Shauf Vs Court of Appeals
Shauf Vs Court of Appeals
Shauf Vs Court of Appeals
earch
S
Republic of the Philippines
SUPREME COURT
Manila
SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 90314 November 27, 1990
LOIDA Q. SHAUF and JACOB SHAUF, Petitioners,
vs.
HON. COURT OF APPEALS, DON E. DETWILER and ANTHONY PERSI, Respondents.
REGALADO, J.:
In this petition for review on certiorari, petitioners would have us reverse and set aside the decision rendered by
respondent Court of Appeals on August 22, 1989, in CAG.R. CV No. 17932, entitled "Loida Shauf and Jacob
Shauf, PlaintiffsAppellants, versus Don Detwiler and Anthony Persi, DefendantsAppellants,"1 dismissing
petitioners’ complaint for damages filed before the Regional Trial Court, Branch LVI, Angeles City, in Civil Case No.
2783 thereof, and its subsequent resolution denying petitioners’ motion for the reconsideration of its aforesaid
decision.
As found by respondent court,2 Clark Air Base is one of the bases established and maintained by the United States
by authority of the agreement between the Philippines and the United States concerning military bases which
entered into force on March 26, 1947.
The Third Combat Support Group, a unit of Clark Air Base, maintains a Central Civilian Personnel Office (CCPO)
charged with the responsibility for civilian personnel management and administration. It is through its civilian
personnel officer that the base commander is responsible for direction and administration of civilian personnel
program, including advising management and operating officials on civilian personnel matters. Acting for the
commander, the civilian personnel officer is the administrative official in charge of the activities of the CCPO, and
the commander relies on him to carry out all aspects of the civilian personnel program. The CCPO personnel
program encompasses placement and staffing, position management and classification.
The Third Combat Support Group also maintains an Education Branch, Personnel Division, which provides an
education program for military personnel, U.S. civilian employees, and adult dependents, assigned or attached to
Clark Air Base. Its head, the education director, is responsible directly to the base director of personnel for
administering the education services program for Clark Air Base. In this capacity, and within broad agency policies,
is delegated to him the full responsibility and authority for the technical, administrative and management functions of
the program. As part of his duties, the education director provides complete academic and vocational guidance for
military dependents, including counseling, testing and test interpretation. During the time material to the complaint,
private respondent Don Detwiler was civilian personnel officer, while private respondent Anthony Persi was
education director.3
Petitioner Loida Q. Shauf, a Filipino by origin and married to an American who is a member of the United States Air
Force, applied for the vacant position of Guidance Counselor, GS17109, in the Base Education Office at Clark Air
Base, for which she is eminently qualified. As found by the trial court, she received a Master of Arts degree from the
University of Sto. Tomas, Manila, in 1971 and has completed 34 semester hours in psychologyguidance and 25
quarter hours in human behavioral science; she has also completed all course work in human behavior and
counseling psychology for a doctoral degree; she is a civil service eligible; and, more importantly, she had
functioned as a Guidance Counselor at the Clark Air Base at the GS 17109 level for approximately four years at the
time she applied for the same position in 1976.4
By reason of her nonselection to the position, petitioner Loida Q. Shauf filed an equal employment opportunity
complaint against private respondents, for alleged discrimination against the former by reason of her nationality and
sex. The controversy was investigated by one Rudolph Duncan, an appeals and grievance examiner assigned to the
Office of Civilian Personnel Operations, Appellate Division, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A. and what follows are taken
from his findings embodied in a report duly submitted by him to the Equal Opportunity Officer on February 22,
1977.5
On or about October 1976, the position of Guidance Counselor, GS 17109, became vacant in the Base Education
Office, Clark Air Base. A standard Form 52 was submitted to the Civilian Personnel Office to fill said position. The
Civilian Personnel Division took immediate steps to fill the position by advertisement in the Clark Air Base Daily
Bulletin #205 dated October 21, 1976. As a result of the advertisement, one application was received by the Civilian
Personnel Office and two applications were retrieved from the applicants supply file in the Civilian Personnel Office.
These applications were that of Mrs. Jean Hollenshead, an employee of the DOD Schools at Clark Air Base, Mrs.
Lydia B. Gaillard, an unemployed dependent, and Mrs. Loida Q. Shauf. All three applications were reviewed and
their experiences were considered qualifying for the advertised position.
On November 11, 1976, the application of Loida Q. Shauf was referred to Mr. Anthony Persi, with the applications of
Mrs. Jean Hollenshead and Mrs. Lydia Gaillard, to be considered for the position of Guidance Counselor, GS 1710
9, Mr. Persi, after review of the applications, stated that upon screening the applications he concluded that two
applicants had what he considered minimum qualifications for the position. The two applicants were Mrs.
Hollenshead and Mrs. Gaillard. In the case of Loida Q. Shauf, Mr. Persi felt that her application was quite complete
except for a reply to an inquiry form attached to the application. This inquiry form stated that the National Personnel
Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri, was unable to find an official personnel folder for Loida Q. Shauf. Mr. Persi said
that as a result of the National Personnel Records Center, GSA, not being able to find any records on Loida Q.
