Chord Theory PDF
Chord Theory PDF
Chord Theory PDF
As you probably know, a chord is a group of notes played simultaneously, rather
than sequentially (like a melody). But there are several different types of chords,
depending on the different intervals between the notes. It may sound confusing, but
it’s pretty easy once you understand how these different chords are constructed. In
this guide, we’ll look at major, minor, diminished, and augmented chords and show
you how to construct each one of them, starting on any note.
Forming a Chord
A chord is a combination of three or more notes played together. If you put your right
thumb on one of the white keys of a piano (it doesn’t matter which one), skip a key
and put your middle finger on the third key, then skip another key and put your finger
on the fifth key, you’re playing a chord!
A basic chord consists of just three notes, arranged in thirds, called a triad. The
most common triads are constructed from notes plucked from the underlying scale,
each note two steps above the previous note. So, for example, if you want to base a
chord on the tonic of a scale, you’d use the first, third, and fifth notes of the scale.
(Using the C Major scale, these notes would be C, E, and G.) If you want to base a
chord on the second degree of a scale, use the second, fourth, and sixth notes of
the scale. (Still using the C Major scale, these notes would be D, F, and A.)
Building a threenote triad.
Within a specific chord, the first note is called the root—even if the chord isn’t
formed from the root of the scale. The other notes of the chord are named relative to
the first note, typically being the third and the fifth above the chord’s root. (For
example, if C is the chord’s root, E is called the third and G is called the fifth.) This is
sometimes notated 135.
Different Types of Chords
Let’s go back to the piano. Putting your fingers on every other white note, form a
chord starting on middle C. (Your fingers should be on the keys C, E, and G.) Now
move your fingers one key to the right, so that you’re starting on D. (Your fingers
should now be on the keys D, F, and A.) This chord sounds different—kind of sad,
compared to the happier C chord.
You’ve just demonstrated the difference between major and minor chords. The first
chord you played was a major chord: C Major. The second chord was a minor
chord—D minor. As with major and minor scales, major and minor chords sound
different to the listener, because the intervals in the chords are slightly different.
In most cases, the type of chord is determined by the middle note—the third. When
the interval between the first note and the second note is a major third—two whole
steps—you have a major chord. When the interval between the first note and the
second note is a minor third—three half steps—you have a minor chord.
It’s no more complex than that. If you change the middle note, you change the chord
from major to minor.
Read on to learn all about major and minor chords—as well as some other types of
chords that aren’t quite major and aren’t quite minor.
Major Chords
A major chord consists of a root, a major third, and a perfect fifth. For example, the
C Major chord includes the notes C, E, and G. The E is a major third above the C;
the G is a perfect fifth above the C.
Here’s a quick look at how to build major chords on every note of the scale:
Major triads.
There are many different ways to indicate a major chord in your music, as shown in
the following table:
Notation for Major Chords
Major Chord Notation Example
Major C Major
Maj C Maj
Ma C Ma
M CM
Δ CΔ
In addition, just printing the letter of the chord (using a capital letter) indicates that
the chord is major. (So if you see C in a score, you know to play a C Major chord.)
Minor Chords
The main difference between a major chord and a minor chord is the third. Although
a major chord utilizes a major third, a minor chord flattens that interval to create a
minor third. The fifth is the same.
In other words, a minor chord consists of a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth.
This is sometimes notated 1♭35. For example, the C minor chord includes the
notes C, E♭, and G.
Here’s a quick look at how to build minor chords on every note of the scale:
Minor triads.
There are many different ways to indicate a minor chord, as shown in the following
table:
Notation for Minor Chords
Minor Chord Notation Example
minor C minor
min C min
mi C mi
m Cm
Diminished Chords
A diminished chord is like a minor chord with a lowered fifth. It has a kind of eerie
and ominous sound. You build a diminished chord with a root note, a minor third,
and a diminished (lowered) fifth. This is sometimes noted 1♭3♭5.
For example, the C diminished chord includes the notes C, E♭, and G♭.
Here’s a quick look at how to build diminished chords on every note of the scale:
Diminished triads.
There are many different ways to indicate a diminished chord, as shown in the
following table:
Notation for Diminished Chords
Diminished Chord Notation Example
diminished C diminished
dimin C dimin
dim C dim
º Cº
Augmented Chords
An augmented chord is like a major chord with a raised fifth; thus an augmented
chord consists of a root, a major third, and an augmented (raised) fifth. This is
sometimes notated 13♯5.
For example, the C augmented chord includes the notes C, E, and G♯.
Here’s a quick look at how to build augmented chords on every note of the scale:
Augmented triads.
There are many different ways to indicate an augmented chord, as shown in the
following table:
Notation for Augmented Chords
Augmented Chord Notation Example
augmented C augmented
aug C aug
+ C+