
%age of Wet Density Design Density Wet/Design
PB (kg/m3) (kg/m3) Density 0% 1603. 19
0% 1668.28 1600 1.04 5% 1601. 20
5% 1627.19 1600 1.02 10% 1600.29
10% 1603.71 1600 1.00
15% 1589.69 1600 0.99 15% 1598.65
20% 1563.68 1600 0.98 20% 1589.26

Replacement
Level

Fig.3a Curing Age (Days) for Water-Cured Specimens

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Replacement
Level

Fig.3b Curing Age (Days) for Air-Cured Specimens

This behaviour can be explained from the fact be due to the presence of water in the pores which
that the pulverized bone has lower specific gravity have the effect of making the specimens to be heavier
value than cement. Lower specific gravity has been than the specimens that are air-cured.
found to result in lower density (Terzagi et al.), [17].
Thus, increasing the replacement levels has the effect
of making the resulting concrete lighter.

Also for each of the percentage replacement of

cement with pulverized bone, the dry density
increased with curing age, but in a non-linear
manner. A typical curve is shown in Fig. 4 for 5%
cement replacement with pulverized bone for air-
cured specimens.
Fig. 5 Variation of Density with Curing Methods
for Specmens with 5% Cement Replacement
with pulverized Bone.

3.6 Compressive Strength

The effects of pulverized bone on the
compressive strength are shown in Figures 6 – 8.

Fig. 4 Variation of Dry Density with Curing Age

for 5% cement replacement with pulverized
bone

Furthermore, specimens that were water-cured

developed higher density than the specimens that
were air-cured at room temperature at all the
replacement levels. A typical curve is shown in Fig. 5
for 5% cement replacement with pulverized bone. Fig. 6 Effects of Curing Method of Strength
The increased density in water-cured specimens may Development (10% pulverized Bone Content

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.13, July, 2013

3.6.1 Effect of Curing Methods on Compressive This is an indication of the production of the
Strength strength-forming C-S-H gel as a result of cement
At all the replacement levels of cement with hydration with curing age. For the control specimens
pulverized bone, the air-cured specimens developed (0% pulverized bone) the 28-day strengths are
higher strength than water-cured specimens. Figure 6 13.89N/mm2 and 15.43N/m2 for both water- and air-
shows a typical trend for 10% cement replacement cured specimens; and the 60-day strength are
with pulverized bone. This behaviour agreed with 16.78N/mm2 and 17.96N/mm2 for both water- and
Kearsley [18], who concluded that testing of water- air-cured specimens respectively. These represent
cured foamed concrete specimens gave low strengths increases in strengths after 28 days of 20% and 16%
due to the build-up of pore water pressure in the for both water- and air-cured respectively. After 60
saturated microstructure of the foamed concrete. days of curing, there is a strength increase for water
Subsequent works by Falade et al. [19] agreed with cured specimens, but strength of air-cured specimens
this trend. Neville [20] explained that the lower remained the same.
strength exhibited by water-cured specimens may be
due to dilation of cement gel by the adsorbed water
Replace
which has the effect of reducing the forces of -ment
cohesion of the solid particles. The 28-day strength Level
was 15.43N/mm2 and 13.89N/mm2 for the air-cured
and water-cured specimens respectively.

At the 60-day curing the compressive strengths

were 17.96N/mm3 and 15.89 N/mm3 for dry-cured
and water-cured specimens respectively. There was
no difference between the 60-day and 90-day Fig.7b Effect of Curing Age on Strength
compressive strength for air-cured specimens, but for Development (Ai-Cured Specimens)
water-cured specimens, the strengths were 16.78mm2
and 16.90N/mm2 for both 60-day and 90-day curing 3.6.3 Effect of Pulverized Bone on Foamed
ages respectively. Concrete on Compressive Strength
In this study, all the specimens containing
3.6.1 Effect of Curing Age on Compress- partial replacement of cement with pulverized bone
ive Strength Development developed lower strengths when compared with the
Figures 7(a) and 7(b) present variation of the control specimens at all the curing ages for both
compressive strength with curing age for water- and water- and air-cured specimens. From Figure 7(a and
air-cured specimens respectively. The figures show b), at 7-day curing age, the strengths are 7.41N/mm2,
that compressive strength of foamed concrete at the 7.01N/mm2, 6.68N/mm2, 6.09N/mm2, and
2
designed density of 1600kg/m3 used for this study 6.09N/mm for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% cement
increased with curing age for both water- and air- replacement with pulverized bone respectively. This
cured specimens at all the replacement levels. represent 5%, 10%, 18%, and 18% reduction in
strength from the control; for 5%, 10%, 15% and
Replace-
20% cement replacement with pulverized bone
ment
Level respectively. The trend was also observed for air-
cured specimens. Typical 28-day strengths for air-
and water-cured specimens are presented in Fig. 8.
The results of the compressive strength test on
specimens are presented in Appendix B.