Shauf, this raised some questions in his mind as to the validity of her work experience. As a result of his
reservations on Loida Q. Shauf’s work experience and his conclusions that the two other applications listed
minimum qualifications, Mr. Persi decided to solicit additional names for consideration.
Subsequently in his correspondence dated November 12, 1976, Mr. Persi returned the three applications to the
Civilian Personnel Office without a selection decision. Mr. Persi also requested in his correspondence that the
Civilian Personnel Office initiate immediate inquiry to the Central Oversea Rotation and Recruiting Office (CORRO)
for the submission of a list of highly qualified candidates. He further stated in his correspondence that the three
applicants who had indicated an interest would be considered with the CORRO input for selection.
As a result of Mr. Persi’s request, an AF Form 1188 "Oversea Civilian Personnel Request" was submitted to
CORRO on November 12, 1976. This request in fact asked for one Guidance Counselor, GS 17109. The form listed
the fact that local candidates are available. However, instead of getting a list of candidates for consideration, Mr.
Persi was informed by CORRO, through the Civilian Personnel Office in their December 15, 1976 message that a
Mr. Edward B. Isakson from Loring AFB, Maine, was selected for the position. Mr. Persi stated, when informed of
CORRO’s selection, that he had heard of Mr. Isakson and, from what he had heard, Mr. Isakson was highly qualified
for the position; therefore, he wished to have the selection stand. This statement was denied by Mr. Persi. Mr.
Isakson was placed on the rolls at Clark Air Base on January 24, 1977.6
Said examiner, however, also stated in his findings that, by reason of petitioner Loida Q. Shauf’s credentials which
he recited therein, she is and was at the time of the vacancy,7 highly qualified for the position of Guidance
Counselor, GS 17109. In connection with said complaint, a Notice of Proposed Disposition of Discrimination
Complaint, dated May 16, 1977,8 was served upon petitioner Loida Q. Shauf stating that because the individual
selected did not meet the criteria of the qualification requirements, it was recommended "that an overhire GS 17109
Assistant Education Advisor position be established for a 180 day period. x x x. The position should be advertised
for local procurement on a best qualified basis with the stipulation that if a vacancy occurs in a permanent GS 1710
9 position the selectee would automatically be selected to fill the vacancy. If a position is not vacated in the 180 day
period the temporary overhire would be released but would be selected to fill a future vacancy if the selectee is
available."
During that time, private respondents already knew that a permanent GS 17109 position would shortly be vacant,
that is, the position of Mrs. Mary Abalateo whose appointment was to expire on August 6, 1977 and this was exactly
what private respondent Detwiler had in mind when he denied on June 27, 1977 Mrs. Abalateo’s request for
extension of March 31, 1977. However, private respondents deny that Col. Charles J. Corey represented to
petitioner Loida Q. Shauf that she would be appointed to the overhire position and to a permanent GS 17109
position as soon as it became vacant, which allegedly prompted the latter to accept the proposed disposition.
Contrary to her expectations, petitioner Loida Q. Shauf was never appointed to the position occupied by Mrs.
Abalateo whose appointment was extended indefinitely by private respondent Detwiler.9
Feeling aggrieved by what she considered a shabby treatment accorded her, petitioner Loida Q. Shauf wrote the
U.S. Civil Service Commission questioning the qualifications of Edward Isakson. Thereafter, said commission sent a
communication addressed to private respondent Detwiler,10 finding Edward Isakson not qualified to the position of
Guidance Counselor, GS 17109, and requesting that action be taken to remove him from the position and that
efforts be made to place him in a position for which he qualifies. Petitioner Loida Q. Shauf avers that said
recommendation was ignored by private respondent Detwiler and that Isakson continued to occupy said position of
guidance counselor.
Petitioner Loida Q. Shauf likewise wrote the Base Commander of Clark Air Base requesting a hearing on her
complaint for discrimination. Consequently, a hearing was held on March 29, 1978 before the U.S. Department of Air
Force in Clark Air Base.11
Before the Department of Air Force could render a decision, petitioner Loida Q. Shauf filed a complaint for damages,
dated April 27, 1978, against private respondents Don Detwiler and Anthony Persi before the Regional Trial Court,
Branch LVI at Angeles City, docketed as Civil Case No. 2783, for the alleged discriminatory acts of herein private
respondents in maliciously denying her application for the GS 17109 position.
Private respondents, as defendants in Civil Case No. 2783, filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that as officers
of the United States Armed Forces performing official functions in accordance with the powers vested in them under
the PhilippineAmerican Military Bases Agreement, they are immune from suit. The motion to dismiss was denied by
the trial court. A motion for reconsideration was likewise denied.
Consequently, private respondents filed an Answer reiterating the issue of jurisdiction and alleging, inter alia, that
defendant Persi’s request to Central Oversea Rotation and Recruiting Office (CORRO) was not for appointment of a
person to the position of Guidance Counselor, GS 17109, but for referrals whom defendant Persi would consider
together with local candidates for the position; that the extension of the employment of Mrs. Abalato was in
accordance with applicable regulation and was not related to plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf’s discrimination complaint; that
the decision was a joint decision of management and CCPO reached at a meeting on June 29, 1977 and based on
a letter of the deputy director of civilian personnel, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, dated June 15, 1977; and that
the ruling was made known to and amplified by the director and the deputy director of civilian personnel in letters to
petitioner Loida Q. Shauf dated August 30, 1977 and September 19, 1977.
The parties submitted a Partial Stipulation of Facts in the court a quo providing, in part, as follows:
a) In October 1976, the position of guidance counselor, GS17109, at Clark Air Base was vacant;
b) Plaintiff Loida Q, Shauf, a qualified dependent locally available, was among those who applied for said
vacant position of guidance counselor, GS17109;
c) Plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf at the time she filed her aforesaid application was qualified for the position of
guidance counselor, GS17109;
d) Civilian Personnel Office accomplished and forwarded to CORRO an AF Form 1188 covering the position
of guidance counselor, GS17109, applied for by plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf;
e) U.S. Department of Defense Instructions (DODI) No. 1400.23 under Policy and Procedures provides that
"Where qualified dependents of military or civilian personnel of the Department of Defense are locally available for
appointment to positions in foreign areas which are designated for U.S. citizen occupancy and for which recruitment
outside the current work force is appropriate, appointment to the position will be limited to such dependents unless
precluded by treaties or other agreements which provide for preferential treatment for local nationals."
And Air Force Regulation 40301 dated 12 May 1976 in par. 2 c (1) thereof provides that
"c. Selection or Referral of Eligible Applicants From the 50 States:
(1)CORRO makes selection, except as provided in (3) below, for oversea positions of Grades GS11 and
below (and wage grade equivalents) for which it has received an AF Form 1188, and for higher grade
positions if requested by the oversea activity."12
Likewise, a Supplement to Partial Stipulation of Facts was filed by the parties on October 6, 1978, which reads:
1. Under date of 30 September 1978, plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf through her counsel, Quasha Asperilla Ancheta
Valmonte Peña & Marcos, lodged an appeal before the Civil Service Commission, Appeals Review Board, from the
decision of the Secretary of the Air Force dated 1 September 1978 affirming the EEO Complaints Examiner’s
Findings and Recommended Decision in the Discrimination Complaint of Mrs. Loida Q. Shauf, No. SF 071380181
dated 3 July 1978, x x x;
2. The aforesaid appeal has not been decided up to now by the Civil Service Commission, Appeals Review Board;
and
3. Plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf has not instituted any action before any federal district court of the United States
impugning the validity of the decision of the Secretary of the Air Force dated 1 September 1978 affirming the EEO
Complaints Examiner’s Findings and Recommended Decision in the Discrimination Complaint of Mrs. Loida Q.
Shauf, No. SF 071380181 dated 3 July 1978.13
Thereafter, on March 8, 1988, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of herein petitioner Loida Q. Shauf, the
dispositive portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered ordering the defendants jointly and severally to pay the plaintiffs:
1) The amount $39,662.49 as actual damages or its equivalent in Philippine pesos in October 1976 as
reported by the Central Bank of the Philippines or any authorized agency of the Government;
2) The amount of P100,000.00 as moral and exemplary damages;
3) Twenty (20%) percent of $39,662.49 or its equivalent in Philippine Pesos in October 1976 as reported by
the Central Bank of the Philippines or any authorized agency of the Government, as attorney’s gees, and;
4) Cost(s) of suit.
SO ORDERED.14
Both parties appealed from the aforecited decision to respondent Court of Appeals.
In their appeal, plaintiffsappellants (herein petitioners) raised the following assignment of errors:
1. Lower court gravely erred in holding that the actual and exemplary damages and attorney’s fees may be
paid in Philippine Pesos based on the exchange rate prevailing during October 1976 as determined by the
Central Bank;
2. Lower court gravely erred in limiting the amount of moral and exemplary damages recoverable by plaintiff
to P100,000.0015
On the other hand, defendantsappellants (private respondents herein) argued that:
1. The trial court erred in not dismissing the complaint on the ground that defendantsappellants, as
officers/officials of the United States Armed Forces, are immune from suit for acts done or statements made
by them in the performance of their official governmental functions in accordance with the powers possessed
by them under the PhilippineAmerican Military Bases Agreement of 1947, as amended;
2. The trial court erred in not dismissing the complaint for a) nonexhaustion of administrative remedies; and
b) lack of jurisdiction of the trial court over the subject matter of the case in view of the exclusive jurisdiction of
an appropriate U.S. District Court over an appeal from an agency decision on a complaint of discrimination
under the U.S. Federal Law on Equality of opportunity for civilian employees;
3. The trial court erred in holding that plaintiffappellant Loida Q. Shauf was refused appointment as guidance
counselor by the defendantsappellants on account of her six (female), color (brown), and national origin
(Filipino by birth) and that the trial court erred in awarding damages to plaintiffsappellants.16
As stated at the outset, respondent Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the trial court, dismissed herein
petitioners’complaint and denied their motion for reconsideration. Hence this petition, on the basis of he following
grounds:
The respondent Honorable Court of Appeals has decided a question of substance not in accord with law and/or with
applicable decisions of this Honorable Court. Respondent court committed grave error in dismissing plaintiffs
appellants’ complaint and
(a) in holding that private respondents are immune from suit for discriminatory acts performed without or in
excess of, their authority as officers of the U.S. Armed Forces;
(b) for applying the doctrine of state immunity from suit when it is clear that the suit is not against the U.S.