Table 5 shows the trends in compressive

Fig.7a Effect of Curing Age on Strength strength reduction. It is noted that the strength
Development (Water-Cured Specimens) reduction is insignificant up to 10% replacement of

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The 28-day splitting tensile strength of the foamed

Replace-
concrete at the design density of 1600kg/m3 was
ment 1.63N/mm2. This value was comparable to 1.8N/mm2
Level for the same density that was earlier obtained by
Jones [22]. The lowest splitting strength was
0.85N/mm2 for 20% cement replacement with
pulverized bone at 28-day curing. The reduction in
splitting strength in relation to the control may be due
to weak bond between the paste and the sand grains.
Fig.8 Variation of Compressive Strength with This value was still greater than 0.17N/mm2
Pulverized Bone recommended by ASTM C869-91, [23] for
lightweight concrete.
Table 5 Compressive Strengths at Different Content
of Pulverized Bone Table 6:Variation of Splitting Tensile Strength with
Pulverised Bone
Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Splitting Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
% PB
Water Cured Air Cured 28-day 60-day 90-day
% PB 0 1.63 2.26 2.62
Curing Age (Days
5 1.56 1.98 2.33
28 60 90 28 60 90
10 1.56 1.61 1.89
0.0 15 0.99 1.41 1.71
13.89 16.78 16.90 15.43 17.96 17.95
(Control)
20 0.85 1.41 1.73
5.0 13.24 15.99 15.98 14.49 16.67 16.68
10.0 12.61 15.01 15.10 14.01 15.78 15.78
15.0 12.11 13.89 13.99 13.26 14.67 14.66
20.0 11.34 12.56 12.90 12.98 14.12 14.00

cement with pulverized bone. However, the strength

development up to 20% pulverized bone content
levels still qualified the foamed aerated concrete used
for this investigation to be classified as structural
lightweight concrete (ACI 213R-03, 2003), [21].
3.6.4 Tensile Strength
The effect of cement replacement with
pulverized bone on the tensile characteristics of
foamed concrete with a designed density of Fig. 9 Splitting Test Arrangement
1600kg/m3 was evaluated using two indirect test
procedures: Splitting tensile strength and Modulus of
Rupture (Flexural tensile strength). It is difficult to
determine tensile strength by direct tension because
of the difficulty in maintaining applied load truly
axial and the associated wide scatter of test results.
a) Splitting Strength
The results of the investigation into the splitting
strength of foamed aerated concrete with pulverized
bone are presented in Table 6 and figures 9 and 10. It
is observed that the splitting tensile strength
increased with curing age at all the replacement
levels. But there was decrease in splitting tensile
Fig. 10 Cracking of the Cylinder Specimen
strength as the pulverized bone content increased.

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.13, July, 2013

b) Modulus of Rupture 3.7 Comparison of Compressive Strength

The values of the flexural tensile strength as with Tensile Strength
determined by the Modulus of rupture are presented Table 8 shows the relationship between the
in Table 7. Typical failure mode of beam specimens compressive strength and the splitting tensile
is presented in figure 11. All the specimens tested strength, while the relationship between the
failed at the middle third of the span. There was no compressive strength and modulus of rupture is
reduction in modulus of rupture at 5% cement presented in Table 9.
replacement level, at 28 days of curing, when
compared with the values obtained for the control Table 8 Comparison between Compressive Strength
specimen for the curing ages. At all other curing ages and Splitting Strength
and for all the cement replacement level, flexural
tensile strength reduced in relation to the control. The PB Compressive Splitting Ratio
Content Strength, fc Strength, fs fs/fc
reduction in modulus of rupture in relation to the
control may be due to weakening effect that (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
pulverized bone has on the paste formed by cement 28 15.43 1.63 0.11
and pulverized bone, resulting in weak bond between 60 17.96 2.26 0.13
the paste and the sand grains. The moduli of rupture
90 17.95 2.62 0.15
obtained in the study were high compared to the
value of 1.00N/mm2 obtained by Brady et al. (24) for
Table 9 Comparison between Compressive Strength
foamed concrete of the same density. and Modulus of Rupture
Table 7 Variation of Modulus of Rupture with
PB Compressive Modulus of Ratio
Pulverised Bone
Content Strength, fc Rupture, fr fr/fc
Modulus of Rupture (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
% PB
Content 28-day 60-day 90-day 28 15.43 2.53 0.17
60 17.96 2.81 0.15
0 2.53 2.81 2.85
90 17.95 2.85 0.16
5 2.53 2.53 2.62
10 2.11 2.53 2.63 The splitting strength varies between 11% and
15% of the compressive strength and the ratio
15 2.11 2.53 2.69 increases with curing age. Using the statistical line of
20 1.69 2.53 2.60 best fit, and with correlation and regression analysis,
this relationship can be represented as:
fc = 2.70fs + 11.23 (3)

where fc = compressive strength and fs = splitting

tensile strength
It is observed that the modulus of rupture varies
between 15% and 17% of the compressive strength,
and the ratio decreases with the curing age. Using
the statistical best fit, these relationships can be
represented (through correlation and regression
analysis) mathematically as:
fc = 8.33fr – 5.55 (4)

where fc = compressive strength and fr = modulus of

Fig. 11 Typical Failure mode of the beam specimens rupture. This expressions are valid for the curing ages