Government or its Armed Forces; and
(c) for failing to recognize the fact that the instant action is a pure and simple case for damages based on the
discriminatory and malicious acts committed by private respondents in their individual capacity who by force
of circumstance and accident are officers of the U.S. Armed Forces, against petitioner Loida Shauf solely on
account of the latter’s sex (female), color (brown), and national origin (Filipino).17
Petitioners aver that private respondents are being sued in their private capacity for discriminatory acts performed
beyond their authority, hence the instant action is not a suit against the United States Government which would
require its consent.
Private respondents, on the other hand, claim that in filing the case, petitioners sought a judicial review by a
Philippine court of the official actuations of respondents as officials of a military unit of the U.S. Air Force stationed
at Clark Air Base. The acts complained of were done by respondents while administering the civil service laws of the
United States. The acts sued upon being a governmental activity of respondents, the complaint is barred by the
immunity of the United States, as a foreign sovereign, from suit without its consent and by the immunity of the
officials of the United States armed forces for acts committed in the performance of their official functions pursuant
to the grant to the United States armed forces of rights, power and authority within the bases under the Military
Bases Agreement. It is further contended that the rule allowing suits against public officers and employees for
unauthorized acts, torts and criminal acts is a rule of domestic law, not of international law. It applies to cases
involving the relations between private suitors and their government or state, not the relations between one
government and another from which springs the doctrine of immunity of a foreign sovereign.
I. The rule that a state may not be sued without its consent, now expressed in Article XVI, Section 3, of the 1987
Constitution, is one of the generally accepted principles of international law that we have adopted as part of the law
of our land under Article II, Section 2. This latter provision merely reiterates a policy earlier embodied in the 1935
and 1973 Constitutions and also intended to manifest our resolve to abide by the rules of the international
community.18
While the doctrine appears to prohibit only suits against the state without its consent, it is also applicable to
complaints filed against officials of the state for acts allegedly performed by them in the discharge of their duties.
The rule is that if the judgment against such officials will require the state itself to perform an affirmative act to satisfy
the same, such as the appropriation of the amount needed to pay the damages awarded against them, the suit must
be regarded as against the state itself although it has been formally impleaded.19 It must be noted, however, that
the rule is not also allencompassing as to be applicable under all circumstances.
It is a different matter where the public official is made to account in his capacity as such for acts contrary to law and
injurious to the rights of plaintiff. As we clearly set forth by Justice Zaldivar in Director of the Bureau of
Telecommunications, et al. Vs. Aligaen, etc., et al.:20 "Inasmuch as the State authorizes only legal acts by its
officers, unauthorized acts of government officials or officers are not acts of the State, and an action against the
officials or officers by one whose rights have been invaded or violated by such acts, for the protection of his rights, is
not a suit against the State within the rule of immunity of the State from suit. In the same tenor, it has been said that
an action at law or suit in equity against a State officer or the director of a State department on the ground that,
while claiming to act for the State, he violates or invades the personal and property rights of the plaintiff, under an
unconstitutional act or under an assumption of authority which he does not have, is not a suit against the State
within the constitutional provision that the State may not be sued without its consent."21 The rationale for this ruling
is that the doctrine of state immunity cannot be used as an instrument for perpetrating an injustice.22
In the case of Baer, etc. vs. Tizon, etc., et al.,23 it was ruled that:
There should be no misinterpretation of the scope of the decision reached by this Court. Petitioner, as the
Commander of the United States Naval Base in Olongapo, does not possess diplomatic immunity. He may therefore
be proceeded against in his personal capacity, or when the action taken by him cannot be imputed to the
government which he represents.
Also, in animos, et al. Vs. Philippine Veterans Affairs Office, et al.,24 we held that:
"x x x it is equally wellsettled that where a litigation may have adverse consequences on the public treasury,
whether in the disbursements of funds or loss of property, the public official proceeded against not being liable in his
personal capacity, then the doctrine of nonsuability may appropriately be invoked. It has no application, however,
where the suit against such a functionary had to be instituted because of his failure to comply with the duty imposed
by statute appropriating public funds for the benefit of plaintiff or petitioner. x x x.
The aforecited authorities are clear on the matter. They state that the doctrine of immunity from suit will not apply
and may not be invoked where the public official is being sued in his private and personal capacity as an ordinary
citizen. The cloak of protection afforded the officers and agents of the government is removed the moment they are
sued in their individual capacity. This situation usually arises where the public official acts without authority or in
excess of the powers vested in him. It is a wellsettled principle of law that a public official may be liable in his
personal private capacity for whatever damage he may have caused by his act done with malice and in bad faith, or
beyond the scope of his authority or jurisdiction.25
The agents and officials of the United States armed forces stationed in Clark Air Base are no exception to this rule.
In the case of United States of America, et al. Vs. Guinto, etc., et al., ante,26 we declared:
It bears stressing at this point that the above observation do not confer on the United States of America blanket
immunity for all acts done by it or its agents in the Philippines. Neither may the other petitioners claim that they are
also insulated from suit in this country merely because they have acted as agents of the United States in the
discharge of their official functions.
II. The court below, in finding that private respondents are guilty of discriminating against petitioner Loida Q. Shauf
on account of her sex, color and origin, categorically emphasized that:
There is ample evidence to sustain plaintiffs’ complaint that plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf was refused appointment as
Guidance Counselor by the defendants on account of her sex, color and origin.
She is a female, brown in color and a Filipino by origin, although married to an American who is a member of the
United States Air Force. She is qualified for the vacant position of Guidance Counselor in the office of the education
director at Clark Air Base. She received a Master of Arts Degree from the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, in
1971 and has completed 34 semester hours in psychologyguidance and 25 quarter hours in human behavioral
science. She has also completed all course work in human behavior and counseling psychology for a doctoral
degree. She is a civil service eligible. More important, she had functioned as a Guidance Counselor at the Clark Air
Base at the GS17109 level for approximately four years at the time she applied for the same position in 1976.
In filling the vacant position of Guidance Counselor, defendant Persi did not even consider the application of plaintiff
Loida Q. Shauf, but referred the vacancy to CORRO which appointed Edward B. Isakson who was not eligible to the
position.
In defending his act, defendant Persi gave as his excuse that there was a question in his mind regarding validity of
plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf’s work experience because of lack of record. But his assertion is belied by the fact that
plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf had previously been employed as Guidance Counselor at the Clark Air Base in 1971 and
this would have come out if defendant Persi had taken the trouble of interviewing her. Nor can defendant free
himself from any blame for the nonappointment of plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf by claiming that it was CORRO that
appointed Edward B. Isakson. This would not have happened if defendant Persi adhered to the regulation that limits
the appointment to the position of Guidance Counselor, GS17109 to qualified dependents of military personnel of
the Department of Defense who are locally available like the plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf. He should not have referred
the matter to CORRO. Furthermore, defendant Persi should have protested the appointment of Edward B. Isakson
who was ineligible for the position. He, however, remained silent because he was satisfied with the appointment.
Likewise, the acts of the defendant Detwiler in rejecting the appointment of plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf were
undoubtedly discriminatory.
Plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf twice applied for the position of Guidance Counselor sometime in 1975 and in October 1978.
Although she was qualified for the postision, her appointment was rejected ny the defendant Detwiler. The two who
were appointed, a certain Petrucci and Edward B. Isakson, were ordered removed by the U.S. Civil Service
Commission. Instead of replacing Petrucci with the plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf, the defendant Detwiler had the position
vacated by Petrucci abolished. And in the case of Edward Isakson, the defendant Detwiler ignored the order of the
U.S. Civil Service Commission to have him removed according to the testimony of plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf.
In connection with her complaint against the defendants, plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf was presented a Notice of
Proposed Disposition of her Discrimination Complaint by Col. Charles J. Corey, Vice Commander, Third Combat
Support Group, Clark Air Base, which would entitle her to a temporary appointment as Guidance Counselor with the
implied assurance that she would be appointed in a permanent capacity in the event of a vacancy.
At the time of the issuance of said Notice, defendants knew that there would be a vacancy in a permanent position
as Guidance Counselor occupied by Mrs. Mary Abalateo and it was understood between Col. Corey and plaintiff
Loida Q. Shauf that this position would be reserved for her. Knowing this arrangement, defendant Detwiler rejected
the request for extension of services of Mrs. Mary Abalateo. However, after plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf consented to the
terms of the Notice of Proposed Disposition of her Discrimination Complaint, defendant Detwiler extended the
services of Mrs. Mary Abalateo indefinitely. This act barred plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf from applying for the position of
Mrs. Mary Abalateo.
To rebut the evidence of the plaintiffs, defendant cited the findings and conclusions of Mr. Rudolph Duncan, who
was appointed to investigate plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf’s complaint for discrimination and Col. Charles J. Corey, Vice
Commander, Third Combat Support Group that defendants were not guilty of Discrimination.
It is pointed out, however, that Mr. Rudolph Duncan found plaintiff loida Q. Shauf to be highly qualified for the
position of Guidance Counselor at the GS17109 level and that management should have hired a local applicant.
While Col. Corey characterized the act of defendant Persi as sloppy and recommend that he be reprimanded. In any
event their findings and conclusions are not binding with this Court.
To blunt the accusation of discrimination against them, defendants maintained that the extension of the appointment
of Mrs. Mary Abalateo was a joint decision of management and Central Civilian Personnel Office, Clark Air Base.
Nonetheless, having earlier rejected by himself the request for extension of the services of Mrs. Mary Abalateo,
defendant Detwiler should not have concurred to such an extension as the reversal of his stand gave added
substance to the charge of discrimination against him.