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used in this experimental program for foamed http://wwwecosmartconcrete.com/enviro-

concrete. cement.cfm (02/03/2012)

4. Conclusions [3] Hussin, M. W. and Abdullah, K (2009)

“Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Cement Based
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[5] Wilson, J. W. and Ding, Y. C. (2007). “A
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concrete evaluated through the splitting tensile Admixtures, the Cement Industry, Market and
and modulus of rupture tests of 1.63N/mm2 and Economic Trends and Major Companies
2.53N/mm2 respectively meets the ASTM Operating in the far East, with reference to Pagan
specifications for lightweight concrete. Island”. A Report Prepared for the Secretary,
Department of Public Lands, Commonwealth of
3) The foamed aerated concrete lost its self-
Northern Mariana Islands, pp. 4-33.
levelling, self-flowing characteristics at the
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 A Study on the Compressive and Tensile Strength of Foamed Concrete Containing Pulverized Bone as a …..

APPENDIX A – Dry Density of Foamed Concrete for all the curing ages and Percentage Replacements
% of PB Curing Method 7-day 14-day 21-day 28-day 60-day 90-day
Water 1603.19 1668.75 1672.78 1689.29 1713.75 1714.00
0%
Air 1577.50 1611.12 1660.01 1662.50 1669.56 1671.00
Water 1601.20 1610.21 1658.98 1679.01 1680.00 1690.00
5%
Air 1565.79 1600.17 1649.98 1659.23 1665.78 1666.00
Water 1600.29 1606.78 1621.29 1648.29 1661.25 1662.00
10%
Air 1550.01 1589.98 1611.89 1644.23 1651.11 1652.00
Water 1598.65 1603.79 1615.90 1631.89 1656.89 1662.01
15%
Air 1550.00 1569.67 1598.99 1623.78 1640.00 1641.00
Water 1589.26 1589.98 1610.37 1621.79 1650.01 1655.00
20%
Air 1545.01 1557.29 1581.71 1603.24 1608.35 1606.29
NOTE: PB = pulverized bone
APPENDIX B – The Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete for all the curing ages and Percentage
Replacements
7-day 14-day 21-day 28-day 60-day 90-day
Water 7.41 10.14 12.12 13.89 16.78 16.90
0%
Air 8.34 11.34 13.56 15.43 17.96 17.95
Water 7.01 11.20 12.98 13.24 15.99 15.98
5%
Air 7.98 12.21 13.23 14.23 16.67 16.68
Water 6.68 10.38 12.12 12.81 15.01 15.10
10%
Air 7.23 11.96 12.67 14.01 15.78 15.78
Water 6.09 9.08 11.67 12.11 13.98 13.99
15%
Air 6.78 10.81 12.00 13.26 14.67 14.66
Water 6.09 9.00 10.56 11.34 12.56 12.90
20%
Air 6.45 10.01 11.23 12.98 14.12 14.00
 F. Falade (Ph.D) is a Professor of Engineering at the Civil & Environmental Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Falade is a member of the Nigerian Society of
Engineers and a COREN registered and practicing engineer in Nigeria. He has published over sixty (60)
articles in local and international journals and conferences. He has successfully produced over ten (10)
M.Phil. and Ph.D candidates. His areas of research interest include natural fibres as reinforcement in
concrete and pozzolans. Tel.: +2348023073313, E-mail.: ffalade@hmail.com
 E. Ikponmwosa is a Senior Lecturer at the Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Ikponmwosa is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers
and a COREN registered and practicing engineer in Nigeria. He has published over twenty (20) articles in
local and international journals and conferences. He has successfully produced many students at the
graduate and M.Phil. levels. He is currently working jointly with others to produce Ph.D candidates. His
area of research focus is materials and structures and pozzolans. Tel.: +2348055897732, E-mail.:
efe_ewaen@yahoo.com or eikponmwosa@unilag.edu.ng
 C. Fapohunda is currently pursuing Doctor of Philosophy degree program in Materials & Structures at the
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. He is a member of the
Nigerian Society of Engineers and a COREN registered and practicing engineer in Nigeria. Tel.
+2348066020802, E-mail: fapohunda07@yahoo.com

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