To further disprove the charge that the defendants discriminated against plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf for her non
appointment as Guidance Counselor on account of her being a Filipino and a female, counsel for the defendants
cited the following: (1) that Mrs. Mary Abalateo whose appointment was extended by the defendant Detwiler is
likewise a female and a Filipino by origin; (2) that there are Filipinos employed in the office of the defendant Persi;
and (3) that there were two other women who applied in 1976 with the plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf for the position of
Guidance Counselor.
The contention of the defendants based on the allegations enumerated in Nos. 1 and 2 of the preceding paragraph
is without merit as there is no evidence to show that Mrs. Mary Abalateo and the Filipinos in the office of the
defendant Persi were appointed by the defendants. Moreover, faced with a choice between plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf
or Mrs. Mary Abalateo, it was to be expected that defendant Detwiler chose to retain Mrs. Mary Abalateo as
Guidance Counselor in retaliation for the complaint of discrimination filed against him by plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf.
Finally, as to the contention based on the allegation in No. 3 of the preceding paragraph that there were two other
women applicants in 1976 with plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf, the record reveals that they had minimum qualifications
unlike plaintiff Loida Q. Shauf who was highly qualified.27
Elementary is the rule that the conclusions and findings of fact of the trial court are entitled to great weight on appeal
and should not be disturbed unless for strong and cogent reasons.28 Absent any substancial proof, therefore, that
the trial court’s decision was grounded entirely on speculations, surmises or conjectures, the same must be
accorded full consideration and respect. This should be so because the trial court is, after all, in a much better
position to observe and correctly appreciate the respective parties’ evidence as they were presented.29
In the case at bar, there is nothing in the record which suggests any arbitrary, irregular or abusive conduct or motive
on the part of the trial judge in ruling that private respondents committed acts of discrimination for which they should
be held personally liable. His conclusion on the matter is sufficiently borne out by the evidence on record. We are
thus constrained to uphold his findings of fact.
Respondent Court of Appeals, in its questioned decision, states that private respondents did, in fact, discriminate
against petitioner Loida Q. Shauf. However, it deemed such acts insufficient to prevent an application of the doctrine
of state immunity, contrary to the findings made by the trial court. It reasons out that "the parties invoked are all
American citizens (although plaintiff is a Filipina by origin) and the appointment of personnel inside the base is
clearly a sovereign act of the United States. This is an internal affair in which we cannot interfere without having to
touch some delicate constitutional issues."30 In other words, it believes that the alleged discriminatory acts are not
so grave in character as would justify the award of damages.
In view of the apparent discrepancy between the findings of fact of respondent Court of Appeals and the trial court,
we are tasked to review the evidence in order to arrive at the correct findings based on the record. A consideration
of the evidence presented supports our view that the court a quo was correct in holding herein private respondents
personally liable and in ordering the indemnification of petitioner Loida Q. Shauf. The records are clear that even
prior to the filing of the complaint in this case, there were various reports and communications issued on the matter
which, while they make no categorical statement of the private respondents’ liability, nevertheless admit of facts
from which the intent of private respondents to discriminate against Loida Q. Shauf is easily discernible. Witness the
following pertinent excerpts from the documents extant in the folder of Plaintiff’s Exhibits:
1. Notice of Proposed Disposition of Discrimination Complaint, dated May 16, 1977 (Exhibit "G").
B. Mr. Anthony Persi was totally inept in the recruitment practices employed in attempting on fill the GS 17109
Assistant Education applicable DOD regulations. In addition, he failed to conduct an interview of qualified personnel
in the local environment and when the qualifications of the complainant (sic) were questioned by Mr. Persi he did not
request a review by the CCPO nor request an interview with the complainant (sic). Mr. Persi failed to follow
Department of Defense Instructions Number 1400.23, under Policy and Procedures which states"Where qualified
dependents of military or civilian personnel of the Department of Defense are locally available for appointment to
positions in foreign areas which are designated for US citizen occupancy and for which recruitment outside the
current work force is appropriate, appointment to the positions will be limited to such dependents unless precluded
by treaties or other agreements which provide for preferential treatment for local nationals." Attachment to Air Force
Supplement to FFM 213.2106 (b) (6) lists the positions of Guidance Counsellor, GS 17109, as positions to be filled
by locally available dependents. An added point is the lack of qualifications of the individual selected for the GS
17109 positions as outlined under X118 Civil Service Handbook. x x x31
2. Letter of the Director of the U.S. Civil Service Commission, San Francisco Region, dated October 27, 1977,
addressed to Mr. Don Detwiler, concerning Mr. Edward B. Isakson whose file was reviewed by the Commission
(Exhibit "K").
The position of Guidance Counsellor is one for which the Commission has established a mandatory education
requirement that may not be waived. An individual may not be assigned to such a position without meeting the
minimum qualification requirements. The requirements, as given in Handbook X118, are completion of all academic
requirements for a bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university and successful completion of a
teacher education program under an "approved program" or successful completion of required kinds of courses.
On review of his record, we find that Mr. Isakson has a bachelor’s degree but he does not show completion of a
teacher education program. To qualify for Guidance Counselor on the basis of coursework and semester hour credit,
he would need to have 24 semester hours in Education and 12 semester hours in a combination of Psychology and
Guidance subjects directly related to education. We do not find that he meets these requirements.
x x x
We can appreciate the fact that Mr. Isakson may be working toward meeting the Guidance Counselor requirements.
Nonetheless, he does not appear to meet them at this time. We must, therefore, request that action be taken to
remove him from the position and that efforts be made to place him in a position for which he qualifies.32
3. Letter of the Staff Judge Advocate of the Department of the Airforce addressed to Mr. Detwiler, dated January 25,
1977 (Exhibit "L").
1. The attached memo from Captain John Vento of this office is forwarded for your review and any action you
deem appropriate. I concur with his conclusion that there is no evidence of sex or ethnic bias in this matter. I
also concur, however, that there were certain irregularities in the handling of this selection.
x x x
3. Considering the above, it is most unfortunate that the filing of this latest Guidance Counselor vacancy was
not handled wholly in accordance with prescribed policies and regulations. This is not to suggest that Mrs.
Shauf should necessarily have been hired. But, she and other qualified candidates should have been given
the consideration to which they were entitled. (At no time now or in the past have Mrs. Shauf’s qualifications
ever been questioned.) Had that happened and management chose to select some qualified candidate other
than Mrs. Shauf, there would be no basis for her complaint.
4. It is my understanding that Mrs. Shauf has filed a formal EEO complaint. While I am convinced that there
was no discrimination in this case, my experience with EEO complaints teaches me that, if Civil Service
Commission finds that nonselection resulted from any kind of management malpractice, it is prone to brand it
as a "discriminatory practice." This usually results in a remedial order which can often be distasteful to
management. x x x.33
The initial burden is on the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case or discrimination. Once the discriminatory act is
proven, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate some legitimate, undiscriminatory reason for the plaintiff’s
rejection.34 Any such justification is wanting in the case at bar, despite the prima facie case for petitioner Loida Q.
Shauf. Private respondents’ defense is based purely on outright denials which are insufficient to discharge the onus
probandi imposed upon them. They equally rely on the assertion that they are immune from suit by reason of their
official functions. As correctly pointed out by petitioners in their Memorandum, the mere invocation by private
respondents of the official character of their duties cannot shield them from liability especially when the same were
clearly done beyond the scope of their authority, again citing the Guinto, case, supra:
The other petitioners in the case before us all aver they have acted in the discharge of their official functions as
officers or agents of the United States. However, this is a matter of evidence. The charges against them may not be
summarily dismissed on their mere assertion that their acts are imputable to the United States of America, which
has not given its consent to be sued. In fact, the defendants are sought to be held answerable for personal torts in
which the United States itself is not involved. If found liable, they and they alone must satisfy the judgment.
III. Article XIII, Section 3, of the 1987 Constitution provides that the State shall afford full protection to labor, local
and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities
for all. This is a carryover from Article II, Section 9, of the 1973 Constitution ensuring equal work opportunities
regardless of sex, race, or creed.
Under the Constitution of the United States, the assurance of equality in employment and work opportunities
regardless of sex, race, or creed is also given by the equal protection clause of the Bill of Rights. The 14th
Amendment, in declaring that no state shall deprive a person of his life, liberty, or property without due process of
law or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, undoubtedly intended not only that
there should be no arbitrary spoliation of property, but that equal protection and security should be given to all under
like circumstances in the enjoyment of their personal and civil rights, and that all persons should be equally entitled
to pursue their happiness ands acquire and enjoy property. It extends its protection to all persons without regard to
race, color, or class. It means equality of opportunity to all in like circumstances.35
The words "life, liberty, and property" as used in constitutions are representative terms and are intended to cover
every right to which a member of the body politic in entitled under the law. These terms include the right of self
defense, freedom of speech, religious and political freedom, exemption from arbitrary arrests, the right to freely buy
and sell as others may, the right to labor, to contract, to terminate contracts, to acquire property, and the right to all
our liberties, personal, civil and politicalin short, all that makes life worth living.36
There is no doubt that private respondents Persi and Detwiler, in committing the acts complained of have, in effect,
violated the basic constitutional right of petitioner Loida Q. Shauf to earn a living which is very much an integral
aspect of the right to life. For this, they should be held accountable.
While we recognize petitioner Loida Q. Shauf’s entitlement to an award of moral damages, we however find no
justification for the award of actual or compensatory damages, based on her supposedly unearned income from
March, 1975 up to April, 1978 in the total amount of $39,662.49, as erroneously granted by the trial court.
Evidence that the plaintiff could have bettered her position had it not been for the defendants’ wrongful act cannot
serve as basis for an award of damages, because it is highly speculative.37 Petitioner Loida Q. Shauf’s claim is
merely premised on the possibility that had she been employed, she would have earned said amount. But, the
undeniable fact remains that she was never so employed. Petitioner never acquired any vested right to the salaries
pertaining to the position of GS 17109 to which she was never appointed. Damages which are merely possible are
speculative.38 In determining actual damages, the court cannot rely on speculation, conjecture or guesswork.
Without the actual proof of loss, the award of actual damages is erroneous.39 Consequently, the award of actual
damages made by the trial court should be deleted. Attorney’s fees, however, may be granted and we believe that
an award thereof in the sum of P20,000.00 is reasonable under the circumstances. 1âwphi1
IV. Finally, private respondents postulate that petitioner Loida Q. Shauf failed to avail herself of her remedy under
the United States federal legislation on equality of opportunity for civilian employees, which is allegedly exclusive of
any other remedy under American law, let alone remedies before a foreign court and under a foreign law such as
the Civil Code of the Philippines.
In a letter of the Department of the Air Force in Washington, D.C., dated September 1, 1978 and addressed to
petitioner Loida Q. Shauf,40 the appeal rights of the latter from the Air Force decision were enumerated as follows:
You may appeal to the Civil Service Commission within 15 calendar days of receipt of the decision. Your
appeal should be addressed to the Civil Service Commission, Appeals Review Board, 1990 E Street, N.Q.,
Washington, D.C. 20415. The appeal and any representation in support thereof must be submitted in
duplicate.
In lieu of an appeal to the Commission you may file a civil action in an appropriate U.S. District Court within
30 days of receipt of the decision.
If you elect to appeal to the Commission’s Appeals Review Board, you may file a civil action in a U.S. District
Court within 30 days of receipt of the Commission’s final decision.
A civil action may also be filed anytime after 180 days of the date of initial appeal to the Commission, if a
final decision has not been rendered.
As earlier noted, in a Supplement to Partial Stipulation of Facts filed by the parties on October 6, 1978, it was
manifested to the trial court that an appeal was lodged by counsel for petitioners on September 30, 1978 before the
Civil Service Commission. Appeals Review Board from the decision of the Secretary of the Air Force in the
discrimination case filed by petitioner Loida Q. Shauf, No. SF 071380181. Said appeal has not been decided up to
now.
Furthermore, it is basic that remedial statutes are to be construed liberally. The term "may," as used in adjective
rules, is only permissive and not mandatory, and we see no reason why the socalled rules on the above procedural
options communicated to said petitioner should depart from this fundamental . petitioner Loida Q. Shauf is not
limited to these remedies, but is entitled as a matter of plain and simple justice to choose that remedy, not otherwise
proscribed, which will best advance and protect her interests. There is, thus, nothing to enjoin her from seeking
redress in Philippine courts which should not be ousted of jurisdiction on the dubious and inconclusive
representations of private respondents on that score.
SO ORDERED.
MelencioHerrera (Chairman), Paras, Padilla and Sarmiento, jj., concur.
Decision and resolution annulled and set aside.
Footnotes
1 Associate Justice Jose A.R. Melo, ponente, with Justices Alfredo L. Benipayo and Abelardo M. Dayrit,
concurring; Annex A, Petition; Rollo, 26.
2 Rollo, 3233.
3 Partial Stipulation of Facts, 24; Original Record, 134136.
4 Rollo, 107.
5 Report of Investigation, Equal Opportunity Complaint of Mrs. Loida Q. Shauf, E77154; Exhibit M, Plaintiff’s
Exhibits, 2229.
6 Exhibit M; Plaintiffs’ Exhibits, 2627.
7 Ibid., 28.
8 Exhibit G; ibid., 12.
9 Exhibit J; ibid., 17.
10 Exhibit K; ibid., 18.
11 Exhibit N; ibid., 30.
12 Original Record, 133134.
13 Ibid., 186187.
14 Rollo, 112.
15 Brief for the Plaintiffs, 6; Rollo, 58.
16 Rollo, 1213, 35.
17 Ibid., 1314.
18 United States of America, et al. Vs. Guinto, etc., et al., G.R. No. 76607, February 26, 1990.
19 Id.
20 33 SCRA 368 (1970).
21 Ministerio, et al. v. Court of First Instance of Cebu, etc., et al., 40 SCRA 464 (1971).
22 Sanders, et al. vs. Veridiano, etc., et al., 162 SCRA 88 (1988).
23 57 SCRA 1 (1974).
24 174 SCRA 214 (1989).
25 Dumlao vs. Court of Appeals, et al., 114 SCRA 247 (1982).
26 Footnote 18.
27 Rollo, 107111.
28 Vda. De Alberto, etc., et al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., 173 SCRA 436 (1989).
29 Matabuena vs. Court of Appeals, et al., 173 SCRA 170 (1989).
30 Rollo, 37.
31 Plaintiff’s Exhibits, 12.
32 Ibid., 1819.
33 Ibid., 2021.
34 McDonnell Douglas Corp. vs. Precy Green, 36 L Ed 2d 668.
35 16 Am. Jur. 2d 577, 846, 849.
36 Op. Cit., 683.
37 Osmeña & Associates vs. Court of Appeals, et al., 120 SCRA 395 (1983).
38 25 C.J.S. 667.
39 Guilatco vs. City of Dagupan, et al., 171 SCRA 382 (1989).
40 Exhibit 2; Defendants’ Exhibits, 314315.
